CN109449244B - 一种二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器 - Google Patents
一种二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开一种二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器,其特征在于,所述光谱探测器包括:衬底、二维半导体、源电极、漏电极、铁电材料、栅电极;所述衬底的上表面设置有所述二维半导体、所述源电极、所述漏电极,所述源电极和所述漏电极分别设置在所述二维半导体的上表面的两端;所述二维半导体的两侧分别与所述源电极的下层金属和所述漏电极的下层金属连接;所述铁电材料设置在所述二维半导体、源电极和漏电极的上表面;所述栅电极的下表面与所述铁电材料的上表面连接。基于二维半导体和铁电材料的多功能互补来实现超宽光谱响应。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及光电探测领域,特别是涉及一种二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器。
背景技术
随着双色/多波段光电探测器在遥感、国防及工业等领域需求的不断增长,相关探测技术正朝着高灵敏、宽光谱、高分辨率、低功耗、小型化和智能化的方向发展。双色/多波段光电探测器可以实现不同波长的探测,成倍的扩大系统信息量,能够更加准确的获取目标信息,进而可以准确的辨别目标的绝对温度和各自特征,最终实现对目标的快速准确识别。在对目标的空间分布特征高速精确分辩的过程中,探测器阵列的规模、尺寸、工作速度和工作温度都是关键因素。然而,传统的双色/多波段探测器大多都是采用独立的探测成像器件,体积和功耗都很大,并且对制冷要求非常高。因此,非制冷型的双色/多波段光电探测器的微型化和大面积阵列成为必然趋势。
近年来,二维半导体由于其独特的物理、光学等特性,在光电探测应用领域展现出极大的潜力。与零带隙的石墨烯相比,多数过渡金属硫族化物因具备一定的带隙,属于典型半导体,这类材料在光电领域具备独特的优势。然而,受限于背景载流子浓度及迁移率等因素,无法方便高效地提高过渡金属硫族化物的光电流开关比、响应时间以及探测率等指标,导致它们在可见到近红外波段的光电性能受到限制。此外,由于禁带宽度的局限性,使大多数过渡金属硫族化物的截止探测波长只能到近红外波段,因此在很大程度上限制了其在宽光谱探测方面的应用。通过改变层数、应力、组分等方法,可以在一定范围内调控带隙的大小,如Ying Xie等人通过在二硫化钼(MoS2)的原子晶格中引入缺陷,将MoS2的探测波长拓展至2717nm。尽管利用能带调控的方法在一定程度上可拓展过渡金属硫族化物的探测波长,但应用单一的过渡金属硫族化物由于其低维特征,限制了其量子效率的提高,作为宽光谱探测器的光敏元仍然存在巨大挑战。
铁电材料是一类具有自发极化的电介质材料,并且其自发极化可以随外加电场的大小和方向的改变而改变。不仅如此,铁电材料还具备优异的热释电性、压电性等特性。其中,聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)基聚合物是一类典型的有机铁电材料,以其独特的性能广泛的应用于非易失性铁电存储器、红外探测器、传感器等领域。基于热释电效应,铁电材料在非制冷红外探测器领域已得到广泛应用,然而此类探测器属于热红外技术领域,在响应率和响应时间上尚无法和光电导型光电探测器比拟。
将二维半导体与铁电材料相结合,已经在存储器、传感器和光电探测器等领域展开广泛研究。如基于聚偏二氟乙烯调控下的二维半导体光电探测器,在铁电极化电场的作用下,使得二维半导体的响应率、探测率、响应时间和探测波长等指标均得到大幅度改善。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种能够拓宽光谱检测范围的二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供了如下方案:
