CN109163818B - Preparation method of temperature sensor, temperature sensor and application thereof - Google Patents
Preparation method of temperature sensor, temperature sensor and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a preparation method of a temperature sensor, which comprises the following steps: the graphene oxide and polypyrrole are used for synthesizing composite graphene oxide to serve as a core chip part of the sensor, polydimethylsiloxane and methylene acrylamide are synthesized into a high molecular polymer to serve as an outer layer insulating part of the sensor through a physical and chemical crosslinking method, and finally a copper wire is embedded to prepare the graphene oxide composite polymer temperature sensor. The temperature sensor provided by the invention has the advantages of simple and convenient preparation, simple structure, high sensitivity, light weight, good biocompatibility and the like, and has the most important advantage of being capable of measuring temperature in a suspension manner without being in direct contact with a measured object. Has good application prospect in the fields of animal temperature measurement, human body temperature measurement, environment temperature measurement and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of bioelectric products, in particular to the preparation of a temperature sensor.
Background
Graphene is a new carbonaceous material with a two-dimensional structure, and has excellent electrical, thermal and mechanical properties. Therefore, various signals can be sensed through the change of the conductivity of the graphene, and the device has high sensitivity due to the high charge mobility of the graphene. The surface of the graphene oxide has a large number of oxygen-containing groups, has good solvent solubility and polymer affinity, and has excellent electrical, thermal and mechanical properties, so that the graphene oxide is a very promising material in the field of sensor preparation.
Body temperature detection is the simplest and most common thing in daily life, and both human body temperature detection and temperature detection of various large animals in animal husbandry are extremely relevant to production and life of people. Currently, various types of commercial thermometers and temperature sensors of various specifications are available on the market to accurately measure the temperature of a human body and the temperature of the surrounding environment. However, the existing temperature sensor has the defects of narrow temperature range, low accuracy, low sensitivity, large power consumption, complex installation, inconvenient use and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention is directed to solving at least one of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a high-sensitivity graphene oxide composite polymer temperature sensor.
As one aspect of the present invention, the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a temperature sensor, including the steps of:
1) preparing graphene oxide prefabricated liquid by using graphene oxide and water; uniformly spraying the graphene oxide prefabricated liquid on a polypyrrole high polymer film to obtain a biological core chip;
2) adding polydimethylsiloxane into preheated hexane, and stirring until the polydimethylsiloxane is completely dissolved to obtain a polydimethylsiloxane hexane solution; preparing methylene acrylamide into an aqueous solution of methylene acrylamide; under the condition of stirring, adding a methylene acrylamide aqueous solution into a polydimethylsiloxane hexane solution, and standing at room temperature to obtain a formed insulating film material; removing redundant methylene acrylamide from the formed insulating film material and drying at low temperature;
3) and bonding the core chip with the lead, wrapping the core chip with an insulating film material, and fixing the core chip and the lead to form the temperature sensor.
Further, the concentration of the graphene oxide in the graphene oxide prefabricated liquid is 0.05-0.5 mg/L. Preferably, the concentration is 0.1-0.3 mg/L, and more preferably the concentration is 0.2 mg/L. The graphene oxide has a large number of oxygen-containing groups on the surface, has good solvent solubility and polymer affinity, and also has excellent electrical, thermal and mechanical properties, the temperature sensor manufactured by using the graphene oxide in the concentration range has high sensitivity, a thin film with good quality cannot be formed due to too low concentration of the graphene oxide, the sensitivity is poor, and the sensitivity of the manufactured temperature sensor is reduced due to too high concentration of the graphene film which is too thick.
Further, the polypyrrole polymer film is synthesized by an electrochemical method using a pyrrole monomer. Polypyrrole is a common conductive polymer, is nontoxic, is widely used for electrodes of biological, super-capacitor and photochemical batteries, and can be combined with graphene oxide to synthesize a stable and sensitive biosensing chip.
Further, the graphene oxide prefabricated liquid is uniformly sprayed on the polypyrrole high polymer film through an electric spraying method.
