Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

CN107109919A - The proppant particles and its application method formed by slurry drop - Google Patents

The proppant particles and its application method formed by slurry drop Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN107109919A
CN107109919A CN201580059206.4A CN201580059206A CN107109919A CN 107109919 A CN107109919 A CN 107109919A CN 201580059206 A CN201580059206 A CN 201580059206A CN 107109919 A CN107109919 A CN 107109919A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
proppant particles
000psi
mesh
proppant
pressure
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
CN201580059206.4A
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
本杰明·T·伊尔德
布莱特·A·威尔逊
克莱顿·F·盖迪尼尔
罗伯特·杜恩克
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Carbo Ceramics Inc
Original Assignee
Carbo Ceramics Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US14/502,483 external-priority patent/US9670400B2/en
Application filed by Carbo Ceramics Inc filed Critical Carbo Ceramics Inc
Publication of CN107109919A publication Critical patent/CN107109919A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/60Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
    • C09K8/80Compositions for reinforcing fractures, e.g. compositions of proppants used to keep the fractures open
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B33/00Clay-wares
    • C04B33/02Preparing or treating the raw materials individually or as batches
    • C04B33/04Clay; Kaolin
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/01Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/10Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on aluminium oxide
    • C04B35/111Fine ceramics
    • C04B35/1115Minute sintered entities, e.g. sintered abrasive grains or shaped particles such as platelets
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/622Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/624Sol-gel processing
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/622Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/626Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
    • C04B35/62605Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures
    • C04B35/62645Thermal treatment of powders or mixtures thereof other than sintering
    • C04B35/62655Drying, e.g. freeze-drying, spray-drying, microwave or supercritical drying
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/622Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/626Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
    • C04B35/62605Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures
    • C04B35/62695Granulation or pelletising
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B38/00Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
    • C04B38/009Porous or hollow ceramic granular materials, e.g. microballoons
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/60Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
    • C09K8/62Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/02Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
    • C04B2235/50Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
    • C04B2235/52Constituents or additives characterised by their shapes
    • C04B2235/528Spheres
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/02Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
    • C04B2235/50Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
    • C04B2235/54Particle size related information
    • C04B2235/5418Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof
    • C04B2235/5427Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof millimeter or submillimeter sized, i.e. larger than 0,1 mm
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/70Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
    • C04B2235/74Physical characteristics
    • C04B2235/77Density
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/70Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
    • C04B2235/94Products characterised by their shape
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/70Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
    • C04B2235/96Properties of ceramic products, e.g. mechanical properties such as strength, toughness, wear resistance
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/70Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
    • C04B2235/96Properties of ceramic products, e.g. mechanical properties such as strength, toughness, wear resistance
    • C04B2235/963Surface properties, e.g. surface roughness

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
  • Porous Artificial Stone Or Porous Ceramic Products (AREA)
  • Bulkheads Adapted To Foundation Construction (AREA)
  • Sewage (AREA)

Abstract

Disclosed herein is the proppant particles formed by slurry drop and its application method.Proppant particles can include sintered ceramic material, and can have Maximum pore size of about 80 mesh to the size of about 10 mesh and less than about 20 microns.Application method can include hydraulic fluid is expelled in subterranean strata with the speed and pressure for being enough to open crack in subterranean strata, and the fluid containing proppant particles is injected into the crack, the proppant particles include sintered ceramic material, the Maximum pore size with about 80 mesh to the size of about 10 mesh and less than about 20 microns.

