CN107537040A - 通过一步法制备类美登素抗体缀合物 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供一种制备细胞结合剂‑细胞毒性剂缀合物的一步法,其包括使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触以形成包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的第一混合物,并且在pH值为约4到约9的溶液中使包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的第一混合物与提供连接子的双官能交联剂接触以提供包含细胞结合剂‑细胞毒性剂缀合物(其中细胞结合剂经连接子化学偶合于细胞毒性剂)、游离细胞毒性剂以及反应副产物的第二混合物。然后,任选地对第二混合物进行纯化以提供经过纯化的细胞结合剂‑细胞毒性剂缀合物。
Description
本申请是申请日为2012年3月29日、申请号为201280016107.4、 发明名称为“通过一步法制备类美登素抗体缀合物”的发明专利申请 的分案申请。
相关申请的交叉引用
本专利申请要求2011年3月29日提交的美国临时专利申请号 61/468,997和2011年3月29日提交的美国临时专利申请号61/468,981 的权益,所述临时专利申请以引用的方式并入。
发明背景
适用于治疗癌症和其他疾病的抗体-药物缀合物 (Antibody-Drug-Conjugate,ADC)通常由三种不同的要素构成:细 胞结合剂;连接子;以及细胞毒性剂。使细胞结合剂(如抗体)结合 于细胞毒性剂的常规方法采用两个不同的与抗体反应的步骤。在第一 反应步骤(修饰步骤)中,使抗体与异双官能连接子反应,以产生经 过连接子修饰的抗体。然后,任选地从过量连接子或经过水解的连接 子试剂中纯化经过修饰的抗体产物。在第二反应步骤(结合步骤)中, 使经过连接子修饰的抗体与含有反应性基团(如硫醇)的细胞毒性剂反应,以产生抗体-细胞毒性剂缀合物,在额外的纯化步骤中再次纯 化这种缀合物。
先前已经被描述为用来制造抗体-细胞毒性剂缀合物的方法是复 杂的,因为这些方法受到进行起来较繁琐或产生相比最佳期望的来说 纯度较低或稳定性较差的免疫缀合物的步骤的阻碍。因此,将需要修 改或除去一个或多个制造步骤,同时改善产品质量,如纯度和/或稳 定性。
鉴于前述内容,本领域中需要开发制备细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂 缀合物的改进方法,所述缀合物实质上具有高纯度并且可以在避免繁 琐步骤的情况下并通过降低使用者的时间和成本来制备。本发明提供 了这种方法。本发明的这些和其他优势以及额外的本发明特征将从本 文所提供的本发明描述中显而易见。
发明概要
本发明提供一种制备细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的方法,其 包含以下步骤:使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触以形成包含细胞结合 剂和细胞毒性剂的第一混合物,然后在pH值为约4到约9的溶液中 使包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的第一混合物与包含连接子的双官 能交联剂接触以提供包含以下的混合物:(i)细胞结合剂-细胞毒性 剂缀合物,其中细胞结合剂经连接子化学偶合于细胞毒性剂,(ii) 游离细胞毒性剂,以及(iii)反应副产物。所述方法可以进一步包含 纯化混合物以提供经过纯化的细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的步 骤。
本发明的方法提供具有高纯度和/或高稳定性的细胞结合剂-细胞 毒性剂缀合物。为了实现缀合物的高纯度和/或高稳定性,必需的是 首先使细胞毒性剂与细胞结合剂接触以形成包含细胞结合剂和细胞 毒性剂的混合物,随后使混合物与双官能交联剂接触。
本发明还包括一种细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物,其根据本文 所描述的方法来制备。
发明详述
本发明提供一种制备细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的一步法。 所述方法包括使细胞结合剂(例如,抗体)与细胞毒性剂接触以形成 包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的第一混合物,然后在pH值为约4到 约9的溶液中使包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的第一混合物与包含 连接子的双官能交联剂接触以提供包含细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合 物、游离细胞毒性剂以及反应副产物的第二混合物,其中细胞结合剂 经连接子化学偶合于细胞毒性剂。然后,对第二混合物进行纯化以提 供经过纯化的细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。
在一个实施方案中,接触通过以下方式实现:提供细胞结合剂, 然后使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触以形成包含细胞结合剂和细胞 毒性剂的第一混合物,然后使包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的第一混 合物与双官能交联剂接触。举例来说,在一个实施方案中,在反应容 器中提供细胞结合剂,将细胞毒性剂加入到反应容器中(从而接触细 胞结合剂),然后将双官能交联剂加入到包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性 剂的混合物中(从而接触包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物)。 在一个实施方案中,在反应容器中提供细胞结合剂,并且在向容器中 提供细胞结合剂之后立即将细胞毒性剂加入到反应容器中。在另一个实施方案中,在反应容器中提供细胞结合剂,并且在向容器中提供细 胞结合剂之后的一段时间间隔(例如,在向空容器(space)中提供 细胞结合剂之后约5分钟、约10分钟、约20分钟、约30分钟、约 40分钟、约50分钟、约1小时、约1天或更长时间)之后将细胞毒 性剂加入到反应容器中。可以快速地(即,在短时间间隔内,如约5 分钟、约10分钟)或缓慢地(如通过使用泵)加入细胞毒性剂。
然后,可以在细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触之后立即或在细胞结 合剂与细胞毒性剂接触之后某个较后的时间点(例如,约5分钟到约 8小时或更长时间)使包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物与双官 能交联剂接触。举例来说,在一个实施方案中,在将细胞毒性剂加入 到包含细胞结合剂的反应容器中之后立即将双官能交联剂加入到包 含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物中。或者,可以在细胞结合剂与 细胞毒性剂接触之后约5分钟、约10分钟、约20分钟、约30分钟、 约1小时、约2小时、约3小时、约4小时、约5小时、约6小时、 约7小时、约8小时或更长时间使包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混 合物与双官能交联剂接触。
在另一个实施方案中,经过多个周期(例如1、2、3、4、5个或 更多个周期)加入细胞毒性剂和双官能剂。举例来说,本发明提供一 种方法,其包含以下步骤:a)使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触以形 成包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的第一混合物;然后在pH值为约4到约9的溶液中使第一混合物与包含连接子的双官能交联剂接触以 提供包含细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物、游离细胞毒性剂以及反应 副产物的第二混合物,其中细胞结合剂经连接子化学偶合于细胞毒性 剂;b)使第二混合物与细胞毒性剂接触以形成第三混合物;然后在 约4到约9的pH值下使第三混合物与双官能交联剂接触以提供第四 混合物;以及c)纯化第四混合物以提供经过纯化的细胞结合剂-细胞 毒性剂缀合物。在一个实施方案中,步骤b)在步骤a)之后的一段 时间间隔(例如,约1小时、约2小时、约3小时或更长时间)之后 进行。在另一个实施方案中,在进行步骤c)之前,步骤b)可以重 复若干次(例如1、2、3、4次或更多次)。额外的步骤b)可以在 初始步骤b)之后的一段时间间隔(例如,约1小时、约2小时、约 3小时或更长时间)之后进行。
在另一个实施方案中,在细胞毒性剂的加入完成之前加入双官能 交联剂。举例来说,在一个实施方案中,经过一段时间间隔(例如, 经过约5分钟、约10分钟、约30分钟、约1小时、约2小时、约3 小时或更长时间)将细胞毒性剂连续加入到细胞结合剂中以形成包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物。在细胞毒性剂的加入完成之前, 将双官能交联剂加入到包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物中,其 条件为在任何时候,细胞毒性剂都在双官能交联剂的摩尔过量下。在 一个实施方案中,经过一段时间间隔(例如,经过约5分钟、约10分钟、约30分钟、约1小时、约2小时、约3小时或更长时间)连 续加入双官能交联剂。
在包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物与双官能交联剂接触 之后,使反应进行约1小时、约2小时、约3小时、约4小时、约5 小时、约6小时、约7小时、约8小时、约9小时、约10小时、约 11小时、约12小时、约13小时、约14小时、约15小时、约16小 时、约17小时、约18小时、约19小时、约20小时、约21小时、 约22小时、约23小时、约24小时或更长时间(例如,约30小时、 约35小时、约40小时、约45小时或约48小时)。
细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触、然后与双官能交联剂接触(即, 反应步骤)在pH值为约4到约9(例如,约4、约4.5、约5、约5.5、 约6、约6.5、约7、约7.5、约8、约8.5或约9)的溶液中发生。在 一个实施方案中,反应步骤在pH值为约6或更低(例如,约4到约 6、约4到约5.5或约4.5到约5.5)的溶液中发生。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明方法包括在pH值为约6或更高(例 如,约6到约9、约6到约7、约7到约9、约7到约8.5、约7.5到 约8.5、约7.5到约8.0、约8.0到约9.0或约8.5到约9.0)的溶液中 使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触、然后与双官能交联剂接触。举例来 说,本发明方法包括在pH值为约6.0、约6.1、约6.2、约6.3、约6.4、 约6.5、约6.6、约6.7、约6.8、约6.9、约7.0、约7.1、约7.2、约 7.3、约7.4、约7.5、约7.6、约7.7、约7.8、约7.9、约8.0、约8.1、约8.2、约8.3、约8.4、约8.5、约8.6、约8.7、约8.8、约8.9或约 9.0的溶液中使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂和双官能交联剂接触。在一 个具体实施方案中,本发明方法包括在pH值为约7.8(例如,pH值 为7.6到8.0或pH值为7.7到7.9)的溶液中使细胞结合剂与细胞毒 性剂和双官能交联剂接触。
本发明方法包括在本领域中已知的任何适合温度下进行一步反 应(即,使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触、然后与双官能交联剂接触)。 举例来说,一步反应可以在约20℃或更低温度(例如,约-10℃(其 条件为例如通过存在用于溶解细胞毒性剂和双官能交联剂的有机溶 剂而防止溶液冻结)到约20℃、约0℃到约18℃、约4℃到约16℃) 下、在室温(例如,约20℃到约30℃或约20℃到约25℃)下,或在 高温(例如,约30℃到约37℃)下进行。在一个实施方案中,细胞 结合剂与细胞毒性剂和双官能交联剂接触在约16℃到约24℃(例如, 约16℃、约17℃、约18℃、约19℃、约20℃、约21℃、约22℃、 约23℃、约24℃或约25℃)的温度下发生。
在另一个实施方案中,细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触、然后与双 官能交联剂接触在约15℃或更低(例如,约-10℃到约15℃或约0℃ 到约15℃)的温度下发生。在这方面,本发明方法包括在约15℃、 约14℃、约13℃、约12℃、约11℃、约10℃、约9℃、约8℃、约 7℃、约6℃、约5℃、约4℃、约3℃、约2℃、约1℃、约0℃、约 -1℃、约-2℃、约-3℃、约-4℃、约-5℃、约-6℃、约-7℃、约-8℃、 约-9℃或约-10℃的温度下使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触、然后与 双官能交联剂接触,其条件为(例如)通过存在用于溶解双官能交联 剂的有机溶剂而防止溶液冻结。在一个实施方案中,本发明方法包括 在约-10℃到约15℃、约0℃到约15℃、约0℃到约10℃、约0℃到 约5℃、约5℃到约15℃、约10℃到约15℃或约5℃到约10℃的温 度下使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触、然后与双官能交联剂接触。在 另一个实施方案中,本发明方法包括在约10℃的温度(例如,8℃到 12℃的温度或9℃到11℃的温度)下使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接 触、然后与双官能交联剂接触。
