CN107109919A - The proppant particles and its application method formed by slurry drop - Google Patents
The proppant particles and its application method formed by slurry drop Download PDFInfo
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- CN107109919A CN107109919A CN201580059206.4A CN201580059206A CN107109919A CN 107109919 A CN107109919 A CN 107109919A CN 201580059206 A CN201580059206 A CN 201580059206A CN 107109919 A CN107109919 A CN 107109919A
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- proppant particles
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- proppant
- pressure
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- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 258
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 85
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 title abstract description 42
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 claims description 47
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- 230000004087 circulation Effects 0.000 claims description 40
- 229910001570 bauxite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 39
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 35
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 claims description 31
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 claims description 28
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 25
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 73
- 239000006187 pill Substances 0.000 description 41
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 27
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 23
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 12
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 12
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000012295 chemical reaction liquid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000019612 pigmentation Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009738 saturating Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000013077 target material Substances 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001112 coagulating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000790917 Dioxys <bee> Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000272168 Laridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003978 SiClx Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000004308 accommodation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940037003 alum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009530 blood pressure measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000746 body region Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 159000000007 calcium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002734 clay mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000701 coagulant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001651 emery Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001879 gelation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001679 gibbsite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003116 impacting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011020 pilot scale process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000193 polymethacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- ORVGYTXFUWTWDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid;sodium Chemical compound [Na].O[Si](O)(O)O ORVGYTXFUWTWDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H sodium hexametaphosphate Chemical compound [Na]OP1(=O)OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])O1 GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002352 surface water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005550 wet granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/80—Compositions for reinforcing fractures, e.g. compositions of proppants used to keep the fractures open
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- C04B33/00—Clay-wares
- C04B33/02—Preparing or treating the raw materials individually or as batches
- C04B33/04—Clay; Kaolin
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/10—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on aluminium oxide
- C04B35/111—Fine ceramics
- C04B35/1115—Minute sintered entities, e.g. sintered abrasive grains or shaped particles such as platelets
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/624—Sol-gel processing
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/62605—Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures
- C04B35/62645—Thermal treatment of powders or mixtures thereof other than sintering
- C04B35/62655—Drying, e.g. freeze-drying, spray-drying, microwave or supercritical drying
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/62605—Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures
- C04B35/62695—Granulation or pelletising
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- C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
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- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/62—Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
- C04B2235/52—Constituents or additives characterised by their shapes
- C04B2235/528—Spheres
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- C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
- C04B2235/54—Particle size related information
- C04B2235/5418—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof
- C04B2235/5427—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof millimeter or submillimeter sized, i.e. larger than 0,1 mm
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- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/74—Physical characteristics
- C04B2235/77—Density
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/96—Properties of ceramic products, e.g. mechanical properties such as strength, toughness, wear resistance
- C04B2235/963—Surface properties, e.g. surface roughness
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
- Porous Artificial Stone Or Porous Ceramic Products (AREA)
- Bulkheads Adapted To Foundation Construction (AREA)
- Sewage (AREA)
Abstract
Disclosed herein is the proppant particles formed by slurry drop and its application method.Proppant particles can include sintered ceramic material, and can have Maximum pore size of about 80 mesh to the size of about 10 mesh and less than about 20 microns.Application method can include hydraulic fluid is expelled in subterranean strata with the speed and pressure for being enough to open crack in subterranean strata, and the fluid containing proppant particles is injected into the crack, the proppant particles include sintered ceramic material, the Maximum pore size with about 80 mesh to the size of about 10 mesh and less than about 20 microns.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the hydraulic fracturing of the subterranean strata in the earth.More specifically, the present invention is provided from ceramic material in small, broken bits
The sintering ceramic proppant that the nozzle of the slurry of material is formed by vibration induced drippage (vibration-induced dripping)
Particle, and the particle application method.
Background technology
Hydraulic fracturing is that liquid is pressed onto into underground with high-speed and high pressure pump and is pressed into subterranean strata so as in well week
The process in crack is formed in the rock enclosed.After pump pressure is enough the liquid volume of appropriate gull, " support will be referred to as
The solid particle of agent " is added in liquid.After the completion of pump pressure, opening well is used for the production of hydrocarbon.After frac treatment, from
The throughput rate of well production fluid generally substantially increases.Since this method is initially in patented (United States Patent (USP) in 1949
Nos.2,596,843 and 2,596,844) since, hydraulic fracturing method have developed and be greatly improved.
The material for being initially used for the proppant of the hydraulic fracturing of well is silica sand.As well becomes deeper, sand intensity is found not
Foot.In deep-well, the pressure of the earth causes emery dust broken, thus becomes less effective in terms of the throughput rate of well is improved.
Synthesis proppant material is developed to provide the proppant of higher intensity.Synthesis sintering proppant originally is sintering
Bauxite.In later several years, sintering ceramic proppant is manufactured using various ceramic raw materials, including contain small amount
Bauxite and the clay mineral such as kaolin of aluminum oxide.It has been found that the intensity of ceramic particle is generally with aluminum oxide in particle
The amount of (aluminum oxide) and increase, all other factor keeps constant.
The conventional method for preparing synthesis proppant particles is to obtain ceramic raw material, is ground into fine powder, is formed
Pill (being referred to as " green-ball " (green) pill)), and the sintering green-ball pill in kiln.Final products are that size range is suitable for branch
Support the ceramic pellets of agent, about 70 mesh to 12 mesh (0.008 inch to 0.067 inch of diameter).According to well condition, different sizes are used
Pill.
The various methods of the pill for forming proppant have been proposed.In the work of early stage, United States Patent (USP) No.4,
427,068 describe by the way that the dry powder of clay and aluminum oxide, bauxite or its mixture is added into high intensity mixer (hereafter
In be referred to as " dry-mix process ") in come formed sintering ceramic pellets method.Stir the ceramic initial component (pottery of powdery grains
Porcelain raw material), form dry homogeneous mixture.Then, adding enough water makes tiny initial dust particle aggregation, so that by powder
End forms small complex spherical pill.Allow lasting incorporation time, to make small pill grow to desired size.In ball
During grain formation stages, the size of wide scope is produced.It is preferred that mixing arrangement be from Eirich Machines, what Inc. was obtained,
And it is referred to as Eirich blenders.Resulting pill is dried and sinters final proppant particles into.In the past few years,
The most of ceramic proppant industrially manufactured is all made of this pill forming method.
United States Patent (USP) No.4,440,866 disclose the alternative for producing pill, and the pill is sintered to produce height
Intensity pill.The little particle being subsequently sintered is formed using continuous spraying/granulation of the suspension containing gibbsite with adhesive
(being hereinafter referred to as " spray-fluidized bed process ").All steps of this method can be carried out in a continuous manner.Ceramics will be contained
The waterborne suspension of raw material is continuously atomized and is fed to the partially dried small starting fluidized in heated drying air stream
In the layer of dust granules (commonly referred to as seed).Aqueous ceramic stock suspension is continuously sprayed and is dried on seed grain,
Until reaching desired final green-ball particle diameter.The size range that the particle produced in the method has is led to than typically
Those particle size ranges for crossing United States Patent (USP) No. the 4th, 427,068 drying means generation are narrower, but still have enough changes
Change, it is necessary to further processing.Particle is continuously reclaimed from fluosolids, and particle and the oversized dimensions of desired size and too small
The product fraction separation of size.Material is continuously recycled in dry air stream.This spray-fluidized bed process is also used for
Industrially produce substantial amounts of ceramic proppant.
Above-described pill forming method has intrinsic limitation.It is dry-mixed due to the randomness of the agitation of rotor and pot
Method produces the green-ball pellet size of pole wide scope.Spray-fluidized bed process generates some greater compactness of green-ball pellet size distributions,
But still it is more much broader than desired distribution.These methods need widely to screen and recycle in the fabrication process.
Under optimal manufacturing condition, about 30% green-ball particle must be recycled by pill forming method.Dry pigmentation and spray-fluidized
Both bed process can also produce the random distribution in the aperture in pill, including the significant reduction pellet strength of sub-fraction is very big
Hole.The main intensity for considering fired pellets, because if being ruptured under high pressure of the pill in crack, then the through-current capability in crack
Decline, and hydraulic fracturing processing is less effective.It is also by the sphericity and surface flatness of the particle of these technique productions
Important, the surface of high sphericity and unusual light is traditionally most desired.All these features are all formed by pill
The strong influence of method.