Description

The proppant particles and its application method formed by slurry drop
Technical field
The present invention relates to the hydraulic fracturing of the subterranean strata in the earth.More specifically, the present invention is provided from ceramic material in small, broken bits The sintering ceramic proppant that the nozzle of the slurry of material is formed by vibration induced drippage (vibration-induced dripping) Particle, and the particle application method.
Background technology
Hydraulic fracturing is that liquid is pressed onto into underground with high-speed and high pressure pump and is pressed into subterranean strata so as in well week The process in crack is formed in the rock enclosed.After pump pressure is enough the liquid volume of appropriate gull, " support will be referred to as The solid particle of agent " is added in liquid.After the completion of pump pressure, opening well is used for the production of hydrocarbon.After frac treatment, from The throughput rate of well production fluid generally substantially increases.Since this method is initially in patented (United States Patent (USP) in 1949 Nos.2,596,843 and 2,596,844) since, hydraulic fracturing method have developed and be greatly improved.
The material for being initially used for the proppant of the hydraulic fracturing of well is silica sand.As well becomes deeper, sand intensity is found not Foot.In deep-well, the pressure of the earth causes emery dust broken, thus becomes less effective in terms of the throughput rate of well is improved.
Synthesis proppant material is developed to provide the proppant of higher intensity.Synthesis sintering proppant originally is sintering Bauxite.In later several years, sintering ceramic proppant is manufactured using various ceramic raw materials, including contain small amount Bauxite and the clay mineral such as kaolin of aluminum oxide.It has been found that the intensity of ceramic particle is generally with aluminum oxide in particle The amount of (aluminum oxide) and increase, all other factor keeps constant.
The conventional method for preparing synthesis proppant particles is to obtain ceramic raw material, is ground into fine powder, is formed Pill (being referred to as " green-ball " (green) pill)), and the sintering green-ball pill in kiln.Final products are that size range is suitable for branch Support the ceramic pellets of agent, about 70 mesh to 12 mesh (0.008 inch to 0.067 inch of diameter).According to well condition, different sizes are used Pill.
The various methods of the pill for forming proppant have been proposed.In the work of early stage, United States Patent (USP) No.4, 427,068 describe by the way that the dry powder of clay and aluminum oxide, bauxite or its mixture is added into high intensity mixer (hereafter In be referred to as " dry-mix process ") in come formed sintering ceramic pellets method.Stir the ceramic initial component (pottery of powdery grains Porcelain raw material), form dry homogeneous mixture.Then, adding enough water makes tiny initial dust particle aggregation, so that by powder End forms small complex spherical pill.Allow lasting incorporation time, to make small pill grow to desired size.In ball During grain formation stages, the size of wide scope is produced.It is preferred that mixing arrangement be from Eirich Machines, what Inc. was obtained, And it is referred to as Eirich blenders.Resulting pill is dried and sinters final proppant particles into.In the past few years, The most of ceramic proppant industrially manufactured is all made of this pill forming method.
United States Patent (USP) No.4,440,866 disclose the alternative for producing pill, and the pill is sintered to produce height Intensity pill.The little particle being subsequently sintered is formed using continuous spraying/granulation of the suspension containing gibbsite with adhesive (being hereinafter referred to as " spray-fluidized bed process ").All steps of this method can be carried out in a continuous manner.Ceramics will be contained The waterborne suspension of raw material is continuously atomized and is fed to the partially dried small starting fluidized in heated drying air stream In the layer of dust granules (commonly referred to as seed).Aqueous ceramic stock suspension is continuously sprayed and is dried on seed grain, Until reaching desired final green-ball particle diameter.The size range that the particle produced in the method has is led to than typically Those particle size ranges for crossing United States Patent (USP) No. the 4th, 427,068 drying means generation are narrower, but still have enough changes Change, it is necessary to further processing.Particle is continuously reclaimed from fluosolids, and particle and the oversized dimensions of desired size and too small The product fraction separation of size.Material is continuously recycled in dry air stream.This spray-fluidized bed process is also used for Industrially produce substantial amounts of ceramic proppant.
Above-described pill forming method has intrinsic limitation.It is dry-mixed due to the randomness of the agitation of rotor and pot Method produces the green-ball pellet size of pole wide scope.Spray-fluidized bed process generates some greater compactness of green-ball pellet size distributions, But still it is more much broader than desired distribution.These methods need widely to screen and recycle in the fabrication process. Under optimal manufacturing condition, about 30% green-ball particle must be recycled by pill forming method.Dry pigmentation and spray-fluidized Both bed process can also produce the random distribution in the aperture in pill, including the significant reduction pellet strength of sub-fraction is very big Hole.The main intensity for considering fired pellets, because if being ruptured under high pressure of the pill in crack, then the through-current capability in crack Decline, and hydraulic fracturing processing is less effective.It is also by the sphericity and surface flatness of the particle of these technique productions Important, the surface of high sphericity and unusual light is traditionally most desired.All these features are all formed by pill The strong influence of method.
U.S. Publication No.2006/0016598 discloses the clear of the pill formation technology available for ceramic proppant formation It is single, including according to United States Patent (USP) No.5, it is 500,162 vibration induced drippage (vibration induced dripping), poly- Collection, mist projection granulating, wet granulation, extrusion and the pelletized, drop of nozzle formation and selective aggregation.United States Patent (USP) No.5, 500,162 disclose by the vibration induced drippage of chemical solution progress through nozzle plate to manufacture microballoon, wherein the liquid fallen Drop forms the inclusion complex (envelope) that the reacting gas flowed is surrounded from each side.Liquid chemical solution enters spray at it Mouth plate, leave nozzle plate and there is no solid particle or with a small amount of (i.e. 20% or less) during by the first freely falling body part Solid particle.As small solid particle is through the second freely falling body region and then falls into reaction liquid with further gel Change, it is necessary to which reacting gas causes precipitation (gelling) of the small solid particle (be usually sub-micron) in drop.Reacting gas is It is necessary, so that liquid partial gelation before reaction liquid is entered, and drop passes through foams to slow down into liquid, or Person's reaction liquid is directed tangentially on the drop fallen on the identical direction of direction being fallen with drop.Need to fall through Reacting gas and the two features for making drop deceleration enter foam, to ensure drop part glue during sol gel reaction It is solidifying, and therefore will not be deformed (such as flattening) when their knock-on reaction liquid.Reacting gas is by from the inside of inclusion complex Or outside is siphoned away.It can be used for the aluminum oxide spheroid for preparing for example a diameter of 5mm according to the method for the patent.
Vibration induced drippage (herein referred to as " drippage casting " (drip casting)) is initially used to production core combustion Expect pill.From that time, it has been adapted to produce various metals and ceramic " microballoon ", such as abrasive media and catalysis Agent carrier.It is mainly used in food and medicine trade.Drippage casting is described in Brace GmbH website and sale document In.Additionally provide the example of the microballoon formed by the drippage casting of different materials.United States Patent (USP) No.6,197,073 is disclosed A kind of method that aluminum oxide bead is produced by acidic aluminum oxide sol or acidic aluminum oxide suspension as follows, The step is:The nozzle plate of vibration is passed through to form drop and with gaseous ammonia precuring drop, then make Fibre Suspensions Drop condenses in ammonia solution.It is not at these by the mechanical strength for sintering ceramic particle formed by the particle of drippage casting Factor in any material used in bibliography.
It is known in order to produce the ceramic proppant particle that there is maximum intensity for given ceramic material, particle must be wrapped Containing minimum porosity, and the hole existed must keep small as far as possible, because the intensity of given proppant particles is by it Maximum hole limitation.It is desirable that being formed can be fired to the aperture reduced and therefore with the maximum as proppant The method of the green-ball ceramic particle of intensity.Preferably, particle should be spherical, with smooth surface and with uniform chi It is very little.A kind of method for forming green-ball particle is also needed to, this method is carried out without the undesirable sized fraction to green-ball ceramic pellets Recycle.
Invention summary
There is disclosed herein proppant particles.The proppant particles can include sintered ceramic material, about 80 mesh to about 10 Purpose size and the Maximum pore size less than about 20 microns.By multiple proppant particles about 260m/s gas entraining velocity Under strike and can cause following target erosion degree on flat mild steel target:About 1mg is to about 100mg target materials due to every kilogram The shock for hitting the multiple proppant particles of target have lost.In addition, when proppant particles have about 3.5 proportion, Under about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi pressure carry out 5 circulation cyclic loadings after, multiple proppant particles 20, Conductive impairments under 000psi can be less than 15%.
The filling bed of proppant particles is also disclosed herein.The filling bed of the proppant particles can include multiple supports Agent particle, each proppant particles of filling bed can include sintered ceramic material, the size of about 80 mesh to about 10 mesh and small In about 20 microns of Maximum pore size.When proppant particles have about 2.7 proportion, particle size is the branch of 20-40 mesh Support agent particle filling bed can have according to ISO 13503-5 measure at a temperature of 10,000psi pressure and 250 °F More than the prolonged permeation rate of 130 darcies.Proppant particles are struck under about 260m/s gas entraining velocity flat low Following target erosion degree can be caused on carbon steel target:About 1mg to about 100mg target materials due to every kilogram shock target it is the multiple The shock of proppant particles have lost.In addition, when proppant particles have about 3.5 proportion, in about 12,000psi to about After the cyclic loadings that 5 circulations are carried out under 20,000psi pressure, conductive impairments of the filling bed under 20,000psi can be with Less than 15%.
The method of hydraulic fracturing is also disclosed herein.This method can include being enough in subterranean strata to open crack Speed and pressure hydraulic fluid is expelled in subterranean strata, and inject into crack the fluid containing proppant particles. Proppant particles can include sintered ceramic material, size of about 80 mesh to about 10 mesh and the average largest hole less than about 20 microns Footpath.Multiple proppant particles are struck under about 260m/s gas entraining velocity can cause on flat mild steel target as Under target erosion degree:About 1mg is to about 100mg target materials because the shock of the multiple proppant particles of every kilogram of shock target is damaged Lose.In addition, when proppant particles have about 3.5 proportion, entering under about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi pressure After the cyclic loading of 5 circulations of row, conductive impairments of multiple proppant particles under 20,000psi can be less than 15%.
