CN101828635A - Low-concentrate type fermented total mixed ration for dairy cows and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Low-concentrate type fermented total mixed ration for dairy cows and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a low-concentrate type fermented total mixed ration (TMR) for dairy cows and a preparation method thereof. The TMR is prepared by the following steps of: (1) mixing the following materials in part by mass to obtain a mixture: 15 to 20 parts of straw, 4 to 8 parts of fodder grass, 6 to 12 parts of protein feed, 25 to 30 parts of energy feed, 3 to 6 parts of minerals and molasses, 40 to 45 parts of food processing by-products and 0.5 to 1 part of premix compound of trace elements and vitamins; (2) adjusting the moisture content of the mixture of the step (1) to be between 40 and 50 percent; and (3) sealing and fermenting the mixture of the step (2) for more than 14 days to obtain the ration for the dairy cows. The TMR of the invention has the following advantages of: low cost; complete nutrition and homogeneous components to avoid animal picky eaters and significantly improve the production performance of animals; and high aerobic stability. The low-concentrate type fermented total mixed ration for the dairy cows opens up a new technique and an effective way for efficient utilization of the resources of the straw and the food processing by-products, and has important practicability and application promotion values.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the livestock feed manufacture field, be specifically related to a kind of low-concentrate type fermented total mixed ration for dairy cows (TMR, Total Mixed Rations) and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
According to statistics, China produces about 700,000,000 tons of agricultural crop straw per year, accounts for whole world stalk and produces 30% of total amount per year, is the huge potential feed resource of the herbvore domestic animal of development.But the agricultural crop straw quality is thick and stiff, and its nutritive value is not high, and digestibility is low, palatability is poor, be difficult to effective utilization if directly feed as the feed of ruminant.At present, the utilization rate of China's stalk only is 33%, through technical finesse part utilization rate less than 3%.
The general moisture content height of food processing byproduct, not anti-depositing (especially summer), easily become sour.And because the food processing byproduct is the residual substances of having extracted behind the compositions such as carbohydrate in the raw material, or nutrition is unbalanced or palatability is poor, and therefore, it needs just can be used effectively after the processing of necessity during as feed conversion.
At present, correlative study both at home and abroad is that one or more concentrated feeds, roughage are processed into TMR.Eighties beginning, China introduces the TMR technology of feeding in large-scale cattle farm, and has obtained good effect.Yet TMR is generally now with the current, is difficult for stored for a long time.Discover that TMR generally just begins in back 24 hours to become in preparation and loses, and not only reduces palatability, causes the serious waste of feed, and, can reduce the dry feed intake of feed, influence the Livestock Production performance.The dispensing of present stage TMR still can not realize day dispensing, therefore, realize the commercialization of TMR and easily storing need carry out certain packing and store and handle to it.With resourceful crop material and food processing byproduct is main roughage raw material, and the low-concentrate type fermented TMR new technology of research and development comprehensive nutrition, digestibility height, good palatability, aerobic good stability has important practical significance and practical value.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of milk cow with low-concentrate type fermented TMR and preparation method thereof.
The method for preparing milk cow with daily ration provided by the invention comprises the steps:
(1) each raw material with following mass parts mixes, and obtains mixture:
Stalk 15-20 mass parts;
Forage grass 4-8 mass parts;
Protein feed 6-12 mass parts;
Energy feed 25-30 mass parts;
Food processing byproduct 40-45 mass parts;
Trace element and vitamin premix 0.5-1 mass parts;
Mineral matter and molasses 3-6 mass parts;
(2) moisture with the mixture of step (1) transfers to 40-50% (quality percentage composition);
(3) the mixture sealing and fermenting of step (2) more than 14 days, is obtained milk cow and uses daily ration.
Described stalk can be at least a in maize straw, wheat straw, rice straw and the millet straw; Described forage grass can be at least a in sheep's hay, clover, orchardgrass, timothy grass, rye grass and the lyme grass; Described protein feed can be at least a in dregs of beans, cotton dregs, the dish dregs of rice and the peanut meal; Described energy feed can be at least a in corn kernel, barley grain, wheat seed, sorghum seed and the wheat bran; Described food processing byproduct can be at least a in brewex's grains, pomace, soy sauce slag, tea beverage slag and the soybean residue; Described mineral matter is calcium monohydrogen phosphate, stone flour, salt, sodium bicarbonate and magnesia.
Wherein the stalk quality is in dry straw.Protein feed is meant in the feed dry crude protein content more than 20%, and crude fiber content is at the feed below 18%, and it can be divided into vegetable protein feed and animal protein feed two big classes.Energy feed is mainly the higher grain trough of some content of starch.
