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CN108075676B - 用于功率开关器件的无传感器温度补偿 - Google Patents

用于功率开关器件的无传感器温度补偿 Download PDF

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CN108075676B
CN108075676B CN201711099763.6A CN201711099763A CN108075676B CN 108075676 B CN108075676 B CN 108075676B CN 201711099763 A CN201711099763 A CN 201711099763A CN 108075676 B CN108075676 B CN 108075676B
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gate
switching
capacitance
inverter
transistor
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陆樨
陈清麒
迈克尔·W·德格尼尔
徐竹娴
邹轲
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Abstract

一种用于电动车辆驱动装置的逆变器具有包括多个功率开关器件的桥，功率开关器件具有各自的绝缘栅极端子和发射极端子。PWM电路确定用于控制桥的开关命令。多个栅极驱动器接收开关命令并向相应的栅极端子提供栅极驱动信号。多个栅极电容各自热连接到相应的开关器件，并且电连接在相应的栅极和发射极端子之间。每个栅极电容具有负温度系数，负温度系数适于在预定的温度范围内补偿开关器件的开关速度的变化。因此，保持了恒定开关速度，使得在整个温度范围内功率损耗和开关器件的可靠性是最佳的。

Description

用于功率开关器件的无传感器温度补偿
技术领域
本发明大体涉及用于功率开关晶体管的开关瞬态的控制，并且更具体地，涉及提供自动温度补偿以维持用于电动车辆中所使用类型的功率转换器的绝缘栅极晶体管的所需的开关速度。
背景技术
混合动力电动车辆(hybrid electric vehicle，HEV)、插电式混合动力电动车辆(plug-in hybrid electric vehicle，PHEV)、电池电动车辆(battery electric vehicle，BEV)等电动车辆使用逆变器驱动的电机提供牵引转矩。典型的电驱动系统包括通过接触开关耦合到可变电压转换器(variable voltage converter，VVC)的DC(直流)电源(例如电池组或燃料电池)，以调节跨越主DC链路电容两端的主母线电压。逆变器连接在主母线和牵引马达之间，以将DC电力转换成连接到马达的绕组的AC(交流)电力以推动车辆。
逆变器包括以具有多个相脚的桥接配置连接的晶体管开关器件(例如绝缘栅双极晶体管，或称IGBT(insulated gate bipolar transistor))。典型的配置包括由具有三个相脚的逆变器驱动的三相马达。电子控制器通断开关，以将来自母线的直流电压变频为施加到马达的交流电压。响应于包括电机的旋转位置和各相电流的各种感测条件而控制逆变器。
用于马达的逆变器可以优选地对DC链路电压进行脉冲宽度调制，以便于传递正弦电流输出的近似值，以所需的速度和转矩来驱动马达。施加脉宽调制(Pulse WidthModulation，PWM)控制信号以驱动IGBT的栅极，以便于根据需要通断。在理想化形式中，栅极驱动控制信号是将每个功率开关器件(例如IGBT)在完全关断和完全导通(饱和)状态之间切换的方波信号。在通断期间，器件需要时间来响应栅极驱动信号的变化。例如，在栅极驱动信号从关断状态转变为导通状态之后，通过器件输出的导通电流在几微秒内从零变化到最大电流。开关速度或时间取决于由开关器件及其相关电路(包括栅极驱动器)的特性决定的、电流和电压变化的斜率(di/dt)、(dv/dt)。
功率半导体晶体管器件的最佳开关速度是在非常快的开关速度下降低可靠性的高应力、与在较慢的开关速度下降低效率和增加功率损耗之间的平衡。然而随着晶体管的工作温度的变化，开关速度响应于晶体管的某些对温度敏感的参数(包括内部栅极电阻、阈值电压、和跨导)而发生变化。通常，开关速度随着温度的升高而降低，使得开关损耗增加；随着温度的降低，电压应力增加而击穿电压降低，这可能会影响可靠性。
为了确保在整个工作温度范围内的可靠工作，一种常规的方法是选择最佳的栅极控制信号曲线或斜率(例如由栅极电阻或类似的控制参数确定)，然后配置晶体管器件的栅极驱动器和辅助电路以在最低工作温度下实现最佳斜率。例如，栅极驱动信号的电压和/或将栅极驱动器耦合到晶体管器件的栅极端子的栅极电阻器的电阻可以配置为确定目标开关性能，由此设定在最坏的温度情况下使用最小可接受开关时间。尽管功率损耗随着温度升高到最低温度以上而增加，但在所有温度下都避免了过度的应力。