Brief Description Of Drawings
By reference to the accompanying drawings and the description below for illustrating embodiments of the present invention, this hair can be best understood It is bright.In the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of the principle for the pill forming apparatus for showing proppant particles disclosed herein.
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram for showing the single-nozzle from stream of slurry formation drop.
Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram for showing the multiinjector plate from stream of slurry formation drop.
Fig. 4 A show 100 times of SEM of the fired pellets of the aluminum oxide of the device formation by Fig. 1 Photo.
Fig. 4 B show 100 times of scanning electron microscopy of the fired pellets of the aluminum oxide formed by art methods Mirror photo.
Fig. 4 C show 100 times of SEM of the fired pellets of the bauxite of the device formation by Fig. 1 Photo.
Fig. 4 D show 100 times of scanning electron microscopy of the fired pellets of the bauxite formed by art methods Mirror photo.
Fig. 4 E show 100 times of SEM of the kaolinic fired pellets of the device formation by Fig. 1 Photo.
Fig. 4 F show 100 times of scanning electron microscopy of the kaolinic fired pellets formed by art methods Mirror photo.
Fig. 5 is by pill forming apparatus disclosed herein and the prior art dry pigmentation by using Eirich blenders The curve map of the prolonged permeation rate of the function as pressure of the aluminum oxide pill of formation.
Fig. 6 is the kaolinic support for the fluidized bed with spraying method preparation for by method disclosed herein and passing through prior art The frequency diagram in the aperture of agent particle.
Fig. 7 is by pill forming apparatus disclosed herein and the prior art dry pigmentation by using Eirich blenders The long-term of the function as pressure of the proppant formed by kaolin and other materials of the different alumina contents of formation is oozed The curve map of saturating rate.
Fig. 8 is by pill forming apparatus disclosed herein and the prior art dry pigmentation by using Eirich blenders The long-term of the function as pressure of the proppant formed by bauxite and other materials of the different alumina contents of formation is oozed The curve map of saturating rate.
Fig. 9 is the oxygen of the Bauxite Proppant and drippage casting method formation for passing through Fig. 1-3 formed by conventional method Change the curve map of the erosiveness of the function as proppant speed of aluminium proppant.
Figure 10 is the long-term conductive curve map for the aluminum oxide for showing conventional Bauxite Proppant and drippage casting, its In will each carry out 20/40 mesh sieve point, after 20, the 000psi closure stresses of 50 hours are carried out, then about 12,000psi The cyclic loading of 5 circulations is carried out under to about 20,000psi pressure and finally under 20,000psi closure stresses to each Remeasured to determine due to conductibility reduction caused by circulation.
Figure 11 is the long-term conductive curve map for the aluminum oxide for showing conventional Bauxite Proppant and drippage casting, its In will each carry out 20/40 mesh sieve point, after 14, the 000psi closure stresses of 50 hours are carried out, then about 6,000psi The cyclic loading of 5 circulations is carried out under to about 14,000psi pressure and finally under 14,000psi closure stresses to each Remeasured to determine due to conductibility reduction caused by circulation.
Figure 12 is the long-term conductive curve map for the aluminum oxide for showing conventional Bauxite Proppant and drippage casting, its In will each carry out 30/50 mesh sieve point, after 20, the 000psi closure stresses of 50 hours are carried out, then about 12,000psi The cyclic loading of 5 circulations is carried out under to about 20,000psi pressure and finally under 20,000psi closure stresses to each Remeasured to determine due to conductibility reduction caused by circulation.
Figure 13 is the curve map of the β factors for the aluminum oxide for showing conventional Bauxite Proppant and drippage casting, wherein will It is each to carry out 20/40 mesh sieve point, after 20, the 000psi closure stresses of 50 hours are carried out, then in about 12,000psi to about The cyclic loading of 5 circulations is carried out under 20,000psi pressure and is finally carried out under 20,000psi closure stresses to each Remeasure to determine due to β factors increase caused by circulation.
Figure 14 is the curve map of the β factors for the aluminum oxide for showing conventional Bauxite Proppant and drippage casting, wherein will It is each to carry out 30/50 mesh sieve point, after 20, the 000psi closure stresses of 50 hours are carried out, then in about 12,000psi to about The cyclic loading of 5 circulations is carried out under 20,000psi pressure and is finally carried out under 20,000psi closure stresses to each Remeasure to determine due to β factors increase caused by circulation.
Detailed description of the invention
With reference to shown in Fig. 1, the pill forming apparatus 10 with single-nozzle is shown, to illustrate method disclosed herein Principle, it is commonly known as " drippage casting ".Nozzle 12 receives the slurry 15 from head tank 14, and the slurry is included and is suspended in Ceramic raw material in water.The speed that the pressure for being applied to head tank 14 by pressure suppling system 16 makes slurry to select flows through spray Mouth 12, preferably with Laminar Flow.Nozzle 12 is below coagulation vessel 17, and the coagulation vessel 17 receives drop.Vibrator units 18 are connected to nozzle 12, and for providing pressure pulse to the pulse of nozzle supply pressure or directly to the slurry of flow nozzle. The vibration of the produced slurry for flowing through nozzle causes the stream for leaving nozzle 12 to fragment into the drop of uniform-dimension.When drop fall to When solidifying container 17, surface tension effect is often by droplet formation spheroid.Before reaction liquid bath is entered, spheric granules is just Form, come off and region, the foaming layer of reaction liquid or be directed on drop without sol gel reaction, reactionless gas Reaction liquid.
Fig. 2 shows the details for the slurry 15 for leaving nozzle 12 and fragmenting into drop.When falling to coagulation vessel 17, slurry Surface tension drive drop towards minimal surface area, minimal surface area is obtained with spherical form.Drop is preferred Ground be selected as it is sufficiently large with allow drop enter container 17 in liquid before become globulate.
Slurry 15 from head tank 14 includes and can produce the fine gtinding of strong ceramic material after sintering (size is 0.01-50 microns) mineral or processing powder, it is appropriate scattered for keep that the solid particle in slurry well is sufficiently separated Agent, water, and by with the component reaction in the liquid 19 in coagulation vessel 17 to form the anti-of semi-solid or insoluble compound Answer thing.The solids content of slurry can be in the range of about 25% to about 75%.The viscosity of slurry is usually 1 to 1000 centipoise, But may be higher.The relatively low viscosity of slurry helps to improve the formation of droplet formation and spheric granules, and is claimed Necessary part of the invention.The optimization of Dispersant types and concentration will reduce viscosity.Can be based in the selected slurry of reduction Validity, availability and into original selection dispersant in terms of viscosity.Dispersant available for reduction slurry viscosity includes silicic acid Sodium, ammonium polyacrylate, sodium polymethacrylate, sodium citrate, poly- sodium sulfonate and calgon.
Chemical reactant usually used in slurry is mosanom in head tank 14.This is a kind of naturally occurring polysaccharide, It can be soluble in water as sodium salt, but gel is cross-linked to form as calcium salt.Alginates are generally with 0.1% to 1.0% (algae The percentage by weight of hydrochlorate solid and total slurry) amount be added in slurry.Coagulation tank 17 generally comprises coagulating liq 19, condenses Liquid 19 makes the chemical reactant in slurry 15 be gelled.Conventional condensation water for mosanom is that concentration level is 0.5 weight Measure % to 10 weight % calcium chloride solution.Various reactions can be used in solidification container 17 neutralizes the slurry for flowing through nozzle 12 Thing.This can include other polysaccharide and other cross-linking compounds such as polyvinyl alcohol or borate fluids.
Adjust the diameter of nozzle 12, the viscosity of slurry 15, the ceramic particle content of slurry 15, slurry be fed to nozzle Pressure and the frequency and amplitude of the vibration applied by vibrator source 17, to produce the drop with desired size.These become Amount is preferably set to steady state value, because spheroid is generated to form the particle of a collection of backing material.It can produce with different chis The different batches of very little pill.Preferably, each batch will be by single sizing (monosized) (that is, included in single sieve On, such as through 20 mesh sieves, but rest on 25 mesh sieves).For slurry is fed to the pressure of nozzle be conditioned with produce wear Cross the laminar flow of nozzle.Feed pressure may range from 1 to 50psi.For every group of slurry conditions adjustment frequency so that leaving spray Resonance is set up in the stream of slurry of mouth, stream of slurry then produces spherical droplets.Frequency can be 10 between 20000Hz.Pressure and Frequency optimizes uniform spherical to produce with being iterated.The amplitude of accommodation is to improve the uniform shapes of formed spherical droplets.Wear The flow velocity for crossing the slurry of nozzle is the function of nozzle diameter, slurry feed pressure and slurry properties (such as viscosity and density).Example Such as, for through diameter up to the kaolin and alumina slurry of 500 microns of nozzle, the flow velocity of each nozzle can be 0.2-3kg/ hours.
The distance between the top of liquid 19 in selection coagulation vessel 17 and nozzle 12, to allow drop reaching liquid Become globulate before top.The distance can be for 1 to 20cm, but more typically in the range of 1 to 5cm, so as in liquid table Face is deformed by droplet profile is reduced when impacting, so as to eliminate to tangentially directed before drop enters coagulation vessel 17 The need for reaction liquid, froth bed or reacting gas.Chemical reactant in slurry drop and the condensation water in coagulation vessel 17 Body 19 reacts, and forms on drop semi-solid surface, and this helps to maintain spherical, and prevents pill from assembling.Preferably, ball Residence time of the grain in coagulation vessel 17 is enough to allow pill to become sufficiently rigid to prevent when they are removed and dry (i.e. It is semi-rigid) when spherical deformation.In some embodiments, pill can be fallen into the coagulating liq solution of vertical upflow, So that the sedimentation of particle through liquid will be delayed by produce the longer residence time in coagulation vessel.
It is washed to remove excessive coagulating agent and be transported to other devices using the pill of Fig. 1 device formation, There makes pill dry and then sinter using industrial well known method.
Fig. 3 is shown with the multi-nozzle device needed for commercial size application this method.Multiple nozzles 32 are placed on container 30 In, container 30 is operated so that slurry flows through nozzle under controlled pressure.Commodity production proppant particles need big flow nozzle.Such as Upper described, vibration container 30 is to cause the vibration of nozzle.Or, variable pressure can be produced in the slurry, it is uniform to cause The formation of the drop of size.Drop is collected as previously described.
