CN109346830B - All-metal four-arm equiangular spiral circularly polarized antenna unit - Google Patents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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Abstract
The invention provides an all-metal four-arm equiangular spiral circularly polarized antenna unit, which comprises a radiation arm with an all-metal equiangular spiral structure, a metal reflection cavity, a coaxial feeder line and a cylindrical resonant cavity, wherein the radiation arm is provided with a circular arc surface; a single coaxial feed probe perpendicular to the ground is used as a coaxial cable for feeding and is connected with a central metal feed ring, and a pair of upper dipole arms in the radiation arms are fed in parallel through the metal feed ring; and connecting the other pair of lower dipole arms connected in parallel with the coaxial grounding end, thereby ensuring that the spatial positions of the four dipole arms and the phases of the electromagnetic waves on the arms are orthogonal to form the condition required by circular polarization. In order to solve the problem of unbalanced feeding of the coaxial line, the coaxial feeder is designed into a coaxial tapered balun structure, so that the load is matched with the impedance of the feeder line. In order to realize the one-way radiation function of the antenna, a metal reflection cavity is added on the back of the antenna. The invention has the characteristics of wide frequency band, small size, high gain, embeddable property and the like, and is suitable for the fields of modern communication systems and electronic countermeasure.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of modern wireless communication, in particular to an all-metal four-arm equiangular spiral circularly polarized antenna unit.
Background
With the continuous advance of the performances of military equipment and aerospace vehicles to the directions of high precision and high speed, higher requirements are continuously provided for the quality of antenna real-time communication. Efficient, real-time, interference-free, and high-capacity communication antennas will be the general trend for future antenna development. The circularly polarized antenna has the remarkable characteristics of rain and fog resistance, electromagnetic interference resistance, multi-aperture attenuation resistance and the like, and is widely applied to the fields of unmanned driving technology, remote video communication, global positioning system, signal shielding and the like.
The helical structure antenna is widely applied due to the characteristics of wide frequency band, wide angle circular polarization, high gain, good impedance matching, low manufacturing cost and the like. In addition, the antenna with the structure can change a directional diagram through size change, can quickly adapt to different application occasions, and is usually adopted in radio communication. However, the traditional helical antenna also has the defects of large volume, complex structure, difficult manufacture, high processing cost and weak concealment.
To overcome the above-mentioned disadvantages of the early spiral antenna, an antenna having a planar spiral structure with a non-frequency-varying characteristic was designed. The antennas with planar spiral structure commonly seen in the engineering now include: slotted helical antennas, equiangular helical antennas, archimedean helical antennas, and the like. The antenna has the stable and excellent characteristics in a wide frequency band which cannot be replaced by other antennas. In engineering application, a back cavity is generally required to be additionally arranged to change the bidirectional radiation of the antenna into unidirectional radiation, so that the directional radiation capability, the normal gain and the antenna efficiency of the antenna are improved. However, the existing helical antenna mostly adopts a microstrip antenna, the microstrip antenna is not easy to realize the function of a broadband, the efficiency is low, the medium is easy to be lost, and the environmental adaptability is not as good as that of a metal conductor.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention aims to solve the above technical problem at least to some extent. Therefore, the invention provides an all-metal four-arm equiangular spiral circular polarization antenna unit which is wide in frequency band, small in size, capable of being embedded and high in gain, so as to meet the index requirements of the modern wireless communication technology on the antenna bandwidth, the anti-interference capability and the like.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
an all-metal four-arm equiangular spiral circularly polarized antenna unit is structurally characterized in that:
the radiation arm of the all-metal equiangular spiral structure is used as a radiation area, the cylindrical resonant cavity is used as a transmission area, the coaxial feeder is used as a feed area, and the radiation area, the transmission area and the feed area are used for receiving and transmitting energy;
in the radiation arm, the tail ends of every two equiangular spiral arms are converged and embedded with a metal wafer to form a dipole arm; the starting ends of the two dipole arms are respectively connected to the long rectangular metal block and the short rectangular metal block at two ends of the metal feed circular ring gap with three-quarter of the circumference to form a dipole; the upper dipole and the lower dipole which are positioned on different upper and lower planes and are distributed in central symmetry form the radiation arm;
the metal reflection cavity is arranged right below the radiation arm, the top of the metal reflection cavity is open, and the cylindrical resonant cavity is arranged in the center of the tail end of the long rectangular metal block of the lower dipole; the coaxial feeder uses a coaxial feeder probe as an inner conductor, uses an outer conductor of a tapered balun structure as a grounding end, and the inner conductor and the outer conductor are vertically arranged and upwards penetrate through the bottom center of the metal reflection cavity to: the top of the inner conductor passes through the cylindrical resonant cavity to be connected with the metal feed circular ring of the upper dipole, and the top of the outer conductor is connected with the metal feed circular ring of the lower dipole, so that the spatial positions of four dipole arms of a pair of dipoles and the phases of electromagnetic waves on the arms are orthogonal.
