CN108360579A - Steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness and sediment thickness measuring device and method - Google Patents
Steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness and sediment thickness measuring device and method Download PDFInfo
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- CN108360579A CN108360579A CN201810128917.8A CN201810128917A CN108360579A CN 108360579 A CN108360579 A CN 108360579A CN 201810128917 A CN201810128917 A CN 201810128917A CN 108360579 A CN108360579 A CN 108360579A
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D33/00—Testing foundations or foundation structures
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- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
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- Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness and sediment thickness measuring device and method, it is related to Steel Tubes For Bridge Application pile driving construction field, the device includes frame and inductive component that is multiple transversely arranged along the base of frame and being set in distance, the frame is equipped with to lift by crane the cable wire of the frame, and the bottom of the frame is connected with the measurement rope that steel-pipe pile stake holes depth is put into for gage frame；The inductive component includes casing and in the sleeve and the guard tube that can stretch, and the end of the guard tube is equipped with the limit switch for sensing hole subsoil plug top surface, and the limit switch in each inductive component is correspondingly connected with an indicator light.The present invention can effectively measure the soil plug top surface absolute altitude and sediment thickness of stake holes bottom hole.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to Steel Tubes For Bridge Application pile driving construction fields, and in particular to a kind of steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness and heavy
Slag measurer for thickness and a kind of steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness and sediment thickness measurement method.
Background technology
Steel-pipe pile is high with intensity, rigidity is big, shock resistance is good, it is good to bear larger horizontal force, anti-seismic performance, just
In inserting piling is at taper pile many advantages, such as, thus it is widely used in the construction across river and coastal region bridge.To improve steel pipe pile
Carry power, steel pipe inserting piling in place after, need to fetch earth in steel pipe, and soil plug top surface be perfused certain altitude concrete, with enhancing
The bearing capacity of stake, the especially bearing capacity at stake end, to effectively improve the ability that steel-pipe pile resists seismic force and ship collision, but
It is that, if bottom hole sediment is blocked up before concrete perfusion, stake bottom will have a weak intercalated layer, to the performance to bearing capacity of pile tip
It adversely affects.
Meanwhile progress pile base grouting also being needed to reduce steel-pipe pile to further increase bearing capacity of pile tip after filling concrete
Sedimentation.Pile base grouting refer to mud jacking pipeline pre-buried before passing through after concrete reaches some strength by slurries with certain pressure
It is pressed into a bottom and carrys out reinforcing pile end soil layer, mud jacking the bottom of the pipeline is there are injected hole, Ying Xiangguan when concrete strength is relatively low
It is passed through pressure water in road, the concrete avulsion of injected hole will be wrapped up, forms access to inject slurries.If soil plug top surface is uneven
It is whole, rise and fall it is excessive, transfer mud jacking pipe support when, madjack pipe locally rest on soil plug top surface protrusion place, it is likely that cause madjack pipe
Damage, if bottom hole sediment is blocked up before concrete perfusion, madjack pipe cannot completely under in place, may cause mixed around injected hole
Solidifying soil is blocked up, water crack open form can not be used at access, pile base grouting also fails therewith.
Therefore, the accurate measurement of soil plug top surface flatness and sediment thickness is the critical issue for influencing steel-pipe pile construction quality
One of, for soil plug flatness effective measurement method not yet domestic at present, the measurement for sediment thickness, existing method
There is also some shortcomings.At present for the measurement of sediment thickness mainly have lining rope (weight) detection method, sample bucket/box detection method and
Dregs measuring instrument detection method, lining rope method precision is relatively low, and measurement result is different with individual's feeling；Sample bucket detection method is not suitable for growing
Steel-pipe pile (steel-pipe pile uses clear water driller's skill, sediment when stake is long larger in sample bucket that can be flowed out during upper carry)；It is heavy
Slag analyzer uses drill bit detection precipitation top surface and the soil plug top surface of similar static sounding, expensive, needs special messenger to operate, and make
It need to be demarcated, be taken more before.