U.S. Publication No.2006/0016598 discloses the clear of the pill formation technology available for ceramic proppant formation
It is single, including according to United States Patent (USP) No.5, it is 500,162 vibration induced drippage (vibration induced dripping), poly-
Collection, mist projection granulating, wet granulation, extrusion and the pelletized, drop of nozzle formation and selective aggregation.United States Patent (USP) No.5,
500,162 disclose by the vibration induced drippage of chemical solution progress through nozzle plate to manufacture microballoon, wherein the liquid fallen
Drop forms the inclusion complex (envelope) that the reacting gas flowed is surrounded from each side.Liquid chemical solution enters spray at it
Mouth plate, leave nozzle plate and there is no solid particle or with a small amount of (i.e. 20% or less) during by the first freely falling body part
Solid particle.As small solid particle is through the second freely falling body region and then falls into reaction liquid with further gel
Change, it is necessary to which reacting gas causes precipitation (gelling) of the small solid particle (be usually sub-micron) in drop.Reacting gas is
It is necessary, so that liquid partial gelation before reaction liquid is entered, and drop passes through foams to slow down into liquid, or
Person's reaction liquid is directed tangentially on the drop fallen on the identical direction of direction being fallen with drop.Need to fall through
Reacting gas and the two features for making drop deceleration enter foam, to ensure drop part glue during sol gel reaction
It is solidifying, and therefore will not be deformed (such as flattening) when their knock-on reaction liquid.Reacting gas is by from the inside of inclusion complex
Or outside is siphoned away.It can be used for the aluminum oxide spheroid for preparing for example a diameter of 5mm according to the method for the patent.
Vibration induced drippage (herein referred to as " drippage casting " (drip casting)) is initially used to production core combustion
Expect pill.From that time, it has been adapted to produce various metals and ceramic " microballoon ", such as abrasive media and catalysis
Agent carrier.It is mainly used in food and medicine trade.Drippage casting is described in Brace GmbH website and sale document
In.Additionally provide the example of the microballoon formed by the drippage casting of different materials.United States Patent (USP) No.6,197,073 is disclosed
A kind of method that aluminum oxide bead is produced by acidic aluminum oxide sol or acidic aluminum oxide suspension as follows,
The step is:The nozzle plate of vibration is passed through to form drop and with gaseous ammonia precuring drop, then make Fibre Suspensions
Drop condenses in ammonia solution.It is not at these by the mechanical strength for sintering ceramic particle formed by the particle of drippage casting
Factor in any material used in bibliography.
It is known in order to produce the ceramic proppant particle that there is maximum intensity for given ceramic material, particle must be wrapped
Containing minimum porosity, and the hole existed must keep small as far as possible, because the intensity of given proppant particles is by it
Maximum hole limitation.It is desirable that being formed can be fired to the aperture reduced and therefore with the maximum as proppant
The method of the green-ball ceramic particle of intensity.Preferably, particle should be spherical, with smooth surface and with uniform chi
It is very little.A kind of method for forming green-ball particle is also needed to, this method is carried out without the undesirable sized fraction to green-ball ceramic pellets
Recycle.
Invention summary
There is disclosed herein proppant particles.The proppant particles can include sintered ceramic material, about 80 mesh to about 10
Purpose size and the Maximum pore size less than about 20 microns.By multiple proppant particles about 260m/s gas entraining velocity
Under strike and can cause following target erosion degree on flat mild steel target:About 1mg is to about 100mg target materials due to every kilogram
The shock for hitting the multiple proppant particles of target have lost.In addition, when proppant particles have about 3.5 proportion,
Under about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi pressure carry out 5 circulation cyclic loadings after, multiple proppant particles 20,
Conductive impairments under 000psi can be less than 15%.
The filling bed of proppant particles is also disclosed herein.The filling bed of the proppant particles can include multiple supports
Agent particle, each proppant particles of filling bed can include sintered ceramic material, the size of about 80 mesh to about 10 mesh and small
In about 20 microns of Maximum pore size.When proppant particles have about 2.7 proportion, particle size is the branch of 20-40 mesh
Support agent particle filling bed can have according to ISO 13503-5 measure at a temperature of 10,000psi pressure and 250 °F
More than the prolonged permeation rate of 130 darcies.Proppant particles are struck under about 260m/s gas entraining velocity flat low
Following target erosion degree can be caused on carbon steel target:About 1mg to about 100mg target materials due to every kilogram shock target it is the multiple
The shock of proppant particles have lost.In addition, when proppant particles have about 3.5 proportion, in about 12,000psi to about
After the cyclic loadings that 5 circulations are carried out under 20,000psi pressure, conductive impairments of the filling bed under 20,000psi can be with
Less than 15%.
The method of hydraulic fracturing is also disclosed herein.This method can include being enough in subterranean strata to open crack
Speed and pressure hydraulic fluid is expelled in subterranean strata, and inject into crack the fluid containing proppant particles.
Proppant particles can include sintered ceramic material, size of about 80 mesh to about 10 mesh and the average largest hole less than about 20 microns
Footpath.Multiple proppant particles are struck under about 260m/s gas entraining velocity can cause on flat mild steel target as
Under target erosion degree:About 1mg is to about 100mg target materials because the shock of the multiple proppant particles of every kilogram of shock target is damaged
Lose.In addition, when proppant particles have about 3.5 proportion, entering under about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi pressure
After the cyclic loading of 5 circulations of row, conductive impairments of multiple proppant particles under 20,000psi can be less than 15%.
Brief Description Of Drawings
By reference to the accompanying drawings and the description below for illustrating embodiments of the present invention, this hair can be best understood
It is bright.In the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of the principle for the pill forming apparatus for showing proppant particles disclosed herein.
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram for showing the single-nozzle from stream of slurry formation drop.
Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram for showing the multiinjector plate from stream of slurry formation drop.
Fig. 4 A show 100 times of SEM of the fired pellets of the aluminum oxide of the device formation by Fig. 1
Photo.
Fig. 4 B show 100 times of scanning electron microscopy of the fired pellets of the aluminum oxide formed by art methods
Mirror photo.
Fig. 4 C show 100 times of SEM of the fired pellets of the bauxite of the device formation by Fig. 1
Photo.
Fig. 4 D show 100 times of scanning electron microscopy of the fired pellets of the bauxite formed by art methods
Mirror photo.
Fig. 4 E show 100 times of SEM of the kaolinic fired pellets of the device formation by Fig. 1
Photo.
Fig. 4 F show 100 times of scanning electron microscopy of the kaolinic fired pellets formed by art methods
Mirror photo.
Fig. 5 is by pill forming apparatus disclosed herein and the prior art dry pigmentation by using Eirich blenders
The curve map of the prolonged permeation rate of the function as pressure of the aluminum oxide pill of formation.
Fig. 6 is the kaolinic support for the fluidized bed with spraying method preparation for by method disclosed herein and passing through prior art
The frequency diagram in the aperture of agent particle.
Fig. 7 is by pill forming apparatus disclosed herein and the prior art dry pigmentation by using Eirich blenders
The long-term of the function as pressure of the proppant formed by kaolin and other materials of the different alumina contents of formation is oozed
The curve map of saturating rate.
Fig. 8 is by pill forming apparatus disclosed herein and the prior art dry pigmentation by using Eirich blenders
The long-term of the function as pressure of the proppant formed by bauxite and other materials of the different alumina contents of formation is oozed
The curve map of saturating rate.
Fig. 9 is the oxygen of the Bauxite Proppant and drippage casting method formation for passing through Fig. 1-3 formed by conventional method
Change the curve map of the erosiveness of the function as proppant speed of aluminium proppant.
Figure 10 is the long-term conductive curve map for the aluminum oxide for showing conventional Bauxite Proppant and drippage casting, its
In will each carry out 20/40 mesh sieve point, after 20, the 000psi closure stresses of 50 hours are carried out, then about 12,000psi
The cyclic loading of 5 circulations is carried out under to about 20,000psi pressure and finally under 20,000psi closure stresses to each
Remeasured to determine due to conductibility reduction caused by circulation.
Figure 11 is the long-term conductive curve map for the aluminum oxide for showing conventional Bauxite Proppant and drippage casting, its
In will each carry out 20/40 mesh sieve point, after 14, the 000psi closure stresses of 50 hours are carried out, then about 6,000psi
The cyclic loading of 5 circulations is carried out under to about 14,000psi pressure and finally under 14,000psi closure stresses to each
Remeasured to determine due to conductibility reduction caused by circulation.
Figure 12 is the long-term conductive curve map for the aluminum oxide for showing conventional Bauxite Proppant and drippage casting, its
In will each carry out 30/50 mesh sieve point, after 20, the 000psi closure stresses of 50 hours are carried out, then about 12,000psi
The cyclic loading of 5 circulations is carried out under to about 20,000psi pressure and finally under 20,000psi closure stresses to each
Remeasured to determine due to conductibility reduction caused by circulation.
Figure 13 is the curve map of the β factors for the aluminum oxide for showing conventional Bauxite Proppant and drippage casting, wherein will
It is each to carry out 20/40 mesh sieve point, after 20, the 000psi closure stresses of 50 hours are carried out, then in about 12,000psi to about
The cyclic loading of 5 circulations is carried out under 20,000psi pressure and is finally carried out under 20,000psi closure stresses to each
Remeasure to determine due to β factors increase caused by circulation.