在一个实施方案中,本发明方法包括在具有高pH值(例如,约 7或更高)的溶液中于低温(例如,约15℃或更低温度)下使细胞结 合剂与细胞毒性剂接触、然后与双官能交联剂接触。举例来说,在一 个实施方案中,本发明方法包括在pH值为约7.5的溶液中于约15℃的温度下、在pH值为约7.8的溶液中于约10℃的温度下、在pH值 为约8.2的溶液中于约0℃的温度下或在pH值为约8.5的溶液中于约 0℃的温度下使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触、然后与双官能交联剂 接触。在另一个实施方案中,本发明方法包括在pH值为7.0到8.5 (例如,pH值为7.5到8.0)的溶液中于5℃到15℃的温度下使细胞 结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触、然后与双官能交联剂接触。
在一个实施方案中,本发明方法进一步包含猝灭步骤以猝灭任何 未反应的细胞毒性剂和/或未反应的双官能交联剂。猝灭步骤在纯化 细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂之前进行。举例来说,本发明方法包括(a) 使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触以形成包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性 剂的混合物,然后在pH值为约4到约9的溶液中使包含细胞结合剂 和细胞毒性剂的混合物与包含连接子的双官能交联剂接触以提供包 含以下的混合物:(i)细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物,其中细胞结 合剂经连接子化学偶合于细胞毒性剂,(ii)游离细胞毒性剂,以及 (iii)反应副产物;(b)猝灭步骤(a)中所制备的混合物以猝灭任 何未反应的细胞毒性剂和/或未反应的双官能交联剂;以及(c)纯化 混合物以提供经过纯化的细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。
在一个实施方案中,通过使混合物与猝灭剂接触来猝灭混合物。 如本文中所用的“猝灭剂”是指与游离细胞毒性剂和/或双官能交联 剂反应的试剂。
在一个实施方案中,马来酰亚胺或卤乙酰胺猝灭剂,如4-马来酰 亚胺基丁酸、3-马来酰亚胺基丙酸、N-乙基马来酰亚胺、碘乙酰胺或 碘乙酰胺基丙酸,可以用于确保细胞毒性剂中的任何未反应的基团 (如硫醇)都被猝灭。猝灭步骤可以有助于防止细胞毒性剂,特别是 具有未反应的硫醇基的细胞毒性剂(如DM1)发生二聚。经过二聚 的细胞毒性剂可能难以去除。猝灭步骤也可以使得与天然抗体二硫基 发生的任何不需要的硫醇-二硫基互换反应减到最小。用极性的、带 电荷的硫醇猝灭剂(如4-马来酰亚胺基丁酸或3-马来酰亚胺基丙酸) 猝灭后,过量未反应的细胞毒性剂被转化成极性的、带电荷的水溶液 加合物,它可以在纯化步骤期间容易地与经过共价连接的缀合物分 离。也可以使用非极性和中性的硫醇猝灭剂进行猝灭。
在一个实施方案中,通过使混合物与猝灭剂接触来猝灭混合物, 这种猝灭剂与未反应的双官能交联剂反应。举例来说,可以将亲核试 剂加入到混合物中以猝灭任何未反应的双官能交联剂。亲核试剂优选 地为含氨基的亲核试剂,如赖氨酸、氨基乙磺酸和羟胺。
在一个优选实施方案中,使反应(即,细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂 接触、然后与双官能交联剂接触)进行到完成,随后使混合物与猝灭 剂接触。就这一点而言,在包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物与 双官能交联剂接触之后约1小时到约48小时(例如,约1小时、约 2小时、约3小时、约4小时、约5小时、约6小时、约7小时、约 8小时、约9小时、约10小时、约11小时、约12小时、约13小时、 约14小时、约15小时、约16小时、约17小时、约18小时、约19小时、约20小时、约21小时、约22小时、约23小时、约24小时, 或约25小时到约48小时)将猝灭剂加入到混合物中。
本发明方法可以任选地包括将蔗糖加入到反应步骤(即,使细胞 结合剂与细胞毒性剂和双官能交联剂接触)以增加细胞结合剂-细胞 毒性剂缀合物的溶解度和回收率。理想地,蔗糖以约0.1%(重量/体 积)到约20%(重量/体积)(例如,约0.1%(重量/体积)、1%(重 量/体积)、5%(重量/体积)、10%(重量/体积)、15%(重量/体积) 或20%(重量/体积))的浓度加入。优选地,蔗糖以约1%(重量/ 体积)到约10%(重量/体积)(例如,约0.5%(重量/体积)、约 1%(重量/体积)、约1.5%(重量/体积)、约2%(重量/体积)、约 3%(重量/体积)、约4%(重量/体积)、约5%(重量/体积)、约 6%(重量/体积)、约7%(重量/体积)、约8%(重量/体积)、约 9%(重量/体积)、约10%(重量/体积)或约11%(重量/体积))的浓度加入。另外,反应步骤还可以包含加入缓冲剂。可以使用本领 域中已知的任何适合的缓冲剂。适合的缓冲剂包括(例如)柠檬酸盐 缓冲剂、乙酸盐缓冲剂、琥珀酸盐缓冲剂以及磷酸盐缓冲剂。在一个 实施方案中,缓冲剂选自由以下组成的组:HEPPSO(N-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪-N'-(2-羟基丙烷磺酸))、POPSO(脱水哌嗪-1,4-双(2-羟基-丙烷- 磺酸))、HEPES(4-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪-1-乙烷磺酸)、HEPPS(EPPS) (4-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪-1-丙烷磺酸)、TES(N-[三(羟甲基)甲基]-2-氨基 乙烷磺酸)以及其组合。
在反应步骤之后,对细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物进行纯化步 骤。就这一点而言,可以使用切向流过滤(tangential flow filtration, TFF)(它是基于膜的切向流过滤工艺)、非吸附性色谱、吸附性色 谱、吸附性过滤、选择性沉淀,或任何其他适合的纯化工艺,以及其 组合来从混合物的其他组分(例如,游离细胞毒性剂和反应副产物) 中纯化细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。在本发明的一个实施方案中, 使用单一纯化步骤(例如,TFF)纯化细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。 优选地,使用单一纯化步骤(例如,TFF)将缀合物纯化并交换到适 当制剂中。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,使用两个依序纯化步骤来纯化细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。举例来说,首先通过选择性沉 淀、吸附性过滤、吸附性色谱或非吸附性色谱来纯化缀合物,之后用 TFF纯化。本领域技术人员应了解,纯化细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀 合物能够分离包含化学偶合于细胞毒性剂的细胞结合剂的稳定缀合 物。
任何适合的TFF系统都可以用于纯化,包括Pellicon型系统 (Millipore,Billerica,MA)、Sartocon Cassette系统(Sartorius AG, Edgewood,NY)以及Centrasette型系统(Pall Corp.,East Hills,NY)。
任何适合的吸附性色谱树脂都可以用于纯化。优选的吸附性色谱 树脂包括羟磷灰石色谱、疏水性电荷诱导色谱(hydrophobic charge induction chromatography,HCIC)、疏水性相互作用色谱(hydrophobic interaction chromatography,HIC)、离子交换色谱、混合模式离子交 换色谱、固定化金属亲和色谱(immobilized metal affinitychromatography,IMAC)、染料配体色谱、亲和色谱、反相色谱以 及其组合。适合的羟磷灰石树脂的实例包括陶瓷羟磷灰石(I型和II 型CHT;Bio-Rad Laboratories,Hercules,CA)、HAUltrogel羟磷灰石 (Pall Corp.,East Hills,NY)以及陶瓷氟磷灰石(I型和II型CFT;Bio-Rad Laboratories,Hercules,CA)。适合的HCIC树脂的一个实例 为MEP Hypercel树脂(Pall Corp.,East Hills,NY)。适合的HIC树脂 的实例包括丁基-琼脂糖、己基-琼脂糖、苯基-琼脂糖以及辛基琼脂糖 树脂(全部来自GE Healthcare,Piscataway,NJ),以及Macro-prep甲 基和Macro-Prep叔丁基树脂(Biorad Laboratories,Hercules,CA)。 适合的离子交换树脂的实例包括SP-琼脂糖、CM-琼脂糖以及Q-琼脂 糖树脂(全部来自GE Healthcare,Piscataway,NJ),和Unosphere S 树脂(Bio-Rad Laboratories,Hercules,CA)。适合的混合模式离子交 换剂的实例包括Bakerbond ABx树脂(JT Baker,Phillipsburg NJ)。 适合的IMAC树脂的实例包括螯合琼脂糖树脂(GE Healthcare, Piscataway,NJ)和ProfinityIMAC树脂(Bio-Rad Laboratories,Hercules, CA)。适合的染料配体树脂的实例包括蓝色琼脂糖树脂(GE Healthcare,Piscataway,NJ)和亲和蓝胶树脂(Bio-Rad Laboratories,Hercules,CA)。适合的亲和树脂的实例包括蛋白质A琼脂糖树脂(例 如MabSelect,GEHealthcare,Piscataway,NJ),其中细胞结合剂为抗 体;和凝集素亲和树脂,例如扁豆凝集素琼脂糖树脂(GE Healthcare, Piscataway,NJ),其中细胞结合剂带有适当的凝集素结合位点。或者, 可以使用对细胞结合剂具有特异性的抗体。这种抗体可以被固定于 (例如)琼脂糖4快速流动树脂(GE Healthcare,Piscataway,NJ)。 适合的反相树脂的实例包括C4、C8以及C18树脂(Grace Vydac, Hesperia,CA)。
任何适合的非吸附性色谱树脂都可以用于纯化。适合的非吸附性 色谱树脂的实例包括(但不限于)SEPHADEXTMG-25、G-50、G-100、 SEPHACRYLTM树脂(例如S-200和S-300)、SUPERDEXTM树脂(例 如SUPERDEXTM75和SUPERDEXTM200)、树脂(例如 P-6、P-10、P-30、P-60以及P-100),以及本领域技术人员已知的其 他树脂。
在一个实施方案中,本发明方法进一步包含保持步骤以从细胞结 合剂中释放不稳定结合的连接子。保持步骤包含在纯化细胞结合剂- 细胞毒性剂缀合物之前(例如,在反应步骤之后、在反应步骤与猝灭 步骤之间,或在猝灭步骤之后)保持混合物。举例来说,本发明方法 包括(a)使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触以形成包含细胞结合剂和 细胞毒性剂的混合物;然后在pH值为约4到约9的溶液中使包含细 胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物与提供连接子的双官能交联剂接触 以提供包含以下的混合物:(i)细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物,其 中细胞结合剂经连接子化学偶合于细胞毒性剂,(ii)游离细胞毒性 剂,以及(iii)反应副产物;(b)保持步骤(a)中所制备的混合物 以从细胞结合剂中释放不稳定结合的连接子;以及(c)纯化混合物 以提供经过纯化的细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明方法包括(a)使细胞结合剂与细 胞毒性剂接触以形成包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物;然后在 pH值为约4到约9的溶液中使包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合 物与提供连接子的双官能交联剂接触以提供包含以下的混合物:(i) 细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物,其中细胞结合剂经连接子化学偶合 于细胞毒性剂,(ii)游离细胞毒性剂,以及(iii)反应副产物;(b) 猝灭步骤(a)中所制备的混合物以猝灭任何未反应的细胞毒性剂和/ 或未反应的双官能交联剂;(c)保持步骤(b)中所制备的混合物以 从细胞结合剂中释放不稳定结合的连接子;以及(d)纯化混合物以 提供经过纯化的细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。
或者,保持步骤可以在纯化细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物之后 进行,之后进行额外的纯化步骤。
