CN107486191A - 一种酸处理炭载体负载的铱基催化剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种酸处理炭载体负载的铱基催化剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107486191A CN107486191A CN201610406997.XA CN201610406997A CN107486191A CN 107486191 A CN107486191 A CN 107486191A CN 201610406997 A CN201610406997 A CN 201610406997A CN 107486191 A CN107486191 A CN 107486191A
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- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
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- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
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- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
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- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
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Abstract
一种用于甲醇经羰基化制乙酸甲酯的酸处理载体负载催化剂及其制备方法。由主活性组分和载体两部分组成,主活性组分为铱和过渡金属或其氧化物助剂,其含量为催化剂重量的0.01~5.0%和0.1~30%;载体为酸处理炭载体,包括经过酸处理椰壳炭或杏壳炭及其他酸处理的碳化载体。酸处理的目的在于提高乙酸甲酯选择性,降低甲烷。按本发明提供一种通过浸渍法将金属负载在酸处理载体上,形成Ir基催化剂。在固定床反应器中,在一定的温度和压力以及本催化剂作用下,CH3OH/CO可高活性、高选择性地转化为乙酸甲酯,且降低了甲烷的选择性。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于多相催化羰基化技术领域,具体涉及一种酸处理炭载体负载的铱基催化剂及其制备方法和及其在甲醇经多相羰基化制乙酸甲酯反应中的应用。
背景技术
乙酸甲酯在国际上逐渐代替丙酮、丁酮、乙酸乙酯、环戊烷等。因为它不属于限制使用的有机污染物排放,可以达到涂料、油墨、树脂、胶粘剂厂新的环保标准。乙酸甲酯加氢合成乙醇也是目前煤制乙醇的主要途径之一。其制备方法主要有(1)醋酸与甲醇以硫酸为催化剂直接进行酯化反应生成醋酸甲酯粗制品,再用氯化钙脱水,碳酸钠中和,分馏得到醋酸甲酯成品。(2)二甲醚在H-MOR分子筛催化剂上经羰基化合成,但分子筛积碳失活严重,且时空收率较低。(3)甲醇羰基化制备乙酸时,乙酸甲酯作为副产物存在,但选择性较低,分离成本高。所以目前工业可行的乙酸甲酯合成路线绝大本分要经过乙酸这一中间步骤。
目前,乙酸的工业化生产中甲醇羰基化工艺占主导地位,目前采用该工艺的乙酸生产装置的生产能力已占乙酸总生产能力的94%。在过去50年里,甲醇羰基化生产乙酸的工业化过程大致经历了三个发展阶段:
第一阶段:BSAF公司1960年利用钴催化剂在较高的反应温度和压力下(250℃,60MPa)首先实现了用甲醇羰基化法生产乙酸的工业化生产。第二阶段:Monsanto公司开发了活性和选择性更高的铑-碘化物(RhI3)催化体系。反应的温度和压力也比较低(175℃左右,3.0MPa),乙酸以甲醇为基准的选择率在99%以上,以CO为基准的选择率也达到了90%以上。装置耐腐蚀要求很高,需要全锆合金反应釜。第三阶段:Ir催化剂的工业化是甲醇羰基化法生产乙酸。该工艺大大提高了催化剂的稳定性,反应在水含量较低的条件下进行,并减少了液体副产物的生成,提高了CO的转化率。