The invention also has the structural characteristics that:
the outer conductor of the tapered balun structure has a cut gradually cut downward from the top at an angle of 0-20 deg.
The metal reflection cavity is of an all-metal hollow cube structure, and the depth of the metal reflection cavity is equal to the distance between the lower dipole and the ground.
The equiangular spiral structure of the equiangular spiral arms is drawn by a general formula of the equiangular spiral antenna, and the rotation angles of any two equiangular spiral arms are both 45 degrees.
The top of the inner conductor is connected with the long rectangular metal block on the upper dipole metal feed circular ring, and the top of the outer conductor is connected with the long rectangular metal block on the lower dipole metal feed circular ring.
The thicknesses of the equiangular spiral arm, the metal wafer and the metal feeding ring are the same.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. in order to realize the miniaturization of the antenna and improve the efficiency of the antenna, the invention adopts the non-frequency-variable antenna with a self-complementary structure, and emphasizes the influence of an equiangular spiral structure on the electrical performance in terms of angles;
2. according to the invention, the metal wafer is embedded at the tail end of the radiation arm, so that residual currents can be mutually offset, bad reflection from the tail end is reduced to the maximum extent, and a directional diagram and the axial ratio of the antenna are optimized;
3. the invention adopts the coaxial feeder to feed vertically, and the feeding method finishes feeding by a single coaxial feeding probe vertical to the ground, thereby avoiding designing a feeding network below the antenna; meanwhile, the design of the feeding method ensures that the metal ratio, the growth rate and other spiral parameters of the antenna have certain flexibility;
4. in order to avoid the feed point unicity of the coaxial feeder vertical feed mode, the coaxial feed probe is connected with a central metal feed ring, a pair of upper dipole arms are fed in parallel through the ring, and the other parallel pair of lower dipole arms are connected with a coaxial grounding end, so that the spatial positions of the four dipole arms and the electromagnetic wave phases on the arms are orthogonal to form the condition required by circular polarization;
5. in order to match the impedance between the antenna and the feeder line, satisfy the feed balance, and simultaneously avoid the problem that the feed cannot be balanced due to the high-frequency current flowing out of the surface of the outer conductor when the coaxial feeder line feeds, the outer conductor of the invention adopts a coaxial tapered balun structure, the outer conductor of the coaxial feeder line is gradually cut at an angle of 0-20 degrees, and the coaxial line is slowly changed to be equivalent to a double transmission line, thereby realizing the balanced feed, and the characteristic impedance of the feeder line also changes along with the cut line along with the gradual change of the cut opening of the outer conductor, so that the load is matched with the impedance of the feeder line;
6. because the antenna is of an equiangular spiral structure, bidirectional radiation can occur, and in order to realize unidirectional radiation of the antenna, the antenna has higher efficiency and improve gain, the metal reflection cavity of the all-metal hollow cube structure is added at the back of the antenna.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic three-dimensional structure of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the upper dipole of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the lower dipole of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the coaxial feed line of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a return loss plot of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a voltage standing wave ratio diagram of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is an axial ratio chart of the present invention;
fig. 8 is a gain diagram of the present invention.