在一个优选实施方案中,使反应(即,细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂 接触、然后与双官能交联剂接触)进行到完成,随后进行保持步骤。 就这一点而言,可以在包含细胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的混合物与双官 能交联剂接触之后约1小时到约48小时(例如,约1小时、约2小时、约3小时、约4小时、约5小时、约6小时、约7小时、约8小 时、约9小时、约10小时、约11小时、约12小时、约13小时、约 14小时、约15小时、约16小时、约17小时、约18小时、约19小 时、约20小时、约21小时、约22小时、约23小时、约24小时, 或约24小时到约48小时)进行保持步骤。
保持步骤包含将溶液在适合的温度(例如,约0℃到约37℃)下 维持适合的时间段(例如,约1小时到约1周、约1小时到约24小 时、约1小时到约8小时,或约1小时到约4小时)以从细胞结合剂 中释放不稳定结合的连接子,而不会从细胞结合剂中实质上释放稳定 结合的连接子。在一个实施方案中,保持步骤包含将溶液维持于约 20℃或更低温度(例如,约0℃到约18℃、约4℃到约16℃)下、室 温(例如,约20℃到约30℃或约20℃到约25℃)下或高温(例如, 约30℃到约37℃)下。在一个实施方案中,保持步骤包含将溶液维 持于约16℃到约24℃(例如,约15℃、约16℃、约17℃、约18℃、 约19℃、约20℃、约21℃、约22℃、约23℃、约24℃或约25℃) 的温度下。在另一个实施方案中,保持步骤包含将溶液维持于约2℃ 到约8℃(例如,约0℃、约1℃、约2℃、约3℃、约4℃、约5℃、 约6℃、约7℃、约8℃、约9℃或约10℃)的温度下。在另一个实 施方案中,保持步骤包含将溶液维持于约37℃(例如,约34℃、约35℃、约36℃、约37℃、约38℃、约39℃或约40℃)的温度下。
保持步骤的持续时间取决于进行保持步骤所处的温度和pH值。 举例来说,保持步骤的持续时间可以实质上通过在高温下进行保持步 骤而缩短,其中最高温度受细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的稳定性 限制。保持步骤可以包含将溶液维持约1小时到约1天(例如,约1 小时、约2小时、约3小时、约4小时、约5小时、约6小时、约7 小时、约8小时、约9小时、约10小时、约12小时、约14小时、 约16小时、约18小时、约20小时、约22小时或约24小时)、约10小时到约24小时、约12小时到约24小时、约14小时到约24小 时、约16小时到约24小时、约18小时到约24小时、约20小时到 约24小时、约5小时到约1周、约20小时到约1周、约12小时到 约1周(例如,约12小时、约16小时、约20小时、约24小时、约 2天、约3天、约4天、约5天、约6天或约7天),或约1天到约 1周。
在一个实施方案中,保持步骤包含将溶液在约2℃到约8℃的温 度下维持至少约12小时、至多1周的时段。在另一个实施方案中, 保持步骤包含将溶液在约2℃到约8℃的温度下维持过夜(例如,约 12到约24小时,优选地约20小时)。
保持步骤的pH值优选地为约4到约10。在一个实施方案中,保 持步骤的pH值为约4或更大,但小于约6(例如,4到5.9);或者 为约5或更大,但小于约6(例如,5到5.9)。在另一个实施方案中, 保持步骤的pH值在约6到约10(例如,约6.5到约9、约6到约8) 的范围内。举例来说,保持步骤的pH值可以为约6、约6.5、约7、 约7.5、约8、约8.5、约9、约9.5或约10。
在具体实施方案中,保持步骤可以包含在25℃下于约6-7.5的pH 值下孵育混合物约12小时到约1周,在4℃下于约4.5-5.9的pH值 下孵育混合物约5小时到约5天,或在25℃下于约4.5-5.9的pH值 下孵育混合物约5小时到约1天。
本发明提供一种制备包含化学偶合于细胞毒性剂的细胞结合剂 的稳定缀合物的组合物的方法,其中所述组合物实质上不含不稳定的 缀合物。在这方面,本发明提供一种制备实质上高纯度和高稳定性的 细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的方法。所述组合物由于缀合物的高 纯度和高稳定性而可以用于治疗疾病。包含化学偶合于细胞毒性剂 (如类美登素(maytansinoid))的细胞结合剂(如抗体)的组合物 描述于(例如)美国专利7,374,762中,所述专利的全部教导内容以 其全文引用的方式并入本文中。在本发明的一个方面,实质上高纯度 的细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物具有一个或多个下列特征:(a)大 于约90%(例如,大于或等于约91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、 97%、98%、99%或100%)、优选地大于约95%的缀合物种类为单 体;(b)缀合物制剂中未结合的连接子的水平小于约10%(例如, 小于或等于约9%、8%、7%、6%、5%、4%、3%、2%、1%或0%) (相对于总连接子);(c)小于10%的缀合物种类经过交联(例如, 小于或等于约9%、8%、7%、6%、5%、4%、3%、2%、1%或0%);(d)缀合物制剂中的游离细胞毒性剂的水平小于约2%(例如,小于 或等于约1.5%、1.4%、1.3%、1.2%、1.1%、1.0%、0.9%、0.8%、0.7%、 0.6%、0.5%、0.4%、0.3%、0.2%、0.1%或0%)(mol/mol,相对于 总细胞毒性剂);和/或(e)存储后(例如,约1周、约2周、约3 周、约1个月、约2个月、约3个月、约4个月、约5个月、约6个 月、约1年、约2年、约3年、约4年或约5年后)游离细胞毒性剂 的水平没有实质性增加。游离细胞毒性剂水平的“实质性增加”意味 着在一定存储时间(例如,1周、约2周、约3周、约1个月、约2 个月、约3个月、约4个月、约5个月、约6个月、约1年、约2年、 约3年、约4年或约5年)之后,游离细胞毒性剂水平的增幅小于约 0.1%、约0.2%、约0.3%、约0.4%、约0.5%、约0.6%、约0.7%、约 0.8%、约0.9%、约1.0%、约1.1%、约1.2%、约1.3%、约1.4%、约 1.5%、约1.6%、约1.7%、约1.8%、约1.9%、约2.0%、约2.2%、约 2.5%、约2.7%、约3.0%、约3.2%、约3.5%、约3.7%或约4.0%。
如本文中所用的术语“未结合的连接子”是指与双官能交联剂共 价连接的细胞结合剂,其中细胞结合剂并未经双官能交联剂的连接子 共价偶合于细胞毒性剂(即,“未结合的连接子”可以由CBA-L表 示,其中CBA表示细胞结合剂并且L表示双官能交联剂。相比之下, 细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物可以由CBA-L-D表示,其中D表示细 胞毒性剂)。
在一个实施方案中,细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物中细胞毒性 剂与细胞结合剂的平均摩尔比为约1到约10、约2到约7、约3到约 5、约2.5到约4.5(例如,约2.5、约2.6、约2.7、约2.8、约2.9、 约3.0、约3.1、约3.3、约3.4、约3.5、约3.6、约3.7、约3.8、约 3.9、约4.0、约4.1、约4.2、约4.3、约4.4、约4.5)、约3.0到约 4.0、约3.2到约4.2,或约4.5到5.5(例如,约4.5、约4.6、约4.7、 约4.8、约4.9、约5.0、约5.1、约5.2、约5.3、约5.4或约5.5)。
本发明提供一种制备包含化学偶合于细胞毒性剂的细胞结合剂 的稳定缀合物的组合物的更有效方法。在一个实施方案中,与制备细 胞结合剂和细胞毒性剂的缀合物的传统方法相比,达到缀合物的细胞 毒性剂与细胞结合剂的相同平均摩尔比所需的细胞毒性剂的量较少。
细胞结合剂可以是结合于细胞,通常并且优选地为动物细胞(例 如人类细胞)的任何适合的试剂。细胞结合剂优选地为肽或多肽。适 合的细胞结合剂包括(例如)抗体(例如,单克隆抗体和其片段)、 干扰素(例如,α、β、γ)、淋巴因子(例如,IL-2、IL-3、IL-4、IL-6)、 激素(例如,胰岛素、TRH(促甲状腺素释放激素,thyrotropin releasing hormone)、MSH(黑素细胞刺激激素,melanocyte-stimulating hormone)、类固醇激素(如雄激素和雌激素))、生长因子和集落 刺激因子(如EGF、TGF-α、FGF、VEGF、G-CSF、M-CSF和GM-CSF(Burgess,Immunology Today 5:155-158(1984)))、营养素转运分子 (例如转铁蛋白)、维生素(例如叶酸),以及特异性地结合细胞表 面上的靶分子的任何其他试剂或分子。
在细胞结合剂为抗体的情况下,它结合于一种抗原,所述抗原为 多肽或糖链(glycotope)并且可以是跨膜分子(例如受体)或配体, 如生长因子。示范性的抗原包括分子,如肾素;生长激素,包括人生 长激素和牛生长激素;生长激素释放因子;甲状旁腺激素;促甲状腺 激素;脂蛋白;α-1-抗胰蛋白酶;胰岛素A链;胰岛素B链;胰岛素 原;促卵泡激素;降血钙素;促黄体生成激素;胰高血糖素;凝血因 子,如因子vmc、因子IX、组织因子(tissuefactor,TF)以及冯·维 勒布兰德因子(von Willebrands factor);抗凝血因子,如蛋白质C; 心房利钠因子;肺表面活性剂;纤溶酶原激活剂,如尿激酶或人类尿 液型或组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA);铃蟾素(bombesin);凝血 酶;造血生长因子;肿瘤坏死因子-α和肿瘤坏死因子-β;脑啡肽酶 (enkephalinase);RANTES(正常T细胞表达和分泌的调节性激活 因子,regulated on activation normally T-cell expressed and secreted); 人巨噬细胞炎性蛋白(MIP-1-α);血清白蛋白,如人血清白蛋白; 缪勒管抑制物质(Muellerian-inhibiting substance);松弛素A链;松 弛素B链;松弛素原;小鼠促性腺激素相关肽;微生物蛋白,如β- 内酰胺酶;脱氧核糖核酸酶(DNase);IgE;细胞毒性T-淋巴细胞 相关抗原(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen,CTLA),如 CTLA-4;抑制素(inhibin);激活素(activin);血管内皮生长因子 (vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF);激素或生长因子的受 体;蛋白质A或D;类风湿因子;神经营养因子,如骨源性神经营 养因子(bone-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)、神经营养素 (neurotrophin)-3、神经营养素-4、神经营养素-5或神经营养素-6 (NT-3、NT4、NT-5或NT-6),或神经生长因子,如NGF-β;血小 板源性生长因子(platelet-derived growth factor,PDGF);成纤维细胞 生长因子,如aFGF和bFGF;表皮生长因子(EGF);转化生长因 子(TGF),如TGF-α和TGF-β,包括TGF-β1、TGF-β2、TGF-β3、 TGF-β4或TGF-β5;胰岛素样生长因子-I和胰岛素样生长因子-II (IGF-I和IGF-II);脱(1-3)-IGF-I(脑IGF-I);胰岛素样生长因子 结合蛋白;EpCAM;GD3;FLT3;PSMA;PSCA;MUC1;MUC16; STEAP;CEA;TENB2;EphA受体;EphB受体;叶酸受体;FOLR1; 间皮素(mesothelin);畸胎瘤衍化生长因子(crypto);αvβ6;整合 素(integrin);VEGF、VEGFR;EGFR;转铁蛋白受体;IRTA1; IRTA2;IRTA3;IRTA4;IRTA5;CD蛋白质,如CD2、CD3、CD4、 CD5、CD6、CD8、CD11、CD14、CD19、CD20、CD21、CD22、 CD25、CD26、CD28、CD30、CD33、CD36、CD37、CD38、CD40、 CD44、CD52、CD55、CD56、CD59、CD70、CD79、CD80、CD81、 CD103、CD105、CD134、CD137、CD138、CD152,或结合于一个 或多个肿瘤相关抗原或细胞表面受体的抗体,其披露于美国专利申请 公开号2008/0171040或美国专利申请公开号2008/0305044中并且以 其全文引用的方式并入;促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin);骨生成诱 导因子(osteoinductive factor);免疫毒素;骨形态发生蛋白(bone morphogenetic protein,BMP);干扰素,如干扰素-α、干扰素-β以及 干扰素-γ;集落刺激因子(CSF),例如M-CSF、GM-CSF以及G-CSF; 白介素(interleukin,IL),例如IL-1到IL-10;超氧化物歧化酶;T 细胞受体;表面膜蛋白;衰变加速因子;病毒抗原,如一部分HIV 包膜;转运蛋白;归巢受体(homingreceptor);地址素(addressin); 调节蛋白;整合素,如CD11a、CD11b、CD11c、CD18、ICAM、VLA-4 以及VCAM;肿瘤相关抗原,如HER2、HER3或HER4受体;内皮 因子(endoglin);c-Met;IGF1R;前列腺抗原(如PCA3、PSA)、 PSGR、NGEP、PSMA、PSCA、TMEFF2以及STEAP1;LGR5;B7H4;以及上文所列多肽中的任一种的片段。
另外,结合于骨髓细胞的GM-CSF可以用作针对来自急性骨髓 性白血病的病变细胞的细胞结合剂。结合于经过激活的T细胞的IL-2 可以用于预防移植排斥,用于治疗和预防移植物抗宿主疾病,并且用 于治疗急性T细胞白血病。结合于黑素细胞的MSH可以用于治疗黑 素瘤,针对黑素瘤的抗体同样可以。叶酸可以用于靶向在卵巢肿瘤和 其他肿瘤上表达的叶酸受体。表皮生长因子可以用于靶向鳞癌,如肺 和头颈的鳞癌。生长抑素(somatostatin)可以用于靶向成神经细胞瘤 和其他肿瘤类型。
