CN109566032B

CN109566032B - A kind of kiwifruit planting water and fertilizer control method

Info

Publication number: CN109566032B
Application number: CN201811383586.9A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 诸海焘; 徐四新; 付子轼; 蔡树美; 张德闪; 季香云
Original assignee: Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Current assignee: Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Priority date: 2018-11-20
Filing date: 2018-11-20
Publication date: 2021-10-22
Anticipated expiration: 2038-11-20
Also published as: CN109566032A

Abstract

The invention provides a water and fertilizer control method for kiwifruit planting, which comprises: setting a sprinkler irrigation belt and a drip irrigation belt on each ridge of a kiwifruit orchard; the sprinkler irrigation belt is erected on the trunk of the kiwifruit tree; the sprinkler irrigation belt includes a water spray pipe and several sprinklers arranged on the water spray pipe; the drip irrigation belt is laid on the ridge surface near the root system of the kiwi fruit tree; the drip irrigation belt includes a drip irrigation pipe and a number of drippers arranged on the drip irrigation pipe; the fertilizer that needs top dressing It is dissolved in water to form a fertilizer mother solution, and the fertilizer mother solution and water are put into the drip irrigation belt and topdressed into the rhizosphere soil of the kiwi fruit tree. The application aims to save fertilizer and water resources and improve the effect of nutrients, and uses the combination of above-ground micro-spray and underground drip irrigation to create a three-dimensional environmental microclimate, adjust water through micro-spray and drip irrigation, and improve the above-ground and underground microclimate in the field; Topdressing, nutrients infiltrate into the soil at the root of the fruit tree through the drip irrigation belt to improve the efficiency of fertilizer utilization.

Description

Water and fertilizer regulation and control method for kiwi fruit planting

Technical Field

The invention relates to a method for regulating and controlling water and fertilizer of plants, in particular to a method for regulating and controlling water and fertilizer for kiwi fruit planting.

Background

The kiwi fruit belongs to perennial deciduous vine plants, and overground part branches grow in large quantity and fast speed; the leaves are large, the leaf surface cuticles are thin, and the stomata are opened for a long time, so that the evaporation amount of water in the overground part is large. The root system of the underground part is a fleshy root system, and is vertically distributed shallow in the soil, horizontally distributed widely and well-developed in fibrous root. The characteristics determine that the kiwi fruit needs stricter growth environment and fertilizer and water regulation compared with other common fruit trees. The kiwi fruits are suitable for growing in soil with deep soil layer, high organic matter content, looseness, air permeability, drought resistance in drainage, fertility, barren, waterlogging, moisture preference, and subacid to neutral loam environment, so as to adapt to the characteristics of shallow roots and large transpiration moisture content.

The water demand characteristics of kiwi fruit: compared with other deciduous fruit trees, the Chinese gooseberry has shallow root distribution, large leaves and lack of cuticle protection, so that the transpiration effect is vigorous; the branches and tendrils after spring beginning grow greatly, and then berries expand rapidly, so that the water demand is large and concentrated; in addition, the habit of fonning wetting, afraid of drought and intolerance of waterlogging is formed in the natural evolution process. Therefore, moisture management of kiwifruit becomes particularly important.

The fertilizer requirement of the kiwi fruit is characterized in that: soil environment and fertilization management of kiwi fruits are also important, and determine early formation, early fruiting, early high yield, stable yield and improvement of fruit quality of trees. The soil management and fertilization work is well done, the tree grows strongly, the production capacity is strong, the resistance is strong, diseases are not easy to occur, and the service life and the bearing age are long. The relation between the fertilizer and the nutrition of the tree is mastered, and the method has important significance for guiding the production of the people. According to the fertilizer absorption characteristics of the kiwi fruits, the fertilizer application in the growth period can be divided into base fertilizer and additional fertilizer.

