CN108421811B - 生活废物和种植养殖废物分类收集生态利用方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明是一种生活废物和种植养殖废物分类收集生态利用方法,将生活废物和种植养殖废物分为适宜沼气发酵废物、可回收废物、生物难降解的无回收价值的可燃废物三大类。以沼气工程作为废物处理的主要设施,分类收集适宜沼气发酵废物,用于沼气工程发酵处理,达到环境卫生要求,同时回收大量沼气、沼肥。分类收集可回收废物,分别处理利用。分类收集生物难降解的无回收价值的可燃废物,用于焚烧处理,所产热量用于发电或供热。全部废物得以妥善处理利用。用干湿分离无水马桶收集粪便和用泔水桶收集餐厨废物及用废纸清洁餐厨器具油污等措施,避免了大量废物进入水体,使排放的生活污水径24小时自然净化,水质优于一级排放标准。免建污水处理厂和集污管网。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种生活废物和种植养殖废物分类收集资源化生态利用方法。
背景技术
当今对生活废物和种植养殖废物的处理,仍未出现一个较为完善成熟系统。填埋法存在填埋场对周围空气的污染、被动回收填埋气、渗滤液处理困难、占用土地面积大等问题;焚烧法存在资源回收率低、运行成本高、易导致生态系统退化等问题;生活污水的处理技术相对成熟,但是先把污染废物排到水中,再通过建造化粪池、生活污水收集管网、污水处理厂,把污染物从水中取出,这导致社会资源的巨大浪费;运行产生的大量污泥至今仍无妥善处置的办法。
发明内容
本发明的任务是提供一套较为完善的生活废物和种植养殖废物分类收集资源化生态利用的既生态又环保又低碳的完整方案。
本发明将生活废物和种植养殖废物分为适宜沼气发酵废物、可回收废物、生物难降解的无回收价值的可燃废物三大类。建造沼气工程,分类收集适宜沼气发酵废物,用于沼气工程发酵处理,所产沼气、沼肥回收利用。适宜沼气发酵废物包括人畜禽粪便、餐厨废物、果皮果心、纯纤维素废物、木质化程度低的各种作物秸秆、树叶、花草等。用干湿分离无水马桶收集人粪尿,粪用于沼气工程发酵处理,尿液经管道或罐车输送去给作物或植被施肥。用泔水桶收集淘米水、倒掉的饭菜汤,用于喂猪或沼气工程发酵处理。在清洁餐厨器具时,先用草纸或用过的废餐纸擦掉附着于餐厨器具上的油污,再用清水洗净,贴上油污的废纸用于沼气工程发酵处理。禁止使用含有化纤的卫生用品,改用纯棉、纯纸卫生用品,用后收集用于沼气工程发酵处理。每座沼气工程的建造规模按所服务的人口计为0.05~0.15m3/人发酵池容,按收集到的发酵原料计的有机负荷为2~5kgTS/m3·d;发酵温度40℃±3℃。分类收集常规的可回收废物:干净废纸、干净废塑料、废玻璃、废金属、废电池、废灯泡、废电器、废旧家具,分别处理利用;分类收集木质化程度高的生物质废物,用于食用菌的栽培,废菌包用于白蚁养殖,也可直接用于白蚁养殖,并利用;收集餐后骨头、蛋壳、贝壳,用于提取骨胶和钙质;收集虾蟹壳用于提取几丁质;收集烂陶瓷片、烂砖瓦片,与建筑垃圾一起堆放待用。分类收集生物难降解的无回收价值的可燃废物:竹木废物、坚果壳、废橡胶、废脏塑料、含化纤废物、废皮革、毛发、指甲、烟头,若有湿的或带水的废物应当风干或擦干水份之后,用于焚烧处理,所产热量用于发电或供热。
本发明具有以下积极效果:
(1)各种废物分类收集,可避免不同废物相互污染,提高废物的回收率及利用价值;
(2)用干湿分离无水马桶收集人粪尿,以及先用废纸清洁餐厨器具油污的措施,限制了大量污染物进入下水道,使排出的生活污水COD小于80mg/L,氨氮小于5mg/L,无需任何人工处理,经过24小时自然净化,排放的生活污水COD小于30mg/L,氨氮小于3mg/L,优于一级排放标准。
(3)人畜禽粪便经过40℃的沼气发酵后,可杀灭潜在的病原菌和寄生虫卵,达到环境卫生要求,有利于疾病的防控。
(4)经过充分沼气发酵产生的沼肥已完全腐熟,可直接用于施肥,可提高农作物的光合效率,增强抗逆性,增加产量,提高品质,可用于生产有机农产品的施肥。