The pill produced by the method described in Fig. 1-3 is dimensionally almost uniform.For example, table 1 is compared The sintered alumina produced in the case of not screening green-ball pill by dry blend process and by drippage casting as described herein The pellet size distribution of proppant.In the case where not screening green-ball pill, the sintering proppant of dry-mixed generation is in six screen clothes It is upper that there is distribution, and the proppant for the sintering that casting is produced is dripped substantially on a screen cloth.Therefore, in the manufacture of proppant In method, drippage casting need not be as follows:Green-ball pill is sieved to select desired size range, and then will Material in the green-ball pill outside selected size range is recycled.By control nozzle 12 or 32 diameter, The viscosity of slurry 15, the ceramic particle content of slurry 15, the pressure that slurry is fed to nozzle and applied by vibrator source 17 Plus vibration frequency and amplitude, to select the pellet size of proppant to be sintered into.Produced by Fig. 1-3 methods described Fired pellets or proppant particles can have it is any suitably sized.The support produced by the method described in Fig. 1-3 Agent particle can have at least about 100 mesh, at least about 80 mesh, at least about 60 mesh, at least about 50 mesh or at least about size of 40 mesh. For example, proppant particles can have about 115 mesh to about 2 mesh, about 100 mesh to about 3 mesh, about 80 mesh to about 5 mesh, about 80 mesh to about 10 Mesh, about 60 mesh to about 12 mesh, about 50 mesh to about 14 mesh, about 40 mesh to about 16 mesh or about 35 mesh to about 18 mesh size.
The proppant particles produced by the method described in Fig. 1-3 can have any suitable composition.Proppant Grain can be or can include any proper amount of silica and/or aluminum oxide.According to one or more embodiments, base In the gross weight of proppant particles, proppant particles include less than 80 weight %, less than 60 weight %, less than 40 weight %, small In 30 weight %, less than 20 weight %, less than 10 weight % or the silica less than 5 weight %.According to one or more Embodiment, proppant particles include about 0.1 weight % to about 70 weight % silica, about 1 weight % to about 60 weights Measure % silica, about 2.5 weight % to about 50 weight % silica, about 5 weight % to about 40 weight % dioxy The silica of SiClx or about 10 weight % to about 30 weight %.According to one or more embodiments, based on proppant The gross weight of grain, proppant particles include at least about 30 weight %, at least about 50 weight %, at least about 60 weight %, at least about 70 weight %, at least about 80 weight %, at least about 90 weight % or at least about 95 weight % aluminum oxide.According to one or more Embodiment, aluminum oxide of the proppant particles comprising about 30 weight % to about 99.9 weight %, about 40 weight % to about 99 weights Measure % aluminum oxide, about 50 weight % to about 97 weight % aluminum oxide, about 60 weight % to about 95 weight % aluminum oxide or The weight % of person about 70 to about 90 weight % aluminum oxide.In one or more embodiments, pass through the method described in Fig. 1-3 The proppant particles of production can include aluminum oxide, bauxite or kaolin or their mixture.For example, proppant particles It can be made up of completely aluminum oxide, bauxite or kaolin or their mixture or substantially by aluminum oxide, bauxite Or kaolin or their mixture are constituted.Term " kaolin " be it is well known in the art that and can include have On calcined basis (calcined basis) at least about the raw material of 40 weight % alumina content and based on calcined basis up to Few about 40 weight % dioxide-containing silica.Term " bauxite " be it is known in the art that and can be or comprising with At least about raw material of 55 weight % alumina content on calcined basis.
The proppant particles produced by the method described in Fig. 1-3 can have any suitable proportion.Proppant Grain can have at least about 2.5, at least about 2.7, at least about 3, at least about 3.3 or at least about 3.5 proportion.For example, proppant Particle can have about 2.5 to about 4.0, about 2.7 to about 3.8, about 3.5 to about 4.2, about 3.8 to about 4.4 or about 3.0 to about 3.5 proportion.
Fig. 4 (a-e) shows aluminum oxide, bauxite and the height produced by Fig. 1 device and by art methods The picture of ridge soil proppant particles.Fig. 4 (a) is shown as shown in fig. 1, by dripping the alumina-supported agent that casting is made Grain, it can have the surface of high sphericity and unusual light.Fig. 4 (b) shows the oxygen being made up of Eirich blenders Change aluminium proppant particles.The surface of particle is coarse, and is generally in the shape of flat.Fig. 4 (c) is shown by dripping casting The Bauxite Proppant particles of manufacture are made, and Fig. 4 (d) is shown using Eirich blenders (by CARBO Ceramics Inc., the CARBO that Houston, Tex. are sold) business art methods prepare Bauxite Proppant particles. Fig. 4 (e) shows the kaolin proppant particles by dripping casting manufacture, and Fig. 4 (f) is shown by pilot scale fluidized bed process The kaolin proppant particles of preparation.
The proppant particles produced by the method described in Fig. 1-3 can have any suitable surface roughness.Branch Supportting agent particle can have less than 5 μm, less than 4 μm, less than 3 μm, less than 2.5 μm, less than 2 μm, less than 1.5 μm or less than 1 μm Surface roughness.For example, proppant particles can have about 0.1 μm to about 4.5 μm, about 0.4 μm to about 3.5 μm or about 0.8 μm to about 2.8 μm of surface roughness.
The surface roughness of each complete proppant particles shown in measurement Fig. 4 (a-f).In each proppant particles Surrounding draws a smooth convex girth, establishes the average surface water as close possible to simulation actual support agent particle surface It is flat, while remaining in that projection.Then surrounded entirely with 100 microns of interval under used 100 times of multiplication factors in Fig. 4 Separation (separation) of the circumferential measurements between actual surface and smooth average surface, separation can be with about 0.5 μm Precision measure.The average value of measurement from whole girth represents the surface roughness of proppant particles.Table 2 is shown, is passed through The surface roughness that the proppant particles of dry blend fluidized bed with spraying formation have is the three to seven of the homologue of its drippage casting Times.
Fig. 5 compares the proppant particles formed in Fig. 1 device and the proppant particles phase formed by dry pigmentation The permeability of ratio.The size of proppant particles from two methods is identical with composition, is high-purity (99+%) aluminum oxide. Unique variable is pill forming process.Permeability is according to ISO 13503-5:" it is used for the long-term conductibility for measuring proppant Program " (Procedures for Measuring the Long-term Conductivity of Proppants) measurement , in addition to using steel chip rather than sandstone chip.Long-term conductibility device described in ISO 13503-5 is passed using steel Pond is led, it includes a length of 7 inches, the internal slot of a width of 1.5 inch dimension.Open port is placed on from each end of slit Portion extends to the outside in pond, to allow fluid to flow through slit.Length of other ports along slit is placed, and also extends into the outer of pond Portion, the internal pressure for measuring slit.Lower piston and upper piston, lower piston and upper piston are installed in the slit Length extend beyond the size in pond so that load can be applied directly to piston by hydraulic load framework.In order to which load is used In measuring conductive conductibility pond, lower piston is fixed in pond first, so as not to block fluid or pressure port.Install Sealing ring is to prevent pressure between slit and piston wall or fluid from leaking.Then by the metallic gasket and sandstone of slot dimension Chip is placed in lower piston.Or, steel chip can substitute sandstone chip (such as situation herein).Then will be a certain amount of Proppant is placed on.In this case, two kinds of isometric proppants of load, the initial of about 0.19 inch of expression is filled Packing course width.Make proppant smooth.Then placed on the top of proppant second steel chip, metallic gasket, sealing ring and Upper piston.Apply initial load to piston, and proppant pack is allowed fluid flow when measuring pressure.Fluid and the temperature in pond Degree is maintained at 250 °F.The measurement of fluid flow speed and the pressure loss is provided the proppant represented with millidarcy-foot and filled Packing course is conductive to be measured.By the infiltration that the width of conductibility divided by the filling bed measured is calculated to proppant pack Rate, for the data shown in Fig. 5, the width of the filling bed measured can be about 0.16-0.19 inches.The fluid of flowing It is the deoxidation aqueous solution of 2%KCl silica saturation.With 2000psi increasing under 2,000psi to 20,000psi pressure Measurement conductibility.In each case, pressure is kept for 50 hours before measurement conductibility.Due to the mistake of proppant particles Effect, the permeability of proppant pack is reduced as closure stress increases.Stronger pill will cause higher permeability.From As can be seen that as closure stress from 2,000psi increases to 20,000psi in Fig. 5, the proppant being made up of dry-mixed (line 2) The permeability loss 78% of particle.By contrast, the permeability for the proppant particles (line 1) being made up of the device in Fig. 1 is only damaged Lose the half that 31%-- is less than the permeability loss by the dry-mixed proppant particles being made.The support being made up of Fig. 1 device This higher permeability of agent particle is due to that the intensity of proppant particles improves caused.
The proppant particles formed by drippage casting disclosed herein can have any appropriate permeability.Proportion About 2.7 and by drip casting formation proppant particles can have according to ISO 13503-5 measure 10, Greater than about 130 darcies, about 150 darcies, about 170 darcies, about 190 darcies, about 195 at a temperature of 000psi pressure and 250 °F Darcy, about 200 darcies, the prolonged permeation rate of about 225 or about 250 darcies.Proportion is about 3.3 and by dripping casting shape Into proppant particles can have according to ISO 13503-5 measure at a temperature of 14,000psi pressure and 250 °F it is big In about 110 darcies, about 120 darcies, about 130 darcies, about 140 darcies, about 150 receiving holes, about 155 darcies, about 165 darcies, Or about 170 darcy prolonged permeation rate.Proportion be about 3.5 and by drip casting formation proppant particles can have press 80 darcies, about 90 darcies, about are greater than about at a temperature of 20,000psi pressure and 250 °F according to what ISO 13503-5 were measured 100 darcies, about 110 darcies, about 115 darcies, about 120 darcies, about 130 darcies, about 140 darcies, about 150 darcies, about 160 reach The prolonged permeation rate in west, about 170 darcies or about 185 darcies.
The proppant particles formed by drippage casting disclosed herein can have any appropriate intensity.Appropriate intensity It can include when the pressure for the filling bed for putting on test particle brings up to 12,000psi, and the test from 2,000psi The size of particle exists in the range of 20-40 mesh and when the test particle has about 2.7 proportion according to ISO 13503-5 Measured under 250 °F test particle filling bed long-term Test Liquid Permeability of Core decline degree be less than 85%, it is less than 80% or small In 75%, wherein the composition and preparation method of the test particle are identical with the proppant particles.Appropriate intensity can also be wrapped Include the pressure when the filling bed that put on test particle and bring up to 14,000psi from 2,000psi, and the test particle Size is surveyed at 250f in the range of 20-40 mesh and when the test particle has about 3.3 proportion according to ISO 13503-5 The decline degree of the long-term Test Liquid Permeability of Core of the filling bed of the test particle obtained is less than 75%, less than 65% or less than 55%, its Described in test particle composition and preparation method it is identical with the proppant particles.Appropriate intensity can also include working as putting on The pressure for testing the filling bed of particle brings up to 20,000psi from 12,000psi, and the size for testing particle is in 20- In the range of 40 mesh and when the test particle has greater than about 3.5 proportion, measured at 250f according to ISO 13503-5 The decline degree for testing the long-term Test Liquid Permeability of Core of the filling bed of particle is less than 90%, less than 80%, less than 75%, be less than 70%th, less than 65% or less than 60%, wherein the composition and preparation method of the test particle are identical with the proppant particles.