一种二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器,所述光谱探测器包括:衬底1、二维半导体2、源电极3、漏电极4、铁电材料5、栅电极6;
所述衬底1的上表面设置有所述二维半导体2、所述源电极3、所述漏电极4,所述源电极3和所述漏电极4分别设置在所述二维半导体2的上表面的两端;
所述源电极3和所述漏电极4均包括上层金属和下层金属,所述上层金属的厚度大于所述下层金属的厚度;
所述二维半导体2的两侧分别与所述源电极3的下层金属和所述漏电极4的下层金属连接;
所述铁电材料5设置在所述二维半导体2、所述源电极3和所述漏电极4的上表面;
所述栅电极6的下表面与所述铁电材料5的上表面连接。
可选的,所述衬底1为超薄绝缘衬底,厚度小于2微米。
可选的,所述二维半导体2为过渡金属硫族化合物半导体,所述二维半导体2的层数为1层至10层分子。
可选的,所述源电极3和所述漏电极4的材料为铬、钛、镍、钯、钪、金、铂中的至少一者。
可选的,所述源电极3的下层金属的厚度为5-15纳米,所述源电极3的上层金属的厚度为30-50纳米。
可选的,所述铁电材料5为聚偏氟乙烯基有机铁电聚合物,所述铁电材料5的厚度为300-1200纳米。
可选的,所述栅电极6为高透光性超薄金属薄膜,所述栅电极6包括铝、铬、钛、镍中的任意一者,所述栅电极6在紫外到长波红外波段透光率大于50%。
根据本发明提供的具体实施例,本发明公开了以下技术效果:本发明公开了一种二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器,在紫外至近红外波段,二维半导体为功能层,基于光电导效应,能够对该波段的入射光产生高灵敏光响应,铁电材料为辅助层,极化诱导电场能够用于耗尽所述二维半导体的背景载流子,增强所述二维半导体的光电导效应,改善所述二维半导体的响应率、探测率、响应时间;在中红外至长波红外波段,铁电材料转变为功能层,基于铁电材料的热释电效应,能够对该波段的入射光产生明显的光响应,二维半导体此时为辅助层,用于读取入射光引起的沟道电流变化,一方面极化后的铁电材料在红外光的照射下,内部温度发生变化,导致极化大小瞬间产生变化,另一方面基于二维半导体对界面电场的敏感特性,由极化电场束缚的二维半导体沟道载流子浓度会同时产生变化,该电流变化量可由外加源漏偏压读出。总之,在不同波段的入射光照射下,二维半导体和铁电材料因相互辅助,形成多功能互补,最终实现高灵敏的超宽光谱光电探测器。
所述的超宽光谱响应是基于二维半导体和铁电材料的多功能互补来实现的,主要包括二维半导体的光电导效应及其界面敏感效应、铁电材料的极化效应和热释电效应中的两种或两种以上物理机制的功能互补。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的一些实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动性的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本发明提供的二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器结构截面图;
图2为本发明提供的二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器在紫外至近红外波段的工作原理图;
图3为本发明提供的二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器在中红外至长波红外波段的工作原理图;
图4为实施例1中提供的入射光波长为375nm,功率为100nW,源漏偏压为1V时器件的光电流开关特性图;
图5为实施例1中提供的入射光波长为637nm,功率为100nW,源漏偏压为1V时器件的光电流开关特性图;
图6为实施例1中提供的入射光波长为1550nm,功率为100nW,源漏偏压为1V时器件的光电流开关特性图;
