CN106982640B - A kind of sandy loess wheat stalk crushes corn machine live broadcasting method under returning to the field - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention provides a corn machine live-seeding method under the condition that wheat straw is covered and directly returned to the field in Shajiang black soil area. The method comprises: harvesting wheat straw; using straw crushing equipment to crush the obtained wheat straw and evenly throwing to cover the ground surface; Apply nitrogen-based basal fertilizer to the ground with crushed straw; sow corn; ditch in alternate rows after sowing or before and after jointing; use 40% B-A mixture or 48% Yucaoling, 50% Acetochlor Wait for herbicides, add water and carry out closed weeding; carry out nitrogen fertilizer topdressing from the jointing stage to the small bell mouth stage of corn, and carry out the second nitrogen fertilizer topdressing in the big bell mouth stage. After nearly 10 years of field tests on different experimental fields, the inventor has continuously verified and improved the method of the present invention. The results show that the present invention can ensure that the yield of corn is not affected during the process of returning straw to the field, and even increase the yield, which solves the problem for farmers. What worries me the most is the drop in yield at the initial stage of returning to the field.

Description

A method of crushing wheat straw and returning it to the field and directing corn machine in Shajiang black soil area

technical field

The invention belongs to the technical field of agronomy, and in particular relates to a crop cultivation and tillage technology, which can effectively improve soil structure and physical and chemical properties, maintain water and soil, and play a positive role in promoting sustainable agricultural development.

Background technique

The soil in the wheat/corn planting area in Anhui Province belongs to Shajiang black soil. This type of soil is generally "drought, waterlogged, stiff, and thin", which seriously affects the normal growth of crops and leads to low soil production efficiency. Straw returning to the field mainly improves the soil by improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil and increasing the organic matter of the soil. Straw is a by-product of agricultural production, rich in resources, and also an important source of organic fertilizer in agricultural production. The technology of returning wheat straw to the field is an agricultural measure in which wheat straw is crushed or chopped mechanically, and then directly sprinkled on the ground or deep-turned by mechanical plowing or rotary plow, and the straw is applied to the soil. Compared with the traditional farming method, the corn machine live-seeding technology under the condition of fully smashing wheat straw and covering it directly to the field saves the process of cutting straw, transporting, and root removal. At present, this new agricultural technology is generally accepted by the masses. Wheat straw returning to the field can significantly increase soil fertility and improve soil structure; significantly improve agricultural production efficiency, reduce labor intensity, save labor costs, reduce environmental pollution, improve the surrounding environment of farmland, and promote the green and sustainable development of rural areas and agriculture to a certain extent .

Research data show that in recent years, in the southern part of my country's Huang-Huai-Hai region, corn machine-directed direct seeding technology has been gradually promoted and popularized under the condition that wheat straw is fully crushed and covered and directly returned to the field. Something went wrong and had some negative effects. Although straw mulching can increase soil organic carbon, there is a tendency to reduce yield in the short term, and there are many disadvantages. For example, straw mulching can inhibit crop seed germination, emergence and seedling growth