The intensity of proppant particles " can be used from ISO 13503-2 in hydraulic fracturing and gravel packing operations The performance measurement of proppant " (Measurement of Properties of Proppants Used in Hydraulic Fracturing and Gravel-packing Operations) described in proppant crush resistance test and indicate. In the test, proppant sample is screened first to remove any particulate (undersized pill that may be present or fragment), so After place it in pulverizing chamber, then wherein piston be used for apply higher than a part of proppant pill failpoint (failure point) a certain amount of limited (confined) closure stress.Then, sample re-sieving, and to crush percentage Than reporting due to the weight % for the particulate that proppant particles failure is produced.Pair of the crushing percentage of two an equal amount of samples Than being the method for measuring relative intensity.For two samples of the proppant particles used in the test of above-described conductibility Product, are 2.7% by percentage by weight of the proppant particles of dry-mixed generation under 15,000psi, and drip the support of casting Agent particle is 0.8%.This again shows that drippage casting produces stronger proppant particles.
Relative support agent intensity can also be determined by single proppant particles ionization meter.Using for determining that feature is strong Weibull (Weibull) statistic of degree is to measure, list, analysis is use two kinds from the test of above-described conductibility The intensity distribution of 40 kinds of proppant particles of every kind of sample in proppant sample.The proppant of the drippage casting so determined The characteristic strength of grain is 184MPa, and is 151MPa by the dry-mixed proppant particles being made by contrast.
The proppant particles formed by drippage casting disclosed herein can have any pore-size distribution.For example, Proppant particles can have less than 6 μm, less than 4 μm, less than 3 μm, less than 2.5 μm, less than 2 μm, less than 1.5 μm or less than 1 μ M aperture standard deviation.The proppant particles formed by drippage casting disclosed herein can have any suitable flat Equal maximum or highest aperture.For example, proppant particles can have less than about 25 μm, less than about 20 μm, less than about 18 μm, be less than About 16 μm, the Maximum pore size less than about 14 μm or less than about 12 μm.The branch formed by drippage casting disclosed herein Support agent particle can have any suitable hole concentration.For example, proppant particles can have the proppant at every square millimeter Less than 5000, less than 4500, less than 4000, less than 3500, less than 3000, less than 2500 under 500 times of multiplication factors in particle Or less than 2200 visible holes.
Fracture mechanics teaches particle and failed under the pressure of greatest drawback in particle.In proppant particles, most Big defect is considered as maximum hole.Therefore, pressure during failure and the square root of greatest drawback size are inversely proportional.Therefore, Proppant (the dry-mixed or spraying that the proppant (DC) of the drippage casting formed by device disclosed herein is made with conventional (CONV) Fluidized bed process) the ratio (R) of failure pressure will be:
R=(maximums diameter of holeDC/ maximum diameter of holeCONV)1/2
By SEM (SEM) with 500 times of multiplying power inspection by dripping casting and by prior art The proppant particles that method is made.In order to measure the pore-size distribution in particle, the oxidation being made up of every kind of method is checked in SEM The cross section of aluminium, bauxite and kaolin proppant particles.For each sample, shoot from ten different pills each The random areas of 117 μm of about 252 μ m of acquisition.Ten maximum holes in each region are measured, and are counted using above-mentioned equation Calculate the proppant particles of drippage casting and the theoretical ratio of the failure pressure of conventionally fabricated proppant particles.As a result it is shown in Table 3. For example, the Maximum pore size in the alumina-supported agent particle of drippage casting is 16.3 μm, and for dry pigmentation aluminum oxide Proppant particles, Maximum pore size is 40.8 μm.Using above-mentioned equation, the proppant particles and dry pigmentation for dripping casting are supported The ratio of the failure pressure of agent particle is 1.6.Therefore, fracture mechanics is predicted, the high-alumina proppant particles of drippage casting should About 1.6 times of the pressure that proppant particles are made in dry pigmentation is born, without rupturing.
Extra measurement has been carried out to kaolin clay sample.In these, each visible hole is measured, and using from all ten The complex data in individual region calculates average pore size, aperture standard deviation and every square millimeter of hole count, and maximum hole data, Such as it is presented in table 3.The summary of data is presented in table 4, and Fig. 6 shows kaolin (curve 1) and the spray of drippage casting The figure of the pore-size distribution of sprayization bed kaolin (curve 2).The institute in Fig. 4 f micro-structural it is readily seen that in Fig. 6 (curve 2) The sub-fraction that the spray-fluidized bed process shown is produced very big hole.There is no big hole to provide in the material of drippage casting upper State strength advantage.
The proppant being made up of kaolin has cost advantage compared with the proppant containing higher oxygen aluminium content, contains The proppant of higher oxygen aluminium content is made up of the higher ore of the cost of the aluminum oxide containing higher percent.With three Four kinds of proppant products of individual alumina content scope are, for example, (to be come from by what Carbo Ceramics were sold Www.carboceramics.com data, were searched on December 19th, 2011).The proppant of higher alumina content leads to Often with higher price sales, manufacturing cost is higher.Minimum alumina content is produced in ECONOPROP and CARBOLITE respectively In product, wherein alumina content is respectively about 48% and 51%.Higher alumina content is in CARBOPROP, wherein aoxidizing Aluminium content is about 72%.CARBOPROP is a kind of more expensive product, is primarily due to higher cost of material.
Property with performance of the proppant in hydraulic fracture most directly related proppant is permeability under stress. The prolonged permeation rate number of the pure alumina proppant prepared by art methods and by drippage casting disclosed herein According to being shown in Fig. 5.Fig. 7 shows the proppant for being made with different alumina contents and by different technique, using with In the prolonged permeation rate data for obtaining the measurement of the data identical program in Fig. 5.Curve 1 is represented by above-described 20/40 mesh ECONOPROP proppants prepared by Eirich- blenders method (are made up, the aluminum oxide with about 48% contains of kaolin Amount) disclosed permeability.Curve 2 represents 20/40 mesh CARBOPROP proppants (by the alumina content with about 72% The mixture of ore is made) permeability.Curve 3 represents the 15 kinds of proppants prepared by drippage casting disclosed herein The mean permeability vs pressure of sample (being made up of kaolin, the alumina content with about 48%).Drip casting production by The proppant that kaolin is made, it has the oozing under stress about the same with the higher cost product containing 72% aluminum oxide Saturating rate.The average, long term permeability that 15 samples are measured under 10,000psi pressure is 173 darcies.This significantly larger than has big In the disclosed prolonged permeation rate of 10,000psi pressure, (85 reach the business proppant (ECONOPROP) of about identical alumina content West), it can such as be found out by comparison curves 3 and curve 1.
Fig. 8 shows the proppant for being made with different alumina contents and by different technique, by with In the prolonged permeation rate data for obtaining the measurement of the data identical program in Fig. 5 and Fig. 7.Curve 1 is represented by above-described The disclosed permeability data of 20/40 mesh CARBOPROP proppants of Eirich blenders method formation is (by with about 72% The mixture of the ore of alumina content is made).Curve 2 is represented using the bauxite that alumina content is 70%, by herein Disclosed in the permeability data of proppant (mainly on 25 mesh sieves sieve) for preparing of drippage casting.Curve 3 represents have The permeability data of the alumina content of about 83% aluminum oxide and the 20/40 mesh proppant prepared by Eirich blenders method. The alumina content prepared by dripping casting is only that the permeability of 70% proppant shows and uses Eirich blenders Substantially the same permeability properties of the prior art proppant with about 83% aluminum oxide prepared.Because aluminum oxide is support The composition costly of agent, therefore can be saved greatly by using the raw material of drippage casting disclosed herein and lower cost Measure cost.The comparison of curve 1 and 2 is shown drips the excellent of casting in proppant with about the same alumina content Point.
The method for additionally providing the hydraulic fracturing using proppant particles disclosed herein.Methods described can include with Hydraulic fluid is expelled in subterranean strata by the speed and pressure for being enough to open crack in subterranean strata, and to subterranean strata Proppant particles disclosed herein are injected in crack.Proppant particles are extremely during due to being injected during hydraulic fracturing operations On the metal surface for partially striking downhole tool and equipment, therefore the downhole tool and equipment during fracturing operation are logical It can often suffer erosion.These proppant particles are generally traveling at high speeds, it is sufficient to damaged or destruction downhole tool and equipment.These wells Lower instrument and equipment include but is not limited to casing, survey tool, bridging plug, pressure break plug, setting tool, packer and gravel and filled Fill out with frac-pack component etc..It has been discovered by the applicants that the support produced by using drippage casting disclosed herein Agent replace conventionally manufactured proppant particles hydraulic fracturing show the erosion to downhole tool and equipment surprisingly and Unexpectedly reduce.For example, the proppant particles prepared by using drippage casting disclosed herein replace conventional The proppant particles of preparation can cause the erosiveness to downhole tool and equipment under the conditions of same or analogous hydraulic fracturing Reduction at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40% or at least 50%.
Fig. 9 is the oxygen of the Bauxite Proppant and drippage casting method formation for passing through Fig. 1-3 formed by conventional method Change the curve map of the erosiveness of the function as proppant speed of aluminium proppant.In the test, with three kinds of independent supports The every kind of proppant of agent speed independent measurement is to the abrasion for the flat target being made up of mild steel.Proppant is fed to setting In 20 ' long tubes of the nitrogen stream of speed.Proppant is accelerated by air-flow, and leaves pipe 1 from target with 45 ° of incidence angle ".For each Test, proppant is with 10 single 25 grams of incremental feeds, altogether 250 grams.Assessed using three kinds of different nitrogen speed by Worn and torn caused by every kind of proppant sample.By measuring the weight of the steel target before and after proppant sample impacts, to measure abrasion.Invade Erosion degree be expressed as the target weight loss in terms of milligram with by kilogram in terms of impact target supporting agent weight ratio.As a result it is shown in In table 5.As a result show, the use of the proppant particles produced by Fig. 1-3 drippage casting result in the reduction of erosiveness It is up to about 86%.
