CN101443915A - 基于量子点的光电子器件及其制造方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种在硅衬底上形成光学活性区的方法包括以下步骤:在硅衬底上外延生长硅缓冲层;以及外延生长其中置有多个量子点阵列的SiGe覆层,其中,量子点由与硅缓冲层晶格失配的化合物半导体材料形成。可以将光学活性区结合到诸如发光二极管、激光二极管、和光探测器的器件中。
Description
技术领域
本发明的领域大体上涉及光电子器件及其制造方法。具体地,本发明的领域涉及诸如利用量子点形成的激光二极管、发光二极管、和光探测器的光电子器件。
背景技术
对于诸如电信行业的很多行业来说,光电子器件变得日益重要。典型的基于光电的器件包括激光二极管(LD)、发光二极管(LED)、和光探测器(PD)。这些器件是用由半导体材料(具有与其上放置有半导体材料的衬底不同的晶格常数)形成的光学活性区制成的。硅(Si)是一种已知的用于集成电路技术的衬底材料,并且相对于其在制造集成电路中的应用,硅已经发展成一项成熟的技术基础。然而,硅不能发射光,因此不能够用在用于发射或检测光辐射的光电器件的“活性”部分中。
过去,作出过很多努力来将光学活性的化合物半导体材料(例如,它们发出光辐射)与硅进行集成,但这些努力都没有成功。将化合物半导体材料集成到硅中的主要障碍在于,由于化合物半导体材料在硅衬底上的生长而带来的晶体缺陷。这些缺陷是由于相邻的化合物半导体材料和下面的硅衬底之间的较大晶格失配(即,不同的晶格常数)而产生的结果。例如,在InAs和Si之间存在约11%的晶格失配,以及在GaAs和Si之间存在约4%的晶格失配。InGaAs是两种化合物半导体材料(InAs和GaAs)的合金,这种合金发出波长范围从0.8μm到1.5μm以上的光——这种波长适合于满足当前电信需要的大多数光纤网络(例如,互联网和其它WAN)。
已知当Si<001>衬底上外延生长时,InGaAs具有约10埃的临界层厚度。因此,能够在Si衬底上外延生长的InGaAs的厚度小于10埃。比较起来,由InGaAs形成的典型量子阱激光器的厚度约为2000埃。因此,在InGaAs中发生位错是不可避免的。由外延薄膜弛豫(relaxation)引起的位错严重限制了包括(例如)半导体激光器的光电子器件的性能和使用寿命。
因此,需要一种在硅衬底上使用化合物半导体材料的器件和方法。优选地,可以通过在硅衬底上外延形成光电子器件的光学活性区来得到这种器件。优选地,可以利用少量或有限量的光学活性材料来形成这种器件。
发明内容
本发明侧重于一种在硅衬底上具有光学活性区的光电子器件的形成方法。在本发明的一个方面中,使用从化合物半导体材料外延生长的量子点阵列来在硅衬底上形成光学活性区。例如,化合物半导体材料可以具有与下面的Si衬底的晶格失配。
在本发明的另一个方面中,当光学活性材料以量子点的形式出现时,在提供优质性能的同时,使光学活性材料(例如,InGaAs)的数量或量最小化。例如,可以没有位错地形成InGaAs量子点,例如,光增益。这与基于薄膜的方法相反,在基于薄膜的方法中,需要更多的材料来达到光学活性的程度,因此,化合物半导体材料和硅之间的晶格失配导致厚度足以用于光电子应用的层中的较高位错密度。
在本发明的一个方面中,一种在硅衬底上形成光学活性区的方法包括以下步骤:在硅衬底上外延生长可选的硅缓冲层;以及外延生长其中置有多个量子点阵列的覆层(cladding layer),这些量子点由与硅缓冲层晶格失配的化合物半导体材料形成。可以将光学活性区结合到诸如发光二极管、激光二极管、及光探测器的器件中。
在本发明的另一个方面中,一种具有光学活性区的器件包括硅衬底和在硅衬底上外延生长的SiGe覆层,该SiGe覆层包括通过至少一个SiGe间隔层隔开的多个InGaAs量子点阵列。
在本发明的另一个方面中,一种在硅衬底上形成光学活性区的方法包括以下步骤:在硅衬底上外延生长SiGe蚀刻终止(etch-stop)层;以及在SiGe蚀刻终止层上外延生长硅缓冲层。然后,外延生长SiGe覆层,在该SiGe覆层中外延生长有InGaAs量子点阵列。然后,蚀刻硅衬底的背面,之后蚀刻SiGe蚀刻终止层,以使硅缓冲层的底面暴露。可以将上述光学活性区插在两个四分之一波长叠层(stack)之间以形成垂直腔表面发射激光器(VCSEL)。
本发明的目的在于提供一种制造具有由化合物半导体材料形成的光学活性区的硅基光电子器件的方法。基于这样异质结构(例如,晶格错配)的器件将具有商业持久性和良好的性能特性。根据本文所述的方法生产的示例性产品包括Si基光学收发器芯片(opticaltransceiver chip)、激光二极管、发光二极管、和光探测器。
参考以下附图和优选实施例的描述将显而易见其它特征和优点。
附图说明
图1A示出了边缘发射激光器的示意图。
图1B示出了表面发射激光器的示意图。
图2示出了制造硅基表面发射激光器的方法的工艺流程图。
具体实施方式