Base fertilizer: the kiwi fruit is a perennial tree with climbing wood or shrub and fallen leaves, the yield is high, the absorption amount of nutrient elements (including medium trace elements) is much larger than that of other tree species, more than 50% of nutrients required by the growth and yield of the kiwi fruit come from nutrient storage in the last year, so the relationship between the nutrient supply for plant growth and fertilization in the last year, particularly fertilization in autumn is large, and the base fertilizer mainly comprises organic fertilizer.

Topdressing: the top dressing can be divided into bud fertilizer, pre-flowering fertilizer, fruit setting fertilizer, fruit strengthening fertilizer and the like, which are respectively applied in the bud germination period, the flower blooming period, the fruit setting period and the fruit expanding period, the correct fertilizing time and fertilizing mode are controlled to be vital to improving the fruit yield and quality, and the kiwi fruit expansion is hindered due to fertilizer shortage.

At present, the water and fertilizer management on the kiwi fruits mostly adopts the ground laying of simple water pipe belts, only realizes the pipeline drip irrigation of water, and the fertilizing method is mainly ditch fertilizer or hole application, which wastes time and labor and has low working efficiency, and the fertilizing method can not meet the synergistic requirement on the water and fertilizer during the growth period of the kiwi fruits. And long-term ditch application and irrigation can make soil receive more erode, compaction and erosion, and long-term will lead to soil serious hardening, and the air permeability descends, and soil structure suffers certain degree destruction.

Disclosure of Invention

In view of the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a method for regulating and controlling water and fertilizer for kiwi fruit planting, which is used for solving the problem that the water and fertilizer regulation and control cannot be optimized enough to meet the actual requirement in the prior art when kiwi fruit is planted.

To achieve the above objects and other related objects, the present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions.

The invention provides a method for regulating and controlling water and fertilizer for kiwi fruit planting, which comprises the following steps:

arranging a sprinkling irrigation belt and a drip irrigation belt on each ridge of the kiwi fruit orchard;

the sprinkling irrigation belt is erected on a trunk of a kiwi fruit tree; the sprinkling irrigation belt comprises a sprinkling pipeline and a plurality of spray heads arranged on the sprinkling pipeline;

the drip irrigation tape is laid on the ridge surface near the root system of the kiwi fruit tree; the drip irrigation belt comprises a drip irrigation pipeline and a plurality of drippers arranged on the drip irrigation pipeline;

dissolving a fertilizer to be topdressed in water to form a fertilizer mother solution, and feeding the fertilizer mother solution and the water into a drip irrigation zone together for topdressing to the rhizosphere soil of the kiwi fruit trees.

Preferably, the sprinkling irrigation belt sprays water and keeps the soil humidity of the kiwi fruit garden at 70% -80% of the field water capacity.

Preferably, water is sprayed for 1-2 times respectively before and after the kiwi fruit is in the germination stage.

Preferably, water is sprayed for 2-3 times in the rapid fruit expansion period.

Preferably, relatively little water is required from the slow growing period to the mature period of the fruits, and water is properly sprayed according to soil moisture and weather conditions.

Preferably, the water spray is stopped about 15 days before harvesting.

Preferably, the water is permeated by sprinkling for 1 time before overwintering.

Preferably, when the temperature exceeds 30 ℃ and there is no rain in 6, 7 and 8 months, the water spraying belt is used for spraying water to the soil for irrigation when the sun rises.

Preferably, topdressing the bud fertilizer by a drip tape in 2 months; the bud fertilizer is a high-nitrogen formula fertilizer, and the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is (30-35): (6-8): (10-15). Preferably, the amount of the bud fertilizer is (6-10) kg/mu. Preferably, the bud fertilizer is applied once.

Preferably, topdressing is carried out on the pre-flowering fertilizer through a drip irrigation zone in 3 months, wherein the pre-flowering fertilizer is a boron-containing balanced fertilizer, and the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is (15-20): (15-20): (15-20). Preferably, the dosage of the pre-flowering fertilizer is (6-10) kg/mu. Preferably, the pre-anthesis fertilizer is applied once.

