CN101489573A - 用TACI-Ig融合分子治疗自身免疫疾病的方法 - Google Patents
用TACI-Ig融合分子治疗自身免疫疾病的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
在各种实施方式中,本发明提供了治疗自身免疫疾病包括类风湿关节炎的方法和组合物,例如,包括给予需要这种治疗的病人TACI-Ig融合分子。在一实施方式中,此种TACI-Ig融合分子的给药量足以减缓、遏抑或抑制BIyS和APRIL的诱导增殖功能。
Description
相关申请的交叉参考
本申请要求2006年5月15日提交的美国临时申请NO.60/747,270的优先权益,其内容纳入本文作为参考。
发明领域
在多种实施方案中,本发明涉及治疗自身免疫疾病或免疫系统疾病的方法和组合物,包括给予阻断TNF家族生长因子功能的TACI-Ig融合蛋白。
发明背景
BLyS配体/受体家族
已鉴定到三种受体:TACI(跨膜活化剂或钙调亲环素配体相互作用分子)、BCMA(B细胞成熟抗原)和BAFF-R(B细胞激活因子受体,属于TNF家族)对两种细胞因子BLyS(B淋巴细胞刺激因子)和APRIL(增殖诱导配体)具有独特的结合亲和力(Marsters等,Curr Biol 2000;10(13):785-788;Thompson等,Science 2001;293:2108-2111)。TACI和BCMA能结合BLyS与APRIL二者,而BAFF-R看来只能高亲和力结合BLyS(Marsters等,Curr Biol 2000;10(13):785-788;Thompson等,Science2001;293:2108-2111)。因此,BLyS能通过所有三种受体传递信号,而APRIL看来只能通过TACI和BCMA传递信号。此外,在全身性免疫风湿疾病患者血清样品中已鉴定到BLyS和APRIL的循环性异质三聚体复合物,并证明其在体外能诱导B细胞增殖(Roschke等,J Immunol 2002;169:4314-4321)。在所有这三种受体的Ig融合蛋白中,只有TACI-Fc5能够阻断这些异质三聚体复合物的生物学活性(Roschke等,J Immunol 2002;169:4314-4321)。
BlyS和APRIL是B细胞成熟、增殖和存活的强效刺激剂(Gross等,Nature 2000;404:995-990。Gross等,Immunity 2001;15(2):289-302。Groom等J Clin Invest 2002;109(1):59-68)。BlyS和APRIL对维持自身免疫疾病状态,尤其是涉及B细胞的那些自身免疫疾病可能是必须的。表达高水平BlyS的转基因工程小鼠显示有免疫细胞缺陷和出现类似于系统性红斑狼疮患者的症状(Cheson等,Revised guideline for diagnosis and treament,Blood 1996;87:4994-4997。Cheema等,Arthritis Rheum 2001;44(6):1313-1319)。类似地,在SLE患者或其它类似于类风湿性关节炎的各种自身免疫疾病患者的血清样品中也检测到BlyS/APRIL的水平增高(Roschke,JImmunol 2002;169:4314-4321;Mariette X,Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62(2):168-171;Hahne等,J Exp Med 1998;188(6):1185-1190),这将BlyS和/或APRIL与B细胞介导疾病的相关性从动物模型扩展到人类。
类风湿性关节炎
类风湿性关节炎(RA)是一种以非特异性的通常为全身性的外周关节炎为特征的慢性炎症疾病,可能导致关节和关节周围组织的进行性破坏。大约1%人群受累于此病,患病女性通常比男性高出2-3倍。虽然此病的精确病因还不了解,但证据强烈提示RA是一种自身免疫疾病。与RA相关的几种自身抗体包括经常与更严重疾病相关的类风湿因子(RF)、抗核因子抗体和抗天然II型胶原和瓜氨酸肽抗体。
RA发病中至关重要的主要免疫异常包括在关节腔液和血管中发现的免疫复合物。这些复合物是浆细胞产生的抗体(例如RF)和渗入滑膜组织的T辅助细胞产生的促炎细胞因子所导致。巨噬细胞及其产生的细胞因子(例如TNF、GMCS-F)在患病滑膜中也很丰富。粘附分子水平升高可导致炎症细胞迁移和停留于滑膜组织中。巨噬细胞衍生的细胞系和某些淋巴细胞增加也很显著。
T细胞在RA发病中的作用已相当明确,而B细胞的作用知之甚少。但是B细胞在RA发病中可能具有许多作用,包括激活抗原递呈细胞,分泌促炎细胞因子,产生类风湿因子自身抗体和激活T细胞。临床试验检验到一种抗CD20单克隆抗体利妥昔单抗对RA患者具有正面疗效,在与甲氨喋呤和环磷酰胺联合给予时最为明显,进一步支持了B细胞的这种可能作用。这些发现提示B细胞是治疗性干预RA的合适靶标。
已建立的RA治疗方法包括缓解疾病的抗风湿药物(DMARD),例如羟基氯喹、水杨酸偶氮磺胺吡啶、甲氨喋呤、来氟洛米、利妥昔单抗、英夫利昔单抗、硫唑嘌呤、D-青霉胺、金(口服或肌肉内)、米诺环素和环孢菌素、皮质类固醇如去氢可的松和非固醇消炎药物(NSAIDS)。这些治疗方法通常是非特异性的,常伴有严重的副作用,且对关节破坏的进程无显著影响。因此,本领域一直需要开发治疗RA的新方法。
发明内容
在多种实施方案中,本发明涉及治疗自身免疫疾病的方法。具体说,本发明方法包括给予患者含有人免疫球蛋白恒定区和能结合BlyS和/或APRIL的TACI胞外结构域或其片段的组合物。
在另一实施方案中,本发明包括用包含TACI胞外结构域或其保留了结合BlyS和/或APRIL能力的任何片段的TACI-Ig融合分子治疗自身免疫疾病包括RA的方法。
在另一实施方案中,本发明包括治疗RA的方法,该方法包括给予需要治疗的患者有效量的含人免疫球蛋白恒定区和TACI胞外结构域或其能结合BlyS和/或APRIL的片段的融合分子。在一实施方案中,所述的TACI的胞外结构域片段含有一个或两个半胱氨酸重复基序。在另一实施方案中,所述片段是包含TACI胞外结构域的30-110氨基酸的片段。在另一实施方案中,所述片段是包含TACI胞外结构域的1-154氨基酸的片段(SEQ ID NO:1)。