乳腺癌和睾丸癌可以用分别作为细胞结合剂的雌激素(或雌激素 类似物)或雄激素(或雄激素类似物)成功地靶向。
如本文中所用的术语“抗体”是指任何免疫球蛋白、任何免疫球 蛋白片段(如Fab、Fab'、F(ab')2、dsFv、sFv)、微型抗体(minibody)、 双功能抗体(diabody)、三功能抗体(tribody)、四功能抗体(tetrabody) (Parham,J.Immunol.,131:2895-2902(1983);Spring等人J.Immunol., 113:470-478(1974);Nisonoff等人Arch.Biochem.Biophys.,89: 230-244(1960);Kim等人,Mol.Cancer Ther.,7:2486-2497(2008); Carter,Nature Revs.,6:343-357(2006)),或可以结合于细胞表面上的 抗原的免疫球蛋白嵌合体(例如,其含有互补决定区(complementarity determining region,CDR))。任何适合的抗体都可以用作细胞结合 剂。本领域技术人员应了解,适当抗体的选择将取决于有待靶向的细 胞群体。就这一点而言,选择性地在特定细胞群体(通常并且优选地 为病变细胞群体)中表达的细胞表面分子(即,抗原)的类型和数目 将主导用于本发明组合物中的适当抗体的选择。细胞表面表达谱对于 众多细胞类型(包括肿瘤细胞类型)来说是已知的,或者,如果未知 的话,那么可以使用常规分子生物学和组织化学技术来测定。
抗体可以是多克隆或单克隆的,但最优选地是单克隆抗体。如本 文中所用的“多克隆”抗体是指在经过免疫的动物的血清中通常所含 的抗体分子的异质群体。“单克隆”抗体是指对特定抗原具有特异性 的抗体分子的同质群体。单克隆抗体通常由B淋巴细胞(“B细胞”) 的单一无性系产生。单克隆抗体可以使用本领域技术人员已知的多种 技术来获得,包括标准杂交瘤技术(参看例如和Milstein,Eur. J.Immunol.,5:511-519(1976);Harlow和Lane(编),Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual,CSH Press(1988);以及C.A.Janeway等人(编), Immunobiology,第5版,Garland Publishing,New York,NY(2001))。 简单地说,产生单克隆抗体的杂交瘤方法通常涉及用抗原(即,“免 疫原”)注射任何适合的动物,通常并且优选地为小鼠。随后处死动 物,并且使从它的脾中分离出的B细胞与人骨髓瘤细胞融合。产生 杂交细胞(即,“杂交瘤”),其无限增殖并且不断分泌高效价的在 体外具有所需特异性的抗体。本领域中已知的任何适当方法都可以用 于鉴别产生具有所需特异性的抗体的杂交瘤细胞。所述方法包括(例 如)酶联免疫吸附分析法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)、蛋白质印迹分析(Western blot analysis)以及放射免疫分 析法(radioimmunoassay)。筛选杂交瘤的群体以分离出个别的无性 系,每个无性系分泌针对抗原的单一抗体种类。因为每个杂交瘤是衍 生自与单一B细胞融合的无性系,所以它产生的所有抗体分子在结 构方面都相同,包括这些抗体分子的抗原结合位点和同型。单克隆抗 体还可以使用其他适合的技术来产生,包括EBV-杂交瘤技术(参看 例如Haskard和Archer,J.Immunol.Methods,74(2):361-67(1984);以 及Roder等人,MethodsEnzymol.,121:140-67(1986))、噬菌体载体表 达系统(参看例如Huse等人,Science,246:1275-81(1989)),或包含 抗体片段(如Fab和scFv(单链可变区))的噬菌体呈现文库(参看例如美国专利5,885,793和5,969,108;以及国际专利申请公开WO 92/01047和WO 99/06587)。
单克隆抗体可以从任何适合的动物中分离出或在任何适合的动 物中产生,但优选地在哺乳动物中、更优选地在小鼠或人类中并且最 优选地在人类中产生。在小鼠中产生抗体的方法为本领域技术人员所 熟知并且描述于本文中。关于人类抗体,本领域技术人员应了解,多 克隆抗体可以从经过适当抗原接种或免疫的人类受试者的血清中分 离出。或者,人类抗体可以通过修改用于在非人类动物(如小鼠)中 产生人类抗体的已知技术来产生(参看例如美国专利5,545,806、 5,569,825和5,714,352;以及美国专利申请公开号2002/0197266 A1)。
虽然理想的选择是用于在人类中进行治疗性应用,但人类抗体、 特别是人类单克隆抗体,通常比小鼠单克隆抗体更难产生。然而,小 鼠单克隆抗体在给予人类时诱导快速宿主抗体反应,这可能会降低抗 体-细胞毒性剂缀合物的治疗或诊断潜力。为了避免这些并发状况 (complication),单克隆抗体优选地不会被人类免疫系统识别成“外 来的”。
为此,可以使用噬菌体呈现来产生抗体。就这一点而言,编码抗 体的抗原结合可变(V)域的噬菌体文库可以使用标准分子生物学和 重组DNA技术来产生(参看例如Sambrook等人(编),Molecular Cloning,A Laboratory Manual,第3版,Cold SpringHarbor Laboratory Press,New York(2001))。选择编码具有所需特异性的可变区的噬菌体用于特异性地结合于所需抗原,并且重构包含所选可变域的完全人 类抗体。将编码经过重构的抗体的核酸序列引入到适合的细胞系(如 用于产生杂交瘤的骨髓瘤细胞)中,使得具有单克隆抗体特征的人类 抗体由细胞分泌出(参看例如Janeway等人,同上;Huse等人,同上; 以及美国专利6,265,150)。或者,单克隆抗体可以从对于特异性人 类重链和轻链免疫球蛋白基因来说是转基因的小鼠中产生。所述方法 在本领域中是已知的并且描述于(例如)美国专利5,545,806和 5,569,825以及Janeway等人,同上中。
抗体最优选地是人源化抗体。如本文中所用的“人源化”抗体是 如下抗体:其中小鼠单克隆抗体的互补决定区(CDR)(它们形成抗 体的抗原结合环)接枝到人类抗体分子的构架上。由于小鼠和人类抗 体的构架的相似性,因此本领域中一般公认这种方法产生与人类抗体 的抗原性一致,但与CDR序列所来源的小鼠单克隆抗体结合相同抗 原的单克隆抗体。产生人源化抗体的方法在本领域中是众所周知的并 且详细描述于(例如)Janeway等人,同上;美国专利5,225,539、 5,585,089和5,693,761;欧洲专利号0239400B1;以及英国专利号 2188638中。人源化抗体还可以使用美国专利5,639,641和Pedersen 等人,J.Mol.Biol.,235:959-973(1994)中所描述的抗体表面重塑技术 来产生。虽然本发明组合物的缀合物中所采用的抗体最优选地是人源 化单克隆抗体,但如上文所描述的人类单克隆抗体和小鼠单克隆抗体 也在本发明的范围内。
具有至少一个抗原结合位点,并且因此识别并结合于靶细胞的表 面上所存在的至少一个抗原或受体的抗体片段也在本发明的范围内。 在这方面,完整抗体分子的蛋白酶剪切可以产生多种保留识别并结合 抗原的能力的抗体片段。举例来说,用木瓜蛋白酶对抗体分子进行限 制性消化通常产生三个片段,其中两个片段相同并且被称作Fab片 段,因为它们保留了母抗体分子的抗原结合活性。用胃蛋白酶使抗体 分子裂解通常产生两个抗体片段,其中一个片段保留了抗体分子的两 个抗原结合臂,并且因此被称作F(ab')2片段。用二硫苏糖醇或巯基乙 胺还原F(ab')2片段产生了被称作Fab'片段的片段。由包含经由合成肽 连接于抗体轻链可变(V)域的抗体重链V域的截短的Fab片段组成 的单链可变区片段(sFv)抗体片段可以使用常规重组DNA技术来产 生(参看例如Janeway等人,同上)。类似地,经过二硫键稳定的可 变区片段(dsFv)可以通过重组DNA技术来制备(参看例如Reiter 等人,Protein Engineering,7:697-704(1994))。然而,在本发明的背 景下,抗体片段并不限于抗体片段的这些示范性的类型。可以采用识 别并结合于所需细胞表面受体或抗原的任何适合的抗体片段。抗体片 段进一步描述于(例如)Parham,J.Immunol.,131:2895-2902(1983); Spring等人,J.Immunol.,113:470-478(1974);以及Nisonoff等人,Arch.Biochem.Biophys.,89:230-244(1960)中。抗体-抗原结合可以使用本领 域中已知的任何适合的方法来分析,例如放射免疫分析法(RIA)、 ELISA、蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)、免疫沉淀法以及竞争性抑制 分析法(参看例如Janeway等人,同上;和美国专利申请公开号2002/0197266 A1)。
另外,抗体可以是嵌合抗体或其抗原结合片段。“嵌合”意味着 抗体包含至少两个免疫球蛋白或其片段,它们获自或衍生自至少两个 不同种类(例如,两个不同免疫球蛋白,如与鼠类免疫球蛋白可变区 组合的人类免疫球蛋白恒定区)。抗体还可以是域抗体(domain antibody,dAb)或其抗原结合片段,例如新型骆驼抗体(camelid antibody)(参看例如Desmyter等人,Nature Struct.Biol.,3:752, (1996)),或鲨鱼抗体(sharkantibody),例如新抗原受体(IgNAR) (参看例如Greenberg等人,Nature,374:168(1995);和Stanfield等人, Science,305:1770-1773(2004))。
在本发明的背景下可以使用任何适合的抗体。举例来说,单克隆 抗体J5是对急性成淋巴细胞性白血病共同抗原(Common Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Antigen,CALLA)具有特异性的鼠类IgG2a 抗体(Ritz等人,Nature,283:583-585(1980)),并且可以用于靶向表 达CALLA的细胞(例如,急性成淋巴细胞性白血病细胞)。单克隆 抗体MY9是特异性地结合于CD33抗原的鼠类IgG1抗体(Griffin 等人,Leukemia Res.,8:521(1984)),并且可以用于靶向表达CD33 的细胞(例如,急性骨髓性白血病(AML)细胞)。
类似地,单克隆抗体抗B4(也称作B4)是结合于B细胞上的 CD19抗原的鼠类IgG1抗体(Nadler等人,J.Immunol.,131:244-250 (1983)),并且可以用于靶向B细胞或表达CD19的病变细胞(例如, 非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin's lymphoma)细胞和慢性成淋巴细胞性白血病细胞)。N901是结合于神经内分泌起源的细胞(包括小 细胞肺肿瘤)上所见的CD56(神经细胞粘着分子)抗原的鼠类单克 隆抗体,它可以用于缀合物中以使药物靶向神经内分泌起源的细胞。 J5、MY9以及B4抗体优选地在它们用作缀合物的一部分之前经过表面重塑或人源化。抗体的表面重塑或人源化描述于(例如)Roguska 等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,91:969-73(1994)中。
另外,单克隆抗体C242结合于CanAg抗原(参看例如美国专利 5,552,293),并且可以用于使缀合物靶向表达CanAg的肿瘤,如结 肠直肠癌、胰腺癌、非小细胞肺癌以及胃癌。HuC242是单克隆抗体 C242的人源化形式(参看例如美国专利5,552,293)。产生HuC242 的杂交瘤以ECACC识别编号90012601保藏。HuC242可以使用CDR 接枝法(参看例如美国专利5,585,089、5,693,761和5,693,762)或表 面重塑技术(参看例如美国专利5,639,641)来制备。HuC242可以用 于使缀合物靶向表达CanAg抗原的肿瘤细胞,如结肠直肠癌、胰腺 癌、非小细胞肺癌以及胃癌细胞。
为了靶向卵巢癌和前列腺癌细胞,抗MUC1抗体可以用作缀合 物中的细胞结合剂。抗MUC1抗体包括(例如)抗HMFG-2(参看 例如Taylor-Papadimitriou等人,Int.J.Cancer,28:17-21(1981))、 hCTM01(参看例如van Hof等人,Cancer Res.,56:5179-5185(1996))以及DS6。前列腺癌细胞也可以通过使用抗前列腺特异性膜抗原 (PSMA)作为细胞结合剂(如J591)而用缀合物靶向(参看例如 Liu等人,Cancer Res.,57:3629-3634(1997))。此外,表达Her2抗原 的癌细胞,如乳腺癌、前列腺癌以及卵巢癌,可以通过使用抗Her2 抗体(例如曲妥珠单抗(trastuzumab))作为细胞结合剂而用缀合物 靶向。表达表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)和其变体(如III型缺失突变体EGFRvIII)的细胞可以通过 使用抗EGFR抗体而用缀合物靶向。抗EGFR抗体描述于国际专利申 请号PCT/US11/058385和PCT/US11/058378中。抗EGFRvIII抗体描 述于美国专利7,736,644和7,628,986以及美国申请公开 2010/0111979、2009/0240038、2009/0175887、2009/0156790和2009/0155282中。结合于胰岛素样生长因子受体的抗IGF-IR抗体(如 美国专利7,982,024中所描述的那些抗体)也可以用于缀合物中。结 合于CD27L、畸胎瘤衍化生长因子、CD138、CD38、EphA2、整合 素、CD37、叶酸、CD20、PSGR、NGEP、PSCA、TMEFF2、STEAP1、 内皮因子以及Her3的抗体也可以用于缀合物中。