In the figure, 1 is an equiangular spiral arm; 2, a metal wafer; 3 a metal feed ring; 4 long rectangular metal blocks; 5 short rectangular metal blocks; 6, a cylindrical resonant cavity; 7 an inner conductor; 8 an outer conductor; 9 a metallic reflective cavity.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1 to 4, in the present embodiment, according to the index requirements of modern wireless communication on bandwidth, interference resistance, and the like, an all-metal four-arm equiangular spiral circular polarization antenna unit is designed, which has the performance of wide impedance band, wide axial ratio bandwidth, circular polarization, and the like, and also has the advantages of small size, embeddable property, high gain, simple feeding, low loss, and the like, and all the antenna units are made of metal materials, so that the physical strength of the whole antenna can be enhanced, and the service life is more durable under severe conditions. The selection of the all-metal structure can save materials and reduce cost while ensuring the necessary supporting strength of the structure, and on the other hand, the single processing material also reduces the complexity of antenna processing.
The antenna unit takes a radiation arm of an all-metal equiangular spiral structure as a radiation area, takes the cylindrical resonant cavity 6 as a transmission area, takes a coaxial feeder as a feed area, and realizes the receiving and sending of energy by utilizing the radiation area, the transmission area and the feed area;
in the radiation arm, the tail ends of every two equiangular spiral arms 1 are converged and embedded with a metal wafer 2 to form a dipole arm; the starting ends of the two dipole arms are respectively connected to the long rectangular metal block 4 and the short rectangular metal block 5 at the two ends of the gap of the metal feed circular ring 3 with three-quarter perimeter to form a dipole; the upper dipole and the lower dipole which are positioned on different upper and lower planes, are distributed in a centrosymmetric manner and have the same external dimension form a radiation arm; wherein, the thicknesses of the equiangular spiral arm 1, the metal wafer 2 and the metal feed ring 3 are the same;
the metal reflection cavity 9 is arranged right below the radiation arm, the top of the metal reflection cavity is open, and the cylindrical resonant cavity 6 is arranged in the center of the tail end of the long rectangular metal block 4 of the lower dipole; the coaxial feeder uses a coaxial feeder probe as an inner conductor 7, uses an outer conductor 8 of a tapered balun structure as a grounding end, and the inner conductor 7 and the outer conductor 8 are vertically arranged and upwards penetrate through the bottom center of the metal reflection cavity 9: the top of the inner conductor 7 penetrates through the cylindrical resonant cavity 6 to be connected with the long rectangular metal block 4 on the upper dipole metal feed circular ring 3, and the top of the outer conductor 8 is connected with the long rectangular metal block 4 on the lower dipole metal feed circular ring 3, so that the spatial positions of four dipole arms of a pair of dipoles and the phases of electromagnetic waves on the arms are guaranteed to be orthogonal, and the condition required by circular polarization is formed. The rectangular metal block on the metal feed ring 3 is fed by a coaxial feeder, then a pair of dipoles of the radiation arm are fed in parallel through the metal feed ring 3, and finally energy is radiated upwards through the radiation arm and the metal reflection cavity 9.
The basic model of the equiangular spiral structure is a two-arm structure, one of the dipole arms can be drawn by a general formula (1) of the equiangular spiral antenna, and the other one can be obtained by the rotation angle thereof:
the other dipole arm can be obtained by rotating the dipole arm by 180 degrees around the z-axis. Wherein r is0Is the inner diameter of the spiral arm, the size of which is related to the highest working frequency of the antenna, and is usually taken as r0＝c/(4·fh)，rmaxIs the outer radius of the spiral arm, the size of which is related to the lowest operating frequency of the antenna, and is usually rmax＝c/(4·fl) α is a constant for measuring the degree of tightness of the spiral arm, and can control the direction of the spiral arm, when α>Spiral clockwise when 0, α when<At 0, spiral counterclockwise.