Invention content
In view of the deficiencies in the prior art, the purpose of the present invention is to provide kind of steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface is smooth
Degree and sediment thickness measuring device can effectively measure the soil plug top surface absolute altitude and sediment thickness of stake holes bottom hole.
To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is that, including：
Frame, the frame is equipped with to lift by crane the cable wire of the frame, and the bottom of the frame is connected with and is used for
Gage frame is put into the measurement rope of steel-pipe pile stake holes depth；
Inductive component that is multiple transversely arranged along the base of frame and being set in distance, the inductive component includes casing
And in the sleeve and the guard tube that can stretch, the end of the guard tube are equipped with for sensing hole subsoil plug top surface
Limit switch, and the limit switch in each inductive component is correspondingly connected with an indicator light.
Based on the above technical solution, the frame includes more longitudinally disposed longitudinal channel steels, the sense group
Part is located at longitudinal channel steel end, and sets that there are one inductive components in channel steel longitudinally in each.
Based on the above technical solution, the end of longitudinal channel steel is transversely provided with support plate.
Based on the above technical solution, the end of the guard tube is equipped with glass cement, and the limit switch is located at institute
It states in glass cement, the top of described sleeve pipe is equipped with limited block.
Based on the above technical solution, the inductive component further includes the touch panel being set to below the limit switch,
The limit switch is connected with the touch panel.
Based on the above technical solution, the surrounding of the frame is equipped with curved plate, and the curved plate is certainly
Frame protrudes from inside to outside.
The present invention also provides a kind of steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness and sediment thickness measurement method, feature to exist
In, including：
S1：Record the length L of the drilling tool in stake holes when steel-pipe pile drilling finishes1, and gage frame bottom is to sense group
The height L of part end2；
S2：Frame is transferred in stake holes by cable wire, when the indicator light of the limit switch of any inductive component is bright, record
The length L of rope is measured at this time3, then the absolute altitude of the soil plug top surface at the inductive component face is L-L2-L3, wherein L is stake holes top surface
Absolute altitude；
S3：Continue to transfer frame, when the limit switch indicator light of other a certain inductive components is bright, record measures rope at this time
Length, calculate at the inductive component face soil plug top surface absolute altitude, and so on, until institute's limit switches instruction
Lamp is bright.
Based on the above technical solution,
In S2, when the indicator light of the limit switch of any inductive component is bright, the sediment thickness at the inductive component face
For L1-L2-L3；
In S3, when the limit switch indicator light of other a certain inductive components is bright, while the inductive component face is calculated
The sediment thickness at place.
Based on the above technical solution, when the limit switch of inductive component contacts soil plug top surface, limit switch closes
It closes, the corresponding indicator light of the inductive component is bright.
Based on the above technical solution, top surface is filled in when a certain inductive component contacts soil, after indicator light is bright, continues to transfer
Frame, then in the guard tube retraction casing of the inductive component.
Compared with the prior art, the advantages of the present invention are as follows：It can be simultaneously to the soil plug top surface absolute altitude and sediment of stake holes bottom hole
Thickness measures, and effectively improves measurement efficiency, facilitates subsequent construction, and be suitable for overlength steel taper pile, while using limit
The mode of inductive switching incudes the measurement that soil plug top surface carries out soil plug top surface absolute altitude and sediment thickness, and measurement result is accurate, and whole
Body is simple in structure, of low cost, and easy to operate, greatly improves construction survey efficiency.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is a kind of structural representation of steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness and sediment thickness measuring device of the present invention
Figure；
Fig. 2 is the structural schematic diagram of limit switch；
Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram in limit switch retraction sleeve.