在一个实施方案中,抗体选自由以下组成的组:huN901; huMy9-6;huB4;huC242;抗HER2抗体(例如曲妥珠单抗);比伐 珠单抗(bivatuzumab);昔洛珠单抗(sibrotuzumab);利妥昔单抗 (rituximab);huDS6;国际专利申请公开WO 2010/124797中所描 述的抗间皮素抗体(如MF-T);美国专利申请公开2010/0093980中 所描述的抗畸胎瘤衍化生长因子抗体(如huB3F6);美国专利申请 公开2007/0183971中所描述的抗CD138抗体(如huB-B4);国际专 利申请号PCT/US11/058385和PCT/US11/058378中所描述的抗EGFR 抗体(如EGFR-7);美国专利7,736,644和7,628,986以及美国专利 申请公开2010/0111979、2009/0240038、2009/0175887、2009/0156790 和2009/0155282中所描述的抗EGFRvIII抗体;国际专利申请公开 WO 2011/039721和WO 2011/039724中所描述的人源化EphA2抗体 (如2H11R35R74);国际专利申请公开WO 2008/047242中所描述 的抗CD38抗体(如hu38SB19);国际专利申请公开WO 2011/106528 和美国专利申请公开2012/0009181中所描述的抗叶酸抗体(例如huMov19);美国专利5,958,872、6,596,743和7,982,024中所描述的 抗IGF1R抗体;美国专利申请公开2011/0256153中所描述的抗CD37 抗体(例如huCD37-3);美国申请公开2006/0127407中所描述的抗 整合素αvβ6抗体(例如CNTO95);以及国际专利申请公开WO 2012/019024中所描述的抗Her3抗体。
特别优选的抗体是本文所描述的人源化单克隆抗体。实例包括(但不限于)huN901、huMy9-6、huB4、huC242、人源化单克隆抗 Her2抗体(例如曲妥珠单抗)、比伐珠单抗、昔洛珠单抗、CNTO95、 huDS6以及利妥昔单抗(参看例如美国专利5,639,641和5,665,357; 美国临时专利申请号60/424,332(其与美国专利7,557,189相关); 国际(PCT)专利申请公开WO 02/16401;Pedersen等人,同上;Roguska 等人,同上;Liu等人,同上;Nadler等人,同上;Colomer等人,Cancer Invest.,19:49-56(2001);Heider等人,Eur.J.Cancer,31A:2385-2391 (1995);Welt等人,J.Clin.Oncol.,12:1193-1203(1994);以及Maloney 等人,Blood,90:2188-2195(1997))。其他人源化单克隆抗体在本领 域中是已知的并且可以与本发明相结合使用。
在一个实施方案中,细胞结合剂是特异性地结合人类叶酸受体1 的人源化抗叶酸抗体或其抗原结合片段,其中所述抗体包含:(a) 包含GYFMN(SEQ ID NO:1)的重链CDR1;包含 RIHPYDGDTFYNQXaa1FXaa2Xaa3(SEQ ID NO:2)的重链CDR2; 以及包含YDGSRAMDY(SEQ IDNO:3)的重链CDR3;和(b)包 含KASQSVSFAGTSLMH(SEQ ID NO:4)的轻链CDR1;包含 RASNLEA(SEQ ID NO:5)的轻链CDR2;以及包含QQSREYPYT (SEQ ID NO:6)的轻链CDR3;其中Xaa1选自K、Q、H和R;Xaa2选自Q、H、N和R;并且Xaa3选自G、E、T、S、A和V。优选地, 重链CDR2序列包含RIHPYDGDTFYNQKFQG(SEQ ID NO:7)。
在另一个实施方案中,抗叶酸抗体是特异性地结合人类叶酸受体 1的人源化抗体或其抗原结合片段,它包含具有以下氨基酸序列的重 链:QVQLVQSGAEVVKPGASVKISCKASGYTFTGYFMNWVKQSPGQSLEWIGRIHPYDGDTFYNQKFQGKATLTVDKSSNTAHMELLSLTSEDFAVYYCTRYDGSRAMDYWGQGTTVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSP GK(SEQ ID NO:8)。
在另一个实施方案中,抗叶酸抗体是由2010年4月7日保藏于 ATCC并且具有ATCC保藏编号PTA-10772和PTA-10773或10774 的质粒DNA编码的人源化抗体或其抗原结合片段。
在另一个实施方案中,抗叶酸抗体是人源化抗体或其抗原结合片 段,它包含至少约90%、95%、99%或100%与 QVQLVQSGAEVVKPGASVKISCKASGYTFTGYFMNWVKQSPGQSLEWIGRIHPYDGDTFYNQKFQGKATLTVDKSSNTAHMELLSLTSE DFAVYYCTRYDGSRAMDYWGQGTTVTVSS(SEQ ID NO:9)一致 的重链可变域,和至少约90%、95%、99%或100%与DIVLTQSPLSLAVSLGQPAIISCKASQSVSFAGTSLMHWYHQKPGQQPRLLIYRASNLEAGVPDRFSGSGSKTDFTLNISPVEAEDAATYYC QQSREYPYTFGGGTKLEIKR(SEQ IDNO:10)或 DIVLTQSPLSLAVSLGQPAIISCKASQSVSFAGTSLMHWYHQKPGQQPRLLIYRASNLEAGVPDRFSGSGSKTDFTLTISPVEAEDAATYYC QQSREYPYTFGGGTKLEIKR(SEQ IDNO:11)一致的轻链可变域。
虽然细胞结合剂优选地是抗体,但细胞结合剂也可以是非抗体分 子。适合的非抗体分子包括(例如)干扰素(例如,α、β或γ干扰 素)、淋巴因子(例如,白介素2(IL-2)、IL-3、IL-4或IL-6)、 激素(例如,胰岛素)、生长因子(例如,EGF、TGF-α、FGF和VEGF)、 集落刺激因子(例如,G-CSF、M-CSF和GM-CSF(参看例如Burgess, Immunology Today,5:155-158(1984)))、生长抑素以及转铁蛋白(参 看例如O'Keefe等人,J.Biol.Chem.,260:932-937(1985))。举例来说, 结合于骨髓细胞的GM-CSF可以用作细胞结合剂以靶向急性骨髓性 白血病细胞。另外,结合于经过激活的T细胞的IL-2可以用于预防 移植排斥,用于治疗和预防移植物抗宿主疾病,并且用于治疗急性T 细胞白血病。表皮生长因子(EGF)可以用于靶向鳞癌,如肺癌和头 颈癌。生长抑素可以用于靶向成神经细胞瘤细胞和其他肿瘤细胞类 型。
缀合物可以包含任何适合的细胞毒性剂。如本文中所用的“细胞 毒性剂”是指引起细胞死亡,诱导细胞死亡,或降低细胞活力的任何 化合物。适合的细胞毒性剂包括(例如)类美登素和可结合的安丝菌 素(ansamitocin)(参看例如2011年11月3日提交的国际专利申请 号PCT/US11/59131)、类紫杉烷(taxoid)、CC-1065和CC-1065类 似物,以及尾海兔素(dolastatin)和尾海兔素类似物。在本发明的一 个优选实施方案中,细胞毒性剂是类美登素,包括美登醇 (maytansinol)和美登醇类似物。类美登素是抑制微管形成并且对哺 乳动物细胞极具毒性的化合物。适合的美登醇类似物的实例包括具有 经过修饰的芳香环的那些类似物和在其他位置具有修饰的那些类似 物。所述类美登素描述于(例如)美国专利4,256,746、4,294,757、 4,307,016、4,313,946、4,315,929、4,322,348、4,331,598、4,361,650、 4,362,663、4,364,866、4,424,219、4,371,533、4,450,254、5,475,092、 5,585,499、5,846,545以及6,333,410中。
具有经过修饰的芳香环的美登醇类似物的实例包括:(1)C-19- 脱氯(美国专利4,256,746)(通过安丝菌素P2的LAH还原来制备), (2)C-20-羟基(或C-20-脱甲基)+/-C-19-脱氯(美国专利4,361,650 和4,307,016)(通过使用链霉菌(Streptomyces)或放线菌(Actinomyces) 脱甲基或使用LAH脱氯来制备),以及(3)C-20-脱甲氧基,C-20- 酰氧基(-OCOR),+/-脱氯(美国专利4,294,757)(通过使用酰氯酰 化来制备)。
在除芳香环以外的位置具有修饰的美登醇类似物的实例包括: (1)C-9-SH(美国专利4,424,219)(通过美登醇与H2S或P2S5的反 应来制备),(2)C-14-烷氧基甲基(脱甲氧基/CH2OR)(美国专利 4,331,598),(3)C-14-羟甲基或酰氧基甲基(CH2OH或CH2OAc) (美国专利4,450,254)(从诺卡氏菌(Nocardia)制备),(4)C-15- 羟基/酰氧基(美国专利4,364,866)(通过由链霉菌使美登醇转化来 制备),(5)C-15-甲氧基(美国专利4,313,946和4,315,929)(从 滑桃树(Trewia nudiflora)中分离出),(6)C-18-N-脱甲基(美国 专利4,362,663和4,322,348)(通过由链霉菌使美登醇脱甲基来制备), 以及(7)4,5-脱氧(美国专利4,371,533)(通过美登醇的三氯化钛/LAH 还原来制备)。
在本发明的一个优选实施方案中,缀合物利用含硫醇的类美登素 DM1,也称为N2'-脱乙酰基-N2'-(3-巯基-1-氧代丙基)-美登素,作为细 胞毒性剂。DM1的结构由式(I)表示:
在本发明的另一个优选实施方案中,缀合物利用含硫醇的类美登 素DM4,也称为N2'-脱乙酰基-N2'-(4-甲基-4-巯基-1-氧代戊基)-美登 素,作为细胞毒性剂。DM4的结构由式(II)表示:
在本发明的背景下可以使用其他类美登素,包括(例如)含硫醇 和二硫键的类美登素,其在带有硫原子的碳原子上具有单烷基或二烷 基取代。特别优选的是在C-3位置具有以下的类美登素:(a)C-14 羟甲基、C-15羟基或C-20脱甲基官能团,和(b)具有带有受阻巯 基的酰基的酰化氨基酸侧链,其中带有硫醇官能团的酰基的碳原子具 有一个或两个取代基,所述取代基为CH3、C2H5、具有1到10个碳 原子的直链或支链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的环状烷基或 烯基、苯基、经过取代的苯基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,并且另外其中所述取代基中的一个可以为H,并且其中酰基在羰基官能团与硫原 子之间具有至少三个碳原子的直链长度。
在本发明的背景下使用的额外的类美登素包括由式(III)表示的 化合物:
其中Y'表示
(CR7R8)l(CR9=CR10)p(C≡C)qAo(CR5R6)mDu(CR11=CR12)r(C≡C)sBt(C R3R4)nCR1R2SZ,
其中R1和R2各自独立地为CH3、C2H5、具有1到10个碳原子 的直链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、 苯基、经过取代的苯基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,并且其中R2也可 以为H,
其中A、B、D为具有3-10个碳原子的环烷基或环烯基、简单的 或经过取代的芳基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,
其中R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9、R10、R11和R12各自独立地 为H、CH3、C2H5、具有1到10个碳原子的直链烷基或烯基、具有3 到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、经过取代的苯基或 杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,
其中l、m、n、o、p、q、r、s和t各自独立地为0或1到5的整 数,其条件为l、m、n、o、p、q、r、s和t中的至少两个在任何时候 都不为0,并且
其中Z为H、SR或COR,其中R为具有1到10个碳原子的直 链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基,或 简单的或经过取代的芳基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基。
式(III)的优选实施方案包括如下式(III)化合物:其中(a) R1为H,R2为甲基,并且Z为H;(b)R1和R2为甲基,并且Z为 H;(c)R1为H,R2为甲基,并且Z为-SCH3;以及(d)R1和R2为甲基,并且Z为-SCH3。
这些额外的类美登素还包括由式(IV-L)、(IV-D)或(IV-D,L) 表示的化合物:
其中Y表示(CR7R8)l(CR5R6)m(CR3R4)nCR1R2SZ,
其中R1和R2各自独立地为CH3、C2H5、具有1到10个碳原子 的直链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、 苯基、经过取代的苯基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,并且其中R2也可 以为H,
其中R3、R4、R5、R6、R7和R8各自独立地为H、CH3、C2H5、 具有1到10个碳原子的直链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支 链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、经过取代的苯基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷 基,
其中l、m和n各自独立地为1到5的整数,并且另外n可以为 0,