(5)本发明用于焚烧处理的废物很少,且热值较高,有利于能源的利用。
(6)实施本发明可节约生活用水30%。
(7)实施本发明不用建造垃圾填埋场、专用焚烧炉、污水处理厂、污水收集管网,只建沼气工程,节省投资一半以上。
(8)本发明整个废物处理系统的运行,可实现能源净回收。
附图说明
图1是适宜沼气发酵废物分类收集通过沼气工程发酵的流程简图。
图2是可回收废物分类收集分别处理再利用流程简图。
图3是生物难降解的无回收价值的可燃废物分类收集用于焚烧发电的流程简图。
具体实施方式
建造与服务人口和服务范围相配套的沼气工程,处理生活废物取0.1m3/人发酵池容,处理种植养殖废物按有机负荷3kgTS/m3·d确定规模。分类收集适宜沼气发酵废物:人畜禽粪便、餐厨废物、纯纤维素废物(纯棉纸废物)、果皮果心、木质化程度低的作物秸秆(主要为稻草、麦秸、玉米秸等)、树叶、花草等,用于沼气工程发酵,发酵温度40℃±2℃,所产沼气、沼肥回收利用。用干湿分离无水马桶收集人粪尿,粪用于沼气工程发酵,尿液通过管道或罐车输送去给作物或植被施肥;用泔水桶收集淘米水、倒掉的饭菜汤(包括面汤等)用于喂猪或沼气工程发酵;在清洁餐厨器具时,先用草纸或用过的废餐纸擦掉附着于餐厨器具上的油污,再用清水洗净,贴上油污的废纸用于沼气工程发酵;禁止使用含有化纤的卫生用品,改用纯棉、纯纸卫生用品,用后收集用于沼气工程发酵处理。分类收集常规可回收废物:干净废纸、干净废塑料、废玻璃、废金属、废电池、废灯泡、废电器、废旧家具分别处理利用;分类收集木质化程度高的生物质废物:棉秆、大豆秆、油菜秆、芝麻秆、葡萄秆、桑树秆、修剪下的各种树枝等,用于食用菌的栽培,栽培食用菌后废弃的菌包用于白蚁的养殖,也可不经食用菌栽培,直接用于白蚁养殖,并利用;收集餐后骨头、蛋壳、贝壳用于提取骨胶和钙质;收集虾蟹壳用于提取几丁质;收集烂陶瓷片、烂砖瓦片,投放到建筑垃圾中待用。收集生物难降解的无回收价值的可燃废物:废橡胶、废脏塑料、含化纤废物、废皮革、竹木废物、坚果壳、毛发、指甲、烟头等(若有湿的或带水的废物应当风干或擦干水份),用于燃煤电厂焚烧发电或供热。
Claims (3)
1.一种生活废物和种植养殖废物分类收集生态利用方法,其特征在于将生活废物和种植养殖废物分为适宜沼气发酵废物、可回收废物、生物难降解的无回收价值的可燃废物三大类:建造沼气工程,分类收集适宜沼气发酵废物,用于沼气工程发酵处理,所产沼气、沼肥回收利用;分类收集可回收废物,并分别处理利用;分类收集生物难降解的无回收价值的可燃废物,用于焚烧处理,所产热量用于发电或供热;
所述分类收集适宜沼气发酵废物,是用干湿分离无水马桶收集人粪尿,粪用于沼气工程发酵处理,尿液经管道或罐车输送去给作物或植被施肥;是用泔水桶收集淘米水、倒掉的饭菜汤,用于喂猪或沼气工程发酵处理;是清洁餐厨器具时,先用草纸或用过的废餐纸擦掉附着在餐厨器具上的油污,再用清水洗净,贴上油污的废纸用于沼气工程发酵处理;是禁止使用含化纤的卫生用品,改用纯棉、纯纸卫生用品,用后收集用于沼气工程发酵处理;
所述分类收集可回收废物分别处理利用,是收集木质化程度高的生物质废物,用于食用菌的栽培,废菌包用于白蚁养殖,也可直接用于白蚁养殖,并利用;是收集餐后骨头、蛋壳、贝壳,用于提取骨胶和钙质;是收集虾蟹壳用于提取几丁质。
2.根据权利要求1所述的生活废物和种植养殖废物分类收集生态利用方法,其特征在于每座沼气工程的规模按所服务的人口计为0.05-0.15m3/人发酵池容;按收集到的发酵废物计的有机负荷为2-5kg TS/m3·d,发酵温度40℃±3℃。
3.根据权利要求1所述的生活废物和种植养殖废物分类收集生态利用方法,其特征在于所述分类收集生物难降解的无回收价值的可燃废物,是遇到湿的或带水的废物应风干或擦干水份后,再用于焚烧处理,所产热量用于发电或供热。
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