In every kilogram of described trace element and the vitamin premix, can contain following vitamin and trace element:
Vitamin A 〉=300000IU;
Vitamin D
3〉=500000IU;
Vitamin E 〉=1500IU;
Zn?????????????????????≥5g；
Mn?????????????????????≥5g；
Cu?????????????????????≥1g；
Fe?????????????????????≥8g；
I??????????????????????≥0.08g；
Se?????????????????????≥0.02g；
Co?????????????????????≥0.03g。
In the described step (1), specifically each raw material of following mass parts can be mixed, obtains mixture:
Maize straw 10 mass parts;
Millet straw 5 mass parts;
Sheep's hay 6 mass parts;
Dregs of beans 5 mass parts;
Cotton dregs 2.5 mass parts;
Corn 20 mass parts;
Brewex's grains 41 mass parts;
Stone flour 0.4 mass parts;
Salt 0.2 mass parts;
Sodium bicarbonate 0.3 mass parts;
Magnesia 0.1 mass parts;
Trace element and vitamin premix 0.5 mass parts;
Specifically contain vitamin A 320000IU, vitamin D in every kilogram of described trace element and the vitamin premix
3500000IU, vitamin e1 500IU contain Zn 5.5g, Mn 6g, Cu 1.2g, Fe 8.5g, I 0.09g, Se 0.03g, Co 0.05g.
Premix comprises vitamin, trace element and carrier, can add the carrier preparation voluntarily according to the kind and the consumption of described vitamin and trace element, also can be purchased.Described trace element and vitamin premix specifically can prepare by the following method: described vitamin, described trace element and carrier mixing are obtained.The carrier that routine is used for feed pre-mixing material all can adopt, as corn protein powder.
Described maize straw specifically can be dried maize straw.Described dregs of beans specifically can be commercially available soybean cake dregs, and its protein content is about 48%.Described cotton dregs specifically can be commercially available cotton cake dregs, and its crude protein content is more than 35%.Described corn specifically can be commercially available corn, and comprehensive net energy content is more than the 7.2MJ/kg.Described wheat bran specifically can be commercially available wheat bran, and its crude protein content is about 15%, and comprehensive net energy content is about 5.7MJ/kg.The preparation method of premix is specific as follows: commercially available vitamin and trace element are mixed with carrier (commercially available corn protein powder); The copper of trace element from copper sulphate, iron from ferrous sulfate, manganese from manganese sulfate, zinc from zinc sulfate, cobalt from cobalt chloride (cobaltous sulfate also can), selenium from sodium selenite, iodine is from KI (Potassiumiodate also can).
In the step (3), the temperature of described fermentation can be 0-35 ℃, is preferably 5-25 ℃, most preferably is 20-25 ℃.
In the step (3), the time of described fermentation specifically can be 14-21 days.
More than the milk cow for preparing of arbitrary described method also belong to protection scope of the present invention with daily ration.
Described milk cow can be used for feeding cow with daily ration.As the holstein cow of feeding.
TMR of the present invention has following advantage:
(1) cost is low
Stalk only need prescind, and need not to carry out ammonification or other pre-treatment; With agricultural crop straw and food processing byproduct is main roughage raw material;
(2) add compositions such as fresh beer vinasse, corn flour, dregs of beans, cotton dregs, vitamin and trace element, can improve concentrations of nutrient, make feed after mixed reach the balance of various nutrients; Can not only guarantee that mixed fodder is mesotrophic comprehensively and the homogenieity of each constituent, avoid the generation of animal phenomenon particular about food; And improved the quality of feed significantly by fermenting, can effectively improve the feed intake of milk cow, improved the palatability and the digestibility of feed, can promote the health status of domestic animal, obviously improved the production performance of animal;
(3) good aerobic stability
Can within least 1 week behind the Kaifeng, can not take place to become and lose; The fermentation TMR of wrapping up in bag by ensiling wrapping machine tool is convenient to transportation, storage, circulation and utilization, helps the modernized confinement rearing of milk cow; Can make the cattle farm of middle and small scale and raise peasant household scattered and also can utilize TMR by dispensing, improve the output and the quality of milk with TMR Mixing Machine.
The present invention is main roughage raw material with crop material and food processing byproduct, by mixing with nutritional labelings such as concentrated feed, vitamin, trace elements, by adjusting suitable moisture, sealing and fermenting forms milk cow and uses low-concentrate type complete feed product then, open up the new technology and the effective way of stalk and food processing byproduct resources effective utilization, had important practicality and application and popularization value.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the process chart of milk cow with low-concentrate type fermented TMR preparation
Fig. 2 be first group of sample and second group of sample among the embodiment 1 pH, lactic acid content relatively.
