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CN107405169B - 用于帮助在诸如肩胛骨之类的薄骨骼中的植入物放置的系统 - Google Patents

用于帮助在诸如肩胛骨之类的薄骨骼中的植入物放置的系统 Download PDF

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CN107405169B
CN107405169B CN201680017791.6A CN201680017791A CN107405169B CN 107405169 B CN107405169 B CN 107405169B CN 201680017791 A CN201680017791 A CN 201680017791A CN 107405169 B CN107405169 B CN 107405169B
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K·杜普伊斯
W·万坎彭
A·J·诺罗尔
J-G·阿比旺
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Abstract

用于规划粘固剂孔在骨骼中的产生的方法以及系统,包括:获得骨骼的虚拟模型,骨骼的模型包括近端骨骼表面、远端骨骼表面以及近端骨骼表面与远端骨骼表面之间的深度分布。获得被选择植入在近端骨骼表面中的第一植入物的规划定位。获得用于改变近端骨骼表面以在规划定位中接收第一植入物的至少一个工具的标识,并获得至少一个工具的几何数据。使用至少一个工具的几何数据和第一植入物的规划定位来生成骨骼中所需的粘固剂孔。输出具有粘固剂孔的骨骼的虚拟模型,其指示粘固剂孔与远端骨骼表面之间的关系。

Description

用于帮助在诸如肩胛骨之类的薄骨骼中的植入物放置的系统
技术领域
本申请总体上涉及使用患者特定仪器在骨骼上定位矫形植入物的计算机辅助。
背景技术
矫形植入物通常包括替代受损骨骼表面的关节表面。存在不同的方法来将植入物固定至骨骼,其中之一涉及使用粘固剂(cement)。在一些情况下,例如在肩部植入手术中,骨骼相对较薄,并且这是在将植入物植入时要考虑的参数。例如,限定在骨骼中的粘固剂孔通常比其中接收粘固剂的植入物部分的长度更深。然而,存在孔延伸穿过骨骼的风险,因为随后粘固剂的注入可能会不知不觉地透入身体并引起各种各样的病痛。因此,期望一种用于帮助定位粘固剂孔以便随后重新改变骨骼的过程。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的在于提供一种用于帮助在薄骨骼中的植入物放置的新颖方法以及系统。
因此,根据本公开内容的第一实施例,提供了一种用于规划粘固剂孔在骨骼中的产生的方法,包括:获得骨骼的虚拟模型,骨骼的模型包括近端骨骼表面、远端骨骼表面以及近端骨骼表面与远端骨骼表面之间的深度分布(profile);获得被选择植入在近端骨骼表面中的第一植入物的规划定位;获得用于改变近端骨骼表面以在规划定位中接收第一植入物的至少一个工具的标识(identity),并获得该至少一个工具的几何数据;使用该至少一个工具的几何数据和第一植入物的规划定位来生成骨骼中所需的粘固剂孔;以及输出具有粘固剂孔的骨骼的虚拟模型,其指示粘固剂孔与远端骨骼表面之间的关系。
此外,根据第一实施例,如果用于第一植入物的粘固剂孔刺穿远端骨骼表面,则用第二植入物来重复该方法。
进一步根据第一实施例,生成并输出钻模模型,该钻模模型的轮廓表面是骨骼的负对应表面以用于互补的唯一接合,该钻模模型用于在骨骼中产生粘固剂孔。
进一步根据第一实施例,生成钻模模型包括在钻模模型上限定停止部以将粘固剂孔的深度限制于所计算的深度。
进一步根据第一实施例,输出具有粘固剂孔的骨骼的虚拟模型包括输出虚拟地可操纵的三维模型。
进一步根据第一实施例,获得骨骼的虚拟模型包括使用成像来生成骨骼的三维虚拟模型。
进一步根据第一实施例,获得至少一个工具的标识包括使用第一植入物的标识或几何数据来确定至少一个工具的标识。
进一步根据第一实施例,获得第一植入物的规划定位包括相对于骨骼的虚拟模型生成第一植入物的模型以用于导航选择。
