CN109023087A - Tensile strength is the wheel-use steel material and its production method of 650MPa grades of good postwelding formabilities - Google Patents
Tensile strength is the wheel-use steel material and its production method of 650MPa grades of good postwelding formabilities Download PDFInfo
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- CN109023087A CN109023087A CN201811043323.3A CN201811043323A CN109023087A CN 109023087 A CN109023087 A CN 109023087A CN 201811043323 A CN201811043323 A CN 201811043323A CN 109023087 A CN109023087 A CN 109023087A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/0221—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the working steps
- C21D8/0226—Hot rolling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/12—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, or niobium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/002—Bainite
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/005—Ferrite
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/009—Pearlite
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- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses wheel-use steel materials and its production method that a kind of tensile strength is 650MPa grades of good postwelding formabilities, its chemical component weight percentage includes: C:0.060~0.080%, Si:0.10~0.20%, Mn:1.20~1.40%, P≤0.008%, S≤0.002%, Als:0.020~0.060%, Nb:0.056~0.065%, surplus are Fe and inevitable impurity.The wheel-use steel material is casting continuously to form base, segmentally heating, segmentation rolling, ultra-rapid cooling, batches and produce with the big step of finishing six, it can effectively obtain fine grain ferrite+pearlite+bainite structure, steel lower yield strength >=550MPa, 650~780MPa of tensile strength, elongation percentage >=18%, steel are after resistance welding, hole expansibility >=50% of welded seam area, to meet wheel part to the forming requirements after welded steel.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to Hot Rolling Automobile steel and its production methods, are 650MPa grades good in particular to a kind of tensile strength
The wheel-use steel material and its production method of postwelding formability.
Background technique
With the code enforcement of the restricting vehicle overloads such as mandatory national standard GB1589-2016, the quotient of automobile, particularly load-carrying
More strong for light-weighted growth requirement with vehicle and trailer, for wheel as unsprung mass, light weight effect is especially prominent.Steel
The features such as wheel processed is due to its endurance, low cost, in commercial vehicle wheel field, accounting is very big, therefore improves wheel-use steel material intensity
Rank mitigates steel wheel material thickness and part quality, can effectively promote commercial vehicle light weight effect.However wheel is made
For the moving link of vehicle, process is complicated, and especially rim components are needed in edge rolling to postwelding, then are carried out contour roll forming, dilated
Etc. forming processes, to after the welding performance and welding of material material forming property require it is high, which can be welded by steel
Weld seam reaming experimental result after connecing is characterized.
Through preliminary search, application No. is 201010622948.2 Chinese invention patents to disclose a kind of high-intensitive high fatigue
Service life heavy truck wheels of automobile steel and its manufacturing method.The ingredient of wheel steel are as follows: C:0.12~0.14%, Si≤0.05%, Mn:
1.1~1.3%, P:0.008~0.015%, S≤0.003%, Alt:0.030~0.060%, Nb:0.015~0.025%,
Ti:0.01~0.02%, O≤23ppm, N≤33ppm, surplus are Fe and inevitable impurity.Manufacturing process are as follows: molten iron is pre-
Handle desulfurization → top and bottom combined blown converter → LF furnace refining treatment → sheet billet continuous casting → hot rolling → finished product.It, should from ingredient design
The carbon element content of application is relatively high, influences the cold formability of steel, is unfavorable for shaping for subsequent wheel part.
Application No. is 201010183475.0 Chinese invention patents to disclose a kind of high-strength steel for automotive wheels and its system
Method is made, this influences the subsequent welding processing performance of steel with the carbon for being added to 0.07~0.12% in steel, while not mentioning
And the resistance welding performance of steel.
Application No. is the Chinese invention patents of CN200710158965.3 to disclose a kind of wheel steel and its smelting process, vehicle
Wheel steel is added to the carbon of 0.09-0.12%, is unfavorable for improving the welding performance of steel, and do not refer to the resistance welding of steel
Performance.
Application No. is 201410786247.0 Chinese invention patents to disclose a kind of 600MPa grades of think gauge hot rolling wheel
Spoke steel and its manufacturing method using C-Si-Mn-Cr system and roll rear conventional chilling to 350 DEG C hereinafter, being unfavorable for obtaining fine grain
Grain tissue, is unable to satisfy the requirement of favorable forming property.