Further, the concentration of the polydimethylsiloxane in the polydimethylsiloxane hexane solution is 0.02-0.1 g/mL. The preferable concentration is 0.03-0.08 g/mL, and the more preferable concentration is 0.05 g/mL.
Further, the temperature of the preheated hexane is 50 ℃ to 80 ℃, preferably 65 ℃.
Further, adding polydimethylsiloxane into the preheated hexane, and stirring for 2-6 hours at the speed of 40-100 rap/min until the polydimethylsiloxane is completely dissolved. More preferably, the stirring is carried out at a speed of 60rap/min for 3 hours.
Further, the mass ratio of the polydimethylsiloxane to the methylene acrylamide is (2-10): (1-10). The preferable mass ratio is (3-7): (1-5), and the more preferable mass ratio is 5: 3. the polydimethylsiloxane has good viscosity, low price, simple use and good chemical inertia, and the methylene acrylamide is self-crosslinked at a high temperature or under strong light, so that the polydimethylsiloxane and the polydimethylsiloxane can be well fused to synthesize a chip insulating layer. When the polydimethylsiloxane and the methylene acrylamide are within the range of the invention, the insulating layer formed by the mutual matching reaction has the best insulating effect and the appropriate film forming time.
Further, the aqueous solution of methylene acrylamide is added to the hexane solution of polydimethylsiloxane at a rate of 0.2 to 0.5 ml/min. More preferably, the addition rate is 0.2 ml/min.
Further, the formed insulating film material is placed in a dialysis bag of 12-14KDa and dialyzed at room temperature for 2-5 days to remove the redundant methylene acrylamide. Preferably, the dialysis time is 5 days. The low-temperature drying is low-temperature freeze drying.
Further, the wires may be copper, silver, gold wires. The bonding may be by glue, such as 502 glue.
According to another aspect of the present invention, the present invention also provides a temperature sensor prepared by using the above temperature sensor preparation method.
According to another aspect of the invention, the invention also proposes the use of a temperature sensor according to the above in the environmental, medical field.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the polypyrrole high polymer synthesized by the electrochemical method has good stability and uniformity, ensures the conductivity of the conductive layer and has good stability in the air, thereby ensuring the performance stability of the core chip.
2. According to the invention, the biochip is synthesized by selecting the electro-spraying method, so that the uniform distribution and the physical and chemical properties of the graphene oxide are ensured, the sensitivity of the sensor is improved, the operation is simple, and the technology is stable. Meanwhile, the biological core chip synthesized by the graphene oxide and the polypyrrole high polymer has high sensitivity and accurate temperature measurement.
3. The invention adopts polydimethylsiloxane and methylene acrylamide to prepare the insulating layer, which can obviously improve the stability and biocompatibility of the chip.
4. The temperature sensor provided by the invention has the advantages of simple and convenient preparation, simple structure, high sensitivity, light weight, good biocompatibility and the like, and has the most important advantage of being capable of measuring temperature in a suspension manner without being in direct contact with a measured object. Has good application prospect in the fields of animal temperature measurement, human body temperature measurement, environment temperature measurement and the like.
Drawings
Various other advantages and benefits will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments. The drawings are only for purposes of illustrating the preferred embodiments and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. Also, like reference numerals are used to refer to like parts throughout the drawings. In the drawings:
fig. 1 shows a flowchart of a method of manufacturing a temperature sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. While exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the present disclosure may be embodied in various forms and should not be limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art.
Example 1
A preparation technology of a high-sensitivity graphene oxide composite polymer temperature sensor is shown in figure 1 and comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing a graphene oxide prefabricated liquid by using 20ug of graphene oxide and 100ml of water, synthesizing a polypyrrole high polymer film by 30g of pyrrole monomers through an electrochemical method, uniformly cutting the polypyrrole high polymer film into squares of 0.5cm by 0.5cm, and uniformly spraying the graphene oxide prefabricated liquid on the polypyrrole high polymer film through an electrospray method to obtain the biological core chip.
