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CN107207435B - Process for preparing 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride - Google Patents

Process for preparing 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride Download PDF

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CN107207435B
CN107207435B CN201680005987.3A CN201680005987A CN107207435B CN 107207435 B CN107207435 B CN 107207435B CN 201680005987 A CN201680005987 A CN 201680005987A CN 107207435 B CN107207435 B CN 107207435B
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piperidinecarboxamide
acetate
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thionyl chloride
cyanopiperidine
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CN107207435A (en
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T·希姆勒
D·布罗姆
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Bayer CropScience AG
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D211/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/60—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
    • C07D211/62—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals attached in position 4
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A61K31/4465—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine only substituted in position 4

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Abstract

The invention describes a novel process for the preparation of 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride, characterized in that 4-piperidinecarboxamide (II) is dehydrated using thionyl chloride in the presence of formamide in a diluent.

Description

Process for preparing 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride
The invention relates to a novel method for preparing 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride.
4-cyanopiperidine (CAS No. 4395-98-6) is an important intermediate for the preparation of active ingredients with pharmaceutical efficacy (see, for example, US 8,642,634; DE 3031892; j.med.chem.46(2003) 5512-32; WO 2004/092124; WO 2009/016410; WO 2010/104899) and for the preparation of agrochemical active ingredients (WO 2013/098229). In many syntheses, in addition to 4-cyanopiperidine, salts such as the hydrochloride salt (CAS No. 240402-22-3) or the trifluoroacetate salt (CAS No. 904312-79-4) may in principle also be used, for example, by addition of an organic or inorganic base to give in situ release of the free 4-cyanopiperidine.
Various preparation methods for preparing 4-cyanopiperidine are known. For example, US 5,780,466 describes the treatment of phosphorus oxychloride (POCl)3) Reacting piperidine-4-carboxamide (4-piperidinecarboxamide: (B)isonipecotamide)). The crude 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride thus obtained is dissolved in water, the aqueous phase is adjusted to pH 13 with concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and extracted first with dichloromethane by shaking and then repeatedly with diethyl ether. After drying the combined organic phases and removing the solvent, the residual oil is also distilled. The yield was 29.7% of theory. The disadvantages of this process are the laborious work-up of multiple extractions with different organic solvents and the resulting very poor yields. In another known process (DE 3031892), 4-piperidinecarboxamide is dehydrated by heating in trifluoroacetic anhydride. However, in this case the 1-trifluoroacetyl-4-cyanopiperidine formed must be converted into 4-cyanopiperidine in a second reaction step by hydrolysis in the presence of potassium carbonate. Finally, the obtained 4-cyanopiperidine is extracted from the aqueous solution using dichloromethane, the dichloromethane is distilled off, and the crude 4-cyanopiperidine is distilled. The yield of 27.1% of theory does not meet the requirements of an industrial process. The preparation of 4-cyanopiperidine by dehydration of 4-piperidinecarboxamide with thionyl chloride is described in example 24, step a, of WO 2010/104899. In this case, the reaction mixture was added to an excess of ice, and the resulting solution was adjusted to pH 9 with potassium hydroxide, and then further concentrated. The residue thus obtained was repeatedly extracted with chloroform. After removal of the chloroform, a yield of only 36% was obtained. Disadvantages of this process are the large amount of thionyl chloride (6mol equivalents) used, the need to neutralize large amounts of acid after quenching, the laborious extraction of the product with volatile solvents and the low yields obtained. A very similar process is described in j.med.chem.46(2003)5512-5532, the only difference being that excess thionyl chloride is removed by distillation prior to quenching. In this case, although the yield of 86% is very greatly improved, there are still disadvantages of using a base (in this case, solid potassium hydroxide) and of performing multiple extractions with large amounts of chloroform.