为了避免过度的应力和降低的效率，可以主动地补偿温度引起的参数变化。因此，采取可以缩短当温度升高使晶体管开关速度降低时的开关时间的补偿措施。例如，通过与温度增加成比例地增加由栅极驱动信号提供给栅极的电流的大小和/或斜率，来提高开关速度。现有技术通过使用用于栅极驱动器的可控电流源而直接改变栅极电流、或通过增加栅极电压或逐渐降低栅极电阻而间接操纵栅极电流。目前已经1)使用基于测量温度的闭环控制系统对参数进行了调整，并且2)通过结合例如连接到栅极的负温度系数(negative-temperature coefficient，NTC)电阻而对参数进行了自动调整。然而，闭环控制系统需要额外的部件并且增加成本和复杂性。NTC电阻器(例如热敏电阻)也是相当昂贵和庞大的。存在以较低的成本和减少的空间要求获得自动开关速度补偿的需求。
发明内容
本发明通过向具有负温度系数的晶体管栅极电路(与晶体管器件具有相同温度)添加分离的电容元件来提供自动补偿，其中电路参数在最可能的工作温度下进行优化，以便自动补偿在较高温度下的开关速度降低和在较低温度下的开关速度提高(即不需要来自温度传感器的反馈)。NTC电容的NTC特性可以使用低成本的节省空间的小型器件来实现。此外，使用NTC电容容许为栅极电阻器使用更小的电阻，从而在栅极驱动器中节省其他潜在的成本。
在本发明的一个方面，一种用于电动车辆驱动装置的逆变器包括具有多个功率开关器件的桥，功率开关器件具有各自的绝缘栅极端子和发射极端子。PWM电路确定用于控制桥的开关命令。多个栅极驱动器接收开关命令并向相应的栅极端子提供栅极驱动信号。多个栅极电容各自热连接到相应的开关器件，并且在相应的栅极和发射极端子之间电连接。每个栅极电容具有负温度系数，其适于在预定的温度范围内补偿开关器件的开关速度的变化。
附图说明
图1是根据本发明的一个实施例示出的电动车辆的动力传动系统的示意框图；
图2示出了晶体管器件导通的开关时间/波形；
图3示出了晶体管器件关断的开关时间/波形；
图4是示出本发明的一个实施例的栅极电容的负温度系数的温度曲线图；
图5是示出晶体管和栅极电路的电路图；
图6是示出晶体管的开关时间相对于温度的变化通过NTC电容的电容变化而消除以获得大体恒定的开关时间的图；
图7是示出安装在IGBT的半导体芯片的非活动区域上的NTC电容表面的平面图；
图8是示出通过跳线连接到IGBT的半导体芯片的分散的NTC电容的平面图；
图9是本发明的栅极电阻与由现有技术的热敏电阻提供的栅极电阻的比较图；
图10是示出包含本发明的NTC电容的逆变器相脚的示意图。
具体实施方式
图1示出了混合动力电动车辆10，其中车轮11可以由内燃发动机12和/或由牵引马达13通过变速器14驱动。为了提供电力推进，马达13可以通过在DC链路电容16处接收DC链路电压的逆变器开关桥15来驱动。DC链路电压可能是由本领域已知的转换器18转换来自电池组17的DC电力而产生的。
逆变器15包括连接到马达相绕组23、24、和25的相脚20、21、和22。相脚20具有跨接直流链路16的上开关器件26和下开关器件27，并且在连接到马达13的绕组23的器件26和27之间提供连接点28。类似地，相脚21具有上部开关器件30和下部开关器件31，而相脚22具有上部开关器件32和下部开关器件33。连接点34和35分别连接到马达的绕组24和25。
开关器件可以由IGBT、反向并联二极管、宽带隙场效应晶体管(field-effecttransistor，FET)、或本领域已知的其它器件组成。上部和下部开关器件中的每一个具有连接到控制器38中的驱动器37的相应的栅极端子。连接到相脚的每个连接点的电流传感器40测量流经每个相绕组的电流。测量的电流大小从传感器40提供到控制器38中的逻辑电路41，用于确定由驱动器37施加到开关器件的PWM开关信号。如本领域已知的，可以将测量的电流与根据可从操作者输入(诸如加速器踏板)导出的转矩需求42确定的期望的马达电流进行比较，从而操作者可以控制车辆速度。因此，电流反馈确定逻辑电路41内的PWM占空比，然后使用PWM占空比来产生相脚开关器件的PWM开关信号的定时。
PWM开关信号的定时可以表示为在每个相应开关器件的截止电压和导通电压之间交替的方波电压。逻辑电路41和/或驱动器37进一步调节开关信号以增加死区时间间隔，为正在使用的器件和出于其他原因校正信号。
图2表示功率开关器件(例如IGBT)从关断状态转换为接通状态时的输出电流和输出电压。在OFF(关闭)状态下，器件两端电压(VCE)很高并且器件电流(IC)基本为零。当达到ON(导通)状态时，存在正负载电流并且电压VCE很低。开关时间(即导通时间)可以定义为例如栅极驱动信号的转变和输出电流的稳定之间的时间。轨迹45和46分别是在第一(较低)温度下获得的输出电压和电流，并且轨迹47和48分别是在第二(较高)温度下获得的输出电压和电流。由于温度升高，开关时间增加、di/dt降低、并且开关损耗增加。类似地，图3表示功率开关器件从导通状态转换到关断状态时的输出电流和输出电压。轨迹50和51分别是在第一(较低)温度下获得的输出电压和电流，轨迹52和53分别是在第二(较高)温度下获得的输出电压和电流。由于温度升高，开关时间再次增加、di/dt降低、开关损耗增加。