(2) 5g of polydimethylsiloxane was added to 100ml of hexane at 65 ℃ and stirred at 60rap/min for 3 hours until completely dissolved. 3g of methylene acrylamide is prepared into an aqueous solution, under the condition of stirring, the aqueous solution of the methylene acrylamide is added at the speed of 0.2ml/min, and the mixture is kept stand for 2 hours at room temperature. The formed membrane material was placed in a dialysis bag of 12-14kDa and dialyzed at room temperature for 5 days to remove the excess methylene acrylamide. Freezing and drying the membrane material at low temperature.
(3) And adhering the core chip and the copper wire by 502 glue, wrapping the core chip and the copper wire by insulating film materials, and fixing the core chip and the copper wire into the temperature sensor.
Example 2
A preparation technology of a high-sensitivity graphene oxide composite polymer temperature sensor is shown in figure 1 and comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing a graphene oxide prefabricated liquid by using 10ug of graphene oxide and 100ml of water, synthesizing a polypyrrole high polymer film by 5g of pyrrole monomer through an electrochemical method, uniformly cutting the polypyrrole high polymer film into squares of 0.5cm by 0.5cm, and uniformly spraying the graphene oxide prefabricated liquid on the polypyrrole high polymer film through an electrospray method to obtain the biological core chip.
(2) 3g of polydimethylsiloxane was added to 100ml of hexane at 50 ℃ and stirred at 40rap/min for 3 hours until completely dissolved. 1g of methylene acrylamide is prepared into an aqueous solution, under the condition of stirring, the aqueous solution of the methylene acrylamide is added at the speed of 0.2ml/min, and the mixture is kept stand for 2 hours at room temperature. The formed membrane material was placed in a dialysis bag of 12-14kDa and dialyzed at room temperature for 2 days to remove the excess methylene acrylamide. Freezing and drying the membrane material at low temperature.
(3) And adhering the core chip and the copper wire by 502 glue, wrapping the core chip and the copper wire by insulating film materials, and fixing the core chip and the copper wire into the temperature sensor.
Example 3
A preparation technology of a high-sensitivity graphene oxide composite polymer temperature sensor is shown in figure 1 and comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing graphene oxide prefabricated liquid by using 35ug of graphene oxide and 100ml of water, synthesizing a polypyrrole high polymer film by 25g of pyrrole monomers through an electrochemical method, uniformly cutting the polypyrrole high polymer film into squares of 0.5cm by 0.5cm, and uniformly spraying the graphene oxide prefabricated liquid on the polypyrrole high polymer film through an electrospray method to obtain the biological core chip.
(2) 4g of polydimethylsiloxane was added to 100ml of hexane at 60 ℃ and stirred at 50rap/min for 3 hours until completely dissolved. 4g of methylene acrylamide is prepared into an aqueous solution, under the condition of stirring, the aqueous solution of the methylene acrylamide is added at the speed of 0.3ml/min, and the mixture is kept stand for 2 hours at room temperature. The formed membrane material was placed in a dialysis bag of 12-14kDa and dialyzed at room temperature for 4 days to remove the excess methylene acrylamide. Freezing and drying the membrane material at low temperature.
(3) And adhering the core chip and the copper wire by 502 glue, wrapping the core chip and the copper wire by insulating film materials, and fixing the core chip and the copper wire into the temperature sensor.
Example 4
A preparation technology of a high-sensitivity graphene oxide composite polymer temperature sensor is shown in figure 1 and comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing graphene oxide prefabricated liquid by using 40ug of graphene oxide and 100ml of water, synthesizing a polypyrrole high polymer film by using 40g of pyrrole monomer through an electrochemical method, uniformly cutting the polypyrrole high polymer film into squares of 0.5cm by 0.5cm, and uniformly spraying the graphene oxide prefabricated liquid on the polypyrrole high polymer film through an electrospray method to obtain the biological core chip.
(2) 6g of polydimethylsiloxane was added to 100ml of hexane at 65 ℃ and stirred at 60rap/min for 3 hours until completely dissolved. 3g of methylene acrylamide is prepared into an aqueous solution, under the condition of stirring, the aqueous solution of the methylene acrylamide is added at the speed of 0.2ml/min, and the mixture is kept stand for 2 hours at room temperature. The formed membrane material was placed in a dialysis bag of 12-14kDa and dialyzed at room temperature for 5 days to remove the excess methylene acrylamide. Freezing and drying the membrane material at low temperature.