Another process for dehydrating 4-piperidinecarboxamide is described in US 2006/0084808A 1. Here too, dehydration is carried out by heating 4-piperidinecarboxamide in an excess of thionyl chloride (4 to 15mol equivalents). The post-treatment comprises dissolving the whole reaction mixture in water, adjusting pH to 12-13 with NaOH, repeatedly extracting the obtained solution with benzene, toluene or xylene, and distilling to obtain extractant and distillation product; the yields disclosed are from 32.7% to 62.8%. Here, too, the disadvantage is that large amounts of base are required to adjust to the desired pH; multiple extractions with solvents which must then be distilled off; distillation of the product and low to moderate yields. The yields disclosed cannot be reproduced. After repeated attempts, separation of the product is virtually impossible.
In all the processes described so far, the product 4-cyanopiperidine is isolated as a free base, which is difficult due to the high water solubility of 4-cyanopiperidine. Therefore, these methods have disadvantages in that low yield or extraction using a large amount of solvent must be considered.
A process known from WO 2004/092124 for the preparation of 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride comprises dehydration of 4-piperidinecarboxamide with phosphorus oxychloride, addition of water to the reaction mixture, adjustment of the pH to 12 with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, reaction with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, extraction of the resulting 4-cyano-1-tert-butoxycarbonylpiperidine with ethyl acetate, removal of the solvent, purification of the crude product by chromatography on silica gel and finally removal of the Boc residue (Boc ═ tert-butoxycarbonyl) by HCl in dioxane. In addition to the disadvantages already mentioned above (amount of base and solvent; laborious work-up steps), this process has the following disadvantages: the preparation of 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride starting from 4-piperidinecarboxamide requires three steps. All known processes for preparing 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride from 4-cyano-1-tert-butoxycarbonylpiperidine have this disadvantage.
The same applies to the process known from US 2006/0173050 for preparing 4-cyanopiperidine trifluoroacetate. In this case, 4-piperidinecarboxamide is first reacted with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate; the Boc residue was then cleaved by reaction with trifluoroacetic acid, followed by dehydration using a mixture of imidazole and phosphorus oxychloride. The overall yield of all three stages is only 54.7% of theory.
In view of the above-mentioned disadvantages, the object therefore also consists of providing an advantageous process for preparing 4-cyanopiperidine which is technically simple to carry out and is both economical and ecologically desirable. This object is achieved by preparing 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride by means of suitable procedures, the 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride being present in a reaction mixture which is easily separable. The method can be described as follows:
it has been found that 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride (I) can be prepared in high yield and purity, which is characterized by dehydrating 4-piperidinecarboxamide (II) using thionyl chloride in the presence of a formamide of the general formula (III) in a diluent,
Figure BDA0001350739020000031
wherein the carboxamides of the general formula (III) are defined as follows:
Figure BDA0001350739020000032
R1、R2independently of one another are hydrogen, C1-C6Alkyl radical, C6-C10-aryl, or together form-CH2-CH2-Xn-CH2-CH2A residue of formula (I), wherein
X is CH2Oxygen or sulfur, and a source of oxygen or sulfur,
and is
n is 0 or 1.
Preference is given toThe process of the invention, wherein the residue of formula (III) is defined as follows:
R1、R2independently of one another, hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 2-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl or together form-CH2-CH2-Xn-CH2-CH2A residue;
x is CH2Or oxygen, or a combination of oxygen and oxygen,
and is
n is 0 or 1.
Is particularly preferredThe process of the invention, wherein the residue of formula (III) is defined as follows:
R1、R2is a 1-butyl group.
Description of the method
The process of the present invention for preparing 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride (I) can be illustrated by the following scheme:
scheme 1:
Figure BDA0001350739020000041
wherein the carboxamides of the general formula (III) are as defined above.
Carboxamides of formula (III) include, for example, but are not limited to: formamide, Dimethylformamide (DMF), diethylformamide, ethylmethylformamide, di-N-propylformamide, Dibutylformamide (DBF), dihexylformamide, N-formylpyrrolidine, N-formylpiperidine, N-formylmorpholine, N-formylthiomorpholine.
Preference is given to using Dimethylformamide (DMF), Dibutylformamide (DBF), N-formylpiperidine and N-formylmorpholine.
Particular preference is given to using Dibutylformamide (DBF).
The amount of formamide of the general formula (III) can be varied within wide limits. Preference is given to using from 0.1 to 3mol equivalents, based on 4-piperidinecarboxamide. Particular preference is given to using from 0.3 to 2mol equivalents and particular preference to using from 0.5 to 1.5mol equivalents.