图4示出了从室温下的标称(即额定)电容值的电容变化(以百分比表示)。该变化图涵盖了需要逆变器开关器件执行的预定工作温度范围，其中NTC电容在-40℃具有比额定电容高大约20％的值，并且在150℃具有比额定电容低大约80％的值。典型的标称电容值可以是几十nF。150℃时的典型电容可能小于1nF。
可以根据任何已知技术构建NTC电容。NTC电容的一种优选类型是具有陶瓷和金属的多个交替层的陶瓷电容。陶瓷电容易于配置以提供期望的NTC特性。NTC特性可以是使用2级陶瓷电容的非线性(如图4所示)，或者可以是使用1级陶瓷电容的线性，以便于精确补偿特定功率晶体管器件固有的温度依赖性开关时间变化。
图5示出了用于自动补偿温度依赖性开关时间的开关器件和支持电路的优选实施例。IGBT 60具有栅极端子61、集电极端子62、和发射极端子63。在IGBT 60的输出端设置反向并联二极管64。NTC电容65在栅极端子61和发射极端子63之间电连接。补充栅极到发射极电容的效果是与添加的电容成比例地降低IGBT开关时间。栅极电阻器66与栅极端子61串联以便于提供栅极驱动器信号。除了电连接之外，NTC电容65热连接到IGBT 60以便于共享大体相同的温度。
在图6中，轨迹67示出了与温度成比例地增加的开关晶体管的固有开关时间。轨迹68示出了由添加的NTC电容产生的与温度成反比的增量开关时间。NTC电容配置为专门补偿开关器件中固有的变化，使得组合的开关时间大体恒定，如轨迹69所示。因此，在使用具有低成本且仅需要较小封装空间的温度敏感性器件的同时，可以在预定工作温度范围内保持同时优化器件应力和功率损耗的所需平衡。
图7示出了诸如IGBT的典型功率开关器件的半导体芯片70的平面图。发射极71设置在芯片70的一侧，并且集电极(未示出)位于芯片70的不可见侧。栅极焊盘72和发射极焊盘74布置在芯片70的发射极侧。可以提供另一个连接焊盘73用于另一功能(例如电流镜或温度感测)。表面贴装NTC电容75在焊盘72和74之间电连接(例如通过表面贴装焊接或多晶硅迹线)。NTC电容75的表面贴装确保了非常好的热连接。在图8中，分散的NTC电容76通过跳线/接合线77和78分别连接到发射极焊盘74和栅极焊盘72。因此，NTC电容76与芯片70共享相同的直接键合铜(direct bond copper，DBC)衬底或物理上非常接近芯片70以获得良好的热耦合。如果使用接合线77和78，则其长度很短以便于保持良好的热耦合。
即使使用NTC电容来获得所需的温度依赖性的开关时间增加，NTC电容配置为专门补偿开关器件中固有的变化，仍然有在栅极驱动器和栅极端子之间串联使用栅极电阻器的需求。栅极电阻器用于：1)限制栅极峰值电流以保护驱动器IC(电路)的输出级、2)防止栅极振荡、3)消耗栅极电容中的功率、以及4)有助于避免晶体管的寄生导通。如图9所示，优选地采用较小栅极电阻RG-min来执行这些其他功能，并且有助于确保保持对开关时间的最小限制。轨迹79示出了根据使用热敏电阻来补偿晶体管的固有开关时间的温度依赖性变化的现有技术实施例的热敏电阻RT的示例。在几乎整个温度范围内，热敏电阻实施例产生的总栅极电阻大于限制峰值电流并执行上述其它功能所需的最小值。栅极驱动器必须设计成产生足够大小的栅极驱动信号，以便与这些更高的栅极电阻值串联工作。在本发明中，避免了使用这些较高的栅极电阻并且放宽了对栅极驱动器的要求，这可以导致功率需求较低并且用于栅极驱动器的元件成本较低。
图10示出了与逆变器相脚的功率开关器件一起使用的本发明。连接在正母线81和负母线82之间的相脚80包括与连接到负载(未示出)的中间连接点85串联的IGBT 83、84。IGBT 83和84作为功率模块或功率卡86的一部分而制造。与IGBT 83、84连接的NTC栅极电容87、88安装在功率卡86上使得其热连接(即NTC电容处于与IGBT相同的温度)。栅极驱动器90通过栅极电阻器91和92连接到IGBT 83和84的各个栅极端子。驱动器90从PWM电路接收开关命令，并向相应的栅极端子提供栅极驱动信号以控制桥输出。由于栅极电容87和88的负温度系数，在预定温度范围内固有地发生的IGBT83和84的开关速度的变化可以由在同一温度范围内栅极电容87和88的电容变化补偿。栅极电阻器91和92提供与每个相应的栅极端子串联的相应的固定电阻。由于电阻器不再是用于降低开关速度的主要元件，因此固定电阻小于现有技术中所需的电阻水平。在该范围内的最低温度下，NTC电容87和88具有其最大的电容，并且主要控制在开关时间中增加的延迟。在该范围内的最高温度下，NTC电容87和88的电容优选下降到接近于零。对于最高温度，优选地选择栅极电阻器91和92的电阻以提供所需的开关时间。此外，栅极电阻器91和92的电阻设计为足以执行其他重要功能，包括限制栅极峰值电流以保护驱动器IC的输出级、防止栅极振荡、消散栅极环路中的功率、并且有助于避免晶体管的寄生导通。