图7为实施例1中提供的入射光波长为4μm,功率为130nW,源漏偏压为1V时器件的光电流开关特性图;
图8为实施例1中提供的入射光波长为8μm,功率为130nW,源漏偏压为1V时器件的光电流开关特性图;
图9为实施例1中提供的入射光波长为10μm,功率为130nW,源漏偏压为1V时器件的光电流开关特性图;
图10为实施例2中提供的入射光波长为375nm,功率为100nW,源漏偏压为1V时器件的光电流开关特性图;
图11为实施例2中提供的入射光波长为637nm,功率为100nW,源漏偏压为1V时器件的光电流开关特性图;
图12为实施例2中提供的入射光波长为1550nm,功率为100nW,源漏偏压为1V时器件的光电流开关特性图;
图13为实施例2中提供的入射光波长为4μm,功率为130nW,源漏偏压为1V时器件的光电流开关特性图;
图14为实施例2中提供的入射光波长为8μm,功率为130nW,源漏偏压为1V时器件的光电流开关特性图;
图15为实施例2中提供的入射光波长为10μm,功率为130nW,源漏偏压为1V时器件的光电流开关特性图;
图16为实施例3中提供的入射光波长为375nm,功率为100nW,源漏偏压为1V时器件的光电流开关特性图;
图17为实施例3中提供的入射光波长为637nm,功率为100nW,源漏偏压为1V时器件的光电流开关特性图;
图18为实施例3中提供的入射光波长为1550nm,功率为100nW,源漏偏压为1V时器件的光电流开关特性图;
图19为实施例3中提供的入射光波长为4μm,功率为130nW,源漏偏压为1V时器件的光电流开关特性图;
图20为实施例3中提供的入射光波长为8μm,功率为130nW,源漏偏压为1V时器件的光电流开关特性图;
图21为实施例3中提供的入射光波长为10μm,功率为130nW,源漏偏压为1V时器件的光电流开关特性图。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
本发明的目的是提供一种能够拓宽光谱检测的二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器。
为使本发明的上述目的、特征和优点能够更加明显易懂,下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细的说明。
如图1所示,一种二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器,所述光谱探测器包括:衬底1、二维半导体2、源电极3、漏电极4、铁电材料5、栅电极6;
所述衬底1的上表面设置有所述二维半导体2、所述源电极3、所述漏电极4,所述源电极3和所述漏电极4分别设置在所述二维半导体2的上表面的两端;
所述源电极3和所述漏电极4均包括上层金属和下层金属,所述上层金属的厚度大于所述下层金属的厚度;
所述二维半导体2的两侧分别与所述源电极3的下层金属和所述漏电极4的下层金属连接;
所述铁电材料5设置在所述二维半导体2、所述源电极3和所述漏电极4的上表面;
所述栅电极6的下表面与所述铁电材料5的上表面连接。
为了提高红外波段的灵敏度,需要最大程度地降低所述衬底1的热容,所述衬底为超薄绝缘衬底,厚度小于2微米,用于支撑所述二维半导体2和所述铁电材料5和所述栅电极6。
所述二维半导体2为过渡金属硫族化合物半导体,具体包括二硫化钼、二硒化钼、二碲化钼、二硫化钨、二硒化钨,所述二维半导体2在紫外到近红外波段具有优异的光电导特性,所述二维半导体能够采用机械剥离、化学气相沉积等工艺制备。
所述二维半导体2的层数为1层至10层分子。
所述源电极3和所述漏电极4的材料为铬、钛、镍、钯、钪、金、铂中的至少一者。所述源电极3的下层金属的厚度为5-15纳米,所述源电极3的上层金属的厚度为30-50纳米。
所述铁电材料5为聚偏氟乙烯基有机铁电聚合物,所述铁电材料5的厚度为300-1200纳米。
所述栅电极6为高透光性超薄金属薄膜,所述栅电极6包括铝、铬、钛、镍中的任意一者,所述栅电极6在紫外到长波红外波段透光率大于50%,所述栅电极6的厚度为7-10纳米。