Fig. 3 is the dynamic change situation of the lactic acid bacteria of first group of sample and second group of sample among the embodiment 1
Fig. 4 is the aerobic Detection of Stability result of fermentation TMR among the embodiment 2.
The specific embodiment
Following embodiment is convenient to understand better the present invention, but does not limit the present invention.Experimental technique among the following embodiment if no special instructions, is conventional method.Used test material among the following embodiment if no special instructions, is to buy from routine biochemistry reagent shop and obtains.% among the following embodiment if no special instructions, is the quality percentage composition.Quantitative test in following examples all is provided with repeated experiments three times, results averaged.
Among the embodiment: maize straw is dried maize straw; Dregs of beans is commercially available soybean cake dregs, and its protein content is about 48%; Cotton dregs are commercially available cotton cake dregs, and its crude protein content is more than 35%; Corn is commercially available corn, and comprehensive net energy content is more than the 7.2MJ/kg.Wheat bran is commercially available wheat bran, and its crude protein content is about 15%, and comprehensive net energy content is about 5.7MJ/kg.The preparation method of premix: commercially available vitamin and trace element are mixed with carrier (commercially available corn protein powder); The copper of trace element from copper sulphate, iron from ferrous sulfate, manganese from manganese sulfate, zinc from zinc sulfate, cobalt from cobalt chloride (cobaltous sulfate also can), selenium from sodium selenite, iodine is from KI (Potassiumiodate also can).
The preparation of embodiment 1, TMR and fermenting property are measured
One, raw material is formed
The raw material composition sees Table 1.
Table 1 raw material is formed and nutrient composition content
Contain vitamin A 320000IU, vitamin D in every kilogram of premix
3500000IU, vitamin E 1500IU contain Zn 5.5g, Mn 6g, Cu 1.2g, Fe 8.5g, I 0.09g, Se 0.03g, Co 0.05g.
Two, the preparation of TMR and fermenting property are measured
1, the pre-treatment of raw material
Stalk, forage grass are cut off with the forage grass chopping machine, and length is controlled at about 10-30mm, or use kneading and cutting machine to rub and cut processing.Energy feed carries out pulverization process before using.
2, the ratio in table 1 takes by weighing each raw material, renders to successively in the TMR mixer by the ascending order of proportion to mix, and it is 40% that water transfer divides content.
3, the mixture that step 2 is obtained places bag silo sealing (every bag of 500g), room temperature (20-25 ℃) storage.
4, respectively at Kaifeng sampling in the 0th, 7,14,21,28,35,42,49,56 and 63 day of storage, from 3 different bag silos, take a sample respectively, as three repeated sample at every turn.
5, pH, organic acid content, ammonia nitrogen content, lactic acid bacteria content and the amount of yeast that detects each sample (got the mean value of three repeated sample) over time.
0-3 days pH quickly fall to 3.92, the 3-64 days from 6.0, and pH maintains between the 3.77-3.86 substantially.0-3 days organic acids generate also very rapid: it is slack-off that lactic acid rises to the speed that increased in 2.12%, the 3-14 days from 0.01%, presented stable status in 28-64 days; Do not detect propionic acid and butyric acid in the storage.Ammonia nitrogen content is all very low from start to finish, accounts for the ratio less than 1% of total nitrogen; The V-score scoring is 100.Lactic acid bacteria from the 0th day 3.2 * 10
3Cfu/g to the 3 days 6.6 * 10
5Cfu/g, the 7th day 6.2 * 10
7Cfu/g increases rapidly, and the 14th day is 3.2 * 10
7Cfu/g presents stable status afterwards, and 28-64 days is 5.5-6.5 * 10
5Cfu/g.Yeast only detected 3.3 * 10 at the 0th day
2Cfu/g did not detect yeast from 3-64 days.Above result shows: the fermentation quality of low-concentrate type fermented TMR is good.PH and lactic acid content are seen Fig. 2 over time.Lactic acid bacteria content is seen Fig. 3 over time.
The preparation of embodiment 2, TMR and aerobic stability detect
1, the pre-treatment of raw material
Stalk, forage grass are cut off with the forage grass chopping machine, and length is controlled at about 10-30mm, or use kneading and cutting machine to rub and cut processing.Energy feed carries out pulverization process before using.
2, the ratio in table 1 takes by weighing each raw material, renders to successively in the TMR mixer by the ascending order of proportion to mix, and it is 40% that water transfer divides content.