Claims (12)

1.一种用于电动车辆驱动装置的逆变器，包括：
桥，所述桥包括具有各自的绝缘栅极端子和发射极端子的多个功率开关器件；
PWM电路，所述PWM电路确定用于控制所述桥的开关命令；
多个栅极驱动器，所述多个栅极驱动器接收所述开关命令并向相应的栅极端子提供栅极驱动信号；和
多个栅极电容，所述多个栅极电容各自热连接到相应的开关器件并且电连接在所述相应的栅极和发射极端子之间，其中每个栅极电容具有负温度系数，所述负温度系数适于在预定的温度范围内补偿所述开关器件的开关速度的变化。
2.根据权利要求1所述的逆变器，其中所述开关器件包括多个功率半导体芯片，并且其中每个栅极电容包括表面安装器件，所述表面安装器件安装在具有所述相应开关器件的相应功率半导体芯片上。
3.根据权利要求1所述的逆变器，其中所述开关器件包括多个功率半导体芯片，并且其中每个栅极电容包括通过焊接到相应功率半导体芯片的跳线连接到相应开关器件的分离的元件。
4.根据权利要求1所述的逆变器，其中所述栅极电容包括陶瓷电容。
5.根据权利要求4所述的逆变器，其中所述陶瓷电容是多层陶瓷电容。
6.根据权利要求1所述的逆变器，还包括多个栅极电阻器，每个栅极电阻器提供与相应的栅极端子串联的相应的固定电阻，其中所述固定电阻配置为当所述栅极电容处于在所述温度预定范围内的最高温度时提供预定的开关时间。
7.一种用于逆变桥的功率开关电路，包括：
绝缘栅极晶体管，所述绝缘栅极晶体管具有栅极、集电极、和发射极端子，并且具有在预定温度范围内变化的开关时间；和
栅极电容，所述栅极电容热连接到所述晶体管并且电连接在所述栅极端子和所述发射极端子之间，其中所述栅极电容具有负温度系数，所述负温度系数适于在所述预定温度范围内补偿所述晶体管的开关速度的变化。
8.根据权利要求7所述的电路，其中所述晶体管包括功率半导体芯片，并且其中所述栅极电容包括表面安装器件，所述表面安装器件安装在所述功率半导体芯片上。
9.根据权利要求7所述的电路，其中所述晶体管包括功率半导体芯片，并且其中所述栅极电容包括通过焊接到所述功率半导体芯片的跳线连接到所述晶体管的分离的元件。
10.根据权利要求7所述的电路，其中所述栅极电容包括陶瓷电容。
11.根据权利要求10所述的电路，其中所述陶瓷电容是多层陶瓷电容。
12.根据权利要求7所述的电路，还包括栅极电阻器，所述栅极电阻器提供与所述栅极端子串联的固定电阻，其中所述固定电阻配置为当所述栅极电容处于在所述温度预定范围内的最高温度时提供预定的开关时间。
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