CN107163968B - Pyrolysis device and pyrolysis method for producing coke breeze and light tar - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a pyrolysis device and a method for producing coke breeze and light tar, wherein the pyrolysis device comprises a multistage pyrolysis reactor, a semicoke cooling device and a semicoke collecting tank; the multistage pyrolysis reactor comprises a plurality of pyrolysis reactors, a pyrolysis gas inlet except for a first stage pyrolysis reactor and a last stage pyrolysis reactor is connected with a pyrolysis gas outlet of a next stage pyrolysis reactor, a material outlet of the pyrolysis reactor is connected with a pyrolysis gas inlet pipeline of the next stage pyrolysis reactor, and a pyrolysis gas outlet of the pyrolysis reactor is connected with a pyrolysis gas inlet of a previous stage pyrolysis reactor; and a material outlet of the final-stage pyrolysis reactor is connected with the semicoke cooling device, and a material outlet of the semicoke cooling device is connected with the semicoke collecting tank. The invention can finally obtain clean coke breeze, light tar and steam; and the system device is simple, and the energy utilization efficiency is high.

Description

A pyrolysis device and pyrolysis method for producing fine coke and light tar

technical field

The invention belongs to the field of energy and chemical industry, and in particular relates to a pyrolysis device and method for producing powder coke and light tar.

Background technique

Coal accounts for more than 75% of China's energy consumption structure, of which more than 80% is used for direct combustion, and more than 50% is used for industrial boilers, industrial kilns and household coal-fired furnaces that directly burn lump coal. However, the utilization method of direct combustion Resulting in low coal utilization efficiency and excessive pollutant emissions. In addition, with the improvement of coal mining mechanization, the yield of lump coal dropped from 52-60% to 20-38%, which aggravated the shortage of lump coal and caused a large long-term backlog of pulverized coal. In particular, a large amount of low-rank pulverized coal is difficult to process and utilize due to its high moisture content, low calorific value, easy differentiation and difficult transportation. Therefore, how to efficiently utilize low-rank pulverized coal has become the current coal utilization problems in the field that need to be solved urgently. Moreover, with the increasing domestic energy demand, the comprehensive conversion and utilization of low-rank coal, especially low-rank pulverized coal, is bound to become a strong support for future energy demand.

The chemical process of processing coal into semi-coke, low-temperature tar and coke oven gas by pyrolysis is one of the effective ways to process low-rank coal at present. Pyrolysis gas, tar, and semi-coke are obtained through pyrolysis. Pyrolysis gas and tar can be directly burned as clean fuels, and can also be processed to produce high value-added chemical products to achieve coal graded utilization and clean and efficient conversion. At present, for the low-temperature pyrolysis of large particle (>6mm) coal, the vertical furnace process is generally used for pyrolysis. For example, the mature semi-coke production process realizes the conversion of solid energy to gas, liquid energy and solid chemical industry The high-efficiency conversion of raw materials opens up a way to efficiently and flexibly utilize resources for resource utilization. However, the raw material for producing semi-coke is lumpy bituminous coal or lignite, and the pulverized coal raw material leads to poor air permeability of the material layer, and it is easy to block the pores of the flower wall, which affects normal production. Therefore, the semi-coke process limits the scope of raw material use. Moreover, for the pyrolysis of pulverized coal below 6mm, there is no mature process in industry at present.

Contents of the invention

One of the objectives of the present invention is to provide a pyrolysis device for producing fine coke and light tar, which can realize pyrolysis of powdered solid fuel to obtain pyrolysis oil gas and pyrolysis semi-coke. Another object of the present invention is to provide a pyrolysis method for producing fine coke and light tar, which can be used to obtain clean fine coke, steam, and light tar, and to realize heat recovery in the reaction.