日本千代田(Chiyoda)公司和UOP公司联合开发了Acetica工艺,该工艺基于一种多相Rh催化剂,其中活性Rh络合物以化学方法固定在聚乙烯基吡啶树脂上。中国科学院化学研究所袁国卿研究组合成的强弱配位键螯合性高分子催化剂也形成了自主知识产权体系,该催化剂体系具有高稳定性、高活性等特点,能提高CO的选择性。
但是由于均相催化剂本身就存在活性组分易流失,分离困难等缺点,故一些研究者则把目光投向了负载型非均相催化体系。非均相催化体系能达到催化剂与产物分离方便,催化剂浓度不受溶解度限制等特点,可以通过增加催化剂浓度来提高产能等。负载型非均相催化体系按照载体不同可以大致分为聚合物载体、活性炭载体、无机氧化物载体等体系,但负载型催化剂体系存在着活性比均相催化体系的低、活性成分易脱除、对载体要求较高等问题。而甲醇非均相经羰基化高选择性的制乙酸甲酯直接跳过乙酸合成路线既避免了使用昂贵的锆材,通过反应-蒸馏技术将少量的乙酸进一步转化为酯,节省大量生产成本。
活性炭负载的铱体系应用于羰基化,其存在两个问题。首先,虽然该体系在较低转化率下乙酸甲酯选择性很高,但是在转化率达到90%以上其选择性还有待于提高;且随着转化率的提高甲烷选择性不断上升,这对工业化来说是不利的。而针对乙酸甲酯选择性问题,其实就是甲醇与乙酸酯化过程。而酯化过程的催化剂中酸占很大的比重。
而固体酸广泛应用于非均相酯化过程,固体酸种类除了分子筛,硅铝酸,磺酸树脂,杂多酸等,还有酸处理的炭载体而形成固体酸。其中磺酸处理载体是重要的方向之一。磺酸处理方法主要是通过带有磺酸基团的酸对载体进行热处理得到磺酸处理材料。而针对非均相铱体系羰基化过程,尽可能提高乙酸甲酯选择性,同时降低甲烷选择性是首要任务,是优化该体系的重要方向。对载体进行修饰处理促进酯化过程,可以考虑通过增强载体酸性官能团催化加速酯化反应。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种酸处理炭载体负载的铱基催化剂及其在甲醇经羰基化制乙酸甲酯反应中的应用,提高乙酸甲酯选择性,减少副产物甲烷选择性。
本发明的技术方案为:
一种用于甲醇经羰基化制乙酸甲酯的催化剂及其制备方法,该催化剂由主活性组分和载体两部分组成,主活性组分为Ir和过渡金属或其氧化物助剂;载体为酸处理活性炭及其他酸处理的碳化载体,椰壳炭的比表面积为500~1100m2/g,平均孔径为1~200nm;杏壳炭的比表面积为600~1200m2/g,平均孔径为1~200nm,酸处理后的椰壳炭的比表面积为500~1700m2/g,平均孔径为1~300nm;酸处理后杏壳炭的比表面积为800~2000m2/g,平均孔径为50~600nm,酸处理蔗糖载体平均表面积4-700m2/g,平均孔径为20~3000nm;酸处理葡萄糖载体平均表面积1-700m2/g,平均孔径为5~300nm。
其中主活性组分Ir含量为催化剂重量的0.1~5.0%。
其中过渡金属助剂为La、Ce、Ru,含量为催化剂重量的0.1~30.0%。
先将碳化载体或者活性炭在N2保护下50~280℃与酸进行反应10h,过滤洗涤至中性,80~120℃烘干5~20h制得酸处理载体。再将IrCl3·3H2O或者H2IrCl6·6H2O和助剂的氧化物在含少量盐酸的水或乙醇溶剂中溶解,浸渍于酸处理炭载体上,60~80℃水浴蒸干溶剂,烘箱中80~120℃烘干8h,氮气保护下250~400℃焙烧4h。
CO和泵入的甲醇等反应物进入到装有本发明的颗粒状催化剂的固定床反应器中,进行甲醇羰基化反应,主要产物为乙酸甲酯。
羰基化反应的温度在180~280℃,0.5~3.5MPa,液体体积空速在0.1~15h-1。
助催化剂反应物还包括碘甲烷,其为甲醇重量的5~35.0%。
反应气中氢气和CO的体积比例在0.1~2。
采用的反应系统地材质为哈氏合金。
所述的一种用于甲醇经羰基化制乙酸甲酯的酸处理催化剂用于以甲醇/CO为原料转化为乙酸甲酯反应中。
酸处理的目的在于提高乙酸甲酯选择性,降低甲烷。按本发明提供一种通过浸渍法将金属负载在酸处理载体上,形成Ir基催化剂。在固定床反应器中,在一定的温度和压力以及本催化剂作用下,CH3OH/CO可高活性、高选择性地转化为乙酸甲酯,且降低了甲烷的选择性。