Preferably, in the fruit expanding period of 4-8 months, dressing strong fruit fertilizer by using a drip irrigation tape; the fruit-strengthening fertilizer is selected from balanced fertilizer containing calcium and magnesium and high potassium fertilizer containing iron and zinc; the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the calcium and magnesium containing balanced fertilizer is (15-20): (15-20): (15-20), wherein the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the iron and zinc containing high-potassium fertilizer is (10-15): (6-8): (30-35).

Preferably, the dosage of the balancing fertilizer containing calcium and magnesium is (4-6) kg/mu. Preferably, the dosage of the iron and zinc containing high potassium fertilizer is (4-6) kg/mu.

More preferably, the calcium-magnesium balance fertilizer and the iron-zinc-containing high-potassium fertilizer are alternately applied in the fruit expanding period. Preferably, the calcium-magnesium balance fertilizer and the iron-zinc-containing high-potassium fertilizer are applied for 2-3 times respectively.

Preferably, a spray head is arranged between two kiwi trees.

Preferably, the spray head is a rotary micro spray head. More preferably, the working pressure of the micro-spray head is 220-270 KPa, and the flow rate is 75-85L/h.

Preferably, the drip irrigation tape is patch type drip irrigation tape with the model number of 1710330270.

Preferably, the operating pressure of the drip irrigation tape is 140-160 KPa. Preferably, the flow rate of the drip irrigation tape is 1.2-1.5L/h.

Preferably, a water dropper is arranged at the root of each kiwi fruit tree.

More preferably, a drip arrow is adopted at the dripper. More preferably, the drop arrow is a four-drop arrow, and the four-drop arrow is inserted around the root of the kiwi fruit tree.

Preferably, the concentration of the fertilizer mother liquor is below the saturation concentration of the fertilizer to prevent recrystallization.

Preferably, water is firstly dripped for at least 3 minutes in the additional fertilization, and then the fertilizer is fertilized after the pressure of the drip irrigation pipeline on the drip irrigation tape is stable.

Preferably, water is dripped for at least 3 minutes after the top dressing is finished so as to clean the pipeline and prevent the fertilizer mother liquor from crystallizing and blocking the drippers.

Preferably, a water pump for providing liquid transmission power is connected to the water spraying pipe of the sprinkling irrigation belt and the drip irrigation pipe of the drip irrigation belt.

According to the technical scheme, the fertilizer water resource is saved and the nutrient effect is improved, the overground micro-spraying and the underground drip irrigation are combined to build a three-dimensional environment microclimate, and the water is adjusted through the micro-spraying and the drip irrigation to improve the field overground and underground microclimate; and nutrient dressing is carried out through drip irrigation, and nutrients penetrate into the soil at the roots of the fruit trees through a drip irrigation belt, so that the utilization efficiency of the fertilizer is improved.

The technical scheme in the application mainly has the advantages of the following aspects:

1. labor is saved, and the labor consumption is only conventional 1/5.

2. Water is saved, and the micro-irrigation of fruit trees can achieve 40 to 50 percent of water saving.

3. Saving fertilizer and reducing the fertilizer consumption by 30-40%.

4. The yield is increased, the yield of the kiwi fruits is increased by 10-20%, and the quality of the fruits is also improved.

5. The micro-irrigation can prevent the phenomena of fruit cracking, hollowing and the like caused by the unbalanced water supply of the drought, the waterlogging and the like, keeps the consistency of the appearance and the quality of the fruits, has good commodity performance and high market price, and obviously improves the benefit of unit area.

6. Stable yield, promoting the growth of the root system and the growth of the trunk of the fruit tree by micro-irrigation, reducing the 'big and small years' of the fruit tree and advancing the bearing of the young tree.

7. The soil hardening is reduced, the soil ventilation is improved, and the root activity of the fruit trees and the absorption of mineral substances are enhanced.