实施例1:
本实施例中提供一种二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器,所述探测器的结构截面如图1所示。
所述探测器自下而上依次为衬底1、二维半导体2、源电极3、漏电极4、铁电材料5、栅电极6。
实施例1中衬底1为超薄聚酰亚胺衬底,厚度为1.7μm;二维半导体2为少层MoS2,厚度为3层;源电极3和漏电极4的金属材料均为铬/金(Cr/Au),其中Cr的厚度为15nm,Au的厚度为50nm;铁电材料5为聚偏二氟乙烯(P(VDF-TrFE)),厚度为300nm;栅电极6为超薄铝(Al),厚度为8nm。在进行光电测试前,对探测器的栅电极施加-40V的栅压,并持续2秒后,再撤去该栅压,可使P(VDF-TrFE)极化向上并产生一定的剩余极化电场。随后在源电极、漏电极上引线,即可进行光电测试,其光工作状态示意图如图1所示,此时只需在源、漏电极两端施加一较小偏压用于读取沟道电流变化即可。
图2中的Φb源漏电极与二维半导体材料之间的势垒高度差、EC二维半导体材料的导带、EF二维半导体材料的费米能级、EV二维半导体材料的价带、hv入射光的能量、IP光电流。
图2利用MoS2的能带结构示意图描述了探测器在紫外至近红外波段的探测机理。在向上的极化电场作用下,MoS2的费米能级被降低,源、漏电极与二维半导体沟道的势垒高度差增大,阻挡了多数载流子流过沟道,因此有效地降低了器件的暗电流。此时,在紫外到近红外波段入射光的照射下,基于MoS2的光电导效应,将产生大量的光生载流子越过势垒并流过沟道,形成光电流,因此探测器在该波段工作时具有低暗电流、高光电流开关比、高探测率、高响应率、快速响应等特点。
图3利用P(VDF-TrFE)的极化强度对红外光敏感的特性,描述了探测器在中红外至长波红外的探测机理。首先,在P(VDF-TrFE)极化电场的调控下,能够使MoS2沟道一直处于低电流态;其次,基于P(VDF-TrFE)的热释电效应,在中红外至长波红外波段入射光的照射下,由于内部温度升高,P(VDF-TrFE)的极化强度减小,导致MoS2内部的载流子浓浓及费米能级高度随之发生变化,使得沟道电流增大。因此,在MoS2对界面电场敏感的特性辅助下,能够有效提高探测器在该波段的灵敏度。
本实施例中的二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器在紫外到长波红外波段的光电响应结果如图4-9所示。可以看出,基于MoS2和P(VDF-TrFE)的多功能互补,探测器在375nm–10μm的单色光照射下具有明显的光电流开关特性。
实施例2:
本实施例中提供一种二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器,其器件结构截面及工作状态示意图如图1所示。
探测器自下而上依次为衬底1、二维半导体2、源电极3、漏电极4、铁电材料5、栅电极6。
本实施例中衬底1为超薄聚酰亚胺衬底,厚度为1.5μm;二维半导体2为少层MoS2,厚度为1层;源电极3和漏电极4的金属材料均为铬/金(Cr/Au),其中Cr的厚度为5nm,Au的厚度为40nm;铁电材料5为聚偏二氟乙烯(P(VDF-TrFE)),厚度为800nm;栅电极6为超薄铝(Al),厚度为7nm。在进行光电测试前,对探测器的栅电极施加-100V的栅压,并持续2秒后,再撤去该栅压,可使P(VDF-TrFE)极化向上并产生一定的剩余极化电场。随后在源电极、漏电极上引线,即可进行光电测试,其光工作状态示意图如图1所示,此时只需在源、漏电极两端施加一较小偏压用于读取沟道电流变化即可。
图2利用MoS2的能带结构示意图描述了探测器在紫外至近红外波段的探测机理。在向上的极化电场作用下,MoS2的费米能级被降低,源、漏电极与二维半导体沟道的势垒高度差增大,阻挡了多数载流子流过沟道,因此有效地降低了器件的暗电流。此时,在紫外到近红外波段入射光的照射下,基于MoS2的光电导效应,将产生大量的光生载流子越过势垒并流过沟道,形成光电流,因此探测器在该波段工作时具有低暗电流、高光电流开关比、高探测率、高响应率、快速响应等特点。