其中Z为H、SR或COR,其中R为具有1到10个碳原子的直 链或支链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的环状烷基或烯基,或 简单的或经过取代的芳基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,并且
其中May表示带有C-3处的侧链、C-14羟甲基、C-15羟基或 C-20脱甲基的类美登素。
式(IV-L)、(IV-D)和(IV-D,L)的优选实施方案包括如下式 (IV-L)、(IV-D)和(IV-D,L)化合物,其中(a)R1为H,R2为 甲基,R5、R6、R7和R8各自为H,l和m各自为1,n为0,并且Z 为H;(b)R1和R2为甲基,R5、R6、R7、R8各自为H,l和m为1, n为0,并且Z为H;(c)R1为H,R2为甲基,R5、R6、R7和R8各 自为H,l和m各自为1,n为0,并且Z为-SCH3;或(d)R1和R2为甲基,R5、R6、R7、R8各自为H,l和m为1,n为0,并且Z为-SCH3。
优选地,细胞毒性剂由式(IV-L)表示。
额外优选的类美登素还包括由式(V)表示的化合物:
其中Y表示(CR7R8)l(CR5R6)m(CR3R4)nCR1R2SZ,
其中R1和R2各自独立地为CH3、C2H5、具有1到10个碳原子 的直链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、 苯基、经过取代的苯基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,并且其中R2也可 以为H,
其中R3、R4、R5、R6、R7和R8各自独立地为H、CH3、C2H5、 具有1到10个碳原子的直链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支 链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、经过取代的苯基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷 基,
其中l、m和n各自独立地为1到5的整数,并且另外n可以为 0,并且
其中Z为H、SR或COR,其中R为具有1到10个碳原子的直 链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基,或 简单的或经过取代的芳基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基。
式(V)的优选实施方案包括如下式(V)化合物:其中(a)R1为H,R2为甲基,R5、R6、R7和R8各自为H,l和m各自为1,n为 0,并且Z为H;(b)R1和R2为甲基,R5、R6、R7、R8各自为H, l和m为1,n为0,并且Z为H;(c)R1为H,R2为甲基,R5、R6、 R7和R8各自为H,l和m各自为1,n为0,并且Z为-SCH3;或(d) R1和R2为甲基,R5、R6、R7、R8各自为H,l和m为1,n为0,并 且Z为-SCH3。
其他优选的类美登素包括由式(VI-L)、(VI-D)或(VI-D,L) 表示的化合物:
其中Y2表示(CR7R8)l(CR5R6)m(CR3R4)nCR1R2SZ2,
其中R1和R2各自独立地为CH3、C2H5、具有1到10个碳原子 的直链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、 苯基、经过取代的苯基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,并且其中R2也可 以为H,
其中R3、R4、R5、R6、R7和R8各自独立地为H、CH3、C2H5、 具有1到10个碳原子的直链环状烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子 的支链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、经过取代的苯基或杂环芳香基或杂 环烷基,
其中l、m和n各自独立地为1到5的整数,并且另外n可以为 0,
其中Z2为SR或COR,其中R为具有1到10个碳原子的直链烷 基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基,或简单 的或经过取代的芳基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,并且
其中May为类美登素的大环结构。
额外优选的类美登素包括由式(VII)表示的化合物:
其中Y2'表示
(CR7R8)l(CR9=CR10)p(C≡C)qAo(CR5R6)mDu(CR11=CR12)r(C≡C)sBt(C R3R4)nCR1R2SZ2,
其中R1和R2各自独立地为CH3、C2H5、具有1到10个碳原子 的直链或支链烷基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的环状烷基或烯基、 苯基、经过取代的苯基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,并且另外R2可以 为H,
其中A、B和D各自独立地为具有3到10个碳原子的环烷基或 环烯基、简单的或经过取代的芳基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,
其中R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9、R10、R11和R12各自独立地 为H、CH3、C2H5、具有1到10个碳原子的直链烷基或烯基、具有3 到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基、苯基、经过取代的苯基或 杂环芳香基或杂环烷基,
其中l、m、n、o、p、q、r、s和t各自独立地为0或1到5的整 数,其条件为l、m、n、o、p、q、r、s和t中的至少两个在任何时候 都不为0,并且
其中Z2为SR或-COR,其中R为具有1到10个碳原子的直链烷 基或烯基、具有3到10个碳原子的支链或环状烷基或烯基,或简单 的或经过取代的芳基或杂环芳香基或杂环烷基。
式(VII)的优选实施方案包括如下式(VII)化合物:其中R1为H并且R2为甲基。
除了类美登素以外,缀合物中所用的细胞毒性剂可以是紫杉烷 (taxane)或其衍生物。紫杉烷是一类化合物,其包括细胞毒性天然 产物太平洋紫杉醇(paclitaxel,)和半合成衍生物多西紫杉醇 (docetaxel,),这两者都被广泛用于治疗癌症。紫杉烷是 抑制微管蛋白解聚,从而引起细胞死亡的有丝分裂纺锤体毒物。虽然 多西紫杉醇和太平洋紫杉醇是适用于治疗癌症的药剂,但它们的抗肿 瘤活性由于其对正常细胞的非特异性毒性而受限制。此外,如太平洋 紫杉醇和多西紫杉醇的化合物本身对于在细胞结合剂的缀合物中使 用并不充分有效。
用于制备细胞毒性缀合物的优选紫杉烷为式(VIII)的紫杉烷:
用于合成可以在本发明的背景下使用的紫杉烷的方法连同用于 使紫杉烷结合于细胞结合剂(如抗体)的方法一起详细描述于美国专 利5,416,064、5,475,092、6,340,701、6,372,738、6,436,931、6,596,757、 6,706,708、6,716,821以及7,390,898中。
细胞毒性剂也可以是CC-1065或其衍生物。CC-1065是从泽耳链 霉菌(Streptomyces zelensis)的肉汤培养物中分离出的有效抗肿瘤抗 生素。CC-1065在体外的效力是通常所用的抗癌药(如阿霉素 (doxorubicin)、甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate)以及长春新碱(vincristine)) 的约1000倍(Bhuyan等人,Cancer Res.,42:3532-3537(1982))。CC-1065和其类似物披露于美国专利5,585,499、5,846,545、6,340,701 以及6,372,738中。CC-1065的细胞毒性效能已经与它的烷基化活性 和它的DNA结合或DNA嵌入活性相关联。这两种活性存在于分子 的独立部分中。在这方面,烷基化活性包含在环丙烷并吡咯并吲哚(cyclopropapyrroloindole,CPI)子单元中,并且DNA结合活性存在 于CC-1065的两个吡咯并吲哚子单元中。
若干种CC-1065类似物在本领域中是已知的并且也可以用作缀 合物中的细胞毒性剂(参看例如Warpehoski等人,J.Med.Chem.,31: 590-603(1988))。已经开发出一系列CC-1065类似物,其中CPI部 分被环丙烷并苯并吲哚(cyclopropabenzindole,CBI)部分取代(Boger 等人,J.Org.Chem.,55:5823-5833(1990);和Boger等人,Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett.,1:115-120(1991))。这些CC-1065类似物保留了母药的 高体外效能,而不会在小鼠中引起迟发性毒性。如同CC-1065一样, 这些化合物是共价结合于DNA的小沟以引起细胞死亡的烷基化剂。
可以通过经由靶向递送到肿瘤部位而改变体内分布,从而使得对 非靶向组织的毒性较低并且由此使得全身毒性较低来大大提高 CC-1065类似物的治疗功效。为此,已经产生CC-1065的类似物和衍 生物与特异性地靶向肿瘤细胞的细胞结合剂的缀合物(参看例如美国 专利5,475,092、5,585,499以及5,846,545)。这些缀合物通常在体外 展现出高标靶特异性细胞毒性,并且在小鼠的人类肿瘤异种移植模型 中展现出抗肿瘤活性(参看例如Chari等人,Cancer Res.,55: 4079-4084(1995))。
合成CC-1065类似物的方法详细描述于美国专利5,475,092、 5,585,499、5,846,545、6,534,660、6,586,618、6,756,397以及7,329,760 中。
如甲氨蝶呤、道诺霉素(daunorubicin)、阿霉素、长春新碱、 长春碱(vinblastine)、美法仑(melphalan)、丝裂霉素C(mitomycin C)、苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil)、卡里奇霉素(calicheamicin)、 土布莱新(tubulysin)和土布莱新类似物、倍癌霉素(duocarmycin) 和倍癌霉素类似物、尾海兔素和尾海兔素类似物也可以用作本发明的 细胞毒性剂。阿霉素和道诺霉素化合物(参看例如美国专利6,630,579) 也可以用作细胞毒性剂。
细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物可以通过体外方法来制备。为了 使细胞毒性剂连接于抗体,使用连接基团。适合的连接基团在本领域 中是众所周知的并且包括二硫基、酸不稳定基团、光不稳定基团、肽 酶不稳定基团和酯酶不稳定基团,以及不可裂解的连接基团。举例来 说,细胞结合剂可以经由化学键化学偶合于细胞毒性剂,所述化学键 选自由以下组成的组:二硫键、酸不稳定键、光不稳定键、肽酶不稳 定键、硫醚不稳定键以及酯酶不稳定键。
根据本发明,细胞结合剂经由双官能交联剂与细胞毒性剂连接。 如本文中所用的“双官能交联剂”是指具有两个反应性基团的试剂; 其中一个基团能够与细胞结合剂反应,而另一个基团能够与细胞毒性 剂反应以使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂连接,从而形成缀合物。
任何适合的双官能交联剂都可以与本发明相结合使用,只要连接 子试剂分别为细胞毒性剂和细胞结合剂保留了治疗性特征(例如细胞 毒性)和靶向特征,而不会产生异常毒性。优选地,连接子分子使细 胞毒性剂经化学键接合于细胞结合剂(如上文所描述),使得细胞毒 性剂与细胞结合剂彼此化学偶合(例如共价键结)。
在一个实施方案中,双官能交联剂包含不可裂解的连接子。不可 裂解的连接子是能够使细胞毒性剂(如类美登素、紫杉烷或CC-1065 类似物)以稳定的共价方式连接于细胞结合剂的任何化学部分。因此, 不可裂解的连接子在细胞毒性剂或细胞结合剂保持呈活性的条件下 实质上抵抗酸诱导的裂解、光诱导的裂解、肽酶诱导的裂解、酯酶诱 导的裂解以及二硫键裂解。