In the process of the present invention, the amount of thionyl chloride is usually 1 to 5mol equivalent based on 4-piperidinecarboxamide. It is preferable to use 1.5 to 3.5mol equivalent of thionyl chloride, and it is particularly preferable to use 2 to 3mol equivalent.
Although in the process of the invention the dehydrating agent is used together with thionyl chloride, it is advantageous that the 4-piperidinecarboxamide used is of high purity, in particular with regard to the water content. Preference is given to using 4-piperidinecarboxamide having a water content of less than 5%, particularly preferably less than 2%.
The 4-piperidinecarboxamide containing water can be dried by a conventionally known method, for example, by heating in vacuo, by azeotropic distillation with an organic solvent, or by drying with a drying agent such as phosphorus pentoxide. For azeotropic drying, useful solvents include, for example, toluene, o-xylene, n-propyl acetate, or n-butyl acetate.
In principle, all organic diluents or diluent mixtures which are inert under the reaction conditions are suitable as diluents for the process according to the invention. Examples include, but are not limited to: ketones such as acetone, diethyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone; nitriles such as acetonitrile and butyronitrile; ethers such as Dimethoxyethane (DME), Tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyl-THF, and 1, 4-dioxane; hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons, such as hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, mesitylene, chlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene or nitrobenzene; esters, such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, sec-butyl acetate, hexyl acetate, cyclohexyl acetate, 2-ethylhexyl acetate.
The diluent is preferably selected from aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons and esters, or mixtures of these diluents.
Particular preference is given to toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, chlorobenzene, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, sec-butyl acetate, hexyl acetate, cyclohexyl acetate, 2-ethylhexyl acetate or mixtures of these diluents.
Very particular preference is given to using the diluents toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, n-butyl acetate or mixtures of these diluents.
The temperature of the process of the invention can vary within wide limits. The process is generally carried out at a temperature of from-20 to +70 ℃, preferably at a temperature of from 0 to +50 ℃ and particularly preferably at a temperature of from +10 to +30 ℃.
The reaction time of the process of the invention can vary within wide limits. It is usually 6 to 24 hours.
The process of the invention is generally carried out at atmospheric pressure. However, it is also possible to work under reduced pressure or elevated pressure.
In the process of the invention, 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride is isolated in such a way that: the product is isolated by filtering the reaction mixture as a solid which is purified by washing with the diluent used in the reaction and subsequently dried or directly dissolved or suspended in the solvent required for the subsequent reaction.
In this way, 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride of high yield and purity is obtained by the process of the invention.
The process of the present invention is illustrated by, but not limited to, the following examples.
Example 1
11.9g [75.7mmol ] dibutylformamide (99%) are added at 20 ℃ to a suspension of 10g [75.7mmol ] 4-piperidinecarboxamide (97%) in 50ml of n-propyl acetate over 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, 18.91g [158.9mmol ] of thionyl chloride were started at 20 ℃. This addition took 45 minutes, with the temperature kept constant at 20 ℃. After the end of the addition, the mixture was stirred at 20 ℃ for a further 18 hours. The suspension is filtered and the filter residue is washed with n-propyl acetate. After drying, 8.55g of a colorless solid remained. Quantitative NMR spectroscopic analysis gave a 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride content of 95% (w/w). The yield was thus calculated to be 73% of theory.
According to Ion Chromatography (IC), the chloride content is: 26.4% (calculated value: 24.8%)
1H-NMR(600MHz,d6-DMSO):δ＝1.91-2.13(m,2H),2.08-2.13(m,2H),2.97-3.00(m,2H),3.12-3.2(m,3H),9.27(s,br,2H)ppm.