Figure 14 is the curve map of the β factors for the aluminum oxide for showing conventional Bauxite Proppant and drippage casting, wherein will
It is each to carry out 30/50 mesh sieve point, after 20, the 000psi closure stresses of 50 hours are carried out, then in about 12,000psi to about
The cyclic loading of 5 circulations is carried out under 20,000psi pressure and is finally carried out under 20,000psi closure stresses to each
Remeasure to determine due to β factors increase caused by circulation.
Detailed description of the invention
With reference to shown in Fig. 1, the pill forming apparatus 10 with single-nozzle is shown, to illustrate method disclosed herein
Principle, it is commonly known as " drippage casting ".Nozzle 12 receives the slurry 15 from head tank 14, and the slurry is included and is suspended in
Ceramic raw material in water.The speed that the pressure for being applied to head tank 14 by pressure suppling system 16 makes slurry to select flows through spray
Mouth 12, preferably with Laminar Flow.Nozzle 12 is below coagulation vessel 17, and the coagulation vessel 17 receives drop.Vibrator units
18 are connected to nozzle 12, and for providing pressure pulse to the pulse of nozzle supply pressure or directly to the slurry of flow nozzle.
The vibration of the produced slurry for flowing through nozzle causes the stream for leaving nozzle 12 to fragment into the drop of uniform-dimension.When drop fall to
When solidifying container 17, surface tension effect is often by droplet formation spheroid.Before reaction liquid bath is entered, spheric granules is just
Form, come off and region, the foaming layer of reaction liquid or be directed on drop without sol gel reaction, reactionless gas
Reaction liquid.
Fig. 2 shows the details for the slurry 15 for leaving nozzle 12 and fragmenting into drop.When falling to coagulation vessel 17, slurry
Surface tension drive drop towards minimal surface area, minimal surface area is obtained with spherical form.Drop is preferred
Ground be selected as it is sufficiently large with allow drop enter container 17 in liquid before become globulate.
Slurry 15 from head tank 14 includes and can produce the fine gtinding of strong ceramic material after sintering (size is
0.01-50 microns) mineral or processing powder, it is appropriate scattered for keep that the solid particle in slurry well is sufficiently separated
Agent, water, and by with the component reaction in the liquid 19 in coagulation vessel 17 to form the anti-of semi-solid or insoluble compound
Answer thing.The solids content of slurry can be in the range of about 25% to about 75%.The viscosity of slurry is usually 1 to 1000 centipoise,
But may be higher.The relatively low viscosity of slurry helps to improve the formation of droplet formation and spheric granules, and is claimed
Necessary part of the invention.The optimization of Dispersant types and concentration will reduce viscosity.Can be based in the selected slurry of reduction
Validity, availability and into original selection dispersant in terms of viscosity.Dispersant available for reduction slurry viscosity includes silicic acid
Sodium, ammonium polyacrylate, sodium polymethacrylate, sodium citrate, poly- sodium sulfonate and calgon.
Chemical reactant usually used in slurry is mosanom in head tank 14.This is a kind of naturally occurring polysaccharide,
It can be soluble in water as sodium salt, but gel is cross-linked to form as calcium salt.Alginates are generally with 0.1% to 1.0% (algae
The percentage by weight of hydrochlorate solid and total slurry) amount be added in slurry.Coagulation tank 17 generally comprises coagulating liq 19, condenses
Liquid 19 makes the chemical reactant in slurry 15 be gelled.Conventional condensation water for mosanom is that concentration level is 0.5 weight
Measure % to 10 weight % calcium chloride solution.Various reactions can be used in solidification container 17 neutralizes the slurry for flowing through nozzle 12
Thing.This can include other polysaccharide and other cross-linking compounds such as polyvinyl alcohol or borate fluids.
Adjust the diameter of nozzle 12, the viscosity of slurry 15, the ceramic particle content of slurry 15, slurry be fed to nozzle
Pressure and the frequency and amplitude of the vibration applied by vibrator source 17, to produce the drop with desired size.These become
Amount is preferably set to steady state value, because spheroid is generated to form the particle of a collection of backing material.It can produce with different chis
The different batches of very little pill.Preferably, each batch will be by single sizing (monosized) (that is, included in single sieve
On, such as through 20 mesh sieves, but rest on 25 mesh sieves).For slurry is fed to the pressure of nozzle be conditioned with produce wear
Cross the laminar flow of nozzle.Feed pressure may range from 1 to 50psi.For every group of slurry conditions adjustment frequency so that leaving spray
Resonance is set up in the stream of slurry of mouth, stream of slurry then produces spherical droplets.Frequency can be 10 between 20000Hz.Pressure and
Frequency optimizes uniform spherical to produce with being iterated.The amplitude of accommodation is to improve the uniform shapes of formed spherical droplets.Wear
The flow velocity for crossing the slurry of nozzle is the function of nozzle diameter, slurry feed pressure and slurry properties (such as viscosity and density).Example
Such as, for through diameter up to the kaolin and alumina slurry of 500 microns of nozzle, the flow velocity of each nozzle can be
0.2-3kg/ hours.
The distance between the top of liquid 19 in selection coagulation vessel 17 and nozzle 12, to allow drop reaching liquid
Become globulate before top.The distance can be for 1 to 20cm, but more typically in the range of 1 to 5cm, so as in liquid table
Face is deformed by droplet profile is reduced when impacting, so as to eliminate to tangentially directed before drop enters coagulation vessel 17
The need for reaction liquid, froth bed or reacting gas.Chemical reactant in slurry drop and the condensation water in coagulation vessel 17
Body 19 reacts, and forms on drop semi-solid surface, and this helps to maintain spherical, and prevents pill from assembling.Preferably, ball
Residence time of the grain in coagulation vessel 17 is enough to allow pill to become sufficiently rigid to prevent when they are removed and dry (i.e.
It is semi-rigid) when spherical deformation.In some embodiments, pill can be fallen into the coagulating liq solution of vertical upflow,
So that the sedimentation of particle through liquid will be delayed by produce the longer residence time in coagulation vessel.
It is washed to remove excessive coagulating agent and be transported to other devices using the pill of Fig. 1 device formation,
There makes pill dry and then sinter using industrial well known method.
Fig. 3 is shown with the multi-nozzle device needed for commercial size application this method.Multiple nozzles 32 are placed on container 30
In, container 30 is operated so that slurry flows through nozzle under controlled pressure.Commodity production proppant particles need big flow nozzle.Such as
Upper described, vibration container 30 is to cause the vibration of nozzle.Or, variable pressure can be produced in the slurry, it is uniform to cause
The formation of the drop of size.Drop is collected as previously described.
The pill produced by the method described in Fig. 1-3 is dimensionally almost uniform.For example, table 1 is compared
The sintered alumina produced in the case of not screening green-ball pill by dry blend process and by drippage casting as described herein
The pellet size distribution of proppant.In the case where not screening green-ball pill, the sintering proppant of dry-mixed generation is in six screen clothes
It is upper that there is distribution, and the proppant for the sintering that casting is produced is dripped substantially on a screen cloth.Therefore, in the manufacture of proppant
In method, drippage casting need not be as follows:Green-ball pill is sieved to select desired size range, and then will
Material in the green-ball pill outside selected size range is recycled.By control nozzle 12 or 32 diameter,
The viscosity of slurry 15, the ceramic particle content of slurry 15, the pressure that slurry is fed to nozzle and applied by vibrator source 17
Plus vibration frequency and amplitude, to select the pellet size of proppant to be sintered into.Produced by Fig. 1-3 methods described
Fired pellets or proppant particles can have it is any suitably sized.The support produced by the method described in Fig. 1-3
Agent particle can have at least about 100 mesh, at least about 80 mesh, at least about 60 mesh, at least about 50 mesh or at least about size of 40 mesh.
For example, proppant particles can have about 115 mesh to about 2 mesh, about 100 mesh to about 3 mesh, about 80 mesh to about 5 mesh, about 80 mesh to about 10
Mesh, about 60 mesh to about 12 mesh, about 50 mesh to about 14 mesh, about 40 mesh to about 16 mesh or about 35 mesh to about 18 mesh size.