The invention realizes that the powdered solid fuel is rapidly heated by the hot flue gas generated by boiler combustion in a multi-stage strong swirl pyrolysis reactor to generate pyrolysis oil gas and pyrolysis semi-coke; the light components in the pyrolysis oil gas The light tar is obtained through tar capture; the uncaptured heavy components in the pyrolysis oil gas enter the boiler for combustion to generate hot flue gas and steam; the high-temperature hot flue gas is used as a heat carrier to interact with solid materials and pyrolysis semi-coke Countercurrent contact heat exchange, and the solid material and pyrolysis semi-coke are sent to the strong swirling flow pyrolysis reactor for pyrolysis; the pyrolysis semi-coke can be cooled and heat recovered to obtain powder coke. By adopting the device and method of the technology of the present invention, clean powder coke, steam, and light tar are finally obtained.

The strong swirl flow pyrolysis reactor involved in the present invention is characterized in that the flue gas produced after combustion is sprayed tangentially into the high temperature pyrolysis device in the form of high-speed jet to form a strong whirlwind vortex; the solid material enters the pyrolysis reaction In front of the pyrolysis reactor, it is suspended in the hot flue gas in the gas pipeline, and heat exchange is performed at the same time, and then it is brought into the pyrolysis reactor by the hot flue gas; after the solid material enters the pyrolysis reactor, it continues to be mixed with high-temperature flue gas, heated, A pyrolysis reaction occurs.

To achieve the above object, the present invention provides a pyrolysis device for producing fine coke and light tar, the pyrolysis device includes a multi-stage pyrolysis reactor, a semi-coke cooling device and a semi-coke collection tank;

The multi-stage pyrolysis reactor includes several pyrolysis reactors, and the pyrolysis gas inlet except the first-stage pyrolysis reactor and the last-stage pyrolysis reactor is connected with the pyrolysis gas outlet of the next-stage pyrolysis reactor, The material outlet of the pyrolysis reactor is connected to the pyrolysis gas inlet pipeline of the next-stage pyrolysis reactor, and the pyrolysis gas outlet is connected to the pyrolysis gas inlet of the upper-stage pyrolysis reactor; the final pyrolysis reaction The material outlet of the device is connected to the semi-coke cooling device, and the material outlet of the semi-coke cooling device is connected to the semi-coke collecting tank.

In the above-mentioned device, the multi-stage pyrolysis reactor is used for pyrolysis of powdered solid fuel to produce pyrolysis oil gas and pyrolysis semi-coke; the semi-coke cooling device is used to cool the generated pyrolysis semi-coke, and perform Heat recovery; the semi-coke collection tank is used to collect the powder semi-coke products produced by the final pyrolysis reactor and cooled by the semi-coke cooling device; the generated pyrolysis semi-coke passes through and enters the next-stage pyrolysis reactor The pyrolysis gas is mixed and exchanged and then sent to the next stage pyrolysis reactor.

As a better choice of the above device, the number of stages of the multistage pyrolysis reactor is 3-6.

As a better choice of the above device, the pyrolysis gas outlet of the first stage pyrolysis reactor is connected to the gas inlet of the tar trapping device. The tar trapping system is used for trapping light components in the pyrolysis oil and gas generated by multi-stage strong swirling flow pyrolysis reactors to obtain light tar.

As a better choice of the above device, the gas outlet of the tar trapping device is connected to a boiler, and the flue gas outlet of the boiler is connected to the flue gas inlet of the final pyrolysis reactor. The boiler is used for burning heavy components in pyrolysis oil and gas, and simultaneously generates hot flue gas and steam; wherein, the hot flue gas provides the required heat for the pyrolysis of solid fuel in the multi-stage pyrolysis reactor.

As a better choice of the above device, the pyrolysis gas outlet of the first-stage pyrolysis reactor is connected to the boiler, and the flue gas outlet of the boiler is connected to the flue gas inlet of the last-stage pyrolysis reactor. The boiler is used for burning heavy components in pyrolysis oil and gas, and simultaneously generates hot flue gas and steam; wherein, the hot flue gas provides the required heat for the pyrolysis of solid fuel in the multi-stage pyrolysis reactor.

As a better choice of the above device, the material inlet of the primary pyrolysis reactor is connected to a silo, and the silo is used to store powdered solid materials to be processed.