Application No. is 200810016183.0 Chinese invention patent disclose a kind of steel belt for rim of vehicle wheel and its
Manufacturing method, the steel belt for rim use C-Si-Mn system and the back segment type of cooling, it is difficult to obtain fine grain structure, Wu Faman
The requirement of sufficient favorable forming property.
Summary of the invention
Wheel steel and its life the technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a kind of tensile strength for 650MPa grades
Production method, this method improves steel strength by the way of " the high cooling rate-high temperature coiling of low-alloy-", and reduces in steel
The additive amount of alloy is reduced steel carbon equivalent and improves welding performance, steel tissue uniformly refined using Nb-microalloying, and improve
Forming property after welding.For the wheel-use steel material that it is produced with a thickness of 1.8~16.0mm, steel lower yield strength >=550MPa is (excellent
Be selected as 580~630MPa), 650~780MPa of tensile strength, elongation percentage >=18% (preferably 18~30%), steel by electricity
After welding resistance connects, hole expansibility >=50% (preferably 50~85%) of welded seam area, after meeting wheel part to welded steel
Forming requirements.
To achieve the above object, a kind of tensile strength provided by the invention is the wheel of 650MPa grades of good postwelding formabilities
With steel, the chemical component weight percentage of the wheel-use steel material includes: C:0.060~0.080%, Si:0.10~0.20%,
Mn:1.20~1.40%, P≤0.008%, S≤0.002%, Als:0.020~0.060%, Nb:0.056~0.065% are remaining
Amount is Fe and inevitable impurity.
Further, the chemical component weight percentage of the wheel-use steel material includes: C:0.063~0.076%, Si:
0.11~0.19%, Mn:1.20~1.40%, P≤0.008%, S≤0.002%, Als:0.020~0.060%, Nb:
0.057~0.060%, surplus is Fe and inevitable impurity.
Still further, the chemical component weight percentage of the wheel-use steel material includes: C:0.065%, Si:0.16%,
Mn:1.33%, P:0.007%, S:0.002%, Als:0.043%, Nb:0.059%, surplus be Fe and inevitably it is miscellaneous
Matter.
Still further, the wheel-use steel material with a thickness of 1.8~16.0mm, steel lower yield strength is 580~
630MPa, tensile strength are 650~780MPa, and elongation percentage is 18~30%, and steel are after resistance welding, the expansion of welded seam area
Porosity is 50~85%.
The present invention also provides a kind of lifes for the wheel-use steel material that above-mentioned tensile strength is 650MPa grades of good postwelding formabilities
Production method, the wheel-use steel material are casting continuously to form base, segmentally heating, segmentation rolling, ultra-rapid cooling, are batched and the life of the big step of finishing six
It produces, wherein
1) it is casting continuously to form base: entering after converter smelting and be vacuum-treated, handle 15~25min of time, thereafter connect molten steel
Cast base;
2) to slab heat carry out segmentally heating: initially enter low-temperature zone heating, low-temperature zone heating temperature be 1100~
1140 DEG C, low-temperature zone heating time is 60~70min;Thereafter enter high temperature section heat, high temperature section heating temperature be 1250~
1270 DEG C, high temperature section heating time is 20~30min;
3) carry out segmentation rolling to slab after heating: control roughing end temp is 1040~1080 DEG C, and control finish rolling is whole
Rolling temperature is 820~860 DEG C;
4) ultra-rapid cooling of high cooling rate is carried out to coil of strip after rolling: cooling velocity is 90~130 DEG C/s, is cooled to 600
~620 DEG C, cooler-water temperature≤30 DEG C;
5) batch: coiling temperature is 600~620 DEG C;
6) finishing: smooth power is set as 200~260t.
Preferably, the wheel-use steel material with a thickness of 1.8~16.0mm, steel lower yield strength 550~
620MPa, 660~710MPa of tensile strength, elongation percentage 19~30%, steel are after resistance welding, the hole expansibility of welded seam area
55~80%.
In the present invention the reasons why effect and control of each component and main technique:
Carbon: carbon is cheap solution strengthening element.According to the application range of this steel grade, it is mainly used for processing automotive wheel etc.