The proppant particles produced by the method described in Fig. 1-3 can have any suitable composition.Proppant
Grain can be or can include any proper amount of silica and/or aluminum oxide.According to one or more embodiments, base
In the gross weight of proppant particles, proppant particles include less than 80 weight %, less than 60 weight %, less than 40 weight %, small
In 30 weight %, less than 20 weight %, less than 10 weight % or the silica less than 5 weight %.According to one or more
Embodiment, proppant particles include about 0.1 weight % to about 70 weight % silica, about 1 weight % to about 60 weights
Measure % silica, about 2.5 weight % to about 50 weight % silica, about 5 weight % to about 40 weight % dioxy
The silica of SiClx or about 10 weight % to about 30 weight %.According to one or more embodiments, based on proppant
The gross weight of grain, proppant particles include at least about 30 weight %, at least about 50 weight %, at least about 60 weight %, at least about
70 weight %, at least about 80 weight %, at least about 90 weight % or at least about 95 weight % aluminum oxide.According to one or more
Embodiment, aluminum oxide of the proppant particles comprising about 30 weight % to about 99.9 weight %, about 40 weight % to about 99 weights
Measure % aluminum oxide, about 50 weight % to about 97 weight % aluminum oxide, about 60 weight % to about 95 weight % aluminum oxide or
The weight % of person about 70 to about 90 weight % aluminum oxide.In one or more embodiments, pass through the method described in Fig. 1-3
The proppant particles of production can include aluminum oxide, bauxite or kaolin or their mixture.For example, proppant particles
It can be made up of completely aluminum oxide, bauxite or kaolin or their mixture or substantially by aluminum oxide, bauxite
Or kaolin or their mixture are constituted.Term " kaolin " be it is well known in the art that and can include have
On calcined basis (calcined basis) at least about the raw material of 40 weight % alumina content and based on calcined basis up to
Few about 40 weight % dioxide-containing silica.Term " bauxite " be it is known in the art that and can be or comprising with
At least about raw material of 55 weight % alumina content on calcined basis.
The proppant particles produced by the method described in Fig. 1-3 can have any suitable proportion.Proppant
Grain can have at least about 2.5, at least about 2.7, at least about 3, at least about 3.3 or at least about 3.5 proportion.For example, proppant
Particle can have about 2.5 to about 4.0, about 2.7 to about 3.8, about 3.5 to about 4.2, about 3.8 to about 4.4 or about 3.0 to about
3.5 proportion.
Fig. 4 (a-e) shows aluminum oxide, bauxite and the height produced by Fig. 1 device and by art methods
The picture of ridge soil proppant particles.Fig. 4 (a) is shown as shown in fig. 1, by dripping the alumina-supported agent that casting is made
Grain, it can have the surface of high sphericity and unusual light.Fig. 4 (b) shows the oxygen being made up of Eirich blenders
Change aluminium proppant particles.The surface of particle is coarse, and is generally in the shape of flat.Fig. 4 (c) is shown by dripping casting
The Bauxite Proppant particles of manufacture are made, and Fig. 4 (d) is shown using Eirich blenders (by CARBO Ceramics
Inc., the CARBO that Houston, Tex. are sold) business art methods prepare Bauxite Proppant particles.
Fig. 4 (e) shows the kaolin proppant particles by dripping casting manufacture, and Fig. 4 (f) is shown by pilot scale fluidized bed process
The kaolin proppant particles of preparation.
The proppant particles produced by the method described in Fig. 1-3 can have any suitable surface roughness.Branch
Supportting agent particle can have less than 5 μm, less than 4 μm, less than 3 μm, less than 2.5 μm, less than 2 μm, less than 1.5 μm or less than 1 μm
Surface roughness.For example, proppant particles can have about 0.1 μm to about 4.5 μm, about 0.4 μm to about 3.5 μm or about
0.8 μm to about 2.8 μm of surface roughness.
The surface roughness of each complete proppant particles shown in measurement Fig. 4 (a-f).In each proppant particles
Surrounding draws a smooth convex girth, establishes the average surface water as close possible to simulation actual support agent particle surface
It is flat, while remaining in that projection.Then surrounded entirely with 100 microns of interval under used 100 times of multiplication factors in Fig. 4
Separation (separation) of the circumferential measurements between actual surface and smooth average surface, separation can be with about 0.5 μm
Precision measure.The average value of measurement from whole girth represents the surface roughness of proppant particles.Table 2 is shown, is passed through
The surface roughness that the proppant particles of dry blend fluidized bed with spraying formation have is the three to seven of the homologue of its drippage casting
Times.
Fig. 5 compares the proppant particles formed in Fig. 1 device and the proppant particles phase formed by dry pigmentation
The permeability of ratio.The size of proppant particles from two methods is identical with composition, is high-purity (99+%) aluminum oxide.
Unique variable is pill forming process.Permeability is according to ISO 13503-5:" it is used for the long-term conductibility for measuring proppant
Program " (Procedures for Measuring the Long-term Conductivity of Proppants) measurement
, in addition to using steel chip rather than sandstone chip.Long-term conductibility device described in ISO 13503-5 is passed using steel
Pond is led, it includes a length of 7 inches, the internal slot of a width of 1.5 inch dimension.Open port is placed on from each end of slit
Portion extends to the outside in pond, to allow fluid to flow through slit.Length of other ports along slit is placed, and also extends into the outer of pond
Portion, the internal pressure for measuring slit.Lower piston and upper piston, lower piston and upper piston are installed in the slit
Length extend beyond the size in pond so that load can be applied directly to piston by hydraulic load framework.In order to which load is used
In measuring conductive conductibility pond, lower piston is fixed in pond first, so as not to block fluid or pressure port.Install
Sealing ring is to prevent pressure between slit and piston wall or fluid from leaking.Then by the metallic gasket and sandstone of slot dimension
Chip is placed in lower piston.Or, steel chip can substitute sandstone chip (such as situation herein).Then will be a certain amount of
Proppant is placed on.In this case, two kinds of isometric proppants of load, the initial of about 0.19 inch of expression is filled
Packing course width.Make proppant smooth.Then placed on the top of proppant second steel chip, metallic gasket, sealing ring and
Upper piston.Apply initial load to piston, and proppant pack is allowed fluid flow when measuring pressure.Fluid and the temperature in pond
Degree is maintained at 250 °F.The measurement of fluid flow speed and the pressure loss is provided the proppant represented with millidarcy-foot and filled
Packing course is conductive to be measured.By the infiltration that the width of conductibility divided by the filling bed measured is calculated to proppant pack
Rate, for the data shown in Fig. 5, the width of the filling bed measured can be about 0.16-0.19 inches.The fluid of flowing
It is the deoxidation aqueous solution of 2%KCl silica saturation.With 2000psi increasing under 2,000psi to 20,000psi pressure
Measurement conductibility.In each case, pressure is kept for 50 hours before measurement conductibility.Due to the mistake of proppant particles
Effect, the permeability of proppant pack is reduced as closure stress increases.Stronger pill will cause higher permeability.From
As can be seen that as closure stress from 2,000psi increases to 20,000psi in Fig. 5, the proppant being made up of dry-mixed (line 2)
The permeability loss 78% of particle.By contrast, the permeability for the proppant particles (line 1) being made up of the device in Fig. 1 is only damaged
Lose the half that 31%-- is less than the permeability loss by the dry-mixed proppant particles being made.The support being made up of Fig. 1 device
This higher permeability of agent particle is due to that the intensity of proppant particles improves caused.
The proppant particles formed by drippage casting disclosed herein can have any appropriate permeability.Proportion
About 2.7 and by drip casting formation proppant particles can have according to ISO 13503-5 measure 10,
Greater than about 130 darcies, about 150 darcies, about 170 darcies, about 190 darcies, about 195 at a temperature of 000psi pressure and 250 °F
Darcy, about 200 darcies, the prolonged permeation rate of about 225 or about 250 darcies.Proportion is about 3.3 and by dripping casting shape
Into proppant particles can have according to ISO 13503-5 measure at a temperature of 14,000psi pressure and 250 °F it is big
In about 110 darcies, about 120 darcies, about 130 darcies, about 140 darcies, about 150 receiving holes, about 155 darcies, about 165 darcies,
Or about 170 darcy prolonged permeation rate.Proportion be about 3.5 and by drip casting formation proppant particles can have press
80 darcies, about 90 darcies, about are greater than about at a temperature of 20,000psi pressure and 250 °F according to what ISO 13503-5 were measured
100 darcies, about 110 darcies, about 115 darcies, about 120 darcies, about 130 darcies, about 140 darcies, about 150 darcies, about 160 reach
The prolonged permeation rate in west, about 170 darcies or about 185 darcies.
The proppant particles formed by drippage casting disclosed herein can have any appropriate intensity.Appropriate intensity
It can include when the pressure for the filling bed for putting on test particle brings up to 12,000psi, and the test from 2,000psi
The size of particle exists in the range of 20-40 mesh and when the test particle has about 2.7 proportion according to ISO 13503-5
Measured under 250 °F test particle filling bed long-term Test Liquid Permeability of Core decline degree be less than 85%, it is less than 80% or small
In 75%, wherein the composition and preparation method of the test particle are identical with the proppant particles.Appropriate intensity can also be wrapped
Include the pressure when the filling bed that put on test particle and bring up to 14,000psi from 2,000psi, and the test particle
Size is surveyed at 250f in the range of 20-40 mesh and when the test particle has about 3.3 proportion according to ISO 13503-5
The decline degree of the long-term Test Liquid Permeability of Core of the filling bed of the test particle obtained is less than 75%, less than 65% or less than 55%, its
Described in test particle composition and preparation method it is identical with the proppant particles.Appropriate intensity can also include working as putting on
The pressure for testing the filling bed of particle brings up to 20,000psi from 12,000psi, and the size for testing particle is in 20-
In the range of 40 mesh and when the test particle has greater than about 3.5 proportion, measured at 250f according to ISO 13503-5
The decline degree for testing the long-term Test Liquid Permeability of Core of the filling bed of particle is less than 90%, less than 80%, less than 75%, be less than
70%th, less than 65% or less than 60%, wherein the composition and preparation method of the test particle are identical with the proppant particles.