The present invention also provides a pyrolysis method for producing fine coke and light tar based on the above device, including:

The powdered solid fuel is in countercurrent contact with the pyrolysis gas from the next pyrolysis reactor, and is sent to the first pyrolysis reactor of the multistage pyrolysis reactor under the action of the pyrolysis gas, and is heated in the first stage The pyrolysis reactor continues to be heated by the pyrolysis gas of the next stage, pyrolysis reaction occurs, and pyrolysis oil gas and pyrolysis semi-coke are generated, and the pyrolysis semi-coke enters the next stage pyrolysis reactor;

The pyrolysis semi-coke is first contacted with the pyrolysis gas from the next two-stage pyrolysis reactor in countercurrent, and under the action of the pyrolysis gas, it is sent to the pyrolysis reaction except the first-stage pyrolysis reactor and the last-stage pyrolysis reactor. After the pyrolysis reactor, it is mixed with pyrolysis oil and gas from the lower two-stage pyrolysis reactor for heat exchange, and continues to pyrolyze. The pyrolysis oil and gas generated by pyrolysis enters the upper stage pyrolysis reactor, and the pyrolysis semi-coke Enter the next stage pyrolysis reactor;

The pyrolysis semi-coke after pyrolysis in the final pyrolysis reactor is cooled to obtain powder coke.

As a better choice of the above method, the method further includes:

The pyrolysis oil gas produced by pyrolysis in the first stage pyrolysis reactor passes through the tar trapping device to obtain light tar.

As a better choice of the above method, the method further includes:

The heavy components not captured by the tar capture device enter the boiler for combustion to generate hot flue gas and steam, and the hot flue gas is used for pyrolysis of solid materials and pyrolysis semi-coke.

As a better choice of the above method, the method further includes:

The pyrolysis oil gas produced by the pyrolysis of the first-stage pyrolysis reactor enters the boiler for combustion to generate hot flue gas and steam, and the hot flue gas is used for pyrolysis of solid materials and pyrolysis semi-coke.

As a better choice of the above method, the pyrolysis method further includes: the pyrolysis semi-coke produced by the pyrolysis discharged from the final pyrolysis reactor is cooled by the semi-coke cooling device, and the heat is recovered, and the powder coke product is obtained at the same time .

As a better choice of the above method, the powdered solid fuel is coal, biomass, oil shale or oil sand.

The present invention produces the pyrolysis method of fine coke and light tar, comprises the steps:

1) The powdered solid fuel is sent from the silo, and under the action of the hot flue gas, it is sent to the multi-stage strong swirl pyrolysis reactor, and is continuously heated by the hot flue gas from the boiler in the pyrolysis reactor. A pyrolysis reaction occurs to generate pyrolysis oil gas and pyrolysis semi-coke;

2) The pyrolysis oil gas produced by pyrolysis passes through the tar capture device to obtain light tar, which can be further refined to obtain high value-added products;

3) The heavy components in the pyrolysis oil and gas that are not captured by the tar capture device enter the boiler for combustion, and generate hot flue gas and steam at the same time; among them, the hot flue gas returns to the multi-stage strong swirling flow pyrolysis reactor to provide pyrolysis. heat;

4) The pyrolysis semi-coke produced by pyrolysis is cooled by the semi-coke cooling device, and the heat is recovered, and the powder coke product is obtained at the same time, which is collected by the semi-coke collection tank.

The invention can be applied to obtain clean powder coke, steam, liquid fuel and high value-added chemical products from solid fuel through pyrolysis reaction. The involved solid fuels include: carbon-containing solid fuels such as coal, oil shale, oil sand, and biomass; the particle size of the powdered solid fuels is less than 10mm. Moreover, the solid fuel involved in the present invention may be the same type of solid fuel or different types of solid fuel.

The pyrolysis process of the present invention mainly includes: a pyrolysis reaction in which solid fuel is heated by hot flue gas in a multi-stage strong swirling flow pyrolysis reactor to generate pyrolysis oil gas and pyrolysis semi-coke; After the heavy components are captured by tar, the heavy components are sent to the boiler for combustion to generate hot flue gas and steam, and the hot flue gas returns to the strong swirl reactor to provide the required heat for the pyrolysis of solid fuels.