本发明的有益效果为:
与现有的未进行处理的活性炭负载铱催化剂甲醇羰基化技术相比,本发明的酸处理碳载体生成的甲烷含量较低,且在相同的转化率下对乙酸甲酯的选择性更高,乙酸的选择性降低。
具体实施方式
下述实施例说明但不限制本发明要保护的内容。
实施例中所述的浓HCl的质量分数为37.5%,浓硫酸的质量分数为98%。
实施例1
称取8g活性炭,加入50ml的1mol/L稀硝酸,60℃下煮3h,用去离子水洗至中性,120℃烘箱烘干得到酸处理的活性炭。称取3mL浓HCl加入0.0128gLa2O3搅拌至溶解,再向3mL盐酸溶液中加入2.1ml的浓度为0.019g/mL的H2IrCl6·6H2O水溶液,然后浸渍1.5g上述酸处理椰壳炭。80℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干10h,350℃氮气保护焙烧4h,得到酸处理的碳载体负载的铱基催化剂。
实施例2
称取8g活性炭,加入50ml的1mol/L稀硝酸,60℃下煮3h,用去离子水洗至中性,120℃烘箱烘干得到酸处理的活性炭。再将上一步的活性炭取4.5g与50ml浓硫酸在180℃下反应10h,用热的去离子水洗涤至中性且无硫酸根离子,120℃烘箱烘干得到磺酸处理的活性炭。称取4mL浓HCl加入0.0298gLa2O3搅拌至溶解,再向4mL盐酸溶液中加入4.943ml的浓度为0.019g/mL的H2IrCl6·6H2O水溶液,然后浸渍4g上述酸处理的活性炭。80℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干10h,350℃氮气保护焙烧4h,得到酸处理的活性炭负载的铱基催化剂。
实施例3
称取4g活性炭与50ml浓硫酸在180℃下反应10h,去热的去离子水洗涤至中性且无硫酸根离子,120℃烘箱烘干得到磺酸处理的活性炭。称取3mL浓HCl加入0.0213gLa2O3搅拌至溶解,再向3mL盐酸溶液中加入3.467ml的浓度为0.019g/mL的H2IrCl6·6H2O水溶液,然后浸渍2.5g上述酸处理的椰壳炭。80℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干10h,350℃氮气保护焙烧4h,得到酸处理的活性炭负载的铱基催化剂
实施例4
称取3mL浓HCl加入0.02034gLa2O3搅拌至溶解,再向3mL盐酸溶液中加入2.513ml的浓度为0.019g/mL的H2IrCl6·6H2O水溶液,然后浸渍2.4g椰壳炭。80℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干10h,350℃氮气保护焙烧4h,得到的活性炭负载的铱基催化剂。
实施例5
称取8g活性炭,加入50ml的1mol/L稀硝酸,60℃下煮3h,用去离子水洗至中性,120℃烘箱烘干得到酸处理的活性炭。再将上一步的活性炭取4.5g与50ml浓硫酸在210℃下反应10h,用热的去离子水洗涤至中性且无硫酸根离子,120℃烘箱烘干得到磺酸处理的活性炭。称取4mL浓HCl加入0.0298gLa2O3搅拌至溶解,再向4mL盐酸溶液中加入4.943ml的浓度为0.019g/mL的H2IrCl6·6H2O水溶液,然后浸渍4g上述酸处理的活性炭。80℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干10h,350℃氮气保护焙烧4h,得到酸处理的活性炭负载的铱基催化剂。
实施例6
称取4g蔗糖,在N2下400℃焙烧13h得到碳化蔗糖。取碳化蔗糖1.1g与50ml浓硫酸在80℃下反应3h,用热的去离子水洗涤至中性且无硫酸根离子,120℃烘箱烘干得到磺酸处理的碳化蔗糖。称取3mL浓HCl加入0.0092gLa2O3搅拌至溶解,再向3ml盐酸溶液中加入1.125ml的浓度为0.0256g/mL的H2IrCl6·6H2O乙醇溶液,然后浸渍1g上述磺酸处理的碳化蔗糖。80℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干10h,350℃氮气保护焙烧4h,得到酸处理的碳化蔗糖负载的铱基催化剂。
实施例7