Make to strike by dripping the gas entrainment proppant particles of casting formation with the speed of about 160 meter per seconds (m/s) Flat mild steel target can cause following erosiveness:The proppant contacted relative to every kilogram with target is from flat mild steel target 0.01 milligram of loss (mg/kg), about 0.05mg/kg, about 0.1mg/kg, about 0.5mg/kg, about 1mg/kg or about 2mg/kg are to about 5mg/kg, about 7mg/kg, about 10mg/kg, about 12mg/kg or about 15mg/kg.Made with about 200m/s speed by dripping casting The gas entrainment proppant particles of method formation, which strike flat mild steel target, can cause about 0.01mg/kg, about 0.05mg/ Kg, about 0.1mg/kg, about 0.5mg/kg, about 1mg/kg or about 2mg/kg are to about 5mg/kg, about 7mg/kg, about 10mg/kg, about 12mg/kg or about 15mg/kg erosiveness.Make to carry support secretly by dripping the gas of casting formation with about 260m/s speed Agent particles hit can cause about 1mg/kg, about 5mg/kg, about 10mg/kg, about 20mg/kg, about to flat mild steel target 40mg/kg or about 60mg/kg to about 65mg/kg, about 70mg/kg, about 80mg/kg, about 90mg/kg or 100mg/kg erosion Degree.
In the normal operating of hydraulic fracturing Oil/gas Well, significant change may occur for the operating pressure in well.For example, oily Well and gas well can be from maximum closing (shut-in) cycle of states of the pressure holding in hole to the much lower life of the pressure in well Occurrence state.In addition, flow regime may change, cause circulation of the higher or lower pressure in well.The well of known hydraulic fracturing This " Cyclic Stress " damage of the proppant in crack can be caused, this is due to rearranging and stress for proppant particles Recover.This causes the conductibility of proppant pack in crack poor, and has a negative impact to the production performance of well.Cause This, the proppant of proof stress circulation conductive impairments is preferable.
When compared with the filling bed for the proppant particles being conventionally produced, the branch formed by drippage casting disclosed herein The conductibility improved can also be had after cyclic loading condition by supportting the filling bed of agent particle.For example, in about 12,000psi to about After the cyclic loading that 5 circulations are carried out under 20,000psi pressure, the proportion formed by conventional method is more than 3.5 support Conductibility of the filling bed of agent particle under 20,000psi can lose at least 16%.In addition, in about 6,000psi to about 14, After the cyclic loading that 5 circulations are carried out under 000psi pressure, the proportion formed by conventional method is more than 3.5 proppant Conductibility of the filling bed of grain under 14,000psi can lose at least 10%.In about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi's After the cyclic loading that 5 circulations are carried out under pressure, 3.5 branch is more than by the proportion of drippage casting formation disclosed herein Supportting conductibility of the filling bed of agent particle under 20,000psi can lose less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10% or be less than 8%.In addition, being carried out under about 6,000psi to about 14,000psi pressure after 5 cyclic loadings circulated, by herein The proportion of disclosed drippage casting formation is more than conductibility of the filling bed of 3.5 proppant particles under 14,000psi can To lose less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 6%, less than 4%, less than 2%, less than 1% or less than 0.1%.
Figure 10 is the long-term conductive curve map for the aluminum oxide for showing conventional Bauxite Proppant and drippage casting, its In will each carry out 20/40 mesh sieve point, after 20, the 000psi closure stresses of 50 hours are carried out, then in about 12,000psi extremely Carried out under about 20,000psi pressure 5 circulations cyclic loadings and it is last under 20,000psi closure stresses to it is each enter Row remeasures to determine due to conductibility reduction caused by circulation.It is possible, firstly, to it was observed that the biography of the proppant of drippage casting Proppant of the property led than two kinds of routines under 20,000psi is much bigger.Secondly, it can be seen that due to Cyclic Stress, drippage casting The conductibility of proppant only lose 7%, and the Bauxite Proppant of two kinds of routines have lost 17% conductibility.Similarly, Figure 11 is the long-term conductive curve map for the aluminum oxide for showing conventional Bauxite Proppant and drippage casting, wherein will be each 20/40 mesh sieve point is carried out, after 14, the 000psi closure stresses of 50 hours are carried out, then in about 6,000psi to about 14, The cyclic loading of 5 circulations is carried out under 000psi pressure and is finally weighed under 14,000psi closure stresses to each It is new to measure to determine because conductibility is reduced caused by circulation.It is possible, firstly, to it was observed that the conductibility of the proppant of drippage casting Proppant than two kinds of routines under 14,000psi is much bigger.Secondly, it can be seen that due to Cyclic Stress, drip the branch of casting Support agent shows the conductibility of substantially free of losses, and the Bauxite Proppant of two kinds of routines have lost 10% conductibility.This Outside, Figure 12 is the long-term conductive curve map for the aluminum oxide for showing conventional Bauxite Proppant and drippage casting, wherein will It is each to carry out 30/50 mesh sieve point, after 20, the 000psi closure stresses of 50 hours are carried out, then in about 12,000psi to about The cyclic loading of 5 circulations is carried out under 20,000psi pressure and is finally carried out under 20,000psi closure stresses to each Remeasure to determine due to conductibility reduction caused by circulation.It is possible, firstly, to it was observed that the conduction of the proppant of drippage casting Property is more much bigger than conventional proppants under 20,000psi.Secondly, it can be seen that due to Cyclic Stress, drip the proppant of casting Show 5% conductive impairments, and conventional Bauxite Proppant loss 20%.
Reservoir fluid through proppant pack in hydraulic fracture flowing generally with that than occurring in reservoir The much bigger speed of the speed that flows a bit is carried out.Under these the low-down fluid velocities occurred in reservoir, pressure drop mainly by The influence of viscous flow characteristics.This allows pressure behavior to be fully described by Darcy's law (Darcy ' s law) as follows:
Δ p/L=μ v/k, wherein:
Δ p/L is the pressure change of per unit length.μ (.mu.) is fluid viscosity, and v is fluid velocity, and k is filling bed Permeability.However, inertia flow effect has dominated the speed generally found in crack, therefore employ Forchheimer equations:
Δ p/L=μ v/k+ β ρ v2
First item of Forchheimer equations is identical with Darcy's law.Forchheimer equations add inertia pressure Item drops, and it includes velocity squared function v2With the density p of fluid.Under high speed, the Inertia is by leading pressure drop, so as to indicate Flow of fluid.Also include Forchheimer beta factor-betas in Inertia.Similar to permeability, the β factors are consolidating for porous media There is characteristic, it will change with limitation (confining) pressure.As shown in Forchheimer equations, as permeability increases With the reduction of the β factors, (Δ p) reduces pressure change.Therefore, under the conditions of high fluid velocity, for example inertia force will predominantly Those high fluid velocity conditions in the hydraulic fracture of the support of position, the pressure loss that the low β factors will be reduced in crack, cause more High fluid velocity.
When compared with the proppant being conventionally produced, after cyclic loading condition, by drippage casting disclosed herein The filling bed of the proppant particles of formation can also have the β factors of reduction.For example, in about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi Pressure under carry out 5 circulation cyclic loadings after, the proppant formed by conventional method in 20/40 mesh size range The β factor of the filling bed of particle under 20,000psi can improve at least 0.0004.In addition, in about 12,000psi to about 20, After the cyclic loadings that 5 circulations are carried out under 000psi pressure, being formed by conventional method in the 30/50 mesh size range The β factor of the filling bed of proppant particles under 20,000psi can improve at least 0.0004.In about 12,000psi to about 20, Under 000psi pressure carry out 5 circulation cyclic loadings after, in 20/40 mesh size range by drippage disclosed herein The β factor of the filling bed under 20,000psi of the proppant particles of casting formation can be improved less than 0.0005, be less than 0.0002nd, less than 0.0001, less than 0.00005 or less than 0.00001.In addition, in about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi's After the cyclic loading that 5 circulations are carried out under pressure, casting shape is dripped by disclosed herein in 30/50 mesh size range Into the β factor of the filling bed under 20,000psi of proppant particles can improve less than 0.0006, less than 0.0004 or be less than 0.0002。
Figure 13 is the curve map of the β factors for the aluminum oxide for showing conventional Bauxite Proppant and drippage casting, wherein will It is each to carry out 20/40 mesh sieve point, after 20, the 000psi closure stresses of 50 hours are carried out, then in about 12,000psi to about The cyclic loading of 5 circulations is carried out under 20,000psi pressure and is finally carried out under 20,000psi closure stresses to each Remeasure to determine due to β factors increase caused by circulation.It is possible, firstly, to it was observed that, drip the β factors of the proppant of casting Proppant than two kinds of routines under 20,000psi is much lower.Secondly, it can be seen that β after the circulation with two kinds of conventional bauxite The increase of the factor is compared, and the β factors for dripping the proppant of casting are only increased slightly.Similarly, Figure 14 is to show conventional alum clay The curve map of the β factors of ore deposit proppant and the aluminum oxide of drippage casting, wherein 30/50 mesh sieve point will be carried out each, is carrying out 50 After 20, the 000psi closure stresses of hour, 5 circulations are then carried out under about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi pressure Cyclic loading and last remeasured under 20,000psi closure stresses to each to determine because circulation is caused The increase of the β factors.It is possible, firstly, to it was observed that, the β factors for dripping the proppant of casting compare the branch of two kinds of routines under 20,000psi Support agent much lower.Second, it can be seen that compared with (post cycling) β increases after the circulation of two conventional bauxite, drippage The β factors of the proppant of casting are only increased slightly.
It should be appreciated that within the scope of the appended claims, those skilled in the art in the invention are contemplated that to this Invention is modified.All embodiments for realizing the object of the invention are not shown in detail comprehensively.The essence of the present invention is not being departed from In the case of refreshing or scope of the following claims, other embodiment can be developed.Although being retouched on detail The present invention has been stated, but in addition to they to be included to degree in the following claims, it is not intended to these details are regarded For limiting the scope of the present invention.