In figure：1- frames, 2- cable wires, 3-, which is measured, to restrict, 4- inductive components, the longitudinal directions 5- channel steel, 6- curved plates, 7- sleeves,
8- guard tubes, 9- limit switches, 10- support plates, 11- glass cements, 12- limited blocks, 13- touch panels, 14- indicator lights, 15- fetch earth
Face, 16- sediments.
Specific implementation mode
Below in conjunction with attached drawing, invention is further described in detail.
It is shown in Figure 1, a kind of steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness of present invention offer and sediment thickness measuring device,
16 thickness of sediment for soil plug top surface flatness and steel-pipe pile bottom hole to steel-pipe pile bottom hole measures, in practical measurement
When, measuring device of the invention is transferred in steel-pipe pile stake holes.In drilling, with the rotation of drilling tool, the soil under boring and water
Mixture is formed, most of residue can be discharged by the scum pipe of drilling tool outside stake holes in borehole cleaning, but still have portion after the completion of borehole cleaning
Divide residue that can be suspended in hole in water, bottom hole can be deposited on again later into sediment 16, cause soil plug top surface uneven, fetch earth
15 or less face is the intact soil body, and 15 or more face of fetching earth is sediment 16, and the top surface of sediment 16 is soil plug top surface.The present invention's
Measuring device includes frame 1 and inductive component 4 that is multiple transversely arranged along 1 bottom of frame and being set in distance.
Frame 1 is equipped with to lift by crane the cable wire 2 of frame 1, and the lower section in frame 1 to stake holes, frame are transferred by cable wire 2
1 bottom is connected with the measurement rope 3 that steel-pipe pile stake holes depth is put into for gage frame 1, specifically, measurement rope 3 measures and is
The distance of 1 bottom of frame to stake holes top surface.
Inductive component 4 includes casing and guard tube 8 that is interior positioned at sleeve 7 and can stretching, and the end of guard tube 8, which is equipped with, to be used
Limit switch 9 in sensing hole subsoil plug top surface, and the limit switch 9 in each inductive component 4 is correspondingly connected with an indicator light
14, during frame 1 is transferred, under gravity, guard tube 8 is stretched out to outside sleeve 7, when limit switch 9 contacts soil
When filling in top surface, indicator light 14 is bright, continues to transfer frame 1 later, after 9 stress of limit switch in 8 retraction sleeve 7 of guard tube, from
And limit switch 9 is protected, prevent limit switch 9 to be inserted into soil plug and be destroyed, for guard tube 8 in sleeve 7
Stroke, can be designed according to actual conditions.In practical operation, the indicator light 14 of each limit switch 9 is respectively positioned on stake
Outside hole.
Specifically, frame 1 is 1 structure of frame being welded by channel steel and angle steel, frame 1 includes more longitudinally disposed
The steel part that longitudinal channel steel 5 and Duo Gen are laterally arranged, inductive component 4 is located at 5 end of longitudinal channel steel, and is set on every longitudinal channel steel 5
There are one inductive components 4.5 end of longitudinal channel steel is stretched out to outside piece steel part being laterally arranged of bottom, defines bottom one
The steel part being laterally arranged is 1 bottom of frame, measures rope 3 and is connected on the rigid part.
The end of longitudinal channel steel 5 is transversely provided with support plate 10, when continuing to transfer frame 1, support plate 10 and soil plug top surface
Contact is supported, and limit switch 9 is prevented to be inserted into soil plug.The end of guard tube 8 is equipped with glass cement 11, limit switch 9
In in glass cement 11, to carry out waterproofing protection to limit switch 9.The top of casing is equipped with limited block 12, in order to waterproof
The stroke of pipe 8 is adjusted.Inductive component 4 further includes the touch panel 13 for being set to 9 lower section of limit switch, limit switch 9 and touch panel
13 are connected, and are contacted with soil plug by touch panel 13, to trigger limit switch 9, to increase the sensitivity of limit switch 9.Frame 1
Surrounding is equipped with curved plate 6, and curved plate 6 protrudes from inside to outside from frame 1, facilitates the moving up and down in stake holes of frame 1.
The steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness and sediment thickness measuring device of the present invention, overall structure is simple, and at
This cost is relatively low, easy to use, effectively reduces operation difficulty.
The present invention also provides a kind of steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness and sediment thickness using above-mentioned measuring device
Measurement method, including：
S1：Record the length L of the drilling tool in stake holes when steel-pipe pile drilling finishes1, and 1 bottom of gage frame is to sense group
The height L of 4 end of part2, i.e., under the state that naturally droops, the height between 1 bottom of 4 end of inductive component and gage frame, induction
4 end of component is touch panel 13, and 1 bottom of gage frame is a steel part being laterally arranged of bottom on frame 1.Steel pipe stake holes stake
Flat bottom bit boring extracting soil is generally used, when the drilling is complete, length of the drilling tool in drilling is the stake holes depth to drill,
For the length L being recorded1, it is the intact soil body below drill bit due to being drilled using flat bottom bit, and entire face 15 of fetching earth is
Smooth, it is sediment 16 above the intact soil body.Drilling tool is taken out after drilling from drilling.
S2：Frame 1 is transferred in stake holes by cable wire 2, when the indicator light 14 of the limit switch 9 of any inductive component 4 is bright
When, record measures the length L of rope 3 at this time3, then the absolute altitude of the soil plug top surface at 4 face of inductive component is L-L2-L3, the induction
16 thickness of sediment at 4 face of component is L1-L2-L3, wherein L is the absolute altitude of stake holes top surface.Cable wire 2 is connected using hoist engine, into
The decentralization of row frame 1 has just begun to use hoist engine quickly to transfer frame 1 specifically, when lower square bearer 1, when transferring to sense group
When part 4 is filled in close to soil soon, square bearer 1 is slowly descended by the guide chain being arranged at stake holes mouth.While frame 1 declines, in stake holes mouth,
It measures rope 3 and carries out unwrapping wire, so that with the lower section of frame 1, measure the length variation of rope 3.When the limit switch 9 of inductive component 4 connects
When touching soil plug top surface, limit switch 9 is closed, and the 4 corresponding indicator light 14 of inductive component is bright.Due to the top surface of soil plug be it is concave-convex not
Flat, other inductive components 4 are also filled in not in contact with soil at this time, therefore the indicator light 14 of other inductive components 4 is OFF state.
S3：Continue to transfer frame 1, when 9 indicator light 14 of limit switch of other a certain inductive components 4 is bright, record is at this time
The length of measurement rope 3, the absolute altitude for calculating the soil plug top surface at 4 face of inductive component and sinking at 4 face of inductive component
16 thickness of slag, and so on, until the indicator light 14 of institute's limit switches 9 is bright, show the soil plug of 4 corresponding position of all inductive components
Top surface absolute altitude and 16 thickness measure of sediment finish.I.e. during continuing to transfer frame 1, when the finger of next inductive component 4
When showing that lamp 14 is bright, illustrate that the inductive component 4 has touched the soil plug top surface at 4 face of inductive component, therefore by above-mentioned similar
Formula calculates 16 thickness of soil plug top surface absolute altitude and sediment at this, and so on, frame 1 is transferred, next inductive component 4 is measured
16 thickness of soil plug top surface absolute altitude and sediment at face.
By the above-mentioned means, 16 thickness of soil plug top surface absolute altitude and sediment at 4 face of each inductive component can be measured, according to
The data measured above can substantially describe the general profile for plug top surface of being unearthed, to calculate the flatness for plug top surface of being unearthed.For
The precision measured is improved, the number of inductive component 4 can be increased, it is heavy that native many places top surface absolute altitude and many places beyond the Great Wall can be measured in this way
16 thickness of slag.After 16 thickness of flatness and sediment for measuring soil plug top surface, you can judge whether to carry out according to calculating follow-up
Concreting and pile base grouting construction.