进一步根据第一实施例,生成粘固剂孔包括计算出用于第一植入物的粘固剂孔刺穿远端骨骼表面,并且其中,输出具有粘固剂孔的骨骼的虚拟模型包括指示第一植入物刺穿远端骨骼表面。
进一步根据第一实施例,该方法用于规划粘固剂孔在肩胛骨中的产生。
根据本公开内容的第二实施例,提供了一种用于规划粘固剂孔在骨骼中的产生的系统,包括:骨骼建模器模块,用于获得骨骼的虚拟模型,骨骼的模型包括近端骨骼表面、远端骨骼表面以及近端骨骼表面与远端骨骼表面之间的深度分布;以及深度图像生成器模块,用于获得被选择植入在近端骨骼表面中的第一植入物的规划定位,用于获得用于改变近端骨骼表面以在规划定位中接收第一植入物的至少一个工具的标识,并且获得该至少一个工具的几何数据,并且用于使用该至少一个工具的几何数据和第一植入物的规划定位来计算骨骼中所需的粘固剂孔,并且用于输出具有粘固剂孔的骨骼的虚拟模型,指示粘固剂孔与远端骨骼表面之间的关系。
进一步根据第二实施例,PSI钻模模块输出钻模模型,该钻模模型的轮廓表面是骨骼的负对应表面以用于互补的唯一接合,该钻模模型用于在骨骼中产生粘固剂孔。
进一步根据第二实施例,钻模模型包括停止部,用以将粘固剂孔的深度限制于所计算的深度。
进一步根据第二实施例,钻模模型是三维可打印模型。
进一步根据第二实施例,深度图像生成器模块输出具有粘固剂孔的骨骼的虚拟地可操纵的三维模型。
进一步根据第二实施例,骨骼建模器模块根据成像数据来生成骨骼的三维虚拟模型。
还根据第二实施例,深度图像生成器模块使用第一植入物的标识或几何数据来确定至少一个工具的标识。
进一步根据第二实施例,深度图像生成器模块相对于骨骼的虚拟模型生成并输出第一植入物的模型以用于导航选择。
进一步根据第二实施例,深度警告模块计算出用于第一植入物的粘固剂孔刺穿远端骨骼表面,该系统指示第一植入物刺穿远端骨骼表面。
进一步根据第二实施例,该系统被配置为规划粘固剂孔在肩胛骨中的产生。
附图说明
图1是示出根据本公开内容的实施例的用于帮助薄骨骼中的植入物放置的方法的流程图;以及
图2是示出根据本公开内容的另一实施例的用于帮助薄骨骼中的植入物放置的系统的框图;
图3是在图1的方法中生成并从3D建模中提取的深度图像的图片,示出了被固定的关节盂植入物;以及
图4是在图1的方法中生成并从3D建模中提取的深度图像的图片,示出了龙骨状关节盂植入物。
具体实施方式
参考附图,更具体地参考图1,示出了一种方法10,其用于帮助薄骨骼中的植入物放置,例如通过规划粘固剂孔在骨骼中的产生并产生患者特定仪器(下文中为PSI)钻模(jig),以用于在改变骨骼的过程中指导操作者以便随后将植入物锚定至骨骼。为了清楚起见,本申请中对患者特定的提及涉及负对应轮廓表面的产生,即与患者骨骼/软骨骼表面负相对的表面,以使得通过互补确认唯一接合接触,患者特定的表面符合患者骨骼/软骨骼表面。该方法特别适用于植入物必须被固定到肩胛骨(亦称,肩胛)的关节盂腔时的肩部手术。
根据12,骨骼被虚拟地建模。获得模型包括使用成像来生成虚拟模型。成像可以通过诸如CT扫描(计算机化断层摄影术)、荧光透视或类似的放射线照相方法之类的任何适当的技术来完成,这些技术提供适当的图像分辨率。作为替代或补充实施例,使用其他跟踪技术(例如,光学、惯性传感器),还可以通过表面触诊来执行或补充骨骼建模。骨骼的模型包括具有或不具有软骨的骨骼的部分的表面几何形状。由于本公开内容涉及薄骨骼,所以骨骼的建模包括生成相对的表面以示出感兴趣的骨骼的部分的深度分布,即骨骼表面之间的深度变化。使用了表述“深度”,因为要在深度上改变骨骼(例如,使用钻头);然而,也可以采用表述“厚度”,因为描绘骨骼的厚度的分布。骨骼表面可以包括近端表面,其在手术期间暴露出来并且对其进行改变,以及远端表面,其在手术期间经常隐藏在软组织后面。为了使手术尽可能地微创,远端表面保持隐藏,以免移动软组织的位置。在肩部手术的情况下,近端表面可以是关节盂(亦称,肩胛盂、关节腔、关节窝)。
如果骨骼建模不是由成像设备直接执行,或者如果不是完整的,则骨骼建模可以包括生成或细化骨骼的3D表面。也可以对其他结构进行建模,例如软骨等。