称取3g葡萄糖,在N2下400℃焙烧13h得到碳化葡萄糖。取碳化葡萄糖0.4175g与30ml浓硫酸在80℃下反应3h,用热的去离子水洗涤至中性且无硫酸根离子,120℃烘箱烘干得到磺酸处理的碳化葡萄糖。称取3mL浓HCl加入0.0092gLa2O3搅拌至溶解,再向3mL盐酸溶液中加入1.125ml的浓度为0.0256g/mL的H2IrCl6·6H2O乙醇溶液,然后浸渍1g上述磺酸处理的碳化葡萄糖。80℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干10h,350℃氮气保护焙烧4h,得到酸处理的碳化葡萄糖负载的铱基催化剂。
实施例8
称取7g蔗糖与50ml浓硫酸在80℃下反应3h,用热的去离子水洗涤至中性且无硫酸根离子,120℃烘箱烘干得到磺酸处理的蔗糖。称取3mL浓HCl加入0.0092gLa2O3搅拌至溶解,再向3mL盐酸溶液中加入1.125ml的浓度为0.0256g/mL的H2IrCl6·6H2O乙醇溶液,然后浸渍1g上述磺酸处理的蔗糖。80℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干10h,350℃氮气保护焙烧4h,得到磺酸处理的蔗糖
实施例9
称取5g葡萄糖,与50ml浓硫酸在80℃下反应3h,用热的去离子水洗涤至中性且无硫酸根离子,120℃烘箱烘干得到磺酸处理的葡萄糖。称取3mL浓HCl加入0.0205gLa2O3搅拌至溶解,再向3mL盐酸溶液中加入2.525ml的浓度为0.0256g/mL的H2IrCl6·6H2O乙醇溶液,然后浸渍2.4g上述磺酸处理的碳化葡萄糖。80℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干10h,350℃氮气保护焙烧4h,得到磺酸处理的葡萄糖负载的铱基催化剂。
实施例10
称取4.5g活性炭与50ml含1mol/L磷酸,1mol/L苯甲酸,1mol/L乙酸的混合酸溶液在80℃下反应10h,用热的去离子水洗涤至中性,120℃烘箱烘干得到酸处理的活性炭。称取4mL浓HCl加入0.0298gLa2O3搅拌至溶解,再向4mL盐酸溶液中加入4.943ml的浓度为0.019g/mL的H2IrCl6·6H2O水溶液,然后浸渍4g上述酸处理的活性炭。80℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干10h,350℃氮气保护焙烧4h,得到酸处理的活性炭负载的铱基催化剂。
实施例11
称取5g活性炭与50ml含1mol/L苯磺酸,1mol/L氢氟酸混合酸溶液在80℃下反应10h,用热的去离子水洗涤至中性,120℃烘箱烘干得到酸处理的活性炭。称取4mL浓HCl加入0.0288gCeO2搅拌至溶解,再向4mL盐酸溶液中加入4.943ml的浓度为0.013g/mL的IrCl3·3H2O水溶液,然后浸渍4g上述酸处理的活性炭。80℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干10h,350℃氮气保护焙烧4h,得到酸处理的活性炭负载的铱基催化剂。
实施例12
称取5g活性炭与50ml含1mol/L苯磺酸,1mol/L氢碘酸混合酸溶液在80℃下反应10h,用热的去离子水洗涤至中性,120℃烘箱烘干得到酸处理的活性炭。称取4mL浓HCl加入0.0256gRuO2搅拌至溶解,再向4mL盐酸溶液中加入4.943ml的浓度为0.013g/mL的IrCl3·3H2O水溶液,然后浸渍4g上述酸处理的活性炭。80℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干10h,350℃氮气保护焙烧4h,得到酸处理的活性炭负载的铱基催化剂。
应用例:制备的催化剂在以甲醇/CO为原料制备乙酸甲酯反应中的应用
催化剂的活化:在催化剂使用前,在反应器中CO/H2=10(GHSV=3840h-1)流中进行原位还原活化,条件为:2.5MPa,1℃/min从室温升温至235℃,保持1小时,得到活化后的铱基催化剂。
羰基化反应条件为:235℃,2.5Mpa,CH3OH/CO/H2=20/30/3(摩尔比),CH3OH/CH3I(质量比)=8:1,甲醇LHSV=4.8或2.4或1.2,h-1,催化剂体积为0.5ml。反应尾气经冷阱冷却后,气相产物进行在线分析,色谱仪器为安捷伦7890A GC,PQ填充柱,TCD检测器。液相产物离线分析,FFAP毛细管色谱柱,FID检测器。内标法分析,异丁醇为内标物。