Top surface is filled in when a certain inductive component 4 contacts soil, after indicator light 14 is bright, continues to transfer frame 1, then the inductive component 4
8 retraction casing of guard tube in, inductive component 4 is protected, and frame 1 will not be continued decentralization and cause to hinder, it is convenient
The lower section of frame 1.
The steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness and sediment thickness measurement method of the present invention, can be simultaneously to stake holes bottom hole
Soil plug top surface absolute altitude and 16 thickness of sediment measure, and effectively improve measurement efficiency, facilitate subsequent construction, while using limit
Switch 9 incude mode incude soil plug top surface carry out soil plug top surface absolute altitude and 16 thickness of sediment measurement, multiple limit switches 9 into
Row induction accurately measures soil plug top surface profile, and measurement result is accurate, and overall structure is simple, of low cost, and easy to operate,
Greatly improve construction survey efficiency.
The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, for those skilled in the art, is not departing from
Under the premise of the principle of the invention, several improvements and modifications can also be made, these improvements and modifications are also considered as the protection of the present invention
Within the scope of.The content not being described in detail in this specification belongs to the prior art well known to professional and technical personnel in the field.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness and sediment thickness measure measuring device, which is characterized in that including：
Frame (1), the frame (1) are equipped with to lift by crane the cable wire (2) of the frame (1), and the bottom of the frame (1)
It is connected with the measurement rope (3) that steel-pipe pile stake holes depth is put into for gage frame (1)；
Inductive component (4) that is multiple transversely arranged along the frame (1) bottom and being set in distance, inductive component (4) packet
Casing and guard tube (8) that is interior positioned at the sleeve (7) and can stretching are included, the end of the guard tube (8) is equipped with for feeling
The limit switch (9) of hole subsoil plug top surface is answered, and the limit switch (9) in each inductive component (4) is correspondingly connected with an instruction
Lamp (14).
2. a kind of steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness as described in claim 1 and sediment thickness measuring device, feature
It is：The frame (1) includes more longitudinally disposed longitudinal channel steels (5), and the inductive component (4) is located at longitudinal channel steel
(5) end, and set that there are one inductive components (4) in channel steel (5) longitudinally in each.
3. a kind of steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness as claimed in claim 2 and sediment thickness measuring device, feature
It is：The end of the longitudinal direction channel steel (5) is transversely provided with support plate (10).
4. a kind of steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness as described in claim 1 and sediment thickness measuring device, feature
It is：The end of the guard tube (8) is equipped with glass cement (11), and the limit switch (9) is located in the glass cement (11), institute
The top for stating casing is equipped with limited block (12).
5. a kind of steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness as claimed in claim 4 and sediment thickness measuring device, feature
It is：The inductive component (4) further include be set to the limit switch (9) below touch panel (13), the limit switch (9) with
The touch panel (13) is connected.
6. a kind of steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness as described in claim 1 and sediment thickness measuring device, feature
It is：The surrounding of the frame (1) is equipped with curved plate (6), and the curved plate (6) protrudes from inside to outside from frame (1).
7. a kind of using the steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness of measuring device described in claim 1 and sediment thickness measurement side
Method, which is characterized in that including：
S1：Record the length L of the drilling tool in stake holes when steel-pipe pile drilling finishes1, and gage frame (1) bottom is to inductive component
(4) the height L of end2；
S2：Frame (1) is transferred in stake holes by cable wire (2), when the indicator light of the limit switch (9) of any inductive component (4)
(14) when bright, record measures the length L of rope (3) at this time3, then the absolute altitude of the soil plug top surface at inductive component (4) face is L-
L2-L3, wherein L is the absolute altitude of stake holes top surface；
S3：Continue to transfer frame (1), when limit switch (9) indicator light (14) of other a certain inductive components (4) is bright, record
The length for measuring rope (3) at this time calculates the absolute altitude of the soil plug top surface at inductive component (4) face, and so on, until institute
The indicator light (14) of limit switches (9) is bright.