Example 2
111.56g [0.702mol ] dibutylformamide (99%) are added to a suspension of 92.8g [0.702mol ] 4-piperidinecarboxamide (97%) in 450ml of n-propyl acetate at 20 ℃ in a1 l jacketed vessel over 10 minutes. After 5 minutes, 175.46g of [1.475mol ] thionyl chloride were initially added at 20 ℃. This addition took 60 minutes, with the temperature kept constant at 20 ℃. After the end of the addition, the mixture was stirred at 20 ℃ for a further 18 hours. The suspension was poured out of the reactor and filtered. The filter cake is washed three times with 150ml of n-propyl acetate each time and then dried. 83.07g of a colorless solid were obtained. GC analysis after silylation relative to a reference standard gave a 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride content of 98.1% (w/w). The yield was thus calculated to be 79.1% of theory.
Example 3
111.56g [0.702mol ] dibutylformamide (99%) are added to a suspension of 92.8g [0.702mol ] 4-piperidinecarboxamide (97%) in 450ml of n-propyl acetate at 20 ℃ in a1 l jacketed vessel over 10 minutes. After 5 minutes, 175.46g of [1.475mol ] thionyl chloride were initially added at 20 ℃. This addition took 60 minutes, with the temperature kept constant at 20 ℃. After the end of the addition, the mixture was stirred at 20 ℃ for a further 18 hours. The suspension was poured out of the reactor and filtered. The filter cake is washed three times with 150ml of n-propyl acetate each time and then dissolved in 532g of methanol. From the 681.2g of the solution obtained, 10g were taken out and concentrated under vacuum, from which 1.2g of a colorless solid was obtained as a residue. GC analysis after silylation relative to a reference standard gave a 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride content of 98.5% (w/w). The yield was thus calculated to be 78.1% of theory.
Example 4
56.8g [56.8mmol ] dibutylformamide (99%) are added at 20 ℃ to a suspension of 10g [75.7mmol ] 4-piperidinecarboxamide (97%) in 50ml of n-propyl acetate over 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, 18.91g [158.9mmol ] of thionyl chloride were started at 20 ℃. This addition took 45 minutes, with the temperature kept constant at 20 ℃. After the end of the addition, the mixture was stirred at 20 ℃ for a further 18 hours. The suspension is filtered and the filter residue is washed with n-propyl acetate. After drying, 9.92g of a colorless solid remained. GC analysis after silylation relative to a reference standard gave a 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride content of 95.9% (w/w). The yield was thus calculated to be 85.7% of theory.
Example 5
11.9g [75.7mmol ] dibutylformamide (99%) are added at 20 ℃ in the course of 5 minutes to a suspension of 10g [75.7mmol ] 4-piperidinecarboxamide (97%) in 50ml of toluene. After 5 minutes, 18.91g [158.9mmol ] of thionyl chloride were started at 20 ℃. This addition took 45 minutes, with the temperature kept constant at 20 ℃. After the end of the addition, the mixture was stirred at 20 ℃ for a further 18 hours. The suspension was filtered and the filter residue was washed with toluene. After drying, 9.63g of a colorless solid remained. GC analysis after silylation relative to a reference standard gave a 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride content of 99.7% (w/w). The yield was thus calculated to be 86.5% of theory.
Example 6
111.56g [0.702mol ] dibutylformamide (99%) were added to a suspension of 92.8g [0.702mol ] 4-piperidinecarboxamide (97%; water content: 0.95%) in 450ml of toluene at 20 ℃ over the course of 10 minutes in a1 l jacketed vessel. After 5 minutes, 175.46g of [1.475mol ] thionyl chloride were initially added at 20 ℃. This addition took 60 minutes, with the temperature kept constant at 20 ℃. After the addition was complete, the mixture was stirred at 20 ℃ for a further 18.5 hours. The suspension was poured out of the reactor and filtered. The filter cake is washed three times with 150ml of toluene each time and then dried. 79.92g of a colorless solid were obtained. GC analysis after silylation relative to a reference standard gave a 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride content of 98.4% (w/w). The yield was thus calculated to be 76.4% of theory.
Example 7
13.9g [117mmol ] thionyl chloride are added dropwise to a stirred suspension of 5g [39mmol ] 4-piperidinecarboxamide and 12.3g [78.0mmol ] dibutylformamide in 29ml of toluene at 0 ℃ over 15 minutes, whereupon the temperature is raised to 10 ℃. The mixture was then stirred at 0 ℃ for 3 days. The suspension is filtered off and the filter residue is washed with toluene. After drying in vacuo, 4.43g of a colourless solid are obtained. GC analysis after silylation relative to a reference standard gave a 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride content of 96.4% (w/w). The yield was thus calculated to be 74.7% of theory.