3, the mixture that step 2 is obtained places bag silo sealing (every packed 500g), obtains 6 sealing bags, is divided into two groups at random, and one group of freezing preservation, another group room temperature (20-25 ℃) are fermented.
4, the 21st day Kaifeng, first group at room temperature thaws in advance; Sample with each group mixed and is positioned in the heat insulation aseptic open container respectively, carried out the aerobic stability analysis from the 1st day to the 19th day.
First group sample just demonstrated heating and becomes phenomenon (exceeding room temperature more than 2 ℃) and the temperature lose and raise very fast at the 24th hour, mouldy phenomenon appears in the feed surface, reached 43 ℃ and be maintained to the 6th day to the 5th day, be downward trend afterwards, occur the 2nd temperature peak to the 10th day and the 11st day, began to return to the room temperature (see figure 4) on the 18th day; Second group sample does not have heating and mouldy phenomenon from start to finish.The pH of first group sample rises to 8.7 from 6.0, and second group sample from 3.77 to 3.78 (not changing basically).The lactic acid bacteria of second group sample is from 6.5 * 10 of Kaifeng
5Cfu/g to 5.5 * 10
5Cfu/g does not detect yeast; The lactic acid bacteria of first group sample is from initial 3.2 * 10
3Cfu/g is not to final detecting, and yeast is then by 3.3 * 10
2Cfu/g rises to 3.3 * 10
5Cfu/g.Comprehensive analyse shows, the fermentation TMR TMR that do not ferment has good aerobic stability.
The preparation of embodiment 3, TMR and feeding effect analysis
One, the preparation of TMR
1, the pre-treatment of raw material
Stalk, forage grass are cut off with the forage grass chopping machine, and length is controlled at about 10-30mm, or use kneading and cutting machine to rub and cut processing.Energy feed carries out pulverization process before using.
2, the ratio in table 1 takes by weighing each raw material, renders to successively in the TMR mixer by the ascending order of proportion to mix, and it is 40% that water transfer divides content.
3, (the bag sealing Takakita) is wrapped up in to the mixture that step 2 is obtained in Japan, places outdoor (5 ℃ of minimum temperatures, 25 ℃ of maximum temperatures) fermentation with the ensiling wrapping machine.
4, fermentation obtained the TMR that ferments in 21 days.
Two, observe the TMR external morphology
It is yellow that the color that fermentation obtained TMR in 21 days is substantially, and wherein part brown slightly has sour fragrance flavor, the quality softness of maize straw, and the feed material is clear, does not cohere, no mildew phenomena, the whole preservation well.
Three, the fermentation quality of TMR
Ferment and obtained the TMR fermentation quality in 21 days and see Table 2.
The fermentation quality of table 2 TMR (NS: do not detect)
| Project | Numerical value |
| ????pH | ????3.84 |
| Lactic acid | ????3.68％ |
| Acetate | ????0.67％ |
| Propionic acid | ????0 |
| Butyric acid | ????0 |
| Ammoniacal nitrogen (% total nitrogen) | ????0.80 |
| Lactic acid bacteria | ????6.7×10 5cfu/g |
| Saccharomycete | ????NS |
| Mould | ????NS |
Four, feeding effect analysis
According to the output of milk (20.48 ± 7.32) kg/d, parity (2-3 tire), the close principle of lactation age in days (114 ± 13) d, select 20 lactation holstein cows in mid-term, adopt the completely randomized experiment design to be divided into 2 groups (n=10).
In order to allow fermentation TMR group milk cow adapt to the TMR mode of feeding, two groups of milk cows carry out the pre-raising in 2 weeks earlier, make it carry out the transition to the TMR state of feeding gradually; After the phase of raising in advance finishes, enter the experimental period in 3 weeks by a definite date.
Experimental period,, two groups of different feeds of employing were fed, and are specific as follows:
First group (control group): the raw material in the table 1 is carried out (method is with 1 of step 1) after the pre-treatment, place the crib feeding cow.
Second group (test group): step 1 is prepared fermentation obtained TMR in 21 days and place crib, feeding cow.
Test Niu Caiyong is diffusing, and bar is raised, day hello 3 times (03:00,09:00 and 15:00), and peripheral hardware sports ground and drinking trough are freely drunk water.Adopt vacuum type pipeline milking machine milk 2 times every day (07:00 and 19:00).Experimental period, gathered the sample of once suckling weekly, carries out the determination and analysis of butterfat percnetage, protein ratio, milk sugar rate, non-fat solid content and somatic number immediately, and the result gets the mean value in three weeks, sees Table 3.