Is the antenna arm rotation angle. When the angle difference between the two spiral arms is equal to 90 degrees, the crack between the two dipole arms and any dipole arm form a self-complementary structure. Because the polarization direction of the antenna is consistent with the spiral direction of the antenna, the polarization direction of the antenna unit is right-hand circular polarization which is anticlockwise along the z axis, and the polarization direction of the antenna unit is opposite along the-z axis. And since the usable radiation area of the antenna is determined by the wavelength of the antenna, its maximum radius rmaxAnd a minimum radius r0Depending on the frequency band of the antenna design, the optimal design of the antenna may be 1.5 turns, and α may be 0.221To obtain an optimal pattern.
In addition to the above-mentioned two-arm structure, in order to form the four-arm self-complementary structure of the present embodiment, one of the spiral arms may be rotated by 45 ° to form the other spiral arm of the dipole arm, and the obtained dipole arm may be sequentially rotated by 90 °, 180 °, and 270 ° around the z-axis to form the four-arm of the antenna. The addition of a metal wafer at the end of the antenna can cancel the residual currents out of each other, thereby minimizing undesirable reflections from the end and optimizing the directivity pattern and axial ratio of the antenna.
As shown in fig. 4, since the quadrifilar equiangular helical antenna has a self-complementary structure and a constant and high impedance, impedance matching is required while balanced feeding. For feeding of the coaxial feeder line, balun design is needed, and considering that the gradual-change balancer is relatively superior in performance, wide in application range and easy to implement on the coaxial feeder line, the gradual-change balancer is selected and designed to be a coaxial tapered balun structure. The tapered balun structure outer conductor 8 is processed by a special process, and is gradually cut downwards from the top at an angle of 0-20 degrees. And finally, the coaxial feeder is slowly changed into a double transmission line, so that balanced feeding is realized. Meanwhile, as the cut of the outer conductor 8 is gradually changed, the characteristic impedance of the feeder line is also changed along with the cut line, so that the load is matched with the impedance of the feeder line.
Furthermore, planar equiangular helical antennas radiate bi-directionally along the z-axis and-z-axis directions, so the pattern is bi-directional, approximating a "figure 8", with low gain due to the two radiation lobes. In order to realize unidirectional radiation of the antenna, have higher efficiency and improve gain, the embodiment of the invention adds the metal reflecting cavity 9 with an all-metal hollow cube structure on the back of the antenna, obtains the corresponding wavelength λ of 75mm according to the central frequency f of the antenna, and can generally design the cavity depth to be 1/4 of the wavelength corresponding to the central frequency of the antenna, and the distance between the cavity depth and the ground is the same as that between a lower dipole and the ground, so the theoretical cavity depth is 18.75mm, the optimal value of the cavity depth is obtained by optimization to be 18.4mm, and the back cavity thickness is 2 mm.
Through simulation tests, the impedance bandwidth of the antenna is 2.87 GHz-5.5 GHz, and the voltage standing wave ratio bandwidth is 2.7 GHz-6 GHz according to the graphs in FIGS. 5 and 6. As can be seen from fig. 7 and 8, the axial ratio bandwidth of the antenna is 2GHz to 6GHz, and the normal maximum antenna gain is 8.9 dB.
Therefore, by comprehensively considering various parameters, the usable working bandwidth of the all-metal four-arm equiangular spiral circular polarization antenna unit is 2.87 GHz-5.5 GHz, the absolute bandwidth is 2.63GHz, and the relative bandwidth is 62.8%. Therefore, the design target of the broadband antenna with small size, high gain, excellent axial ratio and excellent directional diagram is realized.
While embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to the embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the claims and their equivalents.