8. The soil moisture is adjusted, and the micro-irrigation can ensure that the water-air ratio of the soil is appropriate, so that the soil moisture of the orchard reaches the optimum state.

9. Creates good field microclimate, creates night dew effect, increases temperature difference between day and night, and can adjust soil temperature.

10. The drip arrow type micro-irrigation system can be randomly inserted to the periphery of the crop root through drip arrows, the fertilizing position is adjusted, and water and fertilizer are directly conveyed to the position close to the crop root.

Drawings

Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the kiwi fruit curing method of the present invention.

Element number description in FIG. 1

1	Drip irrigation belt
		2	Spray irrigation belt
3	Drop arrow
		4	Spray head

Detailed Description

The embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to specific embodiments, and other advantages and effects of the present invention will be easily understood by those skilled in the art from the disclosure of the present specification. The invention is capable of other and different embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways, and its several details are capable of modification in various respects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

It is to be understood that the processing equipment or apparatus not specifically identified in the following examples is conventional in the art.

Furthermore, it is to be understood that one or more method steps mentioned in the present invention does not exclude that other method steps may also be present before or after the combined steps or that other method steps may also be inserted between these explicitly mentioned steps, unless otherwise indicated; it is also to be understood that a combined connection between one or more devices/apparatus as referred to in the present application does not exclude that further devices/apparatus may be present before or after the combined device/apparatus or that further devices/apparatus may be interposed between two devices/apparatus explicitly referred to, unless otherwise indicated. Moreover, unless otherwise indicated, the numbering of the various method steps is merely a convenient tool for identifying the various method steps, and is not intended to limit the order in which the method steps are arranged or the scope of the invention in which the invention may be practiced, and changes or modifications in the relative relationship may be made without substantially changing the technical content.

Example 1

The specific planting and maintaining method, i.e., the water and fertilizer regulation and control method in this embodiment, is as follows:

spraying water by a spray irrigation belt and keeping the soil humidity of the kiwi fruit garden at 70% -80% of the field moisture capacity;

dissolving a fertilizer to be topdressed in water to form a fertilizer mother solution, and feeding the fertilizer mother solution and the water into a drip irrigation zone together for topdressing to the kiwi fruit tree root soil.

Specifically, a spray head is arranged between two kiwi fruit trees; the spray head is a rotary micro spray head; the working pressure of the micro-spray head is 250KPa, and the flow rate is 80L/h.

Specifically, the drip irrigation tape is a patch type drip irrigation tape with the model number of 1710330270. The working pressure was 150KPa, and the flow rate was 1.38L/h. The root of each kiwi fruit tree is provided with a water dropper; the dripper is provided with dripper arrows, the dripper arrows are four-outlet dripper arrows, and the four-outlet dripper arrows are inserted around the roots of the kiwi fruit trees.

And (3) spraying water for 1-2 times before and after the kiwi fruit blossoms in the germination period.

Spraying water for 2-3 times in the rapid fruit expansion period.

The water needed by the fruits is relatively less from the slow growth period to the mature period, and water is properly sprayed according to the soil moisture content and the weather condition.

The water spraying is stopped about 15 days before the harvest.

Spraying 1 time before overwintering, and permeating water.

When the temperature exceeds 30 ℃ in 6, 7 and 8 months and no rain exists, the water spraying belt is used for spraying water to the soil for irrigation when the sun rises.

Topdressing the bud fertilizer by a drip irrigation belt in the month of 2; the bud fertilizer is a high-nitrogen formula fertilizer, and the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 32: 6: 12. the using amount of the bud fertilizer is 6-10 kg/mu; the bud fertilizer is applied once.

Applying a pre-flowering fertilizer through a drip irrigation zone in 3 months, wherein the pre-flowering fertilizer is a boron-containing balanced fertilizer, and the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 20: 20: 20. the amount of the pre-flowering fertilizer is 6-10 kg/mu. The pre-anthesis fertilizer is applied once.