在另一实施方案中,本发明包括给予患者含融合多肽TACI-Fc5的组合物治疗RA的方法,其中TACI-Fc5包含具有SEQ ID NO:2所示序列的人免疫球蛋白恒定区Fc5和具有SEQ ID NO:1所示序列的TACI胞外结构域。
还有另一种实施方案中,本发明包括给予患者含有融合多肽TACI-Fc5的组合物治疗RA的方法,其中TACI-Fc5包含具有SEQ ID NO:2所示序列的人免疫球蛋白恒定区Fc5和具有SEQ ID NO:1所示序列的TACI胞外结构域。
在还有一种实施方案中,本发明包括给予患者含有融合多肽的组合物治疗RA的方法,所述融合多肽包含具有SEQ ID NO:2所示序列的人免疫球蛋白恒定区,和具有与SEQ ID NO:1所示序列至少约50%、至少约60%、至少约65%、至少约70%、至少约75%、至少约80%、至少约85%、至少约90%、至少约95%、或至少约99%相同性的能结合BlyS和/或APRIL的多肽。
本发明给予患者含有人免疫球蛋白恒定区和TACI胞外结构域或能结合BlyS和/APRIL的TACI胞外结构域片段的融合多肽的方法也能够治疗其它自身免疫疾病。这些自身免疫疾病包括但不限于:系统性红斑狼疮(SLE),格雷夫斯病、I型和II型糖尿病、多发性硬化症、舍格伦综合征、胶原沉着病、肾小球性肾炎、移植物排斥、例如同种异体器官和组织移植物和异种移植物排斥和移植物抗宿主病。
在一实施方案中,本发明方法包括按每公斤患者体重约0.01-10mg的量给予患者TACI-Ig融合蛋白。可按预定的间隔时间重复给予此TACI融合蛋白。具体说,可在十二周的时间内给予此融合分子7次或更多次。用TACI-Ig融合多肽作此初步治疗后可每二周(每隔一周)给予此多肽至少再两周,例如再每二周给予此多肽至少2-30周。或者,可每周或每日给予此多肽。
按照本发明的方法,可以皮下、口服或静脉内给予RA患者TACI-Ig融合多肽和联合其它药物给药。这些药物包括但不限于:DMARD,例如羟基氯喹、水杨酸偶氮磺胺吡啶、甲氨喋呤、来氟洛米、利妥昔单抗、英夫利昔单抗、硫唑嘌呤、D-青霉胺、金(口服或肌肉内)、米诺环素和环孢菌素、皮质类固醇例如去氢可的松、NSAIDS、细胞因子、抗细胞因子和干扰素。
附图说明
图1,TACI-Fc5治疗剂量递增决策树。
图2,可用于皮下注射TACI-Ig分子的患者体表区域图。
具体实施方式
在各种实施方案中,本发明涉及通过抑制BlyS和/或APRIL与它们受体的相互作用来治疗自身免疫疾病的方法。所述患者可以是哺乳动物,例如人类。在一实施方案中,本发明采用一种抑制剂,这种抑制剂包括:1)含有与TACI胞外结构域或其能结合BlyS和/或APRIL的片段至少部分相同的结构域的多肽;和2)人免疫球蛋白的恒定链。在一实施方案中,本发明采用含人免疫球蛋白恒定链和与TACI胞外结构域有至少约50%、至少约60%、至少约65%、至少约70%、至少约75%、至少约80%、至少约85%、至少约90%、至少约95%、或至少约99%序列相同性的任何多肽的融合分子。美国专利NO.5,969,102、6,316,222和6,500,428和美国专利申请09/569,245和09/627,206(其内容纳入本文作参考)公开了TACI的胞外结构域以及能与TACI配体相互作用的TACI胞外结构域特定片段,TACI配体包括BlyS和APRIL。TACI胞外结构域的示例性片段包含一个或两个半胱氨酸重复基序。另一示例性片段是包含TACI胞外结构域或其片段的30-110氨基酸的片段。还有另一示例性片段是包含TACI胞外结构域(SEQ ID NO:1)或其片段的1-154氨基酸的片段。
本发明方法所用的其它融合分子包括:人免疫球蛋白恒定链和完整TACI胞外结构域或其直向同源序列之间的融合多肽,或人免疫球蛋白恒定链和任何能结合BlyS和APRIL配体的TACI胞外结构域片段之间的融合多肽。本发明方法中所用的任何融合分子均可称为TACI-Ig融合分子。
TACI-Fc5是本发明方法所使用的TACI-Ig融合分子中的一种。TACI-Fc5是一种重组的融合多肽,它包含了受体TACI的1-154氨基酸胞外配体结合部分(SEQ ID NO:1)和人IgG经修饰的Fc部分Fc5(SEQ ID NO:2)。本发明方法所用的其它TACI-Ig分子包括含SEQ ID NO:2所示的多肽和与SEQID NO:1有至少约50%、至少约60%、至少约65%、至少约70%、至少约75%、至少约80%、至少约85%、至少约90%、至少约95%、或至少约99%相同性的能结合BlyS的多肽的融合分子。
本发明的实施方案包括用TACI-Ig融合分子治疗RA的方法。可用本发明方法治疗的其它自身免疫疾病包括:系统系红斑狼疮(SLE),格雷夫斯病、I型和II型糖尿病、多发性硬化症、舍格伦综合征、胶原沉着病、肾小球性肾炎、移植物排斥,例如同种异体移植和异种移植器官和组织排斥、移植物抗宿主病,或任何可以通过减少与疾病相关的循环性成熟B细胞和免疫球蛋白分泌细胞及与此类疾病相关的可溶性免疫球蛋白而治疗的其它自身免疫疾病。
实施方案还包括给予患者含有人免疫球蛋白恒定区和含有能结合BlyS和/或APRIL的TACI胞外结构域任何片段的多肽的融合分子的治疗方法。
给予患者TACI-Ig融合分子可按任何适当的给药途径给药,包括但不限于口服、静脉内或皮下给药。
可将本发明方法所用的TACI-Ig制剂以冻干、无菌、等渗溶液形式制备和贮藏。这样的制剂可包含其它活性成分和赋形剂,例如氯化钠、磷酸盐缓冲液和氢氧化钠或O-磷酸(pH=6.0)。TACI-Ig制剂可与其它药物联合给予患者。这些药物包括但不限于DMARD,例如羟基氯喹、水杨酸偶氮磺胺吡啶、甲氨喋呤、来氟洛米、利妥昔单抗、英夫利昔单抗、硫唑嘌呤、D-青霉胺、金(口服或肌肉内)、米诺环素和环孢菌素、皮质类固醇例如去氢可的松、NSAIDS和止痛药。本发明方法还可与其它治疗自身免疫疾病的方法联合使用。其它治疗方法包括但不限于:外科手术、针灸、物理治疗和基因治疗。TACI-Ig制剂可以早于、同时或后于其它治疗方法给药。
已证明TACI-Fc5在体外能抑制BlyS激活B细胞增殖。用TACI-Fc5治疗小鼠可导致B细胞发育部分阻断,而对骨髓中的前B细胞和包括外周血T细胞、单核细胞和嗜中性粒细胞在内的其它谱系细胞只有轻微作用。血液中过分表达可溶形式TACI受体的转基因工程小鼠产生更少的成熟B细胞并显示循环抗体水平降低。TACI-Fc5转基因小鼠的胸腺、骨髓和肠系膜淋巴结中细胞数正常,胸腺、淋巴结和脾脏的T细胞群无显著差异(Gross等,Immunity 2001;15(2)289-302)。