Example 8
To a stirred suspension of 5g [39mmol ] 4-piperidinecarboxamide and 0.29g [3.9mmol ] dimethylformamide in 40ml n-propyl acetate, 13.9g [117mmol ] thionyl chloride is slowly added dropwise at 10 ℃ with a concomitant increase in temperature to 15 ℃. The mixture was then stirred at 20 ℃ for 38 hours. Then another 1.16g [15.6mmol ] of dimethylformamide was added and the mixture was stirred at 20 ℃ for another 21 hours. The suspension is filtered off and the filter residue is washed with n-propyl acetate. After drying at 50 ℃ in vacuo, 4.55g of a beige solid are obtained. GC analysis after silylation relative to a reference standard gave a 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride content of 92.2% (w/w). The yield was thus calculated to be 73.3% of theory.
Example 9
To a stirred suspension of 10g [78mmol ] 4-piperidinecarboxamide and 12.3g [78.0mmol ] dibutylformamide in 50ml n-butyl acetate, 19.5g [163mmol ] thionyl chloride are slowly added dropwise at 20 ℃ with a concomitant increase in temperature to 30 ℃. The mixture was then stirred at 20 ℃ for 20 hours. The suspension is filtered off and the filter residue is washed with n-butyl acetate. After drying in vacuo, 10.8g of a colourless solid are obtained. GC analysis after silylation relative to a reference standard gave a 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride content of 81.7% (w/w). The yield was thus calculated to be 77.1% of theory.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 (according to the method in US 2006/0084808A 1)
At the beginning, 10g [75.7mmol ] 4-piperidinecarboxamide (97%) are added portionwise to 23.2g [195mmol ] thionyl chloride at 20 ℃ whereupon the temperature is raised to 35 ℃. After addition of about 2g of 4-piperidinecarboxamide, a sticky mass was formed which stuck to the wall of the flask and could not be peeled off and pulverized even under relatively rapid stirring. Therefore, the experiment had to be terminated.

Claims (11)

1. A process for preparing 4-cyanopiperidine hydrochloride, characterized in that 4-piperidinecarboxamide (II) is dehydrated using thionyl chloride in the presence of a formamide of the general formula (III),
Figure FDA0002379167730000011
wherein the carboxamides of the general formula (III) are defined as follows:
Figure FDA0002379167730000012
R1、R2independently of one another are hydrogen, C1-C6Alkyl radical, C6-C10-aryl, or together form-CH2-CH2-Xn-CH2-CH2A residue of formula (I), wherein
X is CH2Oxygen or sulfur, and a source of oxygen or sulfur,
and is
n is a number of 0 or 1,
wherein the diluent is toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, or a mixture of these diluents.
2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the formamide of the general formula (III) is defined as follows:
R1、R2independently of one another, hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 2-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl or together form-CH2-CH2-Xn-CH2-CH2A residue;
x is CH2Or oxygen, or a combination of oxygen and oxygen,
and is
n is 0 or 1.
3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the formamide of the general formula (III) is defined as follows:
R1、R2is a 1-butyl group.
4. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that 1 to 5mol equivalents of thionyl chloride are used, based on 4-piperidinecarboxamide.
5. The process according to claim 4, wherein 1.5 to 3.5mol equivalents of thionyl chloride are used.
6. The process according to claim 4, wherein 2 to 3mol equivalents of thionyl chloride are used.
7. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that 0.1 to 3mol equivalents of formamide, based on 4-piperidinecarboxamide, are used.
8. The process according to claim 7, characterized in that 0.3 to 2mol equivalents of formamide are used.
9. The process according to claim 7, characterized in that 0.5 to 1.5mol equivalents of formamide are used.
10. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the reactant 4-piperidinecarboxamide has a water content of less than 5%.
11. The process of claim 10 wherein the reactant 4-piperidinecarboxamide has a water content of less than 2%.
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