图1A示出了边缘发射激光器10的示意图。边缘发射激光器10包括p型硅衬底12。光学活性区14形成在p型硅衬底12的上表面上。光学活性区14包括硅(Si)或锗化硅(SiGe)覆层16,在该覆层中置有一层或多层由化合物半导体材料形成的量子点20的阵列18。量子点20是一群尺寸小于电子或“空穴”的量子力学波长的原子。在本发明的一个优选方面中,由具有直接能带隙的半导体材料形成量子点20。用于量子点20的示例性半导体材料包括InGaAs、InGaSb、PbTe、CdTe、和CdSe。在一个方面中,由与下面的硅缓冲层晶格失配(例如,至少5%的晶格失配)的化合物半导体材料形成量子点20。如图1所示,光学活性区14的边缘可以包括蚀刻面15。
在本发明的一个方面中,通过在优先成核点阵列上生长具有直接能带隙的半导体材料的岛或点来形成各个量子点20的阵列18。例如,可以通过外延生长诸如SiGe的应变膜(strained film)及随后使其经由位错使其松弛引进一连串垂直定向位错线(未示出)来形成这些成核点。例如,第5,888,885号美国专利公开了一种制造三维量子点阵列的方法。该′885专利的全部内容结合于此作为参考。可将诸如由SiGe形成的层的间隔层22插入相邻量子点阵列18之间。
仍参考图1A,在边缘发射激光器10的情况下,在覆层16上置有n型硅层24。n型硅层24还可以重掺杂有n型杂质以利于欧姆接触。图1A中所公开的光学活性区14的优点包括:当材料呈量子点20的形式时,非常少量的材料(例如,InGaAs)就足以满足所需的光电子功能。光学活性区14中处于应变的少量材料减少或减轻了潜在的晶体缺陷。光学活性区14的第二个优点在于,位错网络允许形成更有秩序和均匀的量子点20。例如,利用来自浸没的位错网络的应变场的纳米尺寸图样化形成了尺寸更加均匀的量子点20的分布。这在通过共振腔选择单个波长的LD的情况下尤其有利。量子点20的更密尺寸分布使更多的量子点20参与到发射激光的动作中——从而减少了所需的光学活性化合物半导体的量。
图1B示出了表面发射激光器30的实施例。例如,表面发射激光器30可以是如图1B所示的硅基垂直腔表面发射激光器(VCSEL)。表面发射激光器30包括p型硅衬底32,该p型硅衬底具有经蚀刻形成了容纳四分之一波长叠层36(QWS)的腔34的底面。四分之一波长叠层36是通过以四分之一波长厚度沉积高-低折射率材料(例如,SiO2和TiO2)的交替层而形成的电介质涂层。四分之一波长叠层36能够有效反射由量子点(在下面描述)在发射激光操作期间生成的光辐射。p型硅衬底32的下面包括金属接触38。
仍参考图1B,在硅衬底32上形成掺杂的p型硅缓冲层40并将其插入四分之一波长叠层36之间。在p型硅缓冲层40的上表面上形成光学活性区42。光学活性区42包括硅或锗化硅(SiGe)覆层44,在该覆层中置有由化合物半导体形成的量子点48的一个或多个阵列46。在本发明的一个方面中,由与下面的硅缓冲层晶格失配的化合物半导体材料形成量子点20。可选地,可以通过图样化来形成量子点20,从而不需要晶格失配。例如,可以由InGaAs形成量子点48。可以将诸如由SiGe形成的层的间隔层50插入相邻的多个量子点阵列46之间。形成掺杂的n型硅层以得到顶部接触层52。例如,通过溅射或蒸发来使第二四分之一波长叠层54沉积在层52上。
邻近光学活性区42形成氧化隔离区56(SiO2)。表面发射激光器30包括通过(例如)蒸发在图样化后的光刻胶上的金属并随后通过湿溶剂提离处理(wet-solvent lift-off process)进行去除所形成的顶部金属接触层58。可以在四分之一波长叠层36上放置光学透明层60。
可以通过调整四分之一波长叠层36、54的各个反射率来控制从表面发射激光器30发射辐射的方向。
图2示出了用于制造图1B所示类型的表面发射激光器30的工艺流程图。步骤100涉及p型硅衬底32的清洁和/或清洗。例如,这可以包括湿化学清洁重掺杂的p型硅衬底32的表面。在步骤105中,外延生长p型SiGe蚀刻终止层(未示出)、硅缓冲层40、和光学活性区42。利用具有约3000埃厚度的重掺杂的p型硅缓冲层40来在p型SiGe蚀刻终止层上生长硅缓冲层40。相对于活性区42,形成具有多个InGaAs量子点阵列46(例如,三个)的未掺杂的SiGe(具有5% Ge)覆层44。如图1B所示,覆层44可以包括整个厚度为1000埃的SiGe间隔层50。可以利用具有约200埃厚度的未掺杂的硅保护层来得到完整的活性区42。
在步骤110中,利用光刻法形成或另外限定光学活性区42的激光区域。在步骤115中,在硅缓冲层40中形成氧化隔离区56。例如,可以利用诸如电化学蚀刻硅缓冲层40的传统技术来形成多孔硅。多孔硅的形成优选地终止在硅缓冲层40内。然后,硅衬底32和其上所形成的结构经过热氧化来形成氧化隔离区56。所得到的氧化隔离区可以具有约100埃的厚度。