8. a kind of steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness as claimed in claim 7 and sediment thickness measurement method, feature
It is：
In S2, when the indicator light (14) of the limit switch (9) of any inductive component (4) is bright, at inductive component (4) face
Sediment (16) thickness is L1-L2-L3；
In S3, when limit switch (9) indicator light (14) of other a certain inductive components (4) is bright, while the sense group is calculated
Sediment (16) thickness at part (4) face.
9. a kind of steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness as claimed in claim 7 and sediment thickness measurement method, feature
It is：When the limit switch (9) of inductive component (4) contact soil plug top surface, limit switch (9) is closed, and the inductive component (4) is right
The indicator light (14) answered is bright.
10. a kind of steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness as claimed in claim 9 and sediment thickness measurement method, feature
It is：Top surface is filled in when a certain inductive component (4) contacts soil, after indicator light (14) is bright, continues to transfer frame (1), then the sense group
In guard tube (8) the retraction casing (7) of part (4).
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810128917.8A CN108360579A (en) | 2018-02-08 | 2018-02-08 | Steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness and sediment thickness measuring device and method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810128917.8A CN108360579A (en) | 2018-02-08 | 2018-02-08 | Steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness and sediment thickness measuring device and method |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN108360579A true CN108360579A (en) | 2018-08-03 |
Family
ID=63005016
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810128917.8A Pending CN108360579A (en) | 2018-02-08 | 2018-02-08 | Steel-pipe pile hole subsoil plug top surface flatness and sediment thickness measuring device and method |
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| Country | Link |
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| CN (1) | CN108360579A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113404097A (en) * | 2021-05-26 | 2021-09-17 | 广东交科检测有限公司 | Existing foundation pile integrity detection method based on outer cross-hole of pile |
| CN113863395A (en) * | 2021-09-29 | 2021-12-31 | 中交二公局华东建设有限公司 | Sinking depth measuring mechanism and method for open caisson for suspension bridge |
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| JPH10311813A (en) * | 1997-05-12 | 1998-11-24 | Takenaka Komuten Co Ltd | Method for detecting damage of foundation pile from ground surface and device used for this method |
| CN103711119A (en) * | 2013-12-18 | 2014-04-09 | 中铁大桥局集团第四工程有限公司 | Drilled-pile mud pneumatic anti-settling circulatory system and application method thereof |
| CN105735379A (en) * | 2016-04-13 | 2016-07-06 | 西南石油大学 | Detecting device for drilling pouring pile bottom sediment |
| CN106545329A (en) * | 2016-11-09 | 2017-03-29 | 武汉长盛工程检测技术开发有限公司 | Drilled pile hole quality detection means and method |
| CN106638719A (en) * | 2016-10-20 | 2017-05-10 | 武汉长盛工程检测技术开发有限公司 | Automatic cast-in-place pile quality monitoring and controlling device and method |
| CN106767356A (en) * | 2016-12-20 | 2017-05-31 | 中铁大桥局集团第四工程有限公司 | Suitable for the device and measurement method of planeness of pile foundation hole bottom flatness detection |
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| JPH10311813A (en) * | 1997-05-12 | 1998-11-24 | Takenaka Komuten Co Ltd | Method for detecting damage of foundation pile from ground surface and device used for this method |
| CN103711119A (en) * | 2013-12-18 | 2014-04-09 | 中铁大桥局集团第四工程有限公司 | Drilled-pile mud pneumatic anti-settling circulatory system and application method thereof |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113404097A (en) * | 2021-05-26 | 2021-09-17 | 广东交科检测有限公司 | Existing foundation pile integrity detection method based on outer cross-hole of pile |
| CN113863395A (en) * | 2021-09-29 | 2021-12-31 | 中交二公局华东建设有限公司 | Sinking depth measuring mechanism and method for open caisson for suspension bridge |
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