Claims (51)

1. proppant particles, it is included:
Sintered ceramic material;
The size of about 80 mesh to about 10 mesh;With
Maximum pore size less than about 20 microns.
2. the proppant particles described in claim 1, wherein the sintered ceramic material includes aluminum oxide, kaolin or bauxite Or its any mixture.
3. the proppant particles described in claim 1, wherein the proppant particles are substantially by the sintered ceramic material group Into.
4. the proppant particles described in claim 3, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintered alumina.
5. the proppant particles described in claim 3, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintering kaolin.
6. the proppant particles described in claim 3, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintered bauxite.
7. the proppant particles described in claim 1, wherein the gas by multiple proppant particles in about 260m/s is carried secretly Being struck under speed causes the erosiveness of the target to be about 1mg/kg to about 100mg/kg on flat mild steel target.
8. the proppant particles described in claim 1, it also includes the surface roughness less than about 5 μm.
9. the proppant particles described in claim 1, wherein when the proppant particles have the size peace treaty of about 20-40 mesh During 2.7 proportion, multiple proppant particles have according to the ISO 13503-5 pressure in 10,000psi measured and It is more than the prolonged permeation rate of 130 darcies at a temperature of 250 °F.
10. the proppant particles described in claim 4, wherein when the proppant particles have the size of about 20-40 mesh, it is many The individual proppant particles have to be more than according to what ISO 13503-5 were measured at a temperature of 20,000psi pressure and 250 °F The prolonged permeation rate of 75 darcies.
11. the proppant particles described in claim 5, wherein when the proppant particles have the size of about 20-40 mesh, it is many The individual proppant particles have is more than 70 darcies according to what ISO 13503-5 were measured at a temperature of 12,000psi and 250 °F Prolonged permeation rate.
12. the proppant particles described in claim 6, wherein when the proppant particles have the size peace treaty of about 20-40 mesh During 3.3 proportion, multiple proppant particles have according to the ISO 13503-5 pressure in 14,000psi measured and It is more than the prolonged permeation rate of 110 darcies at a temperature of 250 °F.
13. the proppant particles described in claim 1, wherein the proppant particles have appropriate intensity, wherein appropriate intensity It is defined as when the pressure for the filling bed for putting on test particle brings up to 20,000psi, and the test from 2,000psi The size of particle exists in the range of 20-40 mesh and when the test particle has the proportion more than 3.5 according to ISO 13503-5 The decline degree of the Long-term fluid permeability of the filling bed of the test particle measured under 250 °F is less than 85%, wherein the test The composition and preparation method of particle are identical with the proppant particles.
14. the proppant particles described in claim 1, wherein carrying out 5 under about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi pressure After the cyclic loading of individual circulation, multiple sizes are the proppant particles of about 20-40 mesh and proportion more than 3.5 under 20,000psi Long-term liquid conductivity loss be less than 15%.
15. the proppant particles described in claim 1, wherein carrying out 5 under about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi pressure After the cyclic loading of individual circulation, multiple sizes are in the range of 20-40 mesh and proppant particles of the proportion more than 3.5 are 20, The β factors under 000psi, which are improved, is less than 0.0005.
16. the filling bed of proppant particles, it is included:
Each proppant particles in multiple proppant particles, the multiple proppant particles are included:
Sintered ceramic material;
The size of about 80 mesh to about 10 mesh;With
Maximum pore size less than about 20 microns;With
When the proppant particles have the size of about 20-40 mesh and during about 2.7 proportion according to ISO13503-5 measure It is more than the prolonged permeation rate of 130 darcies at a temperature of 10,000psi pressure and 250 °F.
17. the filling bed described in claim 16, wherein the sintered ceramic material comprising aluminum oxide, kaolin or bauxite or Its any mixture.
18. the filling bed described in claim 16, wherein the multiple proppant particles are substantially by the sintered ceramic material Composition.
19. the filling bed described in claim 18, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintered alumina.
20. the filling bed described in claim 18, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintering kaolin.
21. the filling bed described in claim 18, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintered bauxite.
22. the filling bed described in claim 19, wherein the proppant particles have the size of about 20-40 mesh, and it is described Filling bed has the length for being more than 75 darcies at a temperature of 20,000psi pressure and 250 °F measured according to ISO 13503-5 Phase permeability.
23. the filling bed described in claim 20, wherein the proppant particles have the size of about 20-40 mesh, and it is described Filling bed has the prolonged permeation for being more than 70 darcies at a temperature of 12,000psi and 250 °F measured according to ISO 13503-5 Rate.
24. the filling bed described in claim 21, wherein size and about 3.3 of the proppant particles with about 20-40 mesh Proportion, and wherein described filling bed have with according to ISO 13503-5 measure in 14,000psi pressure and 250 °F At a temperature of be more than 110 darcies prolonged permeation rate.
25. the filling bed described in claim 16, wherein the gas by the multiple proppant particles in about 260m/s carries speed secretly Being struck under degree causes the erosiveness of the target to be about 1mg/kg to about 100mg/kg on flat mild steel target.
26. the filling bed described in claim 16, wherein the proppant particles have the size of about 20-40 mesh and are greater than about 3.5 proportion, and carried out under about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi pressure after 5 cyclic loadings circulated, it is described Conductive impairments of the filling bed under 20,000psi are less than 15%.
27. the filling bed described in claim 16, is followed wherein carrying out 5 under about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi pressure After the cyclic loading of ring, multiple sizes are in the range of 20-40 mesh and proppant particles of the proportion more than 3.5 are under 20,000psi The β factors improve be less than 0.0005.
28. the method for hydraulic fracture of subterranean formation, it includes:
Hydraulic fluid is expelled in subterranean strata with the speed and pressure that are enough to open crack in subterranean strata;And
The fluid containing proppant particles is injected into the crack, the proppant particles are included:
Sintered ceramic material;
The size of about 80 mesh to about 10 mesh;With
Maximum pore size less than about 20 microns.
29. the method described in claim 28, wherein the sintered ceramic material comprising aluminum oxide, kaolin or bauxite or its Any mixture.
30. the method described in claim 28, wherein the proppant particles are substantially made up of the sintered ceramic material.
31. the method described in claim 30, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintered alumina.
32. the method described in claim 30, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintering kaolin.
33. the method described in claim 30, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintered bauxite.
34. the method described in claim 28, wherein multiple proppant particles are hit under about 260m/s gas entraining velocity Hitting on flat mild steel target causes the erosiveness of the target to be about 1mg/kg to about 100mg/kg.
35. the method described in claim 28, wherein the proppant particles have the size and greater than about 3.5 of about 20-40 mesh Proportion, and carry out under about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi pressure after the cyclic loadings of 5 circulations, it is multiple described Conductive impairments of the proppant particles under 20,000psi are less than 15%.
36. the method described in claim 28, wherein carrying out 5 circulations under about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi pressure Cyclic loading after, multiple sizes are in the range of 20-40 mesh and proportion is more than 3.5 β of the proppant particles under 20,000psi The factor, which is improved, is less than 0.0005.
37. the method described in claim 30, wherein fluid of the injection containing the proppant particles causes into the crack The filling bed of multiple proppant particles, the proppant particles have the size and about 2.7 proportion of about 20-40 mesh, and And the filling bed is more than 130 with what is measured according to ISO 13503-5 at a temperature of 10,000psi pressure and 250 °F The prolonged permeation rate of darcy.
38. proppant particles, it is included:
Sintered ceramic material;
Wherein described proppant particles have about 40 mesh to the size of about 20 mesh, the Maximum pore size less than about 20 microns and sheet The outer surface being made up of in matter the sintered ceramic material, and wherein by multiple proppant particles about 260m/s gas Being struck under body entraining velocity causes the erosiveness of the target to be about 1mg/kg to about 100mg/kg on flat mild steel target.
39. the method described in claim 38, wherein the sintered ceramic material comprising aluminum oxide, kaolin or bauxite or its Any mixture.
40. the method described in claim 38, wherein the proppant particles are substantially made up of sintered ceramic material.
41. the method described in claim 40, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintered alumina.
42. the method described in claim 40, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintering kaolin.
43. the method described in claim 40, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintered bauxite.
44. the proppant particles described in claim 38, it includes the surface roughness less than about 5 μm.
45. the proppant particles described in claim 38, wherein when the proppant particles have about 2.7 proportion, it is multiple The proppant particles have to be more than according to what ISO 13503-5 were measured at a temperature of 10,000psi pressure and 250 °F The prolonged permeation rate of 130 darcies.
46. the proppant particles described in claim 41, the plurality of proppant particles have to be surveyed according to ISO 13503-5 What is obtained is more than the prolonged permeation rate of 75 darcies at a temperature of 20,000psi pressure and 250 °F.
47. the proppant particles described in claim 42, the plurality of proppant particles have to be surveyed according to ISO 13503-5 What is obtained is more than the prolonged permeation rate of 70 darcies at a temperature of 12,000psi and 250 °F.
48. the proppant particles described in claim 43, wherein when the proppant particles have about 3.3 proportion, it is multiple The proppant particles have to be more than according to what ISO 13503-5 were measured at a temperature of 14,000psi pressure and 250 °F The prolonged permeation rate of 110 darcies.
49. the proppant particles described in claim 38, wherein the proppant particles have appropriate intensity, wherein appropriate intensity It is defined as when the pressure for the filling bed for putting on test particle brings up to 20,000psi and the test from 2,000psi The size of grain exists in the range of 20-40 mesh and when the test particle has the proportion more than 3.5 according to ISO 13503-5 The decline degree of the Long-term fluid permeability of the filling bed of the test particle measured under 250 °F is less than 85%, wherein the test The composition and preparation method of particle are identical with the proppant particles.
50. the proppant particles described in claim 38, wherein carrying out 5 under about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi pressure After the cyclic loading of individual circulation, long-term liquid conductive of the multiple proppant particles of the proportion more than 3.5 under 20,000psi Property loss be less than 15%.
51. the proppant particles described in claim 38, wherein carrying out 5 under about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi pressure After the cyclic loading of individual circulation, the β factor of the multiple proppant particles of the proportion more than 3.5 under 20,000psi improves small In 0.0005.
CN201580059206.4A 2014-09-30 2015-09-29 The proppant particles and its application method formed by slurry drop Withdrawn CN107109919A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US14/502,483 2014-09-30
US14/502,483 US9670400B2 (en) 2011-03-11 2014-09-30 Proppant particles formed from slurry droplets and methods of use
PCT/US2015/052912 WO2016054022A1 (en) 2014-09-30 2015-09-29 Proppant particles formed from slurry droplets and methods of use