根据13,生成粘固剂孔模型,并且特定于方法10的操作者所选择的植入物。例如,基于成像,可以根据外科医生的偏好、工程师的设计考虑等,使用尺寸参数和类似信息来选择植入物模型。粘固剂孔模型包括必须在骨骼中执行的骨骼改变的表示,以基于植入物的规划定位使植入物被接收和锚定至骨骼。如图3和图4所示,粘固剂孔模型A可以包括其中将接收粘固剂的孔或架。观察到,粘固剂孔的深度超过植入部件的深度,并且还可以超过植入部件的截面尺寸。
根据实施例,13可以分为13A至13E,以生成粘固剂孔模型A。根据13A,可以为所选择的植入物获得规划的定位和/或尺寸数据。可以使用与植入物模型或与植入物选择相关联的数据文件来获得尺寸数据。也可以使用虚拟植入物模型来计算尺寸数据。尺寸数据特定于植入物选择。规划的定位可以在方法10之前或在其期间由操作者或外科医生选择。当在方法10期间选择规划的定位时,13A可以包括相对于骨骼的虚拟模型生成植入物的模型以用于导航选择,即,允许操作者和/或外科医生相对于骨骼移动植入物或其一部分,直到达到期望的定位,即规划的定位。规划的定位可以包括植入物相对于骨骼的位置和取向,由此导航选择可以包括相对于骨骼的虚拟模型旋转和平移植入物的虚拟模型。
根据13B,获得改变骨骼所需的工具的标识,其可以基于所选择的植入物的规划定位来确定,并且该确定可以基于所选择的植入物的尺寸数据。例如,如果要将给定直径和长度的钉插入骨骼中,则工具的标识将根据使孔具有足够的横截面以接收钉。植入物和改变工具的配对可以在生成粘固剂孔模型A之前进行,例如作为植入物的说明的一部分。说明确实可以识别执行改变并准备骨骼以接收所选择的植入物所需或建议的工具。标识可以是伴随系统获得的植入物模型的数据文件的一部分。一旦植入物被选定,可以基于骨骼的状况或解剖特征实现对标识的确定。
根据13C,为针对所选择的植入物所识别或被配对至所选择的植入物的工具获得几何数据。特别地,几何数据是工具的工作端(即,工具改变骨骼的部分)的几何数据。几何数据可以采用虚拟工具模型和/或定量数据的形式。
根据13D,通过计算要用工具对骨骼进行的改变来生成粘固剂孔A,以接收所选择的植入物。粘固剂孔A的生成可以包括确定工具的穿透深度以产生足够的空间来插入任何植入部件(例如,钉)。因此,粘固剂孔A的生成可以包括考虑植入物几何形状和工具几何形状。
根据14,输出深度图像或模型,显示相对于骨骼的虚拟模型的粘固剂孔的图像或模型。该图像或模型还可以包括与粘固剂孔模型A相关联的所选择的植入物和/或工具。例如,图3和4的图像是这样的深度图像,并且提供沿深度取向的骨骼的2D视图,因为粘固剂孔的深度是定位植入物的重要参数。可以从3D模型中提取2D视图,以显示粘固剂孔模型A最接近骨骼的远端表面。深度模型的生成可以采用相对于骨骼的3D模型的粘固剂孔的3D模型的形式,这种深度模型被导航以改变视点并且使操作者能够看到骨骼的远端表面(即,隐藏的表面)。因此,借助粘固剂孔模型A的远端表面的任何刺穿将是明显的并且指示粘固剂泄漏源。
14的深度图像/模型的生成可以包括向操作者指示远端表面的刺穿,或者可以建议粘固剂孔模型A已经达到远端表面附近预定义的警告区域。该警告可以采取粘固剂孔模型A的颜色变化、指示故障的消息、拒绝植入物选择的形式。深度图像/模型的输出可以提供表示到远端表面的距离的定量数据,以指导操作者选择不同的植入物。
这些特征中的任何特征允许操作者被告知刺穿骨骼的薄尺度并引起粘固剂的隐藏泄漏的任何风险。13和14可以重复,直到操作者基于13中生成的定位和规划数据完成植入物的选择为止。
根据15,一旦操作者已经如上所述选择了植入物,则可以生成PSI钻模模型。钻模模型将具有接触表面,其被定义为基于14中可视化的规划以可预测和精确的方式紧靠骨骼。通常,PSI钻模是切割块或切割指导件,其将指导13的所识别的工具来改变骨骼,以确保植入物按规划被定位,并确保改变按规划进行,包括在13和14中规划作为粘固剂孔模型A的粘固剂孔。因此,15的PSI钻模模型可包括切割平面、钻头指导件、槽沟或任何其它加工界面或工具,其被定向和/或定位为允许相对于预规划的位置在骨骼的期望位置中形成骨骼改变。此外,由于粘固剂孔的深度必须如利用粘固剂孔模型A所规划的,所以15的PSI钻模模型可以具有用于工具的深度停止部,或者类似的工具邻接表面,以根据规划的粘固剂孔深度限制工具的加工深度。15的PSI钻模模型可以是3D可打印模型(例如,STL文件)。