在细胞毒性剂与细胞结合剂之间形成不可裂解的连接子的适合 交联剂在本领域中是众所周知的。在一个实施方案中,细胞毒性剂经 硫醚键连接于细胞结合剂。不可裂解的连接子的实例包括具有用来与 细胞毒性剂反应的基于马来酰亚胺基或基于卤代乙酰基的部分的连 接子。所述双官能交联剂在本领域中是众所周知的(参看美国专利申 请公开号2010/0129314、2009/0274713、2008/0050310、20050169933、 2009/0274713、2010/0129314;以及可获自Pierce Biotechnology Inc. P.O.Box 117,Rockland,IL 61105,USA的那些双官能交联剂),并且 包括(但不限于)4-(马来酰亚胺基甲基)环己烷甲酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯 (SMCC)、N-琥珀酰亚胺基-4-(N-马来酰亚胺基甲基)-环己烷-1-羧 基-(6-酰胺基己酸酯)(它是SMCC的“长链”类似物,LC-SMCC)、 κ-马来酰亚胺基十一烷酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(KMUA)、γ-马来酰亚胺 基丁酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(GMBS)、ε-马来酰亚胺基己酸N-羟基琥 珀酰亚胺酯(EMCS)、间马来酰亚胺基苯甲酰基-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺 酯(MBS)、N-(α-马来酰亚胺基乙酰氧基)-琥珀酰亚胺酯(AMAS)、 琥珀酰亚胺基-6-(β-马来酰亚胺基丙酰胺基)己酸酯(SMPH)、4-(对 马来酰亚胺基苯基)-丁酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(SMPB)以及N-(对马来 酰亚胺基苯基)异氰酸酯(PMPI)。包含基于卤代乙酰基的部分的交 联剂包括N-琥珀酰亚胺基-4-(碘乙酰基)-氨基苯甲酸酯(SIAB)、碘 乙酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(SIA)、溴乙酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(SBA)以 及3-(溴乙酰胺基)丙酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(SBAP)、双马来酰亚胺基 聚乙二醇(BMPEO)、BM(PEO)2、BM(PEO)3、N-(β-马来酰亚胺基 丙氧基)琥珀酰亚胺酯(BMPS)、5-马来酰亚胺基戊酸NHS、HBVS、 4-(4-N-马来酰亚胺基苯基)-丁酸酰肼·HCl(MPBH)、琥珀酰亚胺基-(4-乙烯基磺酰基)苯甲酸酯(SVSB)、二硫基双马来酰亚胺基乙烷 (DTME)、1,4-双马来酰亚胺基丁烷(BMB)、1,4-双马来酰亚胺 基-2,3-二羟基丁烷(BMDB)、双马来酰亚胺基己烷(BMH)、双马 来酰亚胺基乙烷(BMOE)、4-(N-马来酰亚胺基-甲基)环己烷-1-甲酸 磺基琥珀酰亚胺酯(磺基-SMCC)、(4-碘代-乙酰基)氨基苯甲酸磺基 琥珀酰亚胺酯(磺基-SIAB)、间马来酰亚胺基苯甲酰基-N-羟基磺基 琥珀酰亚胺酯(磺基-MBS)、N-(γ-马来酰亚胺基丁酰氧基)磺基琥珀 酰亚胺酯(磺基-GMBS)、N-(ε-马来酰亚胺基己酰氧基)磺基琥珀酰 亚胺酯(磺基-EMCS)、N-(κ-马来酰亚胺基十一烷酰氧基)磺基琥珀 酰亚胺酯(磺基-KMUS)、4-(对马来酰亚胺基苯基)丁酸磺基琥珀酰 亚胺酯(磺基-SMPB)、CX1-1、磺基-Mal以及PEGn-Mal。优选地, 双官能交联剂为SMCC。
在一个实施方案中,连接试剂是可裂解的连接子。适合的可裂解 的连接子的实例包括二硫化物连接子、酸不稳定连接子、光不稳定连 接子、肽酶不稳定连接子以及酯酶不稳定连接子。含二硫化物的连接 子为经二硫化物交换而可裂解的连接子,所述二硫化物交换可以在生 理条件下发生。酸不稳定连接子为在酸性pH值下可裂解的连接子。 举例来说,某些细胞内区室(如核内体和溶酶体)具有酸性pH值(pH 4-5),并且提供适于使酸不稳定连接子裂解的条件。光不稳定连接 子适用于体表和光可到达的许多体腔。此外,红外光可以穿透组织。 肽酶不稳定连接子可以用于使细胞内部或外部的某些肽裂解(参看例 如Trouet等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,79:626-629(1982);和 Umemoto等人,Int.J.Cancer,43:677-684(1989))。在一个实施方案 中,可裂解的连接子在温和条件下,即,在细胞内细胞毒性剂的活性 不受影响的条件下裂解。
在另一个实施方案中,细胞毒性剂经二硫键连接于细胞结合剂。 连接子分子包含可以与细胞结合剂反应的反应性化学基团。用来与细 胞结合剂反应的优选的反应性化学基团为N-琥珀酰亚胺酯和N-磺基 琥珀酰亚胺酯。另外,连接子分子包含可以与细胞毒性剂反应形成二 硫键的反应性化学基团,优选地为二硫基吡啶基。能够使细胞结合剂 经由二硫键与细胞毒性剂连接的双官能交联剂在本领域中是已知的, 并且包括(例如)3-(2-吡啶基二硫基)丙酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(SPDP) (参看例如Carlsson等人,Biochem.J.,173:723-737(1978))、4-(2- 吡啶基二硫基)丁酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(SPDB)(参看例如美国专利 4,563,304)、4-(2-吡啶基二硫基)戊酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(SPP)(参 看例如CAS登记号341498-08-6)以及N-琥珀酰亚胺基-4-(2-吡啶基 二硫基)2-磺基丁酸酯(磺基-SPDB)(参看例如美国申请公开 2009/0274713)。可以用于引入二硫基的其他双官能交联剂在本领域 中是已知的并且描述于美国专利6,913,748、6,716,821以及美国专利 申请公开2009/0274713和2010/0129314中,所有专利都以其全文引 用的方式并入本文中。
缺乏硫原子并且形成不可裂解的连接子的其他交联剂也可以用 于本发明方法中。所述连接子可以衍生自基于二羧酸的部分。适合的 基于二羧酸的部分包括(但不限于)通式(IX)的α,ω-二羧酸:
HOOC-Xl-Yn-Zm-COOH
(IX)
其中X为具有2到20个碳原子的直链或支链烷基、烯基或炔基, Y为带有3到10个碳原子的环烷基或环烯基,Z为经过取代或未经 取代的带有6到10个碳原子的芳香基,或经过取代或未经取代的杂 环基,其中杂原子选自N、O或S,并且其中l、m和n各自为0或1, 其条件为l、m和n不同时都为0。
本文所披露的许多不可裂解的连接子详细描述于美国专利申请 公开号2005/0169933A1中。
以下实施例进一步说明本发明,但当然不应该被解释为以任何方 式限制其范围。
实施例1
使用先前所描述的方法(例如,美国专利5,208,020)以及作为 本申请的主题的一步法,使人源化CD37-3抗体与异双官能交联剂 SMCC和类美登素DM1反应。
对于先前所描述的方法来说,首先使huCD37-3(15mg/mL)与 SMCC(相对于抗体的量为6.5倍摩尔过量)反应,以形成经过修饰 的抗体。修饰反应在16℃下于含有2mM EDTA和10%DMA的50 mM磷酸钠缓冲液(pH 6.9)中进行了90分钟。用1M乙酸盐猝灭 反应以将pH值调节到4.5,并且使用在含有2mM EDTA的20mM 乙酸钠(pH 4.5)中平衡并洗脱的SephadexG-25F树脂柱纯化经过修 饰的抗体。纯化之后,使经过修饰的抗体(5mg/mL)与类美登素DM1(相对于抗体的量为6.8倍摩尔过量;相对于抗体上连接子的测 得量为1.3倍过量)反应,以形成经过结合的抗体。结合反应在20℃ 下于含有2mM EDTA和5%DMA的20mM乙酸钠缓冲液(pH 5.0) 中进行了约20小时。然后,使用在10mM琥珀酸钠(pH 5.0)中平 衡并洗脱的Sephadex G-25F树脂柱纯化反应混合物。
对于本发明方法来说,使huCD37-3(2.5mg/mL)与DM1(相 对于抗体的量为6.2倍摩尔过量)混合,然后与SMCC(相对于抗体 的量为5.2倍过量)混合。反应在20℃下于含有2mMEDTA和10% DMA的50mM EPPS[4-(2-羟乙基)-1-哌嗪丙烷磺酸]缓冲液(pH 8.1) 中进行了约4小时。通过加入1M乙酸盐来猝灭反应以将pH值调节 到5.0。然后将反应混合物在2-8℃下保持约20小时。保持后,经0.2 μm PVDF过滤器过滤反应混合物,并且使用切向流过滤(TFF)纯化 并渗滤到10mM琥珀酸钠(pH 5.0)中。
通过以下方法分析由这两种方法得到的缀合物:UV光谱法用于 分析浓度和细胞毒性剂负荷(类美登素与抗体的比率,MAR);质 谱法用于测定未结合的连接子的水平;还原型SDS PAGE电泳用于 测定不可还原性物质的水平;SEC-HPLC用于测定缀合物单体;以及就缀合物单体和游离类美登素释放来说的存储稳定性。
通过在UV-VIS分光光度计中测量在252nm和280nm下缀合物 的吸光度并且使用在这两个波长下DM1和抗体的摩尔消光系数以计 算抗体和DM1的摩尔浓度来测定浓度和类美登素与抗体的比率 (MAR)。
缀合物的未结合的连接子的水平通过质谱法来分析:测量个别缀 合物种类(包括含有或不含未结合的连接子的缀合物)的峰面积;由 含有未结合的连接子的面积的总和(以连接子的数目加权)与所有缀 合物种类的面积的总和(也以连接子的数目加权)的比率来计算未结 合的连接子的水平。
缀合物的不可还原性物质的水平通过还原型SDS凝胶电泳来分 析:测量个别经过还原的缀合物种类(包括经过还原的轻链、经过还 原的重链、经过交联的轻链-轻链、经过交联的轻链-重链等)的峰面 积;由不可还原性物质的面积的总和与所有物质的面积的总和的比率 来计算不可还原性物质的水平。
缀合物的单体水平通过尺寸排阻HPLC来分析:使用设定于252 nm或280nm波长的吸光度检测器来测量单体、二聚体、聚集体以及 低分子量物质的峰面积;由单体面积与总面积的比率来计算单体水 平。
存在于缀合物中的游离类美登素的量通过双柱(HiSep和C18柱) HPLC来分析:使用设定于252nm波长的吸光度检测器来测量总游 离类美登素物质(按梯度洗脱并且通过与已知标准物比较洗脱时间而 鉴别)的峰面积;使用由已知量的标准物的峰面积生成的标准曲线来 计算游离类美登素的量。
如下表1中所示,使用本发明方法制造的缀合物就未结合的连接 子、不可还原性物质和缀合物单体来说优于使用先前所描述的方法制 造的缀合物。另外,通过本发明方法制造的缀合物的稳定性就在4℃ 下存储五个月之后的游离类美登素释放来说显著较优。通过两种方法 制造的缀合物的单体水平都是稳定的。
表1.通过本发明方法制造的CD37-3缀合物的关键特性 相较于先前方法的比较
本实施例中所反映的实验结果展示了一种制备实质上高纯度的 细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的改进方法。除了通过使用本发明方 法改善缀合物纯度和稳定性以外,由于除去了两个处理步骤(修饰反 应和纯化经过修饰的抗体),所以处理时间和便利性也得到改善。
实施例2
使用两种先前所描述的方法以及作为本申请的主题的改进方法, 使人源化叶酸受体抗体huMov19(参看美国申请公开2012/0009181) 与异双官能交联剂磺基-SPDB和类美登素DM4反应。
对于先前所描述的方法A(两步法,例如Chari等人,US 5,208,020)来说,首先使huMov19抗体(20mg/mL)与磺基-SPDB (相对于抗体的量为5.7倍摩尔过量,溶解于二甲基乙酰胺(DMA) 中)反应,以形成经过修饰的抗体。修饰反应在20℃下于含有5% DMA的50mMEPPS(4-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪-1-丙烷磺酸)缓冲液(pH 8.1) 中进行了180分钟。使用在含2mMEDTA(乙二胺四乙酸)的50mM EPPS(pH 8.1)中平衡并洗脱的Sephadex G-25F树脂柱纯化经过修 饰的抗体。纯化之后,使经过修饰的抗体(5.0mg/mL)与类美登素 DM4(溶解于DMA中;相对于抗体的量为9.7倍摩尔过量;相对于 抗体上连接子的测得量为1.7倍过量)反应,以形成经过结合的抗体。 结合反应在室温下于含有2mM EDTA和5%DMA的50mM EPPS (pH8.1)中进行了约18小时。然后,使用在10mM琥珀酸钠(pH 5.0)中平衡并洗脱的Sephadex G-25F树脂柱纯化反应混合物。
对于先前所描述的方法B(一锅法,Dai等人,美国专利 7,811,572)来说,首先使huMov19抗体(10mg/mL)与磺基-SPDB (相对于抗体的量为4.9倍摩尔过量,溶解于DMA中)反应,以形 成经过修饰的抗体。修饰反应在20℃下于含有2mM EDTA和10% DMA的50mM EPPS缓冲液(pH 7.5)中进行了60分钟。在结合反 应之前不纯化经过修饰的抗体。而是,使10mg/mL未经纯化的经过 修饰的抗体与类美登素DM4(相对于抗体的量为8.3倍摩尔过量,溶 解于DMA中)反应,以形成经过结合的抗体。结合反应在室温下于 含有2mM EDTA和10%DMA的50mM EPPS缓冲液(pH 7.5)中 进行了约18小时。然后,使用在10mM琥珀酸钠(pH 5.0)中平衡 并洗脱的Sephadex G-25F树脂柱纯化反应混合物。
对于使用Sephadex G-25(方法C,一步法)来纯化缀合物的本 发明方法来说,使huMov19抗体(6.0mg/mL)与DM4(相对于抗 体的量为9.7倍摩尔过量,溶解于DMA中)混合,然后加入磺基-SPDB (相对于抗体的量为5.7倍过量,溶解于DMA中)。反应在20℃下 于含有2mM EDTA和10%DMA的50mM EPPS缓冲液(pH 8.1) 中进行了约20小时。然后,使用在10mM琥珀酸钠(pH 5.0)中平 衡并洗脱的Sephadex G-25F树脂柱纯化反应混合物。
对于使用切向流过滤(TFF)(方法D,一步法)来纯化缀合物 的本发明方法来说,使huMov19抗体(5.0mg/mL)与DM4(相对 于抗体的量为10.2倍摩尔过量,溶解于DMA中)混合,然后与磺基 -SPDB(相对于抗体的量为6.0倍过量,溶解于DMA中)混合。反 应在20℃下于含有2mM EDTA和10%DMA的50mM EPPS缓冲液 (pH 8.5)中进行了约20小时。然后,使用TFF将反应混合物纯化 并渗滤到10mM琥珀酸钠(pH 5.0)中。
通过以下方法分析由这些不同方法得到的缀合物:UV光谱法(用 于分析浓度和类美登素与抗体的比率(MAR));反相HPLC用于 测定游离类美登素;质谱法用于测定未结合的连接子的水平和质量分 布概况;还原型SDS PAGE电泳用于测定不可还原性物质的水平;非还原型SDS PAGE电泳用于测定片段化的水平;SEC-HPLC用于 测定缀合物单体。就缀合物单体和游离类美登素释放来评估存储稳定 性。关于分析方法的更多细节提供于实施例1中。
如下表2中所示,使用本发明方法制造的缀合物就单体来说优于 使用先前所描述的方法制造的缀合物。使用Sephadex G-25进行缀合 物的最终纯化的一锅法和一步法(分别是方法B和C)制造的缀合物 较使用两步法(方法A)制造的缀合物具有较高水平的游离类美登素。 然而,当使用不同的最终纯化工艺TFF(方法D)时,游离类美登素 的水平极低并且可比得上两步法所见的结果,在初始纯化之后和在 4℃下存储六周之后都是如此。就其他重要的缀合物属性(例如,片 段化、不可还原性物质、质量分布概况以及未结合的连接子)来说, 使用本发明方法制造的缀合物与通过先前所描述的方法制造的缀合 物相当。