Applying strong fruit fertilizer through a drip irrigation belt in the fruit expanding period of 4-8 months; the fruit-strengthening fertilizer is selected from balanced fertilizer containing calcium and magnesium and high potassium fertilizer containing iron and zinc; the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the balanced fertilizer containing calcium and magnesium is 20: 20: 20, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the iron and zinc-containing high-potassium fertilizer is 15: 6: 35. the dosage of the balance fertilizer containing calcium and magnesium is (4-6) kg/mu. The dosage of the iron-zinc-containing high-potassium fertilizer is (4-6) kg/mu. And alternately applying a calcium-magnesium balance fertilizer and an iron-zinc-containing high-potassium fertilizer in the fruit expansion period. The calcium-magnesium balance fertilizer and the iron-zinc-containing high-potassium fertilizer are applied for 2-3 times respectively.

Comparative example 1

The comparative example is a method for planting and maintaining kiwi fruits by conventional fertilization, and specifically comprises the following steps: when fertilizing each time, firstly, fertilizing ditches are opened around the root system of the kiwi fruit, the fertilizer is manually sprinkled into the ditches, and watering is carried out in the ditches to dissolve the fertilizer for crops to absorb.

In the embodiment of the application, the kiwi fruits in the water and fertilizer regulation area which are carried out by adopting the technical scheme in the embodiment 1 are specifically compared with the kiwi fruits in the conventional fertilization area in the prior art as in the comparative example 1.

1) Influence on the yield of kiwi fruit:

the result shows that the yield of the kiwi fruit can be improved by the synergistic regulation and control of the water and the fertilizer, the yield of a single plant is increased by 1.9kg compared with the conventional fertilizer application, and the yield increase amplitude reaches 11.2%. Wherein, sample 1, sample 2 and sample 3 in table 1 are the samples that 3 kiwi fruit sampling points were selected respectively in conventional fertilization district and coordinated control district and are obtained.

TABLE 1 influence of synergistic regulation of water and fertilizer on the yield of kiwi fruit

2) Influence on the quality of kiwi fruit

Ratio of sugar to acid

Although the sugar content and the acid content of the kiwi fruit are 2 indexes which are independent from each other, the influence of the sugar content and the acid content on the flavor of the kiwi fruit is mutually restricted, and the flavor quality and the taste of the kiwi fruit are directly influenced by the relationship between the sugar content and the acid content and the ratio. The test data shows that although the water and fertilizer synergistic regulation and control reduces the sugar degree of the kiwi fruit and the sweetness of the kiwi fruit, the reduction effect on the titratable acid content is obvious, which is shown in the sugar-acid ratio closely related to the flavor, and the water and fertilizer synergistic regulation and control ratio is increased by 11.68% compared with the control ratio.

TABLE 2 influence of water and fertilizer synergistic control on the quality of kiwi fruit

Vitamin C

The kiwi fruit is called as 'Vc king', the content of the kiwi fruit is an important factor influencing the inherent nutritional quality of the fruit, and the vitamin c content of the kiwi fruit regulated and controlled by the water and fertilizer is improved by 6.42 percent compared with the control.

Essential amino acid content of human body

Amino acid is an important bioactive substance, has the functions of maintaining human metabolism, growth and immunity, and is related to fruit flavor. The total amount of amino acid in the fruits regulated and controlled by the water and fertilizer is reduced slightly, but the content of essential amino acid in human body is increased by 17.4% compared with the control.