Part needs to carry out largely Pressing Deformation and processes, therefore it is required that material while meeting intensity requirement, has well
Cold formability energy.If its content less than 0.06%, is not able to satisfy the requirement of the strength of materials;If its content is greater than
0.08%, then it is not able to satisfy the favorable forming property of material.So its content is limited to 0.06~0.08% range.
Silicon: silicon belongs to beneficial element in the present invention.Micro Si element is added in wheel steel, in wheel rim part Flash Butt Welding
When, lower melting-point silicate oxide can be formed, so that it is quickly formed welding slag, and remove in process of skimming, to improve
The weldquality of wheel rim, the requirement for guaranteeing subsequent contour roll forming, dilating.But excessively high silicone content can deteriorate the surface matter of hot rolled steel plate
Amount, therefore silicone content is controlled 0.10~0.20%.
Manganese: manganese is to improve intensity and the most effective element of toughness.If its content is not able to satisfy material less than 1.20%
Intensity requirement;But the manganese of volume is added, it will lead to the harden ability for increasing steel, keep crackle quick due to welding the appearance of hardened layer
Perception increases, and increases the cost of alloy of steel.In consideration of it, it will be limited to 1.40% thereon, so, its content is limited to
1.20~1.40% ranges.
Phosphorus: in order to avoid the welding performance of material, stamping formabilily, toughness, suitability for secondary processing deteriorate, setting
Its upper content limit is 0.008%.So by the control of its content below 0.008%.
Sulphur: sulphur is very harmful element.Sulphur in steel often exists with the oxide morphology of manganese, this sulphide inculsion pair
The impact flexibility of steel is anisotropy that is very unfavorable, and causing performance, therefore, sulfur content in steel need to be controlled more low more
It is good.Therefore, by sulfur content control in steel below 0.002%.
Aluminium: aluminium is added for deoxidation, when Als content is less than 0.020%, cannot play its effect;Another party
Face, due to adding the aluminium aluminium oxide agglomerate easy to form of volume, so, it is specified that the Als upper limit is 0.060%.Therefore, Als content
It is limited to 0.020~0.060% range.
Niobium: niobium mainly improves the intensity of steel by refinement crystal grain and precipitation hardening, is strong carbon, nitrogen compound
Formation element mainly exists in the form of in steel.It is refined in the operation of rolling by tiny Nb (the C, N) particle of deformation-induced precipitation
Austenite grain, and be further precipitated in the follow-up process, play precipitation strength effect.Furthermore the cooling procedure after welded steel
In, tiny particles content can be precipitated in weld dimensions domain in Nb element, to refine weld dimensions after welding
Crystallite dimension improves the forming property in the region.When its content is lower than 0.056%, it is not able to satisfy the requirement of material high intensity;
And be added niobium be higher than 0.065% when, be able to satisfy the requirement of its intensity and processability, if adding again, cost of alloy can be shown
It writes and rises.So requiring according to the performance objective of steel grade, its content is limited to 0.056~0.065% range.
Other than the range to the above chemical component has been made to limit, go out from the viewpoint for improving formability of materials, economy
Hair, the present invention are not added with the expensive alloying elements such as Cu, Cr, Ni, Mo.
Segmentally heating is carried out to slab and is kept the temperature, is key technology point of the invention.Low-temperature zone heating is first carried out, eutectic is made
Point alloying element be sufficiently dissolved, low-temperature zone heating and temperature control at 1100~1140 DEG C, low-temperature zone heating time 60~
70min;Carry out high temperature section heating again, be dissolved dystectic alloying element sufficiently, high temperature section heating and temperature control 1250~
1270 DEG C, high temperature section 20~30min of heating time.Using quick high-temp heating method, reduction while dissolving alloy sufficiently
The quantity of iron oxide on surface of billet steel skin guarantees that steel have good surface quality.
Carry out segmentation rolling, and control roughing end temp at 1040~1080 DEG C, control finish rolling finishing temperature 820~
860℃.This is because not can guarantee finish rolling finishing temperature if roughing end temp is lower than 1040 DEG C and reach setting value, increase
Big rolling load increases energy consumption;Such as it is higher than 1080 DEG C, then can generates more iron scale, influence the surface quality of steel.Such as
Fruit finish rolling finishing temperature is lower than 820 DEG C, then the defects of can be rolled in the two-phase section of material, cause mixed crystal;Such as it is higher than 860
DEG C, then the original austenite grains of steel can be excessively coarse, reduces the intensity of steel.