(3) And adhering the core chip and the copper wire by 502 glue, wrapping the core chip and the copper wire by insulating film materials, and fixing the core chip and the copper wire into the temperature sensor.
Example 5
A preparation technology of a high-sensitivity graphene oxide composite polymer temperature sensor is shown in figure 1 and comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing a graphene oxide prefabricated liquid by using 50ug of graphene oxide and 100ml of water, synthesizing a polypyrrole high polymer film by using 50g of pyrrole monomer through an electrochemical method, uniformly cutting the polypyrrole high polymer film into squares of 0.5cm by 0.5cm, and uniformly spraying the graphene oxide prefabricated liquid on the polypyrrole high polymer film through an electrospray method to obtain the biological core chip.
(2) 8g of polydimethylsiloxane was added to 100ml of hexane at 65 ℃ and stirred at 80rap/min for 3 hours until completely dissolved. 3g of methylene acrylamide is prepared into an aqueous solution, under the condition of stirring, the aqueous solution of the methylene acrylamide is added at the speed of 0.4ml/min, and the mixture is kept stand for 2 hours at room temperature. The formed membrane material was placed in a dialysis bag of 12-14kDa and dialyzed at room temperature for 5 days to remove the excess methylene acrylamide. Freezing and drying the membrane material at low temperature.
(3) And adhering the core chip and the copper wire by 502 glue, wrapping the core chip and the copper wire by insulating film materials, and fixing the core chip and the copper wire into the temperature sensor.
Example 6
A preparation technology of a high-sensitivity graphene oxide composite polymer temperature sensor is shown in figure 1 and comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing a graphene oxide prefabricated liquid by using 50ug of graphene oxide and 100ml of water, synthesizing a polypyrrole high polymer film by using 50g of pyrrole monomer through an electrochemical method, uniformly cutting the polypyrrole high polymer film into squares of 0.5cm by 0.5cm, and uniformly spraying the graphene oxide prefabricated liquid on the polypyrrole high polymer film through an electrospray method to obtain the biological core chip.
(2) 10g of polydimethylsiloxane was added to 100ml of hexane at 80 ℃ and stirred at 60rap/min for 3 hours until completely dissolved. 3g of methylene acrylamide is prepared into an aqueous solution, under the condition of stirring, the aqueous solution of the methylene acrylamide is added at the speed of 0.5ml/min, and the mixture is kept stand for 2 hours at room temperature. The formed membrane material was placed in a dialysis bag of 12-14kDa and dialyzed at room temperature for 5 days to remove the excess methylene acrylamide. Freezing and drying the membrane material at low temperature.
(3) And adhering the core chip and the copper wire by 502 glue, wrapping the core chip and the copper wire by insulating film materials, and fixing the core chip and the copper wire into the temperature sensor.
Example 7
A preparation technology of a high-sensitivity graphene oxide composite polymer temperature sensor is shown in figure 1 and comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing graphene oxide prefabricated liquid by using 35ug of graphene oxide and 100ml of water, synthesizing a polypyrrole high polymer film by 25g of pyrrole monomers through an electrochemical method, uniformly cutting the polypyrrole high polymer film into squares of 0.5cm by 0.5cm, and uniformly spraying the graphene oxide prefabricated liquid on the polypyrrole high polymer film through an electrospray method to obtain the biological core chip.
(2) 8g of polydimethylsiloxane was added to 100ml of hexane at 65 ℃ and stirred at 70rap/min for 3 hours until completely dissolved. 7g of methylene acrylamide is prepared into an aqueous solution, under the condition of stirring, the aqueous solution of the methylene acrylamide is added at the speed of 0.25ml/min, and the mixture is kept stand for 2 hours at room temperature. The formed membrane material was placed in a dialysis bag of 12-14kDa and dialyzed at room temperature for 5 days to remove the excess methylene acrylamide. Freezing and drying the membrane material at low temperature.