Claims (5)
1. An all-metal four-arm equiangular spiral circularly polarized antenna unit is characterized in that:
the radiation arm of the all-metal equiangular spiral structure is used as a radiation area, the cylindrical resonant cavity (6) is used as a transmission area, the coaxial feeder is used as a feed area, and the radiation area, the transmission area and the feed area are utilized to realize the receiving and sending of energy;
in the radiation arm, the tail ends of every two equiangular spiral arms (1) are converged and embedded with a metal wafer (2) to form a dipole arm; the initial ends of the two dipole arms are respectively connected to the long rectangular metal block (4) and the short rectangular metal block (5) at the two ends of the gap of the metal feed circular ring (3) with three-quarter perimeter to form a dipole; the upper dipole and the lower dipole which are positioned on different upper and lower planes and are distributed in central symmetry form the radiation arm;
the metal reflection cavity (9) is arranged right below the radiation arm, the top of the metal reflection cavity is open, and the cylindrical resonant cavity (6) is arranged in the center of the tail end of the long rectangular metal block (4) of the lower dipole; the coaxial feeder uses a coaxial feeder probe as an inner conductor (7), uses an outer conductor (8) of a tapered balun structure as a grounding end, the outer conductor (8) of the tapered balun structure is provided with a notch which is gradually cut downwards from the top by 0-20 degrees, the inner conductor (7) and the outer conductor (8) are vertically arranged and upwards penetrate through the bottom center of the metal reflecting cavity (9): the top of the inner conductor (7) penetrates through the cylindrical resonant cavity (6) to be connected with the metal feed circular ring (3) of the upper dipole, and the top of the outer conductor (8) is connected with the metal feed circular ring (3) of the lower dipole, so that the spatial positions of four dipole arms of a pair of dipoles and the phases of electromagnetic waves on the arms are orthogonal.
2. The all-metal quadrifilar equiangular helical circularly polarized antenna unit of claim 1, wherein: the metal reflection cavity (9) is of an all-metal hollow cube structure, and the depth of the metal reflection cavity is equal to the distance between the lower dipole and the ground.
3. The all-metal quadrifilar equiangular helical circularly polarized antenna unit of claim 1, wherein: the equiangular spiral structure of the equiangular spiral arm (1) is drawn by a general formula of an equiangular spiral antenna, and the rotation angles of any two equiangular spiral arms (1) are both 45 degrees.
4. The all-metal quadrifilar equiangular helical circularly polarized antenna unit of claim 1, wherein: the top of the inner conductor (7) is connected with the long rectangular metal block (4) on the upper dipole metal feed circular ring (3), and the top of the outer conductor (8) is connected with the long rectangular metal block (4) on the lower dipole metal feed circular ring (3).
5. The all-metal quadrifilar equiangular helical circularly polarized antenna unit of claim 1, wherein: the thicknesses of the equiangular spiral arm (1), the metal wafer (2) and the metal feeding ring (3) are the same.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN111082209B (en) * | 2019-12-31 | 2021-09-21 | 上海微波技术研究所（中国电子科技集团公司第五十研究所） | Low-profile planar helical antenna adopting novel feed mode |
| CN111224230B (en) * | 2020-03-03 | 2022-10-11 | 交通运输部公路科学研究所 | Multimode satellite navigation helical antenna based on liquid metal |
| CN112952367B (en) * | 2021-01-29 | 2022-05-10 | 中国工程物理研究院应用电子学研究所 | Ultra-wideband circularly-polarized back-cavity crossed dipole antenna |
| CN113300088B (en) * | 2021-04-25 | 2024-05-28 | 北京合众思壮科技股份有限公司 | Planar helical antenna device |
| CN114256615A (en) * | 2021-12-24 | 2022-03-29 | 中国航天科工集团八五一一研究所 | Low RCS conformal planar helical antenna based on flexible printed board and design method thereof |
| CN116053792B (en) * | 2023-03-30 | 2023-07-11 | 山东科技大学 | Broadband antenna for partial discharge ultrahigh frequency signal detection |
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