Table 3 experimental period two groups of feed intake and production performances of handling milk cow
| Project | Control group | Test group |
| Dry matter intake (kg/d) | ????18.25 | ????19.38 |
| The output of milk (kg/d) | ????20.28 | ????21.34 |
| Breast somatic number (ten thousand/ml) | ????33.25 | ????32.12 |
| 4% fat corrected milk yield (kg/d) | ????18.73 | ????19.67 |
| Butterfat percnetage (%) | ????3.49 | ????3.48 |
| Protein ratio (%) | ????3.52 | ????3.54 |
| Milk sugar rate (%) | ????4.58 | ????4.59 |
| Non-fat solid content (%) | ????8.91 | ????8.99 |
Compare with control group, the dry matter intake of the milk cow of experimental group (6.2%) and the output of milk (about 1kg) significantly improve, and newborn body cell quantity reduces, and butterfat percnetage, protein ratio and non-fat solid content do not have tangible difference.
Claims (10)
1. prepare the method for milk cow, comprise the steps: with daily ration
(1) each raw material with following mass parts mixes, and obtains mixture:
Stalk 15-20 mass parts;
Forage grass 4-8 mass parts;
Protein feed 6-12 mass parts;
Energy feed 25-30 mass parts;
Food processing byproduct 40-45 mass parts;
Trace element and vitamin premix 0.5-1 mass parts;
Mineral matter and molasses 3-6 mass parts;
(2) moisture with the mixture of step (1) transfers to 40-50%;
(3) the mixture sealing and fermenting of step (2) more than 14 days, is obtained milk cow and uses daily ration.
2. milk cow as claimed in claim 1 is used daily ration, it is characterized in that: described stalk is at least a in maize straw, wheat straw, rice straw and the millet straw; Described forage grass is at least a in sheep's hay, clover, orchardgrass, timothy grass, rye grass and the lyme grass; Described protein feed is at least a in dregs of beans, cotton dregs, the dish dregs of rice and the peanut meal; Described energy feed is at least a in corn kernel, barley grain, wheat seed, sorghum seed and the wheat bran; Described food processing byproduct is at least a in brewex's grains, pomace, soy sauce slag, tea beverage slag and the soybean residue; Described mineral matter is calcium monohydrogen phosphate, stone flour, salt, sodium bicarbonate and magnesia;
In every kilogram of described trace element and the vitamin premix, contain following vitamin and trace element:
Vitamin A 〉=300000IU;
Vitamin D
3〉=500000IU;
Vitamin E 〉=1500IU;
Zn?????????????????≥5g；
Mn?????????????????≥5g；
Cu?????????????????≥1g；
Fe?????????????????≥8g；
I??????????????????≥0.08g；
Se?????????????????≥0.02g；
Co?????????????????≥0.03g。
3. milk cow as claimed in claim 2 is used daily ration, it is characterized in that: in the step (1), each raw material mixing with following mass parts obtains mixture:
Maize straw 10 mass parts;
Millet straw 5 mass parts;
Sheep's hay 6 mass parts;
Dregs of beans 5 mass parts;
Cotton dregs 2.5 mass parts;
Corn 20 mass parts;
Wheat bran 5 mass parts;
Brewex's grains 41 mass parts;
Calcium bicarbonate 1 mass parts;
Stone flour 0.4 mass parts;
Salt 0.2 mass parts;
Sodium bicarbonate 0.3 mass parts;
Magnesia 0.1 mass parts;
Molasses 3 mass parts;
Trace element and vitamin premix 0.5 mass parts;
Contain vitamin A 320000IU, vitamin D in every kilogram of described trace element and the vitamin premix
3500000IU, vitamin e1 500IU contain Zn 5.5g, Mn 6g, Cu 1.2g, Fe 8.5g, I 0.09g, Se 0.03g, Co 0.05g.
4. milk cow as claimed in claim 4 is used daily ration, it is characterized in that: described trace element and vitamin premix obtain described vitamin, described trace element and carrier mixing; Described carrier is preferably corn protein powder.
5. milk cow as claimed in claim 4 is used daily ration, it is characterized in that: described trace element and vitamin premix are commercially available premix.
6. as arbitrary described method in the claim 1 to 5, it is characterized in that: in the step (3), the temperature of described fermentation is 0-35 ℃, is preferably 5-25 ℃.
7. as arbitrary described method in the claim 1 to 6, it is characterized in that: in the step (3), the time of described fermentation is 14-21 days.
8. the milk cow that arbitrary described method prepares in the claim 1 to 7 is used daily ration.
9. the described milk cow of claim 8 is used the application of daily ration in feeding cow.
10. application as claimed in claim 9 is characterized in that: described milk cow is a holstein cow.
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