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN107109919A true CN107109919A (en) 2017-08-29

Family

ID=55631353

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN201580059206.4A Withdrawn CN107109919A (en) 2014-09-30 2015-09-29 The proppant particles and its application method formed by slurry drop

Country Status (8)

Country Link
EP (1) EP3201430A4 (en)
CN (1) CN107109919A (en)
AU (1) AU2015323963A1 (en)
BR (1) BR112017006443A2 (en)
CA (1) CA2963249A1 (en)
EA (1) EA201790697A1 (en)
MX (1) MX2017004164A (en)
WO (1) WO2016054022A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110821466B (en) * 2019-10-09 2022-01-04 大港油田集团有限责任公司 Visual fracturing technology research experimental apparatus with variable seam width

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101563525A (en) * 2006-08-30 2009-10-21 卡博陶粒有限公司 Low bulk density proppant and methods for producing the same
US20110220348A1 (en) * 2008-08-20 2011-09-15 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Coated Oil and Gas Well Production Devices
US20120227968A1 (en) * 2011-03-11 2012-09-13 Carbo Ceramics, Inc. Proppant Particles Formed From Slurry Droplets and Method of Use
US20130025862A1 (en) * 2011-03-11 2013-01-31 Carbo Ceramics, Inc. Proppant Particles Formed From Slurry Droplets and Method of Use
WO2014039968A1 (en) * 2012-09-10 2014-03-13 Carbo Ceramics, Inc. Proppant particles formed from slurry droplets and method of use
WO2014144464A2 (en) * 2013-03-15 2014-09-18 Carbo Ceramics Inc. Composition and method for hydraulic fracturing and evaluation and diagnostics of hydraulic fractures using infused porous ceramic proppant

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9670400B2 (en) * 2011-03-11 2017-06-06 Carbo Ceramics Inc. Proppant particles formed from slurry droplets and methods of use

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101563525A (en) * 2006-08-30 2009-10-21 卡博陶粒有限公司 Low bulk density proppant and methods for producing the same
US20110220348A1 (en) * 2008-08-20 2011-09-15 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Coated Oil and Gas Well Production Devices
US20120227968A1 (en) * 2011-03-11 2012-09-13 Carbo Ceramics, Inc. Proppant Particles Formed From Slurry Droplets and Method of Use
US20130025862A1 (en) * 2011-03-11 2013-01-31 Carbo Ceramics, Inc. Proppant Particles Formed From Slurry Droplets and Method of Use
WO2014039968A1 (en) * 2012-09-10 2014-03-13 Carbo Ceramics, Inc. Proppant particles formed from slurry droplets and method of use
WO2014144464A2 (en) * 2013-03-15 2014-09-18 Carbo Ceramics Inc. Composition and method for hydraulic fracturing and evaluation and diagnostics of hydraulic fractures using infused porous ceramic proppant

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BR112017006443A2 (en) 2017-12-12
MX2017004164A (en) 2017-07-19
EP3201430A4 (en) 2018-06-06
WO2016054022A1 (en) 2016-04-07
EA201790697A1 (en) 2017-10-31
AU2015323963A1 (en) 2017-04-20
CA2963249A1 (en) 2016-04-07
EP3201430A1 (en) 2017-08-09

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US8883693B2 (en) Proppant particles formed from slurry droplets and method of use
US20240246868A1 (en) Proppant particles formed from slurry droplets and methods of use
US9175210B2 (en) Proppant particles formed from slurry droplets and method of use
US8865631B2 (en) Proppant particles formed from slurry droplets and method of use
US10077395B2 (en) Proppant particles formed from slurry droplets and methods of use
US10513654B2 (en) Methods of making proppant particles from slurry droplets and methods of use
CA2884253C (en) Proppant particles formed from slurry droplets and method of use
CN108026441A (en) The proppant particles and its application method formed by slurry drop
CN107109919A (en) The proppant particles and its application method formed by slurry drop
US20190010386A1 (en) Micromesh proppant and methods of making and using same
HK1191636B (en) Proppant particles formed from slurry droplets and method of use

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PB01 Publication
PB01 Publication
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
WW01 Invention patent application withdrawn after publication
WW01 Invention patent application withdrawn after publication

Application publication date: 20170829