表2.通过本发明方法制造的huMov19缀合物的关键特性 相较于先前方法的比较
*用Sephadex G-25纯化
**使用TFF纯化
本实施例中所反映的实验结果展示了一种制备实质上高纯度的 细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的改进方法。除了通过使用本发明方 法改善缀合物纯度和稳定性以外,由于除去了两个处理步骤(修饰反 应和纯化经过修饰的抗体),所以处理时间和便利性也得到改善。
实施例3
本实施例展示了本文所描述的一步法可以用于以多种连接子和 类美登素细胞毒性剂起始来制造缀合物。
使人源化huN901抗体与类美登素(DM1或DM4)混合,然后 与连接子(磺基-SMCC、SMCC、SPDB或SPP)混合。反应在20℃ 下于含有2mM EDTA和10%DMA的50mM磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.5) 中进行了约20-24小时。然后,使用在10mM琥珀酸钠(pH 5.0)中 平衡并洗脱的Sephadex G-25F树脂柱纯化反应混合物。
如下表3中所示,可以对不同连接子和类美登素组合进行一步反 应,并且得到具有良好MAR和单体水平的缀合物。
表3.通过使用不同连接子和类美登素组合制造缀合物
本文所引用的所有参考文献(包括出版物、专利申请和专利)都 特此以引用的方式并入,其程度如同个别并特定地指示每个参考文献 都以引用的方式并入并且在本文中以其全文阐述一样。
除非本文中另有指示或上下文明显有矛盾,否则在描述本发明的 背景下(特别是在以下权利要求书的背景下)使用术语“一个(种)” 和“所述”被解释为涵盖单数和复数。除非另有说明,否则术语“包 含”、“具有”、“包括”和“含有”被解释为开放式术语(即,意 味着“包括(但不限于)”)。除非本文中另有指示,否则在本文中 叙述值的范围仅仅打算充当个别地提到属于所述范围的每个单独值 的速记法,并且每个单独值并入本说明书中,如同它在本文中被个别 地叙述一样。除非本文中另有指示或上下文另外明显有矛盾,否则本 文所描述的所有方法都可以按任何适合的次序进行。除非另有要求, 否则使用本文所提供的任一种和所有实施例或示范性语言(例如, “如”)仅仅打算更好地阐明本发明并且不会限制本发明的范围。本 说明书中没有任何语言应该被解释为指示任何未要求的要素是实施本发明所必需的。
本文中描述本发明的优选实施方案,包括本发明者已知的用于执 行本发明的最佳模式。那些优选实施方案的变化可以在本领域技术人 员阅读前述描述之后变得显而易见。本发明者预期熟练的技术人员适 当时采用这些变化,并且本发明者打算以除了本文特定描述以外的其 他方式来实施本发明。因此,本发明包括适用法律所许可的在所附权 利要求书中叙述的主题的所有修改和等效物。此外,除非本文中另有 指示或上下文另外明显有矛盾,否则呈所有可能变化形式的上述要素 的任何组合都被本发明所涵盖。
保藏
编码抗叶酸抗体的重组质粒DNA phMov19HCv1.0CTK于2010 年4月7日以保藏编号PTA-10772保藏于美国典型培养物保藏中心 (ATCC)(10801University Boulevard,Manassas,Virginia 20110-2209, 美国);
编码抗叶酸抗体的重组质粒DNA phMov19LCv1.0于2010年4 月7日以保藏编号PTA-10773保藏于美国典型培养物保藏中心 (ATCC)(10801 University Boulevard,Manassas,Virginia 20110-2209, 美国);和
编码抗叶酸抗体的重组质粒DNA phMov19LCv1.6于2010年4 月7日以保藏编号PTA-10774保藏于美国典型培养物保藏中心 (ATCC)(10801 University Boulevard,Manassas,Virginia 20110-2209, 美国)。
本发明的一些实施方案如下:
1.一种制备细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的方法,其包括以下 步骤:
(a)使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触以形成包含所述细胞结合 剂和所述细胞毒性剂的第一混合物,然后在pH值为约4到约9的溶 液中使所述第一混合物与包含连接子的双官能交联剂接触以提供包 含以下的第二混合物:(i)所述细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物,其 中所述细胞结合剂经所述连接子化学偶合于所述细胞毒性剂,(ii) 游离细胞毒性剂,以及(iii)反应副产物。
2.根据实施方案1所述的方法,其中所述方法进一步包括以下 步骤:
(b)纯化包含所述细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的所述第二混 合物以提供经过纯化的细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。
3.根据实施方案2所述的方法,其中通过对所述第二混合物进 行切向流过滤、选择性沉淀、吸附性过滤、吸附性色谱、非吸附性色 谱或其组合来纯化所述混合物,以从所述游离细胞毒性剂和反应副产 物中纯化所述细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。
4.根据实施方案3所述的方法,其中通过对所述第二混合物进 行切向流过滤来纯化所述混合物。
5.根据实施方案1到4中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(a)中 的所述接触通过以下实现:在反应容器中提供所述细胞结合剂,将所 述细胞毒性剂加入到所述反应容器中以形成包含所述细胞结合剂和 所述细胞毒性剂的所述第一混合物,然后将所述双官能交联剂加入到 所述第一混合物中。
6.根据实施方案2到5中任一项所述的方法,其进一步包括在 步骤(a)-(b)之间保持所述第二混合物以从所述细胞结合剂中释 放不稳定结合的连接子。
7.根据实施方案6所述的方法,其中所述第二混合物在约2℃到 约8℃的温度下保持约20小时。
8.根据实施方案2到7中任一项所述的方法,其进一步包括在 步骤(a)-(b)之间猝灭所述第二混合物以猝灭任何未反应的细胞 毒性剂和/或未反应的双官能交联剂。
9.根据实施方案8所述的方法,其中通过使所述第二混合物与 猝灭剂接触来猝灭所述混合物,所述猝灭剂与所述游离细胞毒性剂反 应。
10.根据实施方案9所述的方法,其中所述猝灭剂选自由以下组 成的组:4-马来酰亚胺基丁酸、3-马来酰亚胺基丙酸、N-乙基马来酰 亚胺、碘乙酰胺以及碘乙酰胺基丙酸。
11.根据实施方案1到10中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(a) 中的所述接触在pH值为约7到约9的溶液中发生。
12.根据实施方案1到11中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(a) 中的所述接触在约16℃到约24℃的温度下发生。
13.根据实施方案1到11中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(a) 中的所述接触在约0℃到约15℃的温度下发生。
14.根据实施方案1到13中任一项所述的方法,其中所述细胞 结合剂为抗体。
15.根据实施方案14所述的方法,其中所述抗体为单克隆抗体。
16.根据实施方案15所述的方法,其中所述抗体为人源化单克 隆抗体。
17.根据实施方案14到16中任一项所述的方法,其中所述抗体 选自由以下组成的组:huN901、huMy9-6、huB4、huC242、曲妥珠 单抗、比伐珠单抗、昔洛珠单抗、CNTO95、huDS6、利妥昔单抗、 抗Her2、抗EGFR、抗CD27L、抗EGFRvIII、畸胎瘤衍化生长因子 (Cripto)、抗CD138、抗CD38、抗EphA2、整合素靶向抗体、抗 CD37、抗叶酸、抗Her3以及抗IGFIR。
18.根据实施方案1到17中任一项所述的方法,其中所述细胞 毒性剂为类美登素。
19.根据实施方案18所述的方法,其中所述类美登素包含硫醇 基。
20.根据实施方案19所述的方法,其中所述类美登素为N2'-脱乙 酰基-N2'-(3-巯基-1-氧代丙基)-美登素(DM1)。
21.根据实施方案19所述的方法,其中所述类美登素为N2'-脱乙 酰基-N2'-(4-甲基-4-巯基-1-氧代戊基)-美登素(DM4)。
22.根据实施方案1到21中任一项所述的方法,其中所述细胞 结合剂经由化学键化学偶合于所述细胞毒性剂,所述化学键选自由以 下组成的组:二硫键、酸不稳定键、光不稳定键、肽酶不稳定键、硫 醚不稳定键以及酯酶不稳定键。
23.根据实施方案1到22中任一项所述的方法,其中所述双官 能交联剂包含N-琥珀酰亚胺酯部分、N-磺基琥珀酰亚胺酯部分、基 于马来酰亚胺基的部分或基于卤代乙酰基的部分。
24.根据实施方案23所述的方法,其中所述双官能交联剂选自 由以下组成的组:SPDP、SPP、SPDB、磺基-SPDB、SMCC、PEG-mal、 磺基-Mal以及CX1-1。
25.根据实施方案1到24中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(a) 中的所述溶液包含蔗糖。
26.根据实施方案1到25中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(a) 中的所述溶液包含选自由以下组成的组的缓冲剂:柠檬酸盐缓冲剂、 乙酸盐缓冲剂、琥珀酸盐缓冲剂以及磷酸盐缓冲剂。
27.根据实施方案1到25中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(a) 中的所述溶液包含选自由以下组成的组的缓冲剂:HEPPSO(N-(2- 羟乙基)哌嗪-N'-(2-羟基丙烷磺酸))、POPSO(脱水哌嗪-1,4-双(2-羟 基-丙烷-磺酸))、HEPES(4-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪-1-乙烷磺酸)、HEPPS(EPPS)(4-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪-1-丙烷磺酸)、TES(N-[三(羟甲基)甲 基]-2-氨基乙烷磺酸)以及其组合。
序列表
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Claims (10)
1.一种制备细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的方法,其包括以下步骤:
(a)使细胞结合剂与细胞毒性剂接触以形成包含所述细胞结合剂和所述细胞毒性剂的第一混合物,然后在pH值为约4到约9的溶液中使所述第一混合物与包含连接子的双官能交联剂接触以提供包含以下的第二混合物:(i)所述细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物,其中所述细胞结合剂经所述连接子化学偶合于所述细胞毒性剂,(ii)游离细胞毒性剂,以及(iii)反应副产物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述方法进一步包括以下步骤:
(b)纯化包含所述细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物的所述第二混合物以提供经过纯化的细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中通过对所述第二混合物进行切向流过滤、选择性沉淀、吸附性过滤、吸附性色谱、非吸附性色谱或其组合来纯化所述混合物,以从所述游离细胞毒性剂和反应副产物中纯化所述细胞结合剂-细胞毒性剂缀合物。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中通过对所述第二混合物进行切向流过滤来纯化所述混合物。
5.根据权利要求1到4中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(a)中的所述接触通过以下实现:在反应容器中提供所述细胞结合剂,将所述细胞毒性剂加入到所述反应容器中以形成包含所述细胞结合剂和所述细胞毒性剂的所述第一混合物,然后将所述双官能交联剂加入到所述第一混合物中。
6.根据权利要求2到5中任一项所述的方法,其进一步包括在步骤(a)-(b)之间保持所述第二混合物以从所述细胞结合剂中释放不稳定结合的连接子。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述第二混合物在约2℃到约8℃的温度下保持约20小时。
8.根据权利要求2到7中任一项所述的方法,其进一步包括在步骤(a)-(b)之间猝灭所述第二混合物以猝灭任何未反应的细胞毒性剂和/或未反应的双官能交联剂。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中通过使所述第二混合物与猝灭剂接触来猝灭所述混合物,所述猝灭剂与所述游离细胞毒性剂反应。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述猝灭剂选自由以下组成的组:4-马来酰亚胺基丁酸、3-马来酰亚胺基丙酸、N-乙基马来酰亚胺、碘乙酰胺以及碘乙酰胺基丙酸。
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US20060182750A1 (en) * | 2005-02-11 | 2006-08-17 | Immunogen, Inc. | Process for preparing stable drug conjugates |
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