在步骤120中,通过非选择性(non-selective)外延生长重掺杂的n型硅来形成厚度小于1000埃的顶部接触层52。在步骤125中,例如,通过溅射或蒸发沉积第一四分之一波长叠层36。然后,利用传统的光刻技术限定第一四分之一波长36的顶部反射镜,然后使第一四分之一波长叠层36经过蚀刻处理,蚀刻处理形成了QWS36并终止在在n型硅的顶部接触层52中。
然后,在步骤130中,例如,通过蒸发或溅射在图样化后的光刻胶上的金属并随后通过湿溶剂提离处理进行部分去除来形成顶部金属接触层58。接下来,在步骤135中,在硅衬底32的底面上形成氧化硅层。氧化硅层形成用于随后蚀刻硅衬底32的氧化掩膜。
在步骤140中,例如,利用例如蜡状物(wax)或沉积的二氧化硅来保护硅衬底32的顶面(和相关组成部分)。然后,在步骤145中,在例如KOH溶液中蚀刻硅衬底32的下侧。优选地,在距离步骤105中所生长的SiGe蚀刻终止层几微米的地方终止蚀刻。
在步骤150中,蚀刻SiGe蚀刻终止层以露出硅层的顶部。例如,可以采用对Si和Ge有选择交替更换溶液来去除蚀刻终止层。在步骤155中,通过溅射或蒸发在硅衬底32的下侧形成第二四分之一波长叠层54。通过光刻,然后通过活性离子蚀刻(RIE)来限定第二四分之一波长叠层54。在步骤160中,去除步骤135中所形成的底部硅氧化掩膜并形成底部金属接触层38。可以通过首先溅射或蒸发在图样化的光刻胶上的金属并随后通过湿溶剂提离处理进行去除来形成底部金属接触层38。
尽管在表面发射激光器30的情况下示出了图1B和图2所述的处理,但是应了解,相同或类似的结构可以用于光探测器(PD)。在本发明的一个方面中,可以通过控制量子点的尺寸(20、48)来调整光发射器和/或PD的光谱响应。
本文所述的方法和器件可用于在多种器件中制造光学活性区。例如,可以将光学活性区置入与硅基驱动电路元件和光探测器相结合的LD和LED中,以形成用于高带宽光纤光通信的集成收发器。
尽管示出并描述了本发明的实施例,但是在不背离本发明的范围的情况下,可以进行各种修改。因此,除所附权利要求及其等同物之外,本发明不受限制。
Claims (15)
1.一种在硅衬底上形成光学活性区的方法,包括:
在所述硅衬底上外延生长硅缓冲层;以及
外延生长其中置有多个量子点阵列的覆层,所述量子点由与所述硅缓冲层晶格失配的化合物半导体材料形成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述化合物半导体材料选自由InGaAs、InGaP、InGaSb、CdTe、CdSe、和PbTe构成的组。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述覆层包括Si。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述覆层包括SiGe。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,至少一个间隔层隔开相邻的量子点阵列。
6.一种具有光学活性区的器件,包括:
硅衬底;
在所述硅衬底上外延生长的SiGe覆层,所述SiGe覆层包括通过至少一个SiGe间隔层隔开的多个量子点阵列,所述量子点由化合物半导体材料形成。
7.根据权利要求6所述的器件,其中,所述光学活性区形成在激光二极管中。
8.根据权利要求6所述的器件,其中,所述光学活性区形成在发光二极管中。
9.根据权利要求6所述的器件,其中,所述光学活性区形成在光探测器中。
10.根据权利要求6所述的器件,其中,所述光学活性区形成在垂直腔表面发射激光器中。
11.一种在硅衬底上形成光学活性区的方法,包括:
在所述硅衬底上外延生长SiGe蚀刻终止层;
在所述SiGe蚀刻终止层上外延生长硅缓冲层;
外延生长其中置有量子点阵列的SiGe覆层,所述量子点由化合物半导体材料形成;
蚀刻所述硅衬底的背面;以及
蚀刻所述SiGe蚀刻终止层,以使所述硅缓冲层的底面暴露。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,进一步包括以下步骤:
在包含所述量子点阵列的所述SiGe覆层上形成第一四分之一波长叠层(QWS)。
13.根据权利要求11所述的方法,进一步包括以下步骤:
在包含所述量子点阵列的所述SiGe覆层下形成第二四分之一波长叠层(QWS)。
14.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中,所述SiGe覆层包括多个间隔开的InGaAs量子点阵列。
15.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中,所述量子点由从InGaAs、InGaP、InGaSb、CdTe、CdSe、和PbTe构成的组中选出的化合物半导体材料形成。