Carrying out the ultra-rapid cooling of high cooling rate to coil of strip after rolling, cooling velocity is 90~130 DEG C/s, it is cooled to 600~
620 DEG C, control cooler-water temperature≤30 DEG C.High cooling velocity is able to suppress the reply of austenite grain after finish to gauge and grows up,
The austenite grain before batching is refined, refined crystalline strengthening is played the role of;Furthermore high cooling rate can retain in crystal grain and largely be become by rolling
The deformation Substructures such as the dislocation that shape generates, these deformation Substructures can also play the role of that crystal grain is inhibited to grow up;It is last high
Cooling velocity reduces strip in 620~820 DEG C of residence time, reduces Nb (C, N) the particle analysis in this temperature range
Out, so that more Nb (C, N) particle is largely precipitated in 600~620 DEG C and following temperature section, play strong dispersion-strengtherning
Effect enables steel to reach high-intensitive when lower alloy adds.
Cooling velocity when control cooler-water temperature≤30 DEG C are to guarantee cooling.
The smooth power for controlling finishing stage, is conducive to eliminate yield point elongation under the premise of guaranteeing belt plate shape
Steel shape.
The beneficial effects of the present invention are:
Compared with prior art, the present invention tensile strength 650MPa grades of wheel-use steel materials produced can effectively obtain fine grain
Granulated iron ferritic+pearlite+bainite structure, steel lower yield strength >=550MPa (preferably 580~630MPa), tensile strength
650~780MPa, elongation percentage >=18% (preferably 18~30%), steel are after resistance welding, the hole expansibility of welded seam area
>=50% (preferably 50~85%), to meet wheel part to the forming requirements after welded steel.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is metallographic structure figure of the invention, and organization type is ferrite+pearlite+bainite.
Specific embodiment
In order to better explain the present invention, below in conjunction with the specific embodiment main contents that the present invention is furture elucidated, but
The contents of the present invention are not limited solely to following embodiment.
Tensile strength is the wheel-use steel material of 650MPa grades of good postwelding formabilities, the chemical component weight of the wheel-use steel material
Percentage includes: C:0.06~0.08%, Si:0.10~0.20%, Mn:1.20~1.40%, and P≤0.008%, S≤
0.002%, Als:0.020~0.060%, Nb:0.056~0.065%, surplus are Fe and inevitable impurity.
Above-mentioned tensile strength is the production method of the wheel-use steel material of 650MPa grades of good postwelding formabilities, wheel-use steel material warp
It is casting continuously to form base, segmentally heating, segmentation rolling, ultra-rapid cooling, batches and is produced with the big step of finishing six, wherein
1) it is casting continuously to form base: entering after converter smelting and be vacuum-treated, time > 15min is handled, thereafter by molten steel continuous casting
At base;
2) to slab heat carry out segmentally heating: initially enter low-temperature zone heating, low-temperature zone heating temperature be 1100~
1140 DEG C, low-temperature zone heating time is 60~70min;Thereafter enter high temperature section heat, high temperature section heating temperature be 1250~
1270 DEG C, high temperature section heating time is 20~30min;
3) carry out segmentation rolling to slab after heating: control roughing end temp is 1040~1080 DEG C, and control finish rolling is whole
Rolling temperature is 820~860 DEG C;
4) ultra-rapid cooling of high cooling rate is carried out to coil of strip after rolling: cooling velocity is 90~130 DEG C/s, is cooled to 600
~620 DEG C, cooler-water temperature≤30 DEG C;
5) batch: coiling temperature is 600~620 DEG C;
6) finishing: smooth power is set as 200~260t.
Chemical component weight percentage and production method based on above-mentioned wheel-use steel material design following embodiments and are produced.
The chemical component list of 1 various embodiments of the present invention of table
The main technologic parameters list of 2 various embodiments of the present invention of table
3 various embodiments of the present invention mechanics properties testing the results list of table
From Fig. 1 and table 3 as can be seen that the 650MPa grade wheel steel that ingredient designed by the invention and technique manufacture, dodges
Welded seam area hole expansibility after photocoagulation can reach 50% or more, and steel is made to have good postwelding forming property.