The intensity of proppant particles " can be used from ISO 13503-2 in hydraulic fracturing and gravel packing operations
The performance measurement of proppant " (Measurement of Properties of Proppants Used in Hydraulic
Fracturing and Gravel-packing Operations) described in proppant crush resistance test and indicate.
In the test, proppant sample is screened first to remove any particulate (undersized pill that may be present or fragment), so
After place it in pulverizing chamber, then wherein piston be used for apply higher than a part of proppant pill failpoint
(failure point) a certain amount of limited (confined) closure stress.Then, sample re-sieving, and to crush percentage
Than reporting due to the weight % for the particulate that proppant particles failure is produced.Pair of the crushing percentage of two an equal amount of samples
Than being the method for measuring relative intensity.For two samples of the proppant particles used in the test of above-described conductibility
Product, are 2.7% by percentage by weight of the proppant particles of dry-mixed generation under 15,000psi, and drip the support of casting
Agent particle is 0.8%.This again shows that drippage casting produces stronger proppant particles.
Relative support agent intensity can also be determined by single proppant particles ionization meter.Using for determining that feature is strong
Weibull (Weibull) statistic of degree is to measure, list, analysis is use two kinds from the test of above-described conductibility
The intensity distribution of 40 kinds of proppant particles of every kind of sample in proppant sample.The proppant of the drippage casting so determined
The characteristic strength of grain is 184MPa, and is 151MPa by the dry-mixed proppant particles being made by contrast.
The proppant particles formed by drippage casting disclosed herein can have any pore-size distribution.For example,
Proppant particles can have less than 6 μm, less than 4 μm, less than 3 μm, less than 2.5 μm, less than 2 μm, less than 1.5 μm or less than 1 μ
M aperture standard deviation.The proppant particles formed by drippage casting disclosed herein can have any suitable flat
Equal maximum or highest aperture.For example, proppant particles can have less than about 25 μm, less than about 20 μm, less than about 18 μm, be less than
About 16 μm, the Maximum pore size less than about 14 μm or less than about 12 μm.The branch formed by drippage casting disclosed herein
Support agent particle can have any suitable hole concentration.For example, proppant particles can have the proppant at every square millimeter
Less than 5000, less than 4500, less than 4000, less than 3500, less than 3000, less than 2500 under 500 times of multiplication factors in particle
Or less than 2200 visible holes.
Fracture mechanics teaches particle and failed under the pressure of greatest drawback in particle.In proppant particles, most
Big defect is considered as maximum hole.Therefore, pressure during failure and the square root of greatest drawback size are inversely proportional.Therefore,
Proppant (the dry-mixed or spraying that the proppant (DC) of the drippage casting formed by device disclosed herein is made with conventional (CONV)
Fluidized bed process) the ratio (R) of failure pressure will be:
R=(maximums diameter of holeDC/ maximum diameter of holeCONV)1/2
By SEM (SEM) with 500 times of multiplying power inspection by dripping casting and by prior art
The proppant particles that method is made.In order to measure the pore-size distribution in particle, the oxidation being made up of every kind of method is checked in SEM
The cross section of aluminium, bauxite and kaolin proppant particles.For each sample, shoot from ten different pills each
The random areas of 117 μm of about 252 μ m of acquisition.Ten maximum holes in each region are measured, and are counted using above-mentioned equation
Calculate the proppant particles of drippage casting and the theoretical ratio of the failure pressure of conventionally fabricated proppant particles.As a result it is shown in Table 3.
For example, the Maximum pore size in the alumina-supported agent particle of drippage casting is 16.3 μm, and for dry pigmentation aluminum oxide
Proppant particles, Maximum pore size is 40.8 μm.Using above-mentioned equation, the proppant particles and dry pigmentation for dripping casting are supported
The ratio of the failure pressure of agent particle is 1.6.Therefore, fracture mechanics is predicted, the high-alumina proppant particles of drippage casting should
About 1.6 times of the pressure that proppant particles are made in dry pigmentation is born, without rupturing.
Extra measurement has been carried out to kaolin clay sample.In these, each visible hole is measured, and using from all ten
The complex data in individual region calculates average pore size, aperture standard deviation and every square millimeter of hole count, and maximum hole data,
Such as it is presented in table 3.The summary of data is presented in table 4, and Fig. 6 shows kaolin (curve 1) and the spray of drippage casting
The figure of the pore-size distribution of sprayization bed kaolin (curve 2).The institute in Fig. 4 f micro-structural it is readily seen that in Fig. 6 (curve 2)
The sub-fraction that the spray-fluidized bed process shown is produced very big hole.There is no big hole to provide in the material of drippage casting upper
State strength advantage.
The proppant being made up of kaolin has cost advantage compared with the proppant containing higher oxygen aluminium content, contains
The proppant of higher oxygen aluminium content is made up of the higher ore of the cost of the aluminum oxide containing higher percent.With three
Four kinds of proppant products of individual alumina content scope are, for example, (to be come from by what Carbo Ceramics were sold
Www.carboceramics.com data, were searched on December 19th, 2011).The proppant of higher alumina content leads to
Often with higher price sales, manufacturing cost is higher.Minimum alumina content is produced in ECONOPROP and CARBOLITE respectively
In product, wherein alumina content is respectively about 48% and 51%.Higher alumina content is in CARBOPROP, wherein aoxidizing
Aluminium content is about 72%.CARBOPROP is a kind of more expensive product, is primarily due to higher cost of material.
Property with performance of the proppant in hydraulic fracture most directly related proppant is permeability under stress.
The prolonged permeation rate number of the pure alumina proppant prepared by art methods and by drippage casting disclosed herein
According to being shown in Fig. 5.Fig. 7 shows the proppant for being made with different alumina contents and by different technique, using with
In the prolonged permeation rate data for obtaining the measurement of the data identical program in Fig. 5.Curve 1 is represented by above-described
20/40 mesh ECONOPROP proppants prepared by Eirich- blenders method (are made up, the aluminum oxide with about 48% contains of kaolin
Amount) disclosed permeability.Curve 2 represents 20/40 mesh CARBOPROP proppants (by the alumina content with about 72%
The mixture of ore is made) permeability.Curve 3 represents the 15 kinds of proppants prepared by drippage casting disclosed herein
The mean permeability vs pressure of sample (being made up of kaolin, the alumina content with about 48%).Drip casting production by
The proppant that kaolin is made, it has the oozing under stress about the same with the higher cost product containing 72% aluminum oxide
Saturating rate.The average, long term permeability that 15 samples are measured under 10,000psi pressure is 173 darcies.This significantly larger than has big
In the disclosed prolonged permeation rate of 10,000psi pressure, (85 reach the business proppant (ECONOPROP) of about identical alumina content
West), it can such as be found out by comparison curves 3 and curve 1.
Fig. 8 shows the proppant for being made with different alumina contents and by different technique, by with
In the prolonged permeation rate data for obtaining the measurement of the data identical program in Fig. 5 and Fig. 7.Curve 1 is represented by above-described
The disclosed permeability data of 20/40 mesh CARBOPROP proppants of Eirich blenders method formation is (by with about 72%
The mixture of the ore of alumina content is made).Curve 2 is represented using the bauxite that alumina content is 70%, by herein
Disclosed in the permeability data of proppant (mainly on 25 mesh sieves sieve) for preparing of drippage casting.Curve 3 represents have
The permeability data of the alumina content of about 83% aluminum oxide and the 20/40 mesh proppant prepared by Eirich blenders method.
The alumina content prepared by dripping casting is only that the permeability of 70% proppant shows and uses Eirich blenders
Substantially the same permeability properties of the prior art proppant with about 83% aluminum oxide prepared.Because aluminum oxide is support
The composition costly of agent, therefore can be saved greatly by using the raw material of drippage casting disclosed herein and lower cost
Measure cost.The comparison of curve 1 and 2 is shown drips the excellent of casting in proppant with about the same alumina content
Point.