图3利用P(VDF-TrFE)的极化强度对红外光敏感的特性,描述了探测器在中红外至长波红外的探测机理。首先,在P(VDF-TrFE)极化电场的调控下,能够使MoS2沟道一直处于低电流态;其次,基于P(VDF-TrFE)的热释电效应,在中红外至长波红外波段入射光的照射下,由于内部温度升高,P(VDF-TrFE)的极化强度减小,导致MoS2内部的载流子浓浓及费米能级高度随之发生变化,使得沟道电流增大。因此,在MoS2对界面电场敏感的特性辅助下,能够有效提高探测器在该波段的灵敏度。
本实施例中的二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器在紫外到长波红外波段的光电响应结果如图10-15所示。可以看出,基于MoS2和P(VDF-TrFE)的多功能互补,探测器在375nm–10μm的单色光照射下具有明显的光电流开关特性。
实施例3:
本实施例中提供一种二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器如图1所示。
探测器自下而上依次为衬底1、二维半导体2、铁电材料5、栅电极6,其中所述二维半导体两端分别设置源极3和漏极4。
本实施例中衬底1为超薄聚酰亚胺衬底,厚度为2μm;二维半导体2为少层MoS2,厚度为10层;金属源极3和金属漏极4均为铬/金(Cr/Au),其中Cr的厚度为10nm,Au的厚度为30nm;铁电材料5为聚偏二氟乙烯(P(VDF-TrFE)),厚度为1200nm;栅电极6为超薄铝(Al),厚度为10nm。
如图1所示,在紫外至近红外波段,二维半导体为功能层,基于二维半导体的光电导效应,能够对该波段的入射光产生明显的光响应,铁电材料此时为辅助层,其极化特性用于增强二维半导体的光电导效应,改善二维半导体的响应率、探测率、响应时间等指标;在中红外至长波红外波段,铁电材料转变为功能层,基于铁电材料的热释电效应,能够对该波段的入射光产生明显的光响应,二维半导体此时为辅助层,用于读取入射光引起的沟道电流变化,基于二维半导体对界面电场的敏感特性,能够有效提高探测器在红外波段的灵敏度。在进行光电测试前,对上探测器的栅电极施加-150V的栅压,并持续2秒后,再撤去该栅压,可使P(VDF-TrFE)极化向上并产生一定的剩余极化电场。随后在源极、漏极上引线,即可进行光电测试,其光电测试示意图如图1所示,此时只需在源、漏端施加一较小偏压用于读取沟道电流变化即可。
图2利用MoS2的能带结构示意图描述了探测器在紫外至近红外波段的探测机理。在向上的极化电场作用下,MoS2的费米能级被降低,源、漏电极与二维半导体沟道的势垒差增大,阻挡了多数载流子流过沟道,因此有效地降低了器件的暗电流。此时,在紫外到近红外波段入射光的照射下,基于MoS2的光电导效应,将产生大量的光生载流子越过势垒并流过沟道,形成光电流,因此探测器在该波段工作时具有低暗电流、高光电流开关比、高探测率、高响应率、快速响应等特点。
图3利用P(VDF-TrFE)的极化强度对红外光敏感的特性,描述了探测器在中红外至长波红外的探测机理。首先,在P(VDF-TrFE)极化电场的调控下,能够使MoS2沟道一直处于低电流态;其次,基于P(VDF-TrFE)的热释电效应,在中红外至长波红外波段入射光的照射下,内部温度升高,P(VDF-TrFE)的极化强度减小,导致MoS2内部的载流子浓浓及费米能级高度随之发生变化,使得沟道电流增大。因此,在MoS2对界面电场敏感的特性辅助下,能够有效提高探测器在该波段的灵敏度。
本实施例中的二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器在紫外到长波红外波段的光电响应结果如图16-21所示。能够看出,基于MoS2和P(VDF-TrFE)的多功能互补,探测器在375nm–10μm的单色光照射下具有明显的光电流开关特性。
本发明的有益效果:
在紫外到近红外波段,基于二维半导体的光电导特性,能够对该波段产生明显的光响应,基于铁电材料剩余极化电场的辅助,二维半导体的响应率、探测率、响应时间等均得到大幅度改善。
在中红外到长波红外波段,基于铁电材料的热释电效应,能够对该波段产生明显的光响应,二维半导体作为辅助层,用于读取由入射光引起的沟道电流变化,极化后的铁电材料不仅能够有效降低器件暗电流,同时在受到红外光的照射后,其内部温度发生变化,导致极化大小瞬间产生变化,由于二维半导体对界面电场的敏感特性,此时由极化电场束缚的二维半导体中载流子浓度会同时产生变化,因此沟道电流产生明显变化。
与传统的二维半导体光电探测器相比,本发明所提供的探测器具有更高的响应率、探测率、更快的响应速度以及更宽的探测波长范围。
与传统的红外热释电探测器相比,本发明所提供的探测器将传统热释电探测器单元中的灵敏元及相应的读出电路简化为单个晶体管器件,在结构上作了极大地优化,此外还具有比传统热释电探测器更高的灵敏度及更宽的探测波长范围。
本发明提供的超宽光谱响应探测器在工作时仅需施加较小源漏偏压,完全满足低功耗要求。
本发明提供的超宽光谱响应探测器响应波长范围覆盖紫外至长波红外,可应用于双色/多波段探测器等领域。
本说明书中各个实施例采用递进的方式描述,每个实施例重点说明的都是与其他实施例的不同之处,各个实施例之间相同相似部分互相参见即可。对于实施例公开的系统而言,由于其与实施例公开的方法相对应,所以描述的比较简单,相关之处参见方法部分说明即可。
本文中应用了具体个例对本发明的原理及实施方式进行了阐述,以上实施例的说明只是用于帮助理解本发明的方法及其核心思想;同时,对于本领域的一般技术人员,依据本发明的思想,在具体实施方式及应用范围上均会有改变之处。综上所述,本说明书内容不应理解为对本发明的限制。
Claims (5)
1.一种二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器,其特征在于,所述光谱探测器包括:衬底(1)、二维半导体(2)、源电极(3)、漏电极(4)、铁电材料(5)、栅电极(6);所述衬底(1)的上表面设置有所述二维半导体(2)、所述源电极(3)、所述漏电极(4),所述源电极(3)和所述漏电极(4)分别设置在所述二维半导体(2)的上表面的两端;所述源电极(3)和所述漏电极(4)均包括上层金属和下层金属,所述上层金属的厚度大于所述下层金属的厚度;所述二维半导体(2)的两侧分别与所述源电极(3)的下层金属和所述漏电极(4)的下层金属连接;所述铁电材料(5)设置在所述二维半导体(2)、所述源电极(3)和所述漏电极(4)的上表面;所述栅电极(6)的下表面与所述铁电材料(5)的上表面连接;
所述衬底(1)为超薄绝缘衬底,厚度小于2微米;
所述二维半导体(2)为过渡金属硫族化合物半导体,所述二维半导体(2)的层数为1层至10层分子。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器,其特征在于,所述源电极(3)和所述漏电极(4)的材料为铬、钛、镍、钯、钪、金、铂中的至少一者。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器,其特征在于,所述源电极(3)的下层金属的厚度为5-15纳米,所述源电极(3)的上层金属的厚度为30-50纳米。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器,其特征在于,所述铁电材料(5)为聚偏氟乙烯基有机铁电聚合物,所述铁电材料(5)的厚度为300-1200纳米。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种二维半导体和铁电材料功能互补型超宽光谱探测器,其特征在于,所述栅电极(6)为高透光性超薄金属薄膜,所述栅电极(6)包括铝、铬、钛、镍中的任意一者,所述栅电极(6)在紫外到长波红外波段透光率大于50%。
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