The pyrolysis process involved in the present invention also includes that the pyrolysis semi-coke produced in the strong swirling flow pyrolysis reactor continues to undergo pyrolysis reaction in the next-stage reactor. Moreover, the heat carrier that provides heat for the pyrolysis reaction of solid fuel and pyrolysis semi-coke includes hot flue gas and pyrolysis oil gas produced by pyrolysis.

The invention realizes the graded conversion and high-efficiency utilization of low-order pulverized coal, and at the same time solves the technical problems such as difficult separation of fine coal and coal tar mixture in the pulverized coal pyrolysis process, easy blockage of equipment pipelines, and difficulty in engineering. Ensure high energy utilization efficiency in the pyrolysis process. The invention adopts a strong swirl pyrolysis reactor, utilizes the characteristics of high swirl intensity and strong turbulent mixing in the cyclone flow field, strengthens the heat and mass transfer process in the furnace, prolongs the residence time of pulverized coal in the furnace, and improves the temperature of the furnace. Heat intensity; moreover, in the strong cyclone pyrolyzer, it has the characteristics of rapid mixing between solid materials and heat carrier, rapid heating, and rapid separation of gas-solid products, which is conducive to the production of light tar. Therefore, the device of the present invention adopts a multi-stage strong swirl pyrolysis reactor, and uses the hot flue gas produced by boiler combustion as a heat carrier to provide heat for the pyrolysis reaction, so that the solid fuel is mixed with the hot smoke in the strong swirl pyrolysis reactor. The gas is quickly mixed and heated to produce pyrolysis reaction to generate pyrolysis oil gas and pyrolysis semi-coke; the light components in the pyrolysis oil gas are captured by tar to obtain light tar, which is further processed to produce High value-added products; uncaptured heavy components in pyrolysis oil and gas enter the boiler for combustion to generate hot flue gas and steam; high-temperature hot flue gas returns to the strong swirling flow pyrolyzer as a heat carrier for heating; pyrolysis Coke powder can be obtained by cooling the semi-coke and recovering heat; through the implementation of the present invention, clean powder coke, light tar and steam can be finally obtained.

Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages:

1. Compared with traditional fixed bed and fluidized bed pyrolysis reactors, strong swirling flow pyrolysis reactors have shown many advantages. First, during operation, after solid materials enter the connecting pipeline, they are immediately washed away by the updraft , so that it is evenly suspended in the air flow, the gas-solid mixes quickly and fully, and the solid material rotates with the air flow; due to the large contact area between the gas and the solid in the suspension state, the convection heat transfer system is relatively high, so the heat transfer The speed is extremely fast, and it only takes 0.02-0.04s to complete the effective heat exchange; moreover, the pyrolysis gas-solid products are easily separated, and finally the pyrolysis oil gas is discharged, and the solid semi-coke is collected;

2. In the present invention, the advantage of using the multi-stage strong swirl pyrolysis reactor is that, inside the single-stage strong swirl pyrolysis reactor, the solid material and the heat carrier are contacted and exchanged in a gas-solid co-current manner, while in the single-stage strong swirl pyrolysis reactor In the pipes between the reactors of the multi-stage strong swirl pyrolyzer, the gas-solid countercurrent contact heat exchange method can prolong the residence time of the solid fuel in the countercurrent gas, so that the solid fuel can have a more sufficient heating process. It has the effect of enhancing convective heat transfer, increasing the heating rate of fuel, and is more conducive to increasing the yield of light tar;

3. In the present invention, the hot flue gas and pyrolysis oil gas generated by the system itself are used as gas heat carriers to provide heat for the pyrolysis reaction process without external heat supply, which improves the operating load and thermal efficiency of the system;

4. In the present invention, the pyrolysis reactor adopts a multi-stage strong swirling flow pyrolysis reactor. After the raw coal enters the pyrolysis device, it is firstly pyrolyzed in the first-stage reactor, and the pyrolysis semi-coke produced enters the second stage. Continue pyrolysis in the secondary pyrolysis reactor, and repeat pyrolysis in the multi-stage strong swirl pyrolysis reactor in this way, so as to obtain clean semi-coke products;