另外,不论对抗原的初次应答或二次应答期间是否给药,TACI-Ig均能抑制小鼠免疫应答时产生的抗原特异性抗体。在这些研究中,没有观察到T细胞对离体抗原攻击的应答受到影响。在系统性红斑狼疮动物模型中,用TACI-Ig融合蛋白治疗有效地限制了疾病的发作和进程(Gross等,Nature2000;404:995-999)。类似地,在胶原诱导关节炎小鼠模型中,TACI-Ig能抑制胶原特异性抗体的产生同时减少了炎症的发生和疾病发生率(Gross等,Immunity 2001;15(2)289-302)。
包含TACI-Ig融合分子的组合物可给予患者一次或在一段时间内可重复多次给予患者。例如,在监测病情后患者可接受一次TACI-Ig分子皮下注射。已显示病情改善或至少稳定的患者可再重复给予TACI-Ig融合分子一段时间。再给药的时间为约2-30个星期。例如,患者在4周内三次给予TACI-Ig融合分子。或者,患者在12周内给予TACI-Ig融合分子7次。患者的TACI-Ig分子给药可以是每天、每二天、每周、每二周、每月、每二月一次等。
给予病人有效量的TACI-Ig融合分子来治疗患者的疾病。在一实施方案中,术语“治疗”与某给定的疾病或病症相关,包括但不限于:抑制该疾病或病症,例如阻止疾病或病症的发展;减轻该疾病或病症,例如导致该疾病或病症消退;或减轻该疾病或病症引起的症状,例如减轻、预防或治疗该疾病或病症的症状。在另一实施方案中,给药剂量范围为患者每公斤体重0.01-10mg。可按图1所示开发用TACI-Ig融合分子治疗的优化剂量,在实施例5中有进一步详细阐述。
可以任何合适的方式递送TACI-Ig融合分子。在一实施方案中,通过腹膜注射递送此融合分子。在另一实施方案中,所述腹膜注射通过皮下注射进行。在另一实施方案中,所述腹膜注射为前腹壁注射给药。当一次给药需要多次注射时,可间隔数厘米和在相对接近的时间内注射,例如在尽可能靠近的时间内注射给药。对于重复给药,可以轮换或交替更换前腹壁注射部位。皮下注射进入前腹壁的示范区域见图2所示,包括右上外区、左下外区,右下外区、左上外区、中下腹区以及左右大腿和上臂(图2)。或者,本发明的TACI-Ig融合分子可经静脉内注射,或以片剂、胶囊、液体组合物或凝胶等形式口服递送。
实施例1
在实验动物模型中检测TACI-Fc5的药理学,毒理学和药代动力学
在耐药宿主模型中进行TACI-Fc5评价,这提供了直接评估免疫系统功能贮备的机会。在TACI-Fc5治疗期间以流感病毒攻击小鼠。用作阳性对照的地塞米松导致病毒感染增强和时间延长。皮下(SC)途径给予单一剂量TACI-Fc5减少了循环B细胞、总IgG和IgM及流感特异性IgG和IgM,但不降低动物消除病毒感染的能力。
前驱药理学安全研究表明TACI-Fc5皮下给药剂量高达80mg/kg时不会导致小鼠或猴子的神经、呼吸和心血管系统发生改变。在80mg/kg剂量时只观察到小鼠超警觉和运动能力轻微增高,提示有微小和暂时性的刺激作用,而未观测到相当于20mg/kg剂量的效应水平(NOEL)。
当通过静脉内(IV)或SC途径给予小鼠单个剂量时,TACI-Fc5在技术上可给的最高剂量1200mg/kg不导致动物死亡或可见的全身或局部异常效应。
SC途径给予猴子单个剂量的TACI-Fc5,剂量水平达240mg/kg时也不导致死亡或任何主要毒性作用。
根据皮下途径每隔2天给予小鼠5、20和80mg/kg剂量的TACI-Fc5二或四周后获得的结果,可以得出结论,即该化合物剂量高达80mg/kg时此种动物仍良好耐受。所有剂量对免疫系统均显示出有治疗相关的改变。这些改变包括B细胞总数和成熟B细胞数及IgG和IgM血清水平降低。脾脏和淋巴结免疫组织化学检测证实只限于B细胞的缺失,而T细胞数量没有改变。所有这些变化,某些是时间和剂量依赖性的变化,被认为是药理学放大效应,如给予非常高剂量TACI-Fc5后在反应性动物身上所预期的那样。所有这些效应都见于治疗2-4周后,疾病的主要指征不随时间推移而发展。撤除治疗4周后,除B细胞计数减少外,这些变化看来几乎完全逆转。
为了确定对B细胞的调节具有可逆性,进一步研究了小鼠每二天给药5和20mg/kg剂量连续4周,和更长的恢复期。5mg/kg停药两个月后,20mg/kg停药4个月后,B细胞总数和成熟循环B细胞数得到恢复。而且,与赋形剂对照相比,所有剂量在注射部位只有轻微的炎症变化。
当以每三天5、20或80mg/kg的TACI-Fc5皮下给予猴子连续4周时,任何受试剂量均不诱导主要毒性症状。
剂量高至并包括最高受试剂量时,局部耐受性被认为是满意的,而诱导了剂量相关的可逆的轻微或中度炎症变化(主要是血管周围单核细胞和嗜酸性白细胞浸润),但认为其主要与局部存在外源蛋白有关。只有在高剂量时,少数动物表现出轻度和中度亚急性炎症,其中一只动物形成囊肿。
淋巴细胞亚组检测中,循环B细胞数减少,以及观察到脾脏滤泡边缘区
(称为B细胞依赖区)组织消减和IgG和IgM血清总水平降低。它们被认为是体外和体内药理实验所显示的TACI-FcS药效学特性的结果。
如有目的地给予动物高剂量受试化合物进行的毒理学研究所预期的那样,它们的作用程度被放大了。当撤消给药后一个月内,IgG和IgM血清水平降低和脾脏淋巴细胞消减都清晰呈现出恢复趋势,而B细胞总数和成熟循环B细胞没有表现出类似现象,表明其需要更长的时间才能恢复。
治疗期结束时(第4周),高剂量组(80mg/kg)的雄性和雌性动物与对照组相比,总蛋白平均值显示轻微但有统计学意义的降低。轻微的降低趋势也见于相同剂量的第2周和恢复期结束时。
给药期结束时高剂量雌性动物血清蛋白的变化包括球蛋白减少和白蛋白百分比和α-1-球蛋白组分增加。α-1-球蛋白组分也显示比对照组3的雌性动物(20mg/kg)高。
TACI-FcS在小鼠(只有少数雌性小鼠在治疗期或治疗后显示循环结合抗体水平低)和猴子(少数动物在恢复期后观察到水平低)中显示其免疫原性低;在这两种动物中都证明无中和抗体。
通过一系列标准体内试验进行了TACI-Fc5的生殖和生育(雄性和雌性小鼠的生育检测,在交配前、交配期直到(受精卵)植入时每隔1天皮下途径给予5、20和80mg/kg剂量)及胚胎发育(雌性小鼠和家兔的胚胎发育研究,器官发生期每隔1天皮下途径给予5、20和80mg/kg剂量进行处理)的毒理学研究。