The foregoing embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and utilities of the present invention and are not intended to limit the invention. Any person skilled in the art can modify or change the above-mentioned embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, it is intended that all equivalent modifications or changes which can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and technical spirit of the present invention be covered by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for regulating and controlling water and fertilizer for kiwi fruit planting comprises the following steps:

the sprinkling irrigation belt is erected on a trunk of a kiwi fruit tree; the sprinkling irrigation belt comprises a sprinkling pipeline and a plurality of spray heads arranged on the sprinkling pipeline; a spray head is arranged between the two kiwi fruit trees; the spray head is a rotary micro spray head;

the drip irrigation tape is laid on the ridge surface near the root system of the kiwi fruit tree; the drip irrigation belt comprises a drip irrigation pipeline and a plurality of drippers arranged on the drip irrigation pipeline, wherein one dripper is arranged at the root of each kiwi fruit tree; the dripper adopts dripper arrows; the drop arrow is a four-drop arrow which is inserted around the root of the kiwi fruit tree;

dissolving a fertilizer to be topdressed in water to form a fertilizer mother solution, and feeding the fertilizer mother solution and the water into a drip irrigation zone together for topdressing to the rhizosphere soil of the kiwi fruit trees;

spraying water for 1-2 times respectively through a sprinkling irrigation belt before and after the flowering in the germination period of the kiwi fruits; topdressing bud fertilizer by a drip irrigation belt in the month 2, and topdressing pre-flowering fertilizer by the drip irrigation belt in the month 3;

spraying water for 2-3 times through a sprinkling irrigation belt in the fruit expansion period; applying strong fruit fertilizer through a drip irrigation belt in the fruit expanding period of 4-8 months;

wherein the fruit-strengthening fertilizer is selected from calcium-magnesium-containing balance fertilizer and iron-zinc-containing high-potassium fertilizer;

the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the calcium and magnesium containing balanced fertilizer is (15-20): (15-20): (15-20);

the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the iron-zinc-containing high-potassium fertilizer is (10-15): (6-8): (30-35);

the dosage of the balance fertilizer containing calcium and magnesium is (4-6) kg/mu;

the dosage of the iron-zinc-containing high-potassium fertilizer is (4-6) kg/mu;

alternately applying a calcium-magnesium balance fertilizer and an iron-zinc-containing high-potassium fertilizer in the fruit expansion period;

the calcium-magnesium balance fertilizer and the iron-zinc-containing high-potassium fertilizer are applied for 2-3 times respectively.

2. The method for regulating and controlling water and fertilizer according to claim 1, characterized by comprising one or more of the following characteristics:

stopping spraying water about 15 days before harvesting;

spraying 1 time before overwintering, and permeating water;

when the temperature exceeds 30 ℃ in 6, 7 and 8 months and no rain exists, the sun rises and the sprinkling irrigation belt is adopted to spray water to the soil for irrigation.

3. The method for regulating and controlling water and fertilizer according to claim 1, characterized by comprising one or more of the following characteristics:

the bud fertilizer is a high-nitrogen formula fertilizer, and the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is (30-35): (6-8): (10-15);

the using amount of the bud fertilizer is (6-10) kg/mu.

4. The method for regulating and controlling water and fertilizer according to claim 1, characterized by comprising one or more of the following characteristics:

the pre-flowering fertilizer is a boron-containing balanced fertilizer, and the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is (15-20): (15-20): (15-20);

the amount of the pre-flowering fertilizer is (6-10) kg/mu.

5. The method of claim 1,

the working pressure of the micro-spray head is 220-270 KPa; the flow rate is 75-85L/h.

6. The method of claim 1, comprising one or more of the following features:

the drip irrigation tape is a patch type drip irrigation tape;

the working pressure of the drip irrigation tape is 140-160 KPa;

the flow rate of the drip irrigation tape is 1.2-1.5L/h.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentration of the fertilizer mother liquor is below the saturation concentration of the fertilizer to prevent recrystallization.

8. The method of claim 1, comprising one or more of the following features: when in top application, water is firstly drip-irrigated for at least 3 minutes, and then the fertilizer is applied after the pressure of a drip irrigation pipeline on a drip irrigation belt is stable; and after the top dressing is finished, water is dripped for at least 3 minutes to clean the pipeline, so that the phenomenon that the drippers are blocked by the crystallization of the fertilizer mother liquor is avoided.