使用实施例1-15制备得到的铑基催化剂,按照上述操作制备乙酸甲酯,甲醇的转化率以及乙酸甲酯的选择性如表1。
表1甲醇羰基化反应结果汇总
*以转化的甲醇计,包括生成乙酸甲酯中的甲醇。
**以100%计,其它产物主要为乙酸甲酯和乙酸。
Claims (10)
1.一种酸处理碳载体负载的铱基催化剂,其特征在于:所述的铱基催化剂由主活性组分和载体两部分组成,主活性组分为Ir和助剂,载体为酸处理炭载体,包括经过酸处理活性炭及酸处理的其他碳化载体;所述的助剂为过渡金属氧化物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的铱基催化剂,其特征在于:所述的酸处理前炭载体原料为椰壳炭或杏壳炭、及经高温或硫酸碳化处理糖类而形成的碳化载体中的一种到两种以上;所述的糖类包括蔗糖,葡萄糖,淀粉中的一种到两种以上。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的铱基催化剂,其特征在于:
所述的酸处理载体为酸处理后的椰壳炭或杏壳炭、及酸处理的其它碳化载体;
所述的酸为磷酸,硝酸、苯磺酸、硫酸、盐酸、乙酸、苯甲酸、氢氟酸、氢碘酸中的一种到两种以上,酸优选为氢碘酸,氢氟酸,硫酸,硝酸,苯磺酸中的一种到两种以上。
4.根据权利要求1所述的铱基催化剂,其特征在于:所述的过渡金属氧化物为La2O3,CeO2,RuO2中的一种到两种以上;
Ir占催化剂总质量的0.01~5.0wt%,Ir优选占催化剂总质量的0.1~4.0wt%,Ir最佳占催化剂总质量的0.5~3.0wt%;助剂为催化剂总质量的0.1~30.0wt%,助剂优选为催化剂总质量的范围0.1~10wt%,助剂最佳为催化剂总质量的0.2~8.0wt%。
5.根据权利要求1或3所述的铱基催化剂,其特征在于:碳化载体的制备过程为:
糖类在浓硫酸或者高温N2保护下焙烧5~20h得到碳化载体;所述的硫酸为1~18mol/L的硫酸,所述的高温为300~800℃。
6.根据权利要求1或3所述的铱基催化剂,其特征在于:
酸处理碳载体的过程为,在N2保护下将上述碳化载体或者活性炭在50~280℃与酸进行反应10-30h,过滤洗涤至中性,80~120℃烘干5~20h制得酸处理载体;所述的酸为1~18mol/L的硫酸,0.1~5mol/L的硝酸,1~12mol/L的盐酸,0.1~5mol/L的苯甲酸,0.1~5mol/L的乙酸,0.1~2mol/L的磷酸,0.1~2mol/L的苯磺酸,0.1~4mol/L的氢氟酸,0.1~2.5mol/L的氢碘酸。
7.一种权利要求1-6任一所述的铱基催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:
在酸存在的条件下,将铱金属前驱体,助剂金属前驱体或金属氧化物前驱体中的一种到两种以上,在水和/或乙醇中溶解,得到的溶液浸渍于酸处理炭载体上,60~80℃水浴蒸干溶剂,烘箱中100~120℃烘干5~15h,N2保护下250~400℃焙烧2~6h。
8.根据权利要求7所述的制备方法,其特征在于:所述酸存在的酸为浓度为0.1~12mol/L的盐酸;所述Ir金属前驱体为IrCl3·3H2O或者H2IrCl6·6H2O;助剂金属前驱体为La2O3,CeO2,RuO2中的一种到两种以上。
9.一种权利要求1-6任一所述的铱基催化剂在甲醇羰基化制备乙酸甲酯反应中的应用,其特征在于:反应温度为180~280℃,反应压力0.5~3.5MPa;铱基催化剂在使用前,进行活化或者不进行活化,活化的条件为:反应器中体积比CO/H2=4(GHSV=5000h-1),压力0.5~3.5MPa,升温速率1~10℃/min从室温升温至170~290℃,保持1~3小时,得到活化后的铱基催化剂;
反应液体体积空速为0.1~15h-1,CO和甲醇的摩尔比为1~2,H2和CO的体积比为0.1~2。
10.根据权利要求9所述的应用,其特征在于:反应液料中填有助催化剂碘甲烷,助催化剂的加入量为甲醇的5~35.0wt%。
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