The method for additionally providing the hydraulic fracturing using proppant particles disclosed herein.Methods described can include with
Hydraulic fluid is expelled in subterranean strata by the speed and pressure for being enough to open crack in subterranean strata, and to subterranean strata
Proppant particles disclosed herein are injected in crack.Proppant particles are extremely during due to being injected during hydraulic fracturing operations
On the metal surface for partially striking downhole tool and equipment, therefore the downhole tool and equipment during fracturing operation are logical
It can often suffer erosion.These proppant particles are generally traveling at high speeds, it is sufficient to damaged or destruction downhole tool and equipment.These wells
Lower instrument and equipment include but is not limited to casing, survey tool, bridging plug, pressure break plug, setting tool, packer and gravel and filled
Fill out with frac-pack component etc..It has been discovered by the applicants that the support produced by using drippage casting disclosed herein
Agent replace conventionally manufactured proppant particles hydraulic fracturing show the erosion to downhole tool and equipment surprisingly and
Unexpectedly reduce.For example, the proppant particles prepared by using drippage casting disclosed herein replace conventional
The proppant particles of preparation can cause the erosiveness to downhole tool and equipment under the conditions of same or analogous hydraulic fracturing
Reduction at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40% or at least 50%.
Fig. 9 is the oxygen of the Bauxite Proppant and drippage casting method formation for passing through Fig. 1-3 formed by conventional method
Change the curve map of the erosiveness of the function as proppant speed of aluminium proppant.In the test, with three kinds of independent supports
The every kind of proppant of agent speed independent measurement is to the abrasion for the flat target being made up of mild steel.Proppant is fed to setting
In 20 ' long tubes of the nitrogen stream of speed.Proppant is accelerated by air-flow, and leaves pipe 1 from target with 45 ° of incidence angle ".For each
Test, proppant is with 10 single 25 grams of incremental feeds, altogether 250 grams.Assessed using three kinds of different nitrogen speed by
Worn and torn caused by every kind of proppant sample.By measuring the weight of the steel target before and after proppant sample impacts, to measure abrasion.Invade
Erosion degree be expressed as the target weight loss in terms of milligram with by kilogram in terms of impact target supporting agent weight ratio.As a result it is shown in
In table 5.As a result show, the use of the proppant particles produced by Fig. 1-3 drippage casting result in the reduction of erosiveness
It is up to about 86%.
Make to strike by dripping the gas entrainment proppant particles of casting formation with the speed of about 160 meter per seconds (m/s)
Flat mild steel target can cause following erosiveness:The proppant contacted relative to every kilogram with target is from flat mild steel target
0.01 milligram of loss (mg/kg), about 0.05mg/kg, about 0.1mg/kg, about 0.5mg/kg, about 1mg/kg or about 2mg/kg are to about
5mg/kg, about 7mg/kg, about 10mg/kg, about 12mg/kg or about 15mg/kg.Made with about 200m/s speed by dripping casting
The gas entrainment proppant particles of method formation, which strike flat mild steel target, can cause about 0.01mg/kg, about 0.05mg/
Kg, about 0.1mg/kg, about 0.5mg/kg, about 1mg/kg or about 2mg/kg are to about 5mg/kg, about 7mg/kg, about 10mg/kg, about
12mg/kg or about 15mg/kg erosiveness.Make to carry support secretly by dripping the gas of casting formation with about 260m/s speed
Agent particles hit can cause about 1mg/kg, about 5mg/kg, about 10mg/kg, about 20mg/kg, about to flat mild steel target
40mg/kg or about 60mg/kg to about 65mg/kg, about 70mg/kg, about 80mg/kg, about 90mg/kg or 100mg/kg erosion
Degree.
In the normal operating of hydraulic fracturing Oil/gas Well, significant change may occur for the operating pressure in well.For example, oily
Well and gas well can be from maximum closing (shut-in) cycle of states of the pressure holding in hole to the much lower life of the pressure in well
Occurrence state.In addition, flow regime may change, cause circulation of the higher or lower pressure in well.The well of known hydraulic fracturing
This " Cyclic Stress " damage of the proppant in crack can be caused, this is due to rearranging and stress for proppant particles
Recover.This causes the conductibility of proppant pack in crack poor, and has a negative impact to the production performance of well.Cause
This, the proppant of proof stress circulation conductive impairments is preferable.
When compared with the filling bed for the proppant particles being conventionally produced, the branch formed by drippage casting disclosed herein
The conductibility improved can also be had after cyclic loading condition by supportting the filling bed of agent particle.For example, in about 12,000psi to about
After the cyclic loading that 5 circulations are carried out under 20,000psi pressure, the proportion formed by conventional method is more than 3.5 support
Conductibility of the filling bed of agent particle under 20,000psi can lose at least 16%.In addition, in about 6,000psi to about 14,
After the cyclic loading that 5 circulations are carried out under 000psi pressure, the proportion formed by conventional method is more than 3.5 proppant
Conductibility of the filling bed of grain under 14,000psi can lose at least 10%.In about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi's
After the cyclic loading that 5 circulations are carried out under pressure, 3.5 branch is more than by the proportion of drippage casting formation disclosed herein
Supportting conductibility of the filling bed of agent particle under 20,000psi can lose less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10% or be less than
8%.In addition, being carried out under about 6,000psi to about 14,000psi pressure after 5 cyclic loadings circulated, by herein
The proportion of disclosed drippage casting formation is more than conductibility of the filling bed of 3.5 proppant particles under 14,000psi can
To lose less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 6%, less than 4%, less than 2%, less than 1% or less than 0.1%.
Figure 10 is the long-term conductive curve map for the aluminum oxide for showing conventional Bauxite Proppant and drippage casting, its
In will each carry out 20/40 mesh sieve point, after 20, the 000psi closure stresses of 50 hours are carried out, then in about 12,000psi extremely
Carried out under about 20,000psi pressure 5 circulations cyclic loadings and it is last under 20,000psi closure stresses to it is each enter
Row remeasures to determine due to conductibility reduction caused by circulation.It is possible, firstly, to it was observed that the biography of the proppant of drippage casting
Proppant of the property led than two kinds of routines under 20,000psi is much bigger.Secondly, it can be seen that due to Cyclic Stress, drippage casting
The conductibility of proppant only lose 7%, and the Bauxite Proppant of two kinds of routines have lost 17% conductibility.Similarly,
Figure 11 is the long-term conductive curve map for the aluminum oxide for showing conventional Bauxite Proppant and drippage casting, wherein will be each
20/40 mesh sieve point is carried out, after 14, the 000psi closure stresses of 50 hours are carried out, then in about 6,000psi to about 14,
The cyclic loading of 5 circulations is carried out under 000psi pressure and is finally weighed under 14,000psi closure stresses to each
It is new to measure to determine because conductibility is reduced caused by circulation.It is possible, firstly, to it was observed that the conductibility of the proppant of drippage casting
Proppant than two kinds of routines under 14,000psi is much bigger.Secondly, it can be seen that due to Cyclic Stress, drip the branch of casting
Support agent shows the conductibility of substantially free of losses, and the Bauxite Proppant of two kinds of routines have lost 10% conductibility.This
Outside, Figure 12 is the long-term conductive curve map for the aluminum oxide for showing conventional Bauxite Proppant and drippage casting, wherein will
It is each to carry out 30/50 mesh sieve point, after 20, the 000psi closure stresses of 50 hours are carried out, then in about 12,000psi to about
The cyclic loading of 5 circulations is carried out under 20,000psi pressure and is finally carried out under 20,000psi closure stresses to each
Remeasure to determine due to conductibility reduction caused by circulation.It is possible, firstly, to it was observed that the conduction of the proppant of drippage casting
Property is more much bigger than conventional proppants under 20,000psi.Secondly, it can be seen that due to Cyclic Stress, drip the proppant of casting
Show 5% conductive impairments, and conventional Bauxite Proppant loss 20%.
Reservoir fluid through proppant pack in hydraulic fracture flowing generally with that than occurring in reservoir
The much bigger speed of the speed that flows a bit is carried out.Under these the low-down fluid velocities occurred in reservoir, pressure drop mainly by
The influence of viscous flow characteristics.This allows pressure behavior to be fully described by Darcy's law (Darcy ' s law) as follows:
Δ p/L=μ v/k, wherein:
Δ p/L is the pressure change of per unit length.μ (.mu.) is fluid viscosity, and v is fluid velocity, and k is filling bed
Permeability.However, inertia flow effect has dominated the speed generally found in crack, therefore employ Forchheimer equations:
Δ p/L=μ v/k+ β ρ v2
First item of Forchheimer equations is identical with Darcy's law.Forchheimer equations add inertia pressure
Item drops, and it includes velocity squared function v2With the density p of fluid.Under high speed, the Inertia is by leading pressure drop, so as to indicate
Flow of fluid.Also include Forchheimer beta factor-betas in Inertia.Similar to permeability, the β factors are consolidating for porous media
There is characteristic, it will change with limitation (confining) pressure.As shown in Forchheimer equations, as permeability increases
With the reduction of the β factors, (Δ p) reduces pressure change.Therefore, under the conditions of high fluid velocity, for example inertia force will predominantly
Those high fluid velocity conditions in the hydraulic fracture of the support of position, the pressure loss that the low β factors will be reduced in crack, cause more
High fluid velocity.