5. Using the strong swirling flow pyrolysis reactor, the thermal intensity of the furnace volume is relatively high, the furnace volume can be reduced during design, and the system structure can be simplified; and the preliminary dust removal of fly ash particles in oil and gas can be realized in the pyrolyzer ; Moreover, the heavy components with high dust content in pyrolysis oil and gas are directly sent to the boiler for combustion. Therefore, the whole system does not need an external dust removal system, which can simplify the subsequent purification system and further improve the reliability and stability of the system;

6. In the present invention, a multi-stage strong swirl pyrolysis reactor is used to pyrolyze the solid fuel, wherein the design of the stages of the strong swirl pyrolysis reactor can be based on the research purpose, the purity of the target product, and the hot flue gas The temperature at the outlet and inlet of the multi-stage strong swirl pyrolysis reactor can be flexibly determined.

In summary, the present invention adopts a multi-stage strong swirl pyrolysis reactor, and uses the hot flue gas produced by its own system as a gas heat carrier to provide the heat required for pyrolysis of solid powder fuel; and utilizes strong swirl pyrolysis The advantages of the reactor itself can realize rapid mixing of solid materials and gas heat carriers, rapid heating and rapid pyrolysis of materials, and rapid separation of products in the system, which can simplify the system structure; finally obtain clean powder coke and light tar and steam.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a device and pyrolysis method for producing fine coke and light tar of the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a device and a pyrolysis method for producing fine coke and light tar of the present invention;

Reference sign

1. Multi-stage strong swirling pyrolysis reactor; 2. Tar trapping device; 3. Boiler; 4. Semi-coke cooling device; 5. Semi-coke collection tank; 6. Stock bin.

Detailed ways

The device of the present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

As shown in Figure 1, the main devices involved in the present invention include: a multi-stage strong swirling flow pyrolysis reactor 1 for realizing solid fuel pyrolysis, a tar trapping device 2 for obtaining light tar, and a Boiler 3 for decomposing required heat and obtaining product steam, device 4 for cooling product semi-coke and recovering heat, semi-coke collection tank 5 for obtaining powder coke products, and silo 6 for storing solid materials.

The multistage pyrolysis reactor includes several pyrolysis reactors, the material outlet of the pyrolysis reactor and the pyrolysis gas of the next stage pyrolysis reactor except the first stage pyrolysis reactor and the last stage pyrolysis reactor. The inlet pipeline is connected, and its pyrolysis gas inlet is connected to the pyrolysis gas outlet of the next-stage pyrolysis reactor, and its pyrolysis gas outlet is connected to the pyrolysis gas inlet of the upper-stage pyrolysis reactor; The material outlet of the reactor is connected with the semi-coke cooling device, and the material outlet of the semi-coke cooling device is connected with the semi-coke collecting tank.

In the above-mentioned device, the multi-stage pyrolysis reactor is used for pyrolysis of powdered solid fuel to produce pyrolysis oil gas and pyrolysis semi-coke; the semi-coke cooling device is used to cool the generated pyrolysis semi-coke, and perform Heat recovery; the semi-coke collection tank is used to collect powder semi-coke products produced by the final pyrolysis reactor and cooled by the semi-coke cooling device.

The number of stages of the multistage pyrolysis reactor can be selected from 3-6.

The pyrolysis gas outlet of the primary pyrolysis reactor is connected to the gas inlet of the tar trapping device. The tar trapping system is used for trapping light components in the pyrolysis oil and gas generated by multi-stage strong swirling flow pyrolysis reactors to obtain light tar.

Please refer to FIG. 1 , the gas outlet of the tar trapping device is connected to the boiler, and the flue gas outlet of the boiler is connected to the flue gas inlet of the final pyrolysis reactor. The boiler is used for burning heavy components in pyrolysis oil and gas, and simultaneously generates hot flue gas and steam; wherein, the hot flue gas provides the required heat for the pyrolysis of solid fuel in the multi-stage pyrolysis reactor.