Other unspecified parts are the prior art.Although above-described embodiment is made that the present invention and retouches in detail
State, but it is only a part of the embodiment of the present invention, rather than whole embodiments, people can also according to the present embodiment without
Other embodiments are obtained under the premise of creativeness, these embodiments belong to the scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. the wheel-use steel material that a kind of tensile strength is 650MPa grades of good postwelding formabilities, it is characterised in that: the wheel-use steel material
Chemical component weight percentage include: C:0.060~0.080%, Si:0.10~0.20%, Mn:1.20~1.40%, P≤
0.008%, S≤0.002%, Als:0.020~0.060%, Nb:0.056~0.065%, surplus is for Fe and inevitably
Impurity.
2. tensile strength is the wheel-use steel material of 650MPa grades of good postwelding formabilities according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
The chemical component weight percentage of the wheel-use steel material includes: C:0.063~0.076%, Si:0.11~0.19%, Mn:1.20
~1.40%, P≤0.008%, S≤0.002%, Als:0.020~0.060%, Nb:0.057~0.060%, surplus Fe
And inevitable impurity.
3. tensile strength is the wheel-use steel material of 650MPa grades of good postwelding formabilities according to claim 2, it is characterised in that:
The chemical component weight percentage of the wheel-use steel material includes: C:0.065%, Si:0.16%, Mn:1.33%, P:0.007%,
S:0.002%, Als:0.043%, Nb:0.059%, surplus are Fe and inevitable impurity.
4. according to claim 1 or 2 or 3 tensile strength are the wheel-use steel material of 650MPa grades of good postwelding formabilities, special
Sign is: the wheel-use steel material with a thickness of 1.8~16.0mm, steel lower yield strength is 580~630MPa, tensile strength is
650~780MPa, elongation percentage are 18~30%, and for steel after resistance welding, the hole expansibility of welded seam area is 50~85%.
5. the production that a kind of claims 1 or 2 or 3 tensile strength are the wheel-use steel material of 650MPa grades of good postwelding formabilities
Method, the wheel-use steel material are casting continuously to form base, segmentally heating, segmentation rolling, ultra-rapid cooling, are batched and the production of the big step of finishing six
It forms, it is characterised in that:
1) it is casting continuously to form base: entering after converter smelting and be vacuum-treated, handle 15~25min of time, be thereafter casting continuously to form molten steel
Base;
2) slab being heated and carries out segmentally heating: initially entering low-temperature zone heating, low-temperature zone heating temperature is 1100~1140 DEG C,
Low-temperature zone heating time is 60~70min;Thereafter enter high temperature section to heat, high temperature section heating temperature is 1250~1270 DEG C, high
Temperature section heating time is 20~30min;
3) carry out segmentation rolling to slab after heating: control roughing end temp is 1040~1080 DEG C, controls finish rolling finish to gauge temperature
Degree is 820~860 DEG C;
4) ultra-rapid cooling of high cooling rate is carried out to coil of strip after rolling: cooling velocity is 90~130 DEG C/s, is cooled to 600~620
DEG C, cooler-water temperature≤30 DEG C;
5) batch: coiling temperature is 600~620 DEG C;
6) finishing: smooth power is set as 200~260t.
6. tensile strength is the production method of the wheel-use steel material of 650MPa grades of good postwelding formabilities according to claim 5,
It is characterized by: the wheel-use steel material with a thickness of 1.8~16.0mm, steel lower yield strength is 550~620MPa, tension is strong
Degree is 660~710MPa, and elongation percentage is 19~30%, steel after resistance welding, the hole expansibility of welded seam area is 55~
80%.
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CN109628839A (en) * | 2019-01-17 | 2019-04-16 | 武汉钢铁有限公司 | A kind of wheel steel that welding performance is excellent and production method |
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CN114875333A (en) * | 2022-05-31 | 2022-08-09 | 本钢板材股份有限公司 | Manufacturing method of 650 MPa-grade steel for commercial vehicle rim |
CN115572893A (en) * | 2022-09-02 | 2023-01-06 | 武汉钢铁有限公司 | Atmospheric corrosion resistant high-strength steel for automobile spoke and manufacturing method thereof |
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CN107675088A (en) * | 2017-11-17 | 2018-02-09 | 武汉钢铁有限公司 | Tensile strength is >=590MPa think gauge wheel rim steel and production method |
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