小鼠的生育试验显示,每隔1天给予5、20和80mg/kg剂量TACI-Fc5后,与对照组相比,(受精卵)植入前和植入后的失败呈现剂量相关性增加。
评价小鼠胚胎发育研究获得的数据显示,在任何剂量下,均未见对胚胎的毒性作用也不导致化合物相关的胎儿畸形。
家兔胚胎发育研究表明,每隔一日以20或80mg/kg剂量处理导致剂量相关的妊娠动物体重增加变缓和食物消耗减少。上述母鼠在这2个高剂量时的变化伴有吸收率增加和胎鼠体重降低。
这些结果提示TACI-Fc5对小鼠胚泡植入子宫可能有影响。所观察到的TACI-Fc5对母兔体重增加和食物消耗的作用,可能导致了(胎兔)器官发生期母兔每隔一日给予20或80mg/kg剂量时对同窝胎兔生命力所见的影响,但TACI-Fc5对胎兔没有直接毒性。在这两种动物上进行的TACI-Fc5处理并不引起畸形。
此外,在小鼠和猴子每隔一日或每隔两日皮下注射TACI-Fc5给药的2个星期和1个月毒性研究中,进行了雄性和雌性生殖腺和副性器官的组织学检查,没有发现与处理相关的(毒性)作用。
家兔的局部耐受性研究表明,皮下途径给家兔注射剂量70mg/kg的TACI-Fc5制剂时局部耐受良好。
对小鼠实施了静脉内和皮下途径单剂量药物动力学研究,静脉内注射剂量为1mg/kg,皮下注射剂量为1、5和15mg/kg。
评价了4-16小时之间时间与最大吸收(Tmax)的关系,计算出T1/2约为40-50小时。
IV推注给药后的起初30分钟内观察到输注样分布图,然后TACI-Fc5从机体中消除,消除半衰期为44个小时。1、5、15mg/kg三种剂量皮下给药后,获得AUCs(曲线下面积)之间的比率为1:5:8,而剂量比为1:5:15,这提示高剂量时失去了剂量比例性。
小鼠皮下途径给予1和5mg/kg剂量TACI-Fc5的生物利用度为76%和89%,但15mg/kg剂量则比预期的要低(0,42;与静脉内1mg/kg剂量相比计算)。因为很显然消除半衰期没有改变,高剂量时观察到的生物利用度较低可用消除和分布容积增加来解释,或更可能是由于注射部位形成沉积而致吸收减少。
对雄性食蟹猴实施了静脉内和皮下途径单剂量注射的药物动力学研究,静脉内注射剂量为1mg/kg,皮下注射剂量为1、5和15mg/kg。
六只雄性猴子分为两组,每组三只,以两周间歇期分别接受两次给药。第一阶段治疗为1mg/kg,IV(组1)和1mg/kg,SC(组2),第二阶段治疗为5mg/kg,SC(组1)和15mg/kg,SC(组2)。
估测至最大吸收的时间(Tmax)估测在6-8小时之间,计算出T1/2约为120-190小时。
IV推注给药后的起初15分钟内观察到输注样分布图,然后TACI-Fc5从机体中消除,消除半衰期为179±29个小时。稳态分布容积Vss为382±82ml/kg,接近细胞内液容量。
皮下给药后,AUC与剂量呈良好比例,即1、5和15mg/kg皮下剂量的AUC约为216、1182和2732hμg/mL。在低、中和高剂量时TACI-Fc5皮下途径给药的生物利用度(相对1mg/kgIV剂量计算)为0.92、1.02和0.77。因此,皮下途径给药TACI-Fc5几乎完全被吸收。
所有6只猴子在第2阶段给药前(在第1阶段分别IV或SC途径给药1mg/kg与第2阶段分别给药5或15mg/kg之间)的样品中发现有低水平的TACI-Fc5,这是因为2周间歇期只经过2个半衰期,不足以完全消除给予的化合物(需要5个半衰期)。但是,可以估测出先前剂量对AUC的贡献只占第2阶段总AUC的约2%。
IV给药后显示IgG血清水平下降10.2%。15mg/kg SC给药显示有稍高的影响,而1和5mg/kg SC给药之间没有观察到差异(1、5和15mg/kg剂量给药后分别降低8.6%、8.4%和12.3%)。IV给药后显示IgM血清水平下降18.0%。三种SC给药剂量之间没有观察到差异(1、5和15mg/kg剂量给药后分别降低了23.5%、23.0%和24.2%)。
实施例2
检测健康志愿者对TACI-Fc5的耐受剂量
TACI-Fc5的临床一期研究目前已完成。该研究为双盲、安慰剂对照、剂量递增连续给药研究,研究了皮下给予健康男性志愿者单剂量TACI-Fc5的安全性,药物动力学和药效学。下文列出了此项研究设计的概况和获得数据的小结。
在双盲、安慰剂对照、剂量递增、连续给药研究中给予健康志愿者TACI-Fc5,以研究皮下给予健康男性志愿者单剂量TACI-Fc5的安全性,药物动力学和药效学。
招募了四组受试者。在每个剂量组中有一个受试者随机接受安慰剂注射,其它受试者接受TACI-Fc5。给药后24小时从调查研究点解散之后,受试者参加为时7周的门诊预定评估。通过身体检查发现、注射部位疼痛、注射部位的局部耐受反应(发红、肿胀、瘀伤、搔痒)、生命体征、12-导联ECGs(心电图)、实验室安全性评估和不良反应记录来监测TACI-Fc5的全身和局部耐受性。
监测给药后7周内的药物动力学和药效学标志。TACI-Fc5的药效学作用监测采用各种标志物,包括用FACS分析的淋巴细胞亚组(浆细胞(CD138+)、未成熟B细胞(CD19+,IgD-)、成熟B细胞(CD19+,IgD+)、T辅助细胞(CD5+,CD4+)、细胞毒T细胞(CD5+,CD8+)、总T细胞(CD5+))、游离BlyS、BlyS/TACI-Fc5复合物、IgG、IgM、抗TACI-Fc5抗体。
根据给药3周后的数据回顾,利用此项研究程序中的算法指导剂量递增。分4组给药:第一组接受2.1mg;第二组接受70mg;第三组接受210mg;第四组接受630mg。
结果:以剂量范围0.03-9mg/kg的TACI-Fc5单剂量皮下给予健康男性志愿者。采用安全性和耐受性数据结合第3周的淋巴细胞亚组FACS分析,指导各组间的剂量递增。所研究的4组如表1所示。
表1 志愿者重新分组
a 假设标称体重为70kg,在每个剂量水平受试者接受一个标准剂量。
b 由于稀释错误,第一组给药剂量比计划剂量(0.3mg/kg)低十倍,从第一组药物动力学数据的回顾但在第二组给药后才鉴定出此错误。
c 包括一个接受安慰剂的受试者。
d 一位志愿者在注射前退出。
各组和全部群体的人口统计学基线特征如表2所示。
表2 人口统计学特征