可替换地,在15中,可以创建导航文件,将在手术期间使用该导航文件来指导操作者操纵工具以按照14中所规划的来改变骨骼。例如,惯性传感器或光学跟踪技术可以用于植入过程中,并且导航文件将由计算机辅助手术系统使用,以指导操作者创建与规划的粘固剂孔模型A对应的粘固剂孔。
根据16,一旦生成PSI钻模模型,就可以根据诸如3D打印(添加制造)、NC加工之类的任何适当的方法来产生PSI钻模。在16中产生的PSI钻模然后可以在外科手术进行时使用以允许在骨骼上进行改变,并且再现规划的粘固剂孔模型A。例如,为了确保实现适当的深度,PSI钻模可用于指导钻头(例如,管状钻头)或加压器。
既然提出了一种用于规划粘固剂孔在骨骼中的产生、并设计和产生PSI设备以用于帮助在薄骨骼中的植入物放置和粘固剂孔改变的方法,将阐述一种系统。
总体上在图2中以20示出了一种系统,其用于帮助薄骨骼中的植入物放置(包括规划粘固剂孔在骨骼中的产生以及设计和产生PSI设备用于帮助在薄骨骼中植入物放置和粘固剂孔改变)。系统20可以包括诸如CT扫描仪或X射线机之类的成像单元30,以便获得骨骼和植入物的图像。作为替代,可以从图像源31获得图像。作为示例,可以从系统20远程地操作CT扫描仪,由此系统20可以简单地从图像源获得图像和/或经处理的骨骼和植入物模型。图像还可以包括来自其他源的图像,包括从跟踪技术获得的表面触诊数据,该跟踪技术可以是成像单元30的一部分和/或可以有助于创建图像源31的图像。成像单元30具有对包括相对表面的骨骼的3D模型进行建模以示出感兴趣的骨骼的部分的深度分布的能力。
系统20包括处理器单元40(例如,计算机、笔记本电脑等),其包括不同的模块,以便最终产生钻模模型或导航文件。因此,系统20的处理单元40可以包括从源30或31接收图像以生成骨骼的3D模型的骨骼建模器41。根据图1的方法10,骨骼的3D模型可以包括与骨骼的相关部分的表面几何形状有关的数据。表面几何形状包括必须在其上执行改变的骨骼的薄部分的两侧。
骨骼建模器41将产生骨骼的3D模型,其然后被处理单元40的深度图像生成器42使用。可替换地,深度图像生成器42可以使用由图像源31提供的3D模型,如果从图像源31获得的模型包括足够的数据,包括对必须在其上执行改变的骨骼的薄部分的两侧进行表征的深度分布。
深度图像生成器42获得植入物的规划定位,其可以包括例如基于由操作者做出的选择的植入物的模型。在实施例中,在植入物数据库42A中选择植入物模型。植入物模型可以包括尺寸数据。也可以使用虚拟植入物模型来计算尺寸数据。尺寸数据特定于植入物选择。深度图像生成器42可以相对于骨骼的虚拟模型生成植入物的模型以用于导航选择,外科医生或操作者可以通过该植入物的模型到达规划的定位,如深度模型B。然而,规划的定位可以预先完成,并且由深度图像生成器42简单地获得。
深度图像生成器42还识别改变骨骼以接收植入物所需的工具,即基于操作者做出的选择和规划的定位。深度图像生成器42可以使用尺寸数据来识别具有正确尺寸以做出能够接收植入物的孔的工具。植入物和改变工具的配对可以作为植入物的说明的一部分提供。深度图像生成器42的识别可以包括获得被识别至所选择的植入物或与其配对的工具的几何数据。特别地,几何数据是工具的工作端(即,工具的改变骨骼的部分)的几何数据。几何数据可以采用虚拟工具模型和/或定量数据的形式。
利用该数据,深度图像生成器42在任何适当的界面上生成虚拟深度模型B,表征相对于骨骼模型的粘固剂孔A。深度图像生成器42输出(生成)如图3和图4所示的深度图像或模型,并且可以允许用户导航模型,以观察骨骼的隐藏表面。深度图像生成器42计算要用工具对骨骼做出的改变,以接收所选择的植入物,从而形成粘固剂孔A。粘固剂孔A根据工具的穿透深度以产生足够的空间来插入任何植入部件(例如,钉)。因此,粘固剂孔模型A的生成可以包括考虑植入物几何形状和工具几何形状。
深度警告模块42C可以结合深度图像生成42来使用以向操作者警告远端表面的刺穿,或者可以告知粘固剂孔模型A已经到达过于靠近远端表面的警告区域。警告可以采用粘固剂孔模型A的颜色变化、指示故障的消息、拒绝植入物选择的形式。深度警告模块42C还可以提供表示到远端表面的距离的定量数据,以指导操作者选择不同的植入物