When compared with the proppant being conventionally produced, after cyclic loading condition, by drippage casting disclosed herein
The filling bed of the proppant particles of formation can also have the β factors of reduction.For example, in about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi
Pressure under carry out 5 circulation cyclic loadings after, the proppant formed by conventional method in 20/40 mesh size range
The β factor of the filling bed of particle under 20,000psi can improve at least 0.0004.In addition, in about 12,000psi to about 20,
After the cyclic loadings that 5 circulations are carried out under 000psi pressure, being formed by conventional method in the 30/50 mesh size range
The β factor of the filling bed of proppant particles under 20,000psi can improve at least 0.0004.In about 12,000psi to about 20,
Under 000psi pressure carry out 5 circulation cyclic loadings after, in 20/40 mesh size range by drippage disclosed herein
The β factor of the filling bed under 20,000psi of the proppant particles of casting formation can be improved less than 0.0005, be less than
0.0002nd, less than 0.0001, less than 0.00005 or less than 0.00001.In addition, in about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi's
After the cyclic loading that 5 circulations are carried out under pressure, casting shape is dripped by disclosed herein in 30/50 mesh size range
Into the β factor of the filling bed under 20,000psi of proppant particles can improve less than 0.0006, less than 0.0004 or be less than
0.0002。
Figure 13 is the curve map of the β factors for the aluminum oxide for showing conventional Bauxite Proppant and drippage casting, wherein will
It is each to carry out 20/40 mesh sieve point, after 20, the 000psi closure stresses of 50 hours are carried out, then in about 12,000psi to about
The cyclic loading of 5 circulations is carried out under 20,000psi pressure and is finally carried out under 20,000psi closure stresses to each
Remeasure to determine due to β factors increase caused by circulation.It is possible, firstly, to it was observed that, drip the β factors of the proppant of casting
Proppant than two kinds of routines under 20,000psi is much lower.Secondly, it can be seen that β after the circulation with two kinds of conventional bauxite
The increase of the factor is compared, and the β factors for dripping the proppant of casting are only increased slightly.Similarly, Figure 14 is to show conventional alum clay
The curve map of the β factors of ore deposit proppant and the aluminum oxide of drippage casting, wherein 30/50 mesh sieve point will be carried out each, is carrying out 50
After 20, the 000psi closure stresses of hour, 5 circulations are then carried out under about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi pressure
Cyclic loading and last remeasured under 20,000psi closure stresses to each to determine because circulation is caused
The increase of the β factors.It is possible, firstly, to it was observed that, the β factors for dripping the proppant of casting compare the branch of two kinds of routines under 20,000psi
Support agent much lower.Second, it can be seen that compared with (post cycling) β increases after the circulation of two conventional bauxite, drippage
The β factors of the proppant of casting are only increased slightly.
It should be appreciated that within the scope of the appended claims, those skilled in the art in the invention are contemplated that to this
Invention is modified.All embodiments for realizing the object of the invention are not shown in detail comprehensively.The essence of the present invention is not being departed from
In the case of refreshing or scope of the following claims, other embodiment can be developed.Although being retouched on detail
The present invention has been stated, but in addition to they to be included to degree in the following claims, it is not intended to these details are regarded
For limiting the scope of the present invention.
Claims (51)
1. proppant particles, it is included:
Sintered ceramic material;
The size of about 80 mesh to about 10 mesh;With
Maximum pore size less than about 20 microns.
2. the proppant particles described in claim 1, wherein the sintered ceramic material includes aluminum oxide, kaolin or bauxite
Or its any mixture.
3. the proppant particles described in claim 1, wherein the proppant particles are substantially by the sintered ceramic material group
Into.
4. the proppant particles described in claim 3, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintered alumina.
5. the proppant particles described in claim 3, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintering kaolin.
6. the proppant particles described in claim 3, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintered bauxite.
7. the proppant particles described in claim 1, wherein the gas by multiple proppant particles in about 260m/s is carried secretly
Being struck under speed causes the erosiveness of the target to be about 1mg/kg to about 100mg/kg on flat mild steel target.
8. the proppant particles described in claim 1, it also includes the surface roughness less than about 5 μm.
9. the proppant particles described in claim 1, wherein when the proppant particles have the size peace treaty of about 20-40 mesh
During 2.7 proportion, multiple proppant particles have according to the ISO 13503-5 pressure in 10,000psi measured and
It is more than the prolonged permeation rate of 130 darcies at a temperature of 250 °F.
10. the proppant particles described in claim 4, wherein when the proppant particles have the size of about 20-40 mesh, it is many
The individual proppant particles have to be more than according to what ISO 13503-5 were measured at a temperature of 20,000psi pressure and 250 °F
The prolonged permeation rate of 75 darcies.
11. the proppant particles described in claim 5, wherein when the proppant particles have the size of about 20-40 mesh, it is many
The individual proppant particles have is more than 70 darcies according to what ISO 13503-5 were measured at a temperature of 12,000psi and 250 °F
Prolonged permeation rate.
12. the proppant particles described in claim 6, wherein when the proppant particles have the size peace treaty of about 20-40 mesh
During 3.3 proportion, multiple proppant particles have according to the ISO 13503-5 pressure in 14,000psi measured and
It is more than the prolonged permeation rate of 110 darcies at a temperature of 250 °F.
13. the proppant particles described in claim 1, wherein the proppant particles have appropriate intensity, wherein appropriate intensity
It is defined as when the pressure for the filling bed for putting on test particle brings up to 20,000psi, and the test from 2,000psi
The size of particle exists in the range of 20-40 mesh and when the test particle has the proportion more than 3.5 according to ISO 13503-5
The decline degree of the Long-term fluid permeability of the filling bed of the test particle measured under 250 °F is less than 85%, wherein the test
The composition and preparation method of particle are identical with the proppant particles.
14. the proppant particles described in claim 1, wherein carrying out 5 under about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi pressure
After the cyclic loading of individual circulation, multiple sizes are the proppant particles of about 20-40 mesh and proportion more than 3.5 under 20,000psi
Long-term liquid conductivity loss be less than 15%.
15. the proppant particles described in claim 1, wherein carrying out 5 under about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi pressure
After the cyclic loading of individual circulation, multiple sizes are in the range of 20-40 mesh and proppant particles of the proportion more than 3.5 are 20,
The β factors under 000psi, which are improved, is less than 0.0005.
16. the filling bed of proppant particles, it is included:
Each proppant particles in multiple proppant particles, the multiple proppant particles are included:
Sintered ceramic material;
The size of about 80 mesh to about 10 mesh;With
Maximum pore size less than about 20 microns;With
When the proppant particles have the size of about 20-40 mesh and during about 2.7 proportion according to ISO13503-5 measure
It is more than the prolonged permeation rate of 130 darcies at a temperature of 10,000psi pressure and 250 °F.
17. the filling bed described in claim 16, wherein the sintered ceramic material comprising aluminum oxide, kaolin or bauxite or
Its any mixture.
18. the filling bed described in claim 16, wherein the multiple proppant particles are substantially by the sintered ceramic material
Composition.
19. the filling bed described in claim 18, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintered alumina.
20. the filling bed described in claim 18, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintering kaolin.
21. the filling bed described in claim 18, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintered bauxite.
22. the filling bed described in claim 19, wherein the proppant particles have the size of about 20-40 mesh, and it is described
Filling bed has the length for being more than 75 darcies at a temperature of 20,000psi pressure and 250 °F measured according to ISO 13503-5
Phase permeability.
23. the filling bed described in claim 20, wherein the proppant particles have the size of about 20-40 mesh, and it is described
Filling bed has the prolonged permeation for being more than 70 darcies at a temperature of 12,000psi and 250 °F measured according to ISO 13503-5
Rate.
24. the filling bed described in claim 21, wherein size and about 3.3 of the proppant particles with about 20-40 mesh
Proportion, and wherein described filling bed have with according to ISO 13503-5 measure in 14,000psi pressure and 250 °F
At a temperature of be more than 110 darcies prolonged permeation rate.
25. the filling bed described in claim 16, wherein the gas by the multiple proppant particles in about 260m/s carries speed secretly
Being struck under degree causes the erosiveness of the target to be about 1mg/kg to about 100mg/kg on flat mild steel target.
26. the filling bed described in claim 16, wherein the proppant particles have the size of about 20-40 mesh and are greater than about
3.5 proportion, and carried out under about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi pressure after 5 cyclic loadings circulated, it is described
Conductive impairments of the filling bed under 20,000psi are less than 15%.
27. the filling bed described in claim 16, is followed wherein carrying out 5 under about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi pressure
After the cyclic loading of ring, multiple sizes are in the range of 20-40 mesh and proppant particles of the proportion more than 3.5 are under 20,000psi
The β factors improve be less than 0.0005.
28. the method for hydraulic fracture of subterranean formation, it includes:
Hydraulic fluid is expelled in subterranean strata with the speed and pressure that are enough to open crack in subterranean strata;And
The fluid containing proppant particles is injected into the crack, the proppant particles are included:
Sintered ceramic material;
The size of about 80 mesh to about 10 mesh;With
Maximum pore size less than about 20 microns.