全部,年龄平均值+SD:30.7+7.4岁,体重指数24.8kg/m2。所有志愿者都为白人男性。
所有组对TACI-Fc5耐受良好。身体检查发现,生命体征或12导联ECGs没有明显影响。
表3 迄今报告的急性治疗不良反应列表
在一些受试者的给药注射部位观察到短暂红肿,第三组和第四组的所有受试者都出现红斑。虽然高剂量组注射部位发生反应的几率升高,但认为与注射体积(和数量)增加有关。
给药后7周报告了48件急性治疗不良反应。其中大多数(44件,91.7%)为轻度,其余为中度(4件,8.3%)。此期间没有出现强烈和严重的不良反应。TACI-Fc5给药剂量与不良反应发生率、强度或特定联系之间无明显相关。表3小结了迄今报告的不良反应。
相信TACI-Fc5剂量高达630mg时仍显示良好耐受性,不会引起明显的安全性担忧。这些数据支持所提出的受试者研究的预期剂量。
进行了TACI血清浓度的无房室分析。利用了标准的取样时间进行这种初步分析。受试者2、6和13给药前具有可检测浓度,因此在分析前应从所有的给药后检测值中扣除这种基线浓度。单剂量皮下给予2.1、70、210和630mg后的药物动力学参数总结于表4。
给予2.1mg TACI-Fc5后的药物浓度接近于此试验的定量测定极限,这使数据值限制在该剂量水平。在70mg和更高剂量时,Tmax(至最大吸收的时间)的范围为16-36小时,总体中值T1/2(从曲线终点部分计算得出)为303小时。此外,AUC(无限延伸)和Cmax的增高大于剂量呈比例的方式。
药效学分析表明,单剂量70、210或630mg给药后7周内IgM基线水平下降。虽然因样品少不能建立明确的剂量反应相关性,但最高剂量组IgM下降的程度最大。70mg剂量组的受试者显示给药后7周IgM水平回复到基线水平。在此时间点较高剂量组的个体IgM水平仍受到抑制。对IgG水平,或对由FACS检测的淋巴细胞亚群无明显影响。
采样期间BlyS/TACI-Fc5复合物水平成比例增长,给药后约600小时达到平台。结论:从健康男性志愿者获得的人体数据表明TACI-Fc5是安全的,给药剂量高达630mg时受试者能很好耐受。TACI-Fc5治疗组和安慰剂组之间的不良反应性质、发生率和严重程度相当。身体检查发现、生命体征、12-导联EGGs或实验室安全性参数临床上都没有显著改变。给药部位局部耐受性良好。这些数据支持所提出的受试者BCM给药计划。
给予健康男性个体单剂量后,TACI-Fc5在16-22小时之间达到Tmax,AUC以剂量成比例方式增长,虽然Cmax的增长大于剂量比例。TACI-Fc5的半衰期中位数约为300小时。观察了70、210和630mg剂量对IgM水平的药效学作用。给予单剂量TACI-Fc5治疗对IgG或淋巴细胞亚群无明显影响。在提出的此研究方案中也没有己知或可预见的特别强烈或严重的危险未被考虑到。
实施例3
用TACI-Fc5组合物治疗RA患者
在TACI-Fc5给药前对RA患者的临床状况进行了评估。在第一次给予TACI-Fc5前进行这种评估确定其基线值。将TACI-Fc5给药的第一天命名为“第1天”。患者第一次给予TACI-Fc5药物前需完成以下程序:ECG;生命体征(VS)测量;身体检查;疾病活动性评估(参见实施例6);测定身高和体重(只在第一次给药和随访时);常规实验室检查(参见表5);计算尿羟基吡啶啉/赖氨酰吡啶啉的比例(HP/LP);药物动力学(PK)和药效学(PD)测定游离TACI-Fc5和总TACI-Fc5的血清浓度、游离APRIL和BlyS的血清水平、BlyS/TACI-Fc5复合物的血清水平、流式细胞计数和检测TACI抗体(只在第一次给药时);以及血液生物学标记检测,包括淋巴细胞亚组(将血液分入三个试管,按照表6用FACS分析表型)、IgA、IgM、IgG(包括亚类区分)、抗瓜氨酸肽自身抗体、类风湿因子(IgA-RF、IgM-RF、IgG-RF)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-6、IL-1、IL-12和IL-8。在一个亚组的患者中实施关节镜指导的滑膜活检或针刺滑膜取样,对滑膜液进行PK、PD和生物学标记评估。在重复剂量组中,TACI-Fc5继续给药前即时进行所有这些或大多数测量。
表5 常规实验室参数
血液化学 | 血液病学 |
γ谷氨酰基转移酶 | 红细胞压积 |
丙氨酸转移酶 | 血红蛋白 |
白蛋白 | 细胞血红蛋白平均数 |
碱性磷酸酶 | MCHC |
天冬氨酸转氨酶 | 平均细胞体积 |
胆红素-直接(当总胆红素超出正常范围时) | 血小板板计数 |
胆红素-总数 | 红细胞计数 |
钙 | 白细胞计数2 |
肌氨酸酐 | ESR(红细胞沉降率) |
葡萄糖(空腹) | 尿分析 |
无机磷 | pH |
钾 | 白细胞 |
总蛋白 | 亚硝酸盐 |
蛋白电泳 | 葡萄糖 |
补体3 | 酮 |
钠 | 蛋白3 |
甘油三酯1 | 血液3 |
胆固醇 | 凝结物 |
尿素 | 部分组织促凝血酶原激酶活化时间 |
尿酸 | 凝血酶原时间 |
1.甘油三酯检查前患者应空腹约10小时。
2.白细胞计数包括差别白细胞计数。
3.如果存在蛋白、血液或白细胞(RBC或WBC)时,应对样品进行显微镜检查。
表6 淋巴细胞亚组
试管 | 抗原标记 |
试管1 | CD45 CD3 CD4 CD8 |
试管2 | CD19 msIgG msIgG msIgG(对照) |
试管3 | CD19 CD38 CD27 IgD |
试管1
%和Abs CD45+/CD3+(总T细胞)
%和Abs CD45+/CD3+/CD4+/CD8-(T辅助细胞)
%和Abs CD45+/CD3+/CD4-/CD8+(T细胞毒性/抑制性细胞)
试管3:用总B细胞计数反计算Abs(CD19+)
%和Abs CD19+(泛B细胞)
%和Abs CD19+/CD27+/CD38-(记忆B细胞)
%和Abs CD19+/CD27+/CD38+(Ig分泌细胞)
给药后约6小时,除第6组外,进行了以下评估:ECG;VS;和PK与PD取样(只对单剂量组)。
TACI-Fc5治疗按照图1所列的剂量递增组设计进行。第1组在第1天接受70mg单剂量TACI-Fc5。其它组按照剂量递增算法接受给药,递增至最大剂量2940mg。第2组在一个月时间内接受三次70mg剂量TACI-Fc5。第3组接受210mg单剂量TACI-Fc5。第4组在一个月时间内接受三次210mg剂量TACI-Fc5。第5组接受630mg单剂量TACI-Fc5。第6组在3个月时间内接受7次420mg剂量TACI-Fc5。