一旦操作者对基于从深度图像生成器42获得的数据的植入物选择和位置感到满意,则PSI钻模模型生成器43将生成钻模模型(例如,3D可打印模型)。如在方法10的15中,钻模模型将具有接触表面,其被定义为以可预测和精确的方式紧靠骨骼,用于对骨骼执行改变从而引到规划的植入物位置,包括规划的粘固剂孔模型A的规划位置和深度。由于PSI钻模将支持工具来执行对骨骼的改变,所以钻模模型包括切割平面、指导件、槽沟或任何其它加工界面或工具、跟踪器(取向和/或定位为允许相对于接触表面在骨骼的期望位置形成骨骼改变)以及用于工具的深度停止部或类似的工具邻接表面,以根据规划的粘固剂孔深度限制工具的加工深度。
因此,PSI模型生成器43可以替代地是导航文件生成器,该导航文件用于计算机辅助手术中以帮助操作者按规划放置植入物。
因此,系统20输出将用于产生PSI钻模的PSI钻模模型或导航文件50。可以根据诸如3D打印(添加制造)、NC加工之类的任何适当的方法来产生PSI钻模。然后在外科手术进行时使用PSI钻模或导航文件来改变骨骼,以便随后进行植入物安装。
虽然已经参考以特定顺序执行的特定步骤描述和示出了上述方法和系统,但是在不脱离本公开内容的教导的情况下,这些步骤可以被组合、细分或重新排序以形成等效方法。因此,步骤的顺序和分组不是对本公开内容的限制。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于规划粘固剂孔在骨骼中的产生的系统,包括:
骨骼建模器模块,所述骨骼建模器模块用于获得骨骼的虚拟模型,所述骨骼的所述模型包括近端骨骼表面、远端骨骼表面以及所述近端骨骼表面与所述远端骨骼表面之间的深度分布;以及
深度图像生成器模块,所述深度图像生成器模块用于获得被选择植入在所述近端骨骼表面中的第一植入物的规划定位,用于获得用于改变所述近端骨骼表面以在所述规划定位中接收所述第一植入物的至少一个工具的标识,并且获得所述至少一个工具的几何数据,并且用于使用所述至少一个工具的所述几何数据和所述第一植入物的所述规划定位来计算所述骨骼中所需的粘固剂孔,并且用于输出具有所述粘固剂孔的所述骨骼的所述虚拟模型,具有所述粘固剂孔的所述骨骼的所述虚拟模型指示所述粘固剂孔与所述远端骨骼表面之间的关系。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统,还包括用于输出钻模模型的患者特定仪器钻模模块,所述钻模模型的轮廓表面是所述骨骼的负对应表面以用于互补的唯一接合,所述钻模模型用于在所述骨骼中产生所述粘固剂孔。
3.根据权利要求2所述的系统,其中,所述钻模模型包括停止部,所述停止部用于将所述粘固剂孔的深度限制于所计算的深度。
4.根据权利要求2或3中任一项所述的系统,其中,所述钻模模型是三维可打印模型。
5.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的系统,其中,所述深度图像生成器模块输出具有所述粘固剂孔的所述骨骼的虚拟地可操纵的三维模型。
6.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的系统,其中,所述骨骼建模器模块根据成像数据生成所述骨骼的三维虚拟模型。
7.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的系统,其中,所述深度图像生成器模块使用所述第一植入物的标识或几何数据来确定所述至少一个工具的标识。
8.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的系统,其中,所述深度图像生成器模块相对于所述骨骼的所述虚拟模型生成并输出所述第一植入物的模型以用于导航选择。
9.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的系统,还包括深度警告模块,所述深度警告模块用于计算出用于所述第一植入物的所述粘固剂孔刺穿所述远端骨骼表面,所述系统指示所述第一植入物刺穿所述远端骨骼表面。
10.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的系统,其中,所述系统被配置为规划所述粘固剂孔在肩胛骨中的产生。
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