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WO2005024952A2 (en) * | 2003-09-05 | 2005-03-17 | The University Of North Carolina At Charlotte | Quantum dot optoelectronic devices with nanoscale epitaxial overgrowth and methods of manufacture |
JP4612671B2 (ja) * | 2005-02-09 | 2011-01-12 | 富士通株式会社 | 発光デバイス及び半導体装置 |
US7732237B2 (en) | 2005-06-27 | 2010-06-08 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Quantum dot based optoelectronic device and method of making same |
JP5205729B2 (ja) * | 2006-09-28 | 2013-06-05 | 富士通株式会社 | 半導体レーザ装置及びその製造方法 |
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2005
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- 2005-06-28 KR KR1020077030250A patent/KR101172107B1/ko active IP Right Grant
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- 2005-06-28 WO PCT/US2005/022661 patent/WO2007001295A2/en active Application Filing
- 2005-06-28 EP EP05786292A patent/EP1897144A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-06-28 CN CN200580050188XA patent/CN101443915B/zh active Active
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2007
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Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN111727535A (zh) * | 2018-03-02 | 2020-09-29 | 思科技术公司 | 利用机械特征和贯穿硅通孔集成在硅基座上的量子点激光器 |
CN111727535B (zh) * | 2018-03-02 | 2023-11-24 | 思科技术公司 | 利用机械特征和贯穿硅通孔集成在硅基座上的量子点激光器 |
CN110165555A (zh) * | 2019-04-28 | 2019-08-23 | 西安理工大学 | 一种基于GexSi1-x可变晶格常数基体的红光半导体激光器 |
CN113764969A (zh) * | 2021-09-08 | 2021-12-07 | 深圳市中科芯辰科技有限公司 | 一种硅基双面垂直腔面发射激光器及其制备方法 |
CN113764969B (zh) * | 2021-09-08 | 2023-10-31 | 深圳市中科光芯半导体科技有限公司 | 一种硅基双面垂直腔面发射激光器及其制备方法 |
Also Published As
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KR101172107B1 (ko) | 2012-08-10 |
EP1897144A2 (en) | 2008-03-12 |
US20060289855A1 (en) | 2006-12-28 |
WO2007001295A3 (en) | 2009-04-30 |
JP5006876B2 (ja) | 2012-08-22 |
JP2008547218A (ja) | 2008-12-25 |
US7732237B2 (en) | 2010-06-08 |
EP1897144A4 (en) | 2009-12-02 |
KR20080037624A (ko) | 2008-04-30 |
US20080054249A1 (en) | 2008-03-06 |
WO2007001295A2 (en) | 2007-01-04 |
US7935956B2 (en) | 2011-05-03 |
CN101443915B (zh) | 2012-11-28 |
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