在预定的时间间隔,即给药后14周(单剂量组)、给药后18周(重复给药的第2组和第4组)和给药后26周(重复给药第6组)完成所有组的给药后评估,包括收集PK、PD和生物标记样品,及安全性和疾病活动性评估。表7描述了第1、3和5组(单剂量组)从第2天开始的给药后评估计划。表8描述了第2组和第4组从最后一次给药(第30天)后第1天开始的给药后评估计划。表9描述了第6组从第2次给药(第15天)当天开始的给药后评估计划。在整个研究过程中检测了所有组的注射部位反应、不良反应和并存的药物和处理。根据患者自发提供的和询问患者得到的信息,在身体检查后获得此项研究计划内和计划外的不良反应数据。
不良反应定义为任何构成不良医学事件的体征、症状、实验室检查异常、或相对于基线(例如最初就诊时)疾病有所发展或恶化、不论其因果关系,甚至没有给予研究产品。可用以下定义评价不良反应的严重程度:(1)轻度-患者感觉有不适或症状,但这种不适或症状易于忍受;(2)中度-患者经受了足够的不适,干扰或减少了他们的日常活动水平;(3)严重-功能明显受损导致患者不能进行日常活动;和(4)非常严重-患者的生命由于此不良反应而有危险。可用以下定义评估不良反应与TACI-Fc5给药之间的关系:(1)很可能-因果关系在临床上/生物学上高度合理并且不良反应的发生与TACI-Fc5给药之间有合理的时间顺序;(2)可能-因果关系在临床上/生物学上合理并且不良反应的发生与TACI-Fc5给药之间有合理的时间顺序;(3)未必可能-因果关系不可能而不良反应其它有记载的原因最为合理;和(4)无关-因果关系可以明确排除而不良反应其它有记载的原因最为合理。TACI-Fc5给药期间基线所代表的医学状况在严重程度和频率上没有恶化不应认为是不良反应。
作为疾病评估一部分的RA恶化不应认为是不良反应,除非与TACI-Fc5给药有可能或有很大可能相关。
表7 第1、3和5组给药后的评估计划
D2 | D3-5 | D8 | D15 | D29 | D43 | D57 | D71 | D85-92 | |
ECG | × | × | × | × | × | ||||
VS | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | |
身体检查 | × | ||||||||
身体检查A | × | × | × | × | × | × | |||
ADAB | × | × | × | × | |||||
VISC | × | ||||||||
常规化验 | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | ||
ESR | × | × | × | × | |||||
尿液HP/LP | × | × | × | × | |||||
抗TACI-Fc5抗体 | × | ||||||||
PK/PD | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × |
生物标记 | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | ||
B细胞计数(FACS) | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | ||
针刺 | × | ||||||||
滑膜活检 | × |
A:主诉导向的体检。
B:ADA=通过检测血清CRP、ESR和尿液HP/LP比值评估疾病活动。
C:VIS=疫苗免疫状态
表8 第2和4组给药后的评估计划
D30 | D33 | D36 | D43 | D57 | D71 | D85 | D99 | D113-119 | |
ECG | × | × | × | ||||||
VS | × | × | × | × | × | ||||
身体检查 | × | ||||||||
身体检查A | × | × | × | × | |||||
ADAB | × | × | |||||||
VISC | × | ||||||||
常规化验 | × | × | × | × | × | ||||
ESR | × | × | × | ||||||
尿液HP/LP | × | × | × | ||||||
抗TACI-Fc5抗体 | × | ||||||||
PK/PD | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × |
生物标记 | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × |
B细胞计数(FACS) | × | × | × | × | × | × | |||
滑膜活检 | × |
A:主诉导向的体检。
B:ADA=通过检查血清CRP、ESR和尿液HP/LP比评估疾病活动。
C:VIS=疫苗免疫情况。
表9 第6组给药后的评估计
D15 | D29 | D43 | D57 | D71 | D85 | D86 | D99 | D127 | D165-173 | |
ECG | × | × | × | |||||||
VS | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × |
身体检查 | × | |||||||||
身体检查A | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | |
ADAB | × | × | × | × | × | × | ||||
VISC | × | |||||||||
常规化验 | × | × | × | × | × | × | ||||
ESR | × | × | × | × | ||||||
尿液HP/LP | × | × | × | × | ||||||
抗TACI-Fc5抗体 | × | × | ||||||||
PK/PD | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | ||
生物标记 | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | |||