(3) And adhering the core chip and the copper wire by 502 glue, wrapping the core chip and the copper wire by insulating film materials, and fixing the core chip and the copper wire into the temperature sensor.
Example 8
A preparation technology of a high-sensitivity graphene oxide composite polymer temperature sensor is shown in figure 1 and comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing graphene oxide prefabricated liquid by using 40ug of graphene oxide and 100ml of water, synthesizing a polypyrrole high polymer film by using 35g of pyrrole monomer through an electrochemical method, uniformly cutting the polypyrrole high polymer film into squares of 0.5cm by 0.5cm, and uniformly spraying the graphene oxide prefabricated liquid on the polypyrrole high polymer film through an electrospray method to obtain the biological core chip.
(2) 6g of polydimethylsiloxane was added to 100ml of hexane at 65 ℃ and stirred at 60rap/min for 3 hours until completely dissolved. 3g of methylene acrylamide is prepared into an aqueous solution, under the condition of stirring, the aqueous solution of the methylene acrylamide is added at the speed of 0.4ml/min, and the mixture is kept stand for 2 hours at room temperature. The formed membrane material was placed in a dialysis bag of 12-14kDa and dialyzed at room temperature for 5 days to remove the excess methylene acrylamide. Freezing and drying the membrane material at low temperature.
(3) And adhering the core chip and the copper wire by 502 glue, wrapping the core chip and the copper wire by insulating film materials, and fixing the core chip and the copper wire into the temperature sensor.
Comparative example 1
A preparation technology of a high-sensitivity graphene oxide composite polymer temperature sensor comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing a graphene oxide prefabricated liquid by using 1ug of graphene oxide and 100ml of water, synthesizing a polypyrrole high polymer film by 80g of pyrrole monomers through an electrochemical method, uniformly cutting the polypyrrole high polymer film into squares of 0.5cm by 0.5cm, and uniformly spraying the graphene oxide prefabricated liquid on the polypyrrole high polymer film through an electrospray method to obtain the biological core chip.
(2) 1g of polydimethylsiloxane was added to 100ml of hexane at 40 ℃ and stirred at 60rap/min for 3 hours until completely dissolved. 0.6g of methylene acrylamide is prepared into an aqueous solution, under the condition of stirring, the aqueous solution of the methylene acrylamide is added at the speed of 0.2ml/min, and the mixture is kept stand for 2 hours at room temperature. The formed membrane material was placed in a dialysis bag of 12-14kDa and dialyzed at room temperature for 1 day to remove the excess methylene acrylamide. Freezing and drying the membrane material at low temperature.
(3) And adhering the core chip and the copper wire by 502 glue, wrapping the core chip and the copper wire by insulating film materials, and fixing the core chip and the copper wire into the temperature sensor.
Comparative example 2
A preparation technology of a high-sensitivity graphene oxide composite polymer temperature sensor comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing graphene oxide prefabricated liquid by using 80ug of graphene oxide and 100ml of water, synthesizing a polypyrrole high polymer film by 80g of pyrrole monomer through an electrochemical method, uniformly cutting the polypyrrole high polymer film into squares of 0.5cm by 0.5cm, and uniformly spraying the graphene oxide prefabricated liquid on the polypyrrole high polymer film through an electrospray method to obtain the biological core chip.
(2) Dimethicone (20 g) was added to 100ml of hexane at 80 ℃ and stirred at 40rap/min for 3 hours until completely dissolved. 20g of methylene acrylamide is prepared into an aqueous solution, under the condition of stirring, the aqueous solution of the methylene acrylamide is added at the speed of 0.2ml/min, and the mixture is kept stand for 2 hours at room temperature. The formed membrane material was placed in a dialysis bag of 12-14kDa and dialyzed at room temperature for 8 days to remove the excess methylene acrylamide. Freezing and drying the membrane material at low temperature.
(3) And adhering the core chip and the copper wire by 502 glue, wrapping the core chip and the copper wire by insulating film materials, and fixing the core chip and the copper wire into the temperature sensor.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the appended claims.