29. the method described in claim 28, wherein the sintered ceramic material comprising aluminum oxide, kaolin or bauxite or its
Any mixture.
30. the method described in claim 28, wherein the proppant particles are substantially made up of the sintered ceramic material.
31. the method described in claim 30, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintered alumina.
32. the method described in claim 30, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintering kaolin.
33. the method described in claim 30, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintered bauxite.
34. the method described in claim 28, wherein multiple proppant particles are hit under about 260m/s gas entraining velocity
Hitting on flat mild steel target causes the erosiveness of the target to be about 1mg/kg to about 100mg/kg.
35. the method described in claim 28, wherein the proppant particles have the size and greater than about 3.5 of about 20-40 mesh
Proportion, and carry out under about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi pressure after the cyclic loadings of 5 circulations, it is multiple described
Conductive impairments of the proppant particles under 20,000psi are less than 15%.
36. the method described in claim 28, wherein carrying out 5 circulations under about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi pressure
Cyclic loading after, multiple sizes are in the range of 20-40 mesh and proportion is more than 3.5 β of the proppant particles under 20,000psi
The factor, which is improved, is less than 0.0005.
37. the method described in claim 30, wherein fluid of the injection containing the proppant particles causes into the crack
The filling bed of multiple proppant particles, the proppant particles have the size and about 2.7 proportion of about 20-40 mesh, and
And the filling bed is more than 130 with what is measured according to ISO 13503-5 at a temperature of 10,000psi pressure and 250 °F
The prolonged permeation rate of darcy.
38. proppant particles, it is included:
Sintered ceramic material;
Wherein described proppant particles have about 40 mesh to the size of about 20 mesh, the Maximum pore size less than about 20 microns and sheet
The outer surface being made up of in matter the sintered ceramic material, and wherein by multiple proppant particles about 260m/s gas
Being struck under body entraining velocity causes the erosiveness of the target to be about 1mg/kg to about 100mg/kg on flat mild steel target.
39. the method described in claim 38, wherein the sintered ceramic material comprising aluminum oxide, kaolin or bauxite or its
Any mixture.
40. the method described in claim 38, wherein the proppant particles are substantially made up of sintered ceramic material.
41. the method described in claim 40, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintered alumina.
42. the method described in claim 40, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintering kaolin.
43. the method described in claim 40, wherein the sintered ceramic material is substantially made up of sintered bauxite.
44. the proppant particles described in claim 38, it includes the surface roughness less than about 5 μm.
45. the proppant particles described in claim 38, wherein when the proppant particles have about 2.7 proportion, it is multiple
The proppant particles have to be more than according to what ISO 13503-5 were measured at a temperature of 10,000psi pressure and 250 °F
The prolonged permeation rate of 130 darcies.
46. the proppant particles described in claim 41, the plurality of proppant particles have to be surveyed according to ISO 13503-5
What is obtained is more than the prolonged permeation rate of 75 darcies at a temperature of 20,000psi pressure and 250 °F.
47. the proppant particles described in claim 42, the plurality of proppant particles have to be surveyed according to ISO 13503-5
What is obtained is more than the prolonged permeation rate of 70 darcies at a temperature of 12,000psi and 250 °F.
48. the proppant particles described in claim 43, wherein when the proppant particles have about 3.3 proportion, it is multiple
The proppant particles have to be more than according to what ISO 13503-5 were measured at a temperature of 14,000psi pressure and 250 °F
The prolonged permeation rate of 110 darcies.
49. the proppant particles described in claim 38, wherein the proppant particles have appropriate intensity, wherein appropriate intensity
It is defined as when the pressure for the filling bed for putting on test particle brings up to 20,000psi and the test from 2,000psi
The size of grain exists in the range of 20-40 mesh and when the test particle has the proportion more than 3.5 according to ISO 13503-5
The decline degree of the Long-term fluid permeability of the filling bed of the test particle measured under 250 °F is less than 85%, wherein the test
The composition and preparation method of particle are identical with the proppant particles.
50. the proppant particles described in claim 38, wherein carrying out 5 under about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi pressure
After the cyclic loading of individual circulation, long-term liquid conductive of the multiple proppant particles of the proportion more than 3.5 under 20,000psi
Property loss be less than 15%.
51. the proppant particles described in claim 38, wherein carrying out 5 under about 12,000psi to about 20,000psi pressure
After the cyclic loading of individual circulation, the β factor of the multiple proppant particles of the proportion more than 3.5 under 20,000psi improves small
In 0.0005.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
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US14/502,483 | 2014-09-30 | ||
US14/502,483 US9670400B2 (en) | 2011-03-11 | 2014-09-30 | Proppant particles formed from slurry droplets and methods of use |
PCT/US2015/052912 WO2016054022A1 (en) | 2014-09-30 | 2015-09-29 | Proppant particles formed from slurry droplets and methods of use |
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CN107109919A true CN107109919A (en) | 2017-08-29 |
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CN201580059206.4A Withdrawn CN107109919A (en) | 2014-09-30 | 2015-09-29 | The proppant particles and its application method formed by slurry drop |
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EP (1) | EP3201430A4 (en) |
CN (1) | CN107109919A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2015323963A1 (en) |
BR (1) | BR112017006443A2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2963249A1 (en) |
EA (1) | EA201790697A1 (en) |
MX (1) | MX2017004164A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2016054022A1 (en) |
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CN110821466B (en) * | 2019-10-09 | 2022-01-04 | 大港油田集团有限责任公司 | Visual fracturing technology research experimental apparatus with variable seam width |
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---|---|---|---|---|
CN101563525A (en) * | 2006-08-30 | 2009-10-21 | 卡博陶粒有限公司 | Low bulk density proppant and methods for producing the same |
US20110220348A1 (en) * | 2008-08-20 | 2011-09-15 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Coated Oil and Gas Well Production Devices |
US20120227968A1 (en) * | 2011-03-11 | 2012-09-13 | Carbo Ceramics, Inc. | Proppant Particles Formed From Slurry Droplets and Method of Use |
US20130025862A1 (en) * | 2011-03-11 | 2013-01-31 | Carbo Ceramics, Inc. | Proppant Particles Formed From Slurry Droplets and Method of Use |
WO2014039968A1 (en) * | 2012-09-10 | 2014-03-13 | Carbo Ceramics, Inc. | Proppant particles formed from slurry droplets and method of use |
WO2014144464A2 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-18 | Carbo Ceramics Inc. | Composition and method for hydraulic fracturing and evaluation and diagnostics of hydraulic fractures using infused porous ceramic proppant |
Family Cites Families (1)
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US9670400B2 (en) * | 2011-03-11 | 2017-06-06 | Carbo Ceramics Inc. | Proppant particles formed from slurry droplets and methods of use |
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2015
- 2015-09-29 AU AU2015323963A patent/AU2015323963A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2015-09-29 MX MX2017004164A patent/MX2017004164A/en unknown
- 2015-09-29 EP EP15845777.0A patent/EP3201430A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2015-09-29 CA CA2963249A patent/CA2963249A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2015-09-29 CN CN201580059206.4A patent/CN107109919A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2015-09-29 WO PCT/US2015/052912 patent/WO2016054022A1/en active Application Filing
- 2015-09-29 BR BR112017006443A patent/BR112017006443A2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2015-09-29 EA EA201790697A patent/EA201790697A1/en unknown
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101563525A (en) * | 2006-08-30 | 2009-10-21 | 卡博陶粒有限公司 | Low bulk density proppant and methods for producing the same |
US20110220348A1 (en) * | 2008-08-20 | 2011-09-15 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Coated Oil and Gas Well Production Devices |
US20120227968A1 (en) * | 2011-03-11 | 2012-09-13 | Carbo Ceramics, Inc. | Proppant Particles Formed From Slurry Droplets and Method of Use |
US20130025862A1 (en) * | 2011-03-11 | 2013-01-31 | Carbo Ceramics, Inc. | Proppant Particles Formed From Slurry Droplets and Method of Use |
WO2014039968A1 (en) * | 2012-09-10 | 2014-03-13 | Carbo Ceramics, Inc. | Proppant particles formed from slurry droplets and method of use |
WO2014144464A2 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-18 | Carbo Ceramics Inc. | Composition and method for hydraulic fracturing and evaluation and diagnostics of hydraulic fractures using infused porous ceramic proppant |
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BR112017006443A2 (en) | 2017-12-12 |
MX2017004164A (en) | 2017-07-19 |
EP3201430A4 (en) | 2018-06-06 |
WO2016054022A1 (en) | 2016-04-07 |
EA201790697A1 (en) | 2017-10-31 |
AU2015323963A1 (en) | 2017-04-20 |
CA2963249A1 (en) | 2016-04-07 |
EP3201430A1 (en) | 2017-08-09 |
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