B细胞计数(FACS) | × | × | × | × | × | × | ||||
滑膜活检 | × | |||||||||
针刺 | × |
A:主诉导向的体检。
B:ADA=通过检查血清CRP、ESR和尿液HP/LP比评估疾病活动。
C:VIS=疫苗免疫情况。
TACI-Fc5的剂量、给药计划和给药途径在表10中给出。简言之,包括年龄18-70岁之间的72名RA男性和女性患者。这些患者已确诊患有至少6个月的活动性中度至重度RA,使用过5次以上的DMARD但无效,且在第1天前的4个或更多个星期内没有使用过DMARD和氨甲喋呤。而且,患者为RF阳性和在研究期间直到最后一次TACI-Fc5给药后三个月内没有怀孕。将这些患者分为6组。其中三组各8名患者,两组各12名患者和一组24名患者。
表10:TACI-Fc5剂量及给药
分组 | 用药方案 | 给药途径 |
第1组(70mg单剂量,8名患者) | 第1天TACI-Fc5 70mg或匹配的安慰剂 | 早晨0.5ml皮下1处注射 |
第2组(1个月内3×70mg重复剂量,12名患者) | 第1、15和29天TACI-Fc5 70mg或匹配的安慰剂 | 早晨0.5ml皮下1处注射 |
第3组(210mg单剂量,8名患者) | 第1天TACI-Fc5 210mg或匹配的安慰剂 | 早晨1.5ml皮下1处注射 |
第4组(1个月内3×210mg重复剂量,12名患者) | 第1、15和29天TACI-Fc5 210mg或匹配的安慰剂 | 早晨1.5ml皮下1处注射 |
第5组(630mg单剂量,8名患者) | 第1天TACI-Fc5 630mg或匹配的安慰剂 | 早晨1.5ml皮下3处注射 |
第6组(3个月内7×420mg重复剂量,24名患者) | 第1、15、29、43、57、71和85天TACI-Fc5420mg或匹配的安慰剂 | 早晨1.5ml皮下2处注射 |
实施例4
TACI-Fc5注射程序
如果选择皮下途径给药递送TACI-Fc5,将此分子皮下注入腹壁,注射部位按下图(图2)所示轮换。注意不要注入血管中。最重要的是轮换注射部位以保持皮肤健康。同一部位重复注射会引起疤痕形成和脂肪组织硬化。应按图2所示采用以下部位注射和轮换:第一次注射于左上外区(图2,位置1);第二次注射于右下外区(图2,位置2);第三次注射于左下外区(图2,位置3);第四次注射于右上外区(图2,位置4);第五次注射于中下区(图2,位置5)。其后注射可重复上述轮换方案。
对于每次给药需要1处以上注射的患者,第一针注射开始于指定注射区的12点钟位置(如图2,位置1-5)然后根据每次给药所需要的注射次数按顺时针方向的2小时、4小时、6小时、8小时和/或10小时位置轮转注射。注射点彼此相距至少为2.5cm(1英寸)并且在时间上尽可能靠近。一处注射部位注射量不能超过1.5ml。如果给患者腹部注射有困难,可以替代的注射区域为前大腿和上臂。
注射部位常见的反应症状包括注射部位搔痒、触痛、发热和/或发红。
实施例5
给予TACI-Fc5分子的剂量递增方案
评价TACI-Fc5对RA疗效的此剂量递增方案安排第1组对六名患者给药。第1组接受单次剂量70mg,然后观察4个星期。安全检查委员会(SRB)评阅了收集的给药后四星期安全性数据,在安全委员会的推荐下,给药剂量递增至一个月内给药210mg(第2组)或一次给药210mg(第3组)。第2组对9名患者给药,第3组对6名患者给药。然后安全检查委员会评阅了从第3组给药后6周收集的安全性数据,在安全委员会的推荐下,剂量递增至一个月内给药630mg(第4组)或一次给药630mg(第5组)。第4组对9名患者给药,第5组对6名患者给药。再后安全检查委员会评阅了从第5组给药后6周收集的安全性数据,在安全委员会的建议下,第6组在三个月内接受2940mg剂量。第6组对18名患者给药。
剂量的选择是根据对食蟹猴和小鼠重复皮下注射的毒理学研究而推理出来的,这些研究表明对5、20和80mg/kg的TACI-Fc5耐受良好。除了影响免疫细胞外,TACI-Fc5具有预期的药效学活性,仅发现80mg/kg高剂量皮下给药时猴子血浆总蛋白明显下降和有轻微的皮下反应,在小鼠Irwin试验中80mg/kg剂量可引起短暂性活动亢进。因此,20mg/kg是两种物种不会出现不良反应的最高剂量。
此外,还给予健康志愿者2.1、70、210和630mg单次剂量皮下注射。这些剂量没有出现安全性和耐受性担忧。根据健康志愿者的临床前数据和初步观察,选择70mg作为RA患者的合适初始给药剂量。
本研究中RA患者的预期剂量和给药方案范围为每月两次1-9mg/kg(每名患者标准化为70kg),与用猴子研究的剂量范围良好适配。猴子重复给药显示了明显的剂量反应关系。
实施例6
疾病进程评估
通过疾病活动评分、医师对疾病活动的综合评估,患者对疾病活动的综合评估,晨间强直和患者对疼痛、疾病活动和躯体功能的评估来检测疾病进程。
疾病活动评分(DAS)是一种开发用于检测RA患者疾病活动状况的综合指数,其在临床试验上与EULAR反应标准联用的效果已得到广泛验证。初始DAS包括Ritchie关节指数、44个肿胀关节计数、ESR和对VAS的全身健康评估。经28个不分等级的关节触痛和肿胀计数验证后,将DAS28发展为包括28处关节计数。DAS和DAS28不是直接可互换的。
使用DAS时,为疾病高活动、低活动或缓解设置了几个域值。而且,根据DAS设置了反应标准,这样当检测患者两个时间点上的DAS时,就可对临床反应进行评价。
计算DAS28需要的疾病变量是:肿胀关节计数(28个关节);触痛关节计数(28个关节);ESR(1小时后mm);患者全身健康(GH)状况或综合疾病活动(100mm可视指针式标度尺(VAS))-本研究中称为患者疾病活动综合评估。28个触痛和肿胀关节评分包括如下关节:肩、肘、腕、掌、指关节、近端指(趾)间关节和膝关节。
计算DAS所用的公式如下:DAS28=0.56*sqrt(触痛28)+0.28*sqrt(肿胀28)+0.70*ln(ESR)+0.014*GH(sqrt为开平方)。DAS提供了0-10范围的数值,表示类风湿关节炎的当前活动状态。DAS28大于5.1意味着疾病高度活动,DAS28低于3.2表示疾病低活动。DAS28低于2.6表示疾病缓解。比较某患者在二个不同时间点上的DAS28,则可以确定是否改善或有反应。