Claims (18)
1. A method of making a temperature sensor, the method comprising the steps of:
1) preparing graphene oxide prefabricated liquid by using graphene oxide and water; uniformly spraying the graphene oxide prefabricated liquid on a polypyrrole high polymer film to obtain a biological core chip; wherein the polypyrrole high polymer film is synthesized by an electrochemical method by using pyrrole monomers; uniformly spraying the graphene oxide prefabricated liquid on a polypyrrole high polymer film by an electric spraying method;
2) adding polydimethylsiloxane into preheated hexane, and stirring until the polydimethylsiloxane is completely dissolved to obtain a polydimethylsiloxane hexane solution; preparing methylene acrylamide into an aqueous solution of methylene acrylamide; under the condition of stirring, adding a methylene acrylamide aqueous solution into a polydimethylsiloxane hexane solution, and standing at room temperature to obtain a formed insulating film material; removing redundant methylene acrylamide from the formed insulating film material and drying at low temperature;
3) the biological core chip is adhered with the lead, and then is wrapped with an insulating film material to be fixed into the temperature sensor.
2. The method for manufacturing a temperature sensor according to claim 1, wherein: the concentration of the graphene oxide in the graphene oxide prefabricated liquid is 0.05-0.5 mg/L.
3. The method for manufacturing a temperature sensor according to claim 2, wherein: the concentration of the graphene oxide in the graphene oxide prefabricated liquid is 0.1-0.3 mg/L.
4. The method for manufacturing a temperature sensor according to claim 3, wherein: the concentration of the graphene oxide in the graphene oxide prefabricated liquid is 0.2 mg/L.
5. The method for manufacturing a temperature sensor according to claim 1, wherein: the concentration of the polydimethylsiloxane in the polydimethylsiloxane hexane solution is 0.02-0.1 g/mL.
6. The method for manufacturing a temperature sensor according to claim 5, wherein: the concentration of the polydimethylsiloxane in the polydimethylsiloxane hexane solution is 0.03-0.08 g/mL.
7. The method for manufacturing a temperature sensor according to claim 6, wherein: the concentration of polydimethylsiloxane in the polydimethylsiloxane hexane solution was 0.05 g/mL.
8. The method for manufacturing a temperature sensor according to claim 1, wherein: the temperature of the preheated hexane is 50-80 ℃; adding polydimethylsiloxane into preheated hexane, and stirring at the speed of 40-100 rap/min for 2-6 hours until the polydimethylsiloxane is completely dissolved.
9. The method for manufacturing a temperature sensor according to claim 8, wherein: the temperature of the preheated hexane was 65 ℃; the polydimethylsiloxane was added to preheated hexane and stirred at 60rap/min for 3 hours.
10. The method for manufacturing a temperature sensor according to claim 1, wherein: the mass ratio of the polydimethylsiloxane to the methylene acrylamide is (2-10): (1-10).
11. The method for manufacturing a temperature sensor according to claim 10, wherein: the mass ratio of the polydimethylsiloxane to the methylene acrylamide is (3-7): (1-5).
12. The method for manufacturing a temperature sensor according to claim 11, wherein: the mass ratio of the polydimethylsiloxane to the methylene acrylamide is 5: 3.
13. the method for manufacturing a temperature sensor according to claim 10, wherein: adding the methylene acrylamide aqueous solution into the polydimethylsiloxane hexane solution at the speed of 0.2-0.5 ml/min.
14. The method for manufacturing a temperature sensor according to claim 13, wherein: the aqueous methylene acrylamide solution was added to the polydimethylsiloxane hexane solution at a rate of 0.2 ml/min.
15. The method for manufacturing a temperature sensor according to claim 1, wherein: and (3) putting the formed insulating film material into a dialysis bag with 12-14KDa, and dialyzing at room temperature for 2-5 days to remove redundant methylene acrylamide.
16. The method for manufacturing a temperature sensor according to claim 15, wherein: the formed insulating film material is placed in a dialysis bag of 12-14kDa for dialysis at room temperature for 5 days.
17. A temperature sensor produced by the method for producing a temperature sensor according to any one of claims 1 to 16.
18. Use of the temperature sensor according to claim 17 in the environmental, medical field.
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