Please refer to Fig. 2, also can not be provided with tar collection device in this device, at this moment the pyrolysis gas outlet of described primary pyrolysis reactor is connected with boiler, and the flue gas outlet of described boiler is connected with described final stage pyrolysis gas outlet. The flue gas inlet connection to the reactor. The boiler is used for burning heavy components in pyrolysis oil and gas, and simultaneously generates hot flue gas and steam; wherein, the hot flue gas provides the required heat for the pyrolysis of solid fuel in the multi-stage pyrolysis reactor.

The method for pyrolyzing light tar by using the above-mentioned device is as follows.

Embodiment 1: pyrolysis system comprises four stages of strong swirling flow pyrolysis reactors (in the figure, n is 4)

Huolinhe lignite (powdered coal), under the action of the pyrolysis oil gas 2 and hot flue gas from the secondary strong swirling flow pyrolyzer (1-2), is brought into the primary strong swirling flow pyrolysis reactor ( 1-1), and continue to mix and exchange heat with the pyrolysis oil gas 2 from the secondary strong swirling flow pyrolyzer (1-2) in the reactor, and the pyrolysis reaction occurs, and the pyrolysis oil gas 1 generated from a The primary reactor is discharged, and the pyrolysis semi-coke 1 is sent into the secondary pyrolysis device (1-2) under the action of the pyrolysis oil gas 3 from the tertiary reactor (1-3); in the secondary pyrolysis reactor In (1-2), continue to mix and exchange heat with the pyrolysis oil gas 3 from the three-stage reactor (1-3), continue pyrolysis, and the generated pyrolysis oil gas 2 is discharged and enters the pyrolysis reactor (1-1), The generated pyrolysis semi-coke is sent to the third-stage pyrolysis device (1-3) under the action of the pyrolysis oil gas 4 from the fourth-stage reactor (1-4); in the third-stage pyrolysis reactor (1-3 ), continue to mix and exchange heat with the pyrolysis oil gas 4 from the four-stage pyrolyzer (1-4) to carry out pyrolysis, and the generated pyrolysis oil gas 3 is discharged into the pyrolysis reactor (1-2), and the produced The pyrolysis semi-coke is sent to the fourth-stage pyrolyzer (1-4) under the action of the hot flue gas from the combustion of the boiler; Mixing heat exchange for pyrolysis reaction, the generated pyrolysis oil gas 4 is discharged into the pyrolysis reactor (1-3), and the final product semi-coke 4 is discharged from the bottom of the four-stage strong swirling flow pyrolysis reactor, cooled and heat recovery, Collected by the semi-coke collection tank 5; and finally the pyrolysis oil gas 1 discharged from the primary reactor (1-1) is first captured by the tar trapping device 2 into the light components in the pyrolysis oil gas 1 to obtain light Tar; uncaptured heavy components in the pyrolysis oil and gas 2 enter the boiler for combustion to generate hot flue gas and steam products, and the hot flue gas returns to the system as a heat carrier, which is produced by four-stage strong swirling flow pyrolysis reactors (1- 4) Enter the reaction system, mix with the solid material in the pyrolysis reactor, and exchange heat for pyrolysis reaction; through the pyrolysis of Huolinhe lignite pulverized coal, clean powder coke, light tar and steam are finally obtained product.

Embodiment 2: pyrolysis system comprises four stages of strong swirling flow pyrolysis reactors (n is 4 in the figure)

In this embodiment, the same experimental method and steps as in Example 1 are adopted, and the solid fuel used is Shenmu orchard coal. The main difference is that the pyrolysis oil gas 1 discharged from the first-stage strong swirling flow pyrolysis reactor (1-1), All of them enter into the boiler for combustion (as shown in Figure 2) to generate hot flue gas as the heat of pyrolysis, and finally obtain clean powder coke and steam.

Embodiment 3: pyrolysis system comprises six stages of strong swirling flow pyrolysis reactors (n is 6 in the figure)

In this example, the same experimental method and steps as in Example 1 were adopted, and the solid fuel used was Ordos bituminous coal. The main difference is that the multi-stage strong swirling flow pyrolysis reactor used in this example has six stages.

Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention rather than limit them. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent replacements to the technical solutions of the present invention do not depart from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention, and all of them should be included in the scope of the present invention. within the scope of the claims.

Claims (9)

1. A pyrolysis device for producing coke breeze and light tar is characterized by comprising a multistage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor, a semicoke cooling device and a semicoke collecting tank;

the multistage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor comprises a plurality of strong cyclone pyrolysis reactors, a pyrolysis gas inlet except for the first stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor and the last stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor is connected with a pyrolysis gas outlet of the next stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor, a material outlet of the strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor is connected with a pyrolysis gas inlet pipeline of the next stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor, and a pyrolysis gas outlet of the strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor is connected with a pyrolysis gas inlet of the previous stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor; a material outlet of the final-stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor is connected with the semicoke cooling device, and a material outlet of the semicoke cooling device is connected with the semicoke collecting tank;

a pyrolysis gas outlet of the first-stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor is connected with a boiler, and a flue gas outlet of the boiler is connected with a flue gas inlet of the last-stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor;

in the single-stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor, solid materials and a heat carrier contact and exchange heat in a gas-solid parallel flow mode, and in a pipeline between the reactors of the multistage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor, the solid materials and the heat carrier contact and exchange heat in a gas-solid countercurrent mode.

2. A pyrolysis apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein: and a pyrolysis gas outlet of the first-stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor is connected with a gas inlet of the tar trapping device.

3. A pyrolysis apparatus according to claim 2, wherein: and a gas outlet of the tar trapping device is connected with a boiler, and a flue gas outlet of the boiler is connected with a flue gas inlet of the final-stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor.

4. A pyrolysis process for the production of coke breeze and light tar based on the apparatus according to any one of claims 1-3, comprising:

the method comprises the following steps that powder solid fuel is in countercurrent contact with pyrolysis gas from a next-stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor, the powder solid fuel is fed into a first-stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor of a multi-stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor under the action of the pyrolysis gas, the powder solid fuel is continuously heated by the next-stage pyrolysis gas in the first-stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor to perform pyrolysis reaction, pyrolysis oil gas and pyrolysis semicoke are generated, and the pyrolysis semicoke enters the next-stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor;

the pyrolysis semicoke is firstly in countercurrent contact with pyrolysis gas from a next two-stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor, is sent to the strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor except a first-stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor and a last-stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor under the action of the pyrolysis gas, is mixed and exchanges heat by pyrolysis oil gas from the next two-stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor, is continuously pyrolyzed, the pyrolysis oil gas generated by pyrolysis enters a previous-stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor, and the pyrolysis semicoke generated by pyrolysis is sent to the next-stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor;

and cooling the pyrolysis semicoke pyrolyzed by the final-stage strong-cyclone pyrolysis reactor to obtain powdered coke.

5. A pyrolysis process according to claim 4, wherein the process further comprises:

pyrolysis oil gas generated by pyrolysis of the first-stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor passes through a tar trapping device to obtain light tar.

6. A pyrolysis process according to claim 5, wherein the process further comprises:

the heavy components which are not captured by the tar capturing device enter a boiler to be combusted to generate hot flue gas and steam, and the hot flue gas is used for pyrolysis of solid materials and pyrolysis semicoke.

7. A pyrolysis method according to claim 4, characterized in that the method further comprises:

pyrolysis oil gas generated by pyrolysis of the first-stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor enters a boiler to be combusted to generate hot flue gas and steam, and the hot flue gas is used for pyrolysis of solid materials and pyrolysis semicoke.

8. A pyrolysis process according to claim 4 further comprising: and cooling the pyrolysis semicoke generated by pyrolysis discharged from the final stage strong cyclone pyrolysis reactor by using a semicoke cooling device, recovering heat and simultaneously obtaining a powdered coke product.

9. A pyrolysis process according to claim 4 wherein the powdered solid fuel is coal, biomass, oil shale or oil sands.

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