利用水平可视指针式标度尺(VAS)可对患者的疼痛进行评估和对患者的疾病活动进行综合评估。
用医师的疾病活动综合评估可衡量患者当前的疾病活动状况,采用的5级评分(likert评分)为:0=无症状,1=轻度,2=中度,3=严重和4=非常严重。
患者的躯体功能评估是根据患者对健康评估问卷(HAQ)的回答进行的,问卷询问患者在之前一周能否进行日常活动,例如穿衣和梳头,吃饭,散步,以及患者是否需要帮助或设备才能完成上述任何活动。
通过与患者面晤评估是否存在晨间强直,如果存在则记下持续时间。
序列表
<110>Herve,Broly
Busby,Sharon
Gross,Jane
Visich,Jennifer
Nestorov,Ivan
<120>用TACI-IG融合分子治疗自身免疫疾病的方法
<130>05558.0041.00PC00
<150>US 60/747,270
<151>2006-05-15
<160>2
<170>patentIn 3.4版
<210>1
<211>154
<212>PRT
<213>TACI
<400>1
<210>2
<211>348
<212>PRT
<213>人免疫球蛋白恒定区Fc5
<400>2
Claims (14)
1.一种治疗患者类风湿性关节炎的方法,包括给予患者治疗所述关节炎有效量的含有融合分子的组合物,所述融合分子包含:
(i)TACI胞外结构域或其能结合BlyS的片段;和
(ii)人免疫球蛋白恒定区
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述TACI胞外结构域具有SEQ ID NO:1所示序列。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述TACI胞外结构域与SEQ ID NO:1序列至少50%相同。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述人免疫球蛋白恒定区具有SEQ IDNO:2所示序列。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述组合物给药的剂量为每kg患者体重约0.01-10mg。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述组合物以所述剂量在12周时间内给药7次。
7.如权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述组合物以所述剂量在12周时间内给药7次,然后再追加给予所述剂量的所述组合物。
8.如权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述组合物以所述剂量在4周时间内给药3次。
9.如权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述组合物以所述剂量在4周时间内给药3次,然后再追加给予所述剂量的所述组合物。
10.如权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述组合物在2-30周内每隔一周给予所述剂量。
11.如权利要求1述的方法,其中所述方法还包括联合给予患者第二种药物。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述第二种药物选自:羟基氯喹、水杨酸偶氮磺胺吡啶、氨甲喋呤、来氟米特、利妥昔单抗、英夫利昔单抗、硫唑嘌呤、D-青霉胺、金(口服或肌肉内)、米诺环素、环孢菌素、皮质类固醇、非甾体消炎药物(NSAIDS)、细胞因子、抗细胞因子和干扰素。
13.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述组合物经皮下、口服或静脉内给药。
14.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述患者是人。
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2023051660A1 (zh) * | 2021-09-30 | 2023-04-06 | 荣昌生物制药(烟台)股份有限公司 | 用TACI-Fc融合蛋白治疗干燥综合征的方法 |
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WO2007134326A2 (en) | 2007-11-22 |
KR20090016707A (ko) | 2009-02-17 |
EA200870535A1 (ru) | 2009-04-28 |
JP2013100313A (ja) | 2013-05-23 |
MX2008014365A (es) | 2008-11-27 |
JP2009537563A (ja) | 2009-10-29 |
AU2007249223B2 (en) | 2012-08-02 |
UA98462C2 (ru) | 2012-05-25 |
EP2035028A2 (en) | 2009-03-18 |
AU2007249223A1 (en) | 2007-11-22 |
CN101489573B (zh) | 2013-05-22 |
WO2007134326A3 (en) | 2008-04-17 |
NZ572373A (en) | 2012-02-24 |
US20070274984A1 (en) | 2007-11-29 |
IL195243A0 (en) | 2011-08-01 |
CA2651791A1 (en) | 2007-11-22 |
EA015342B1 (ru) | 2011-06-30 |
US8784812B2 (en) | 2014-07-22 |
ECSP088982A (es) | 2009-01-30 |
ZA200809202B (en) | 2009-12-30 |
AR060935A1 (es) | 2008-07-23 |
BRPI0711823A2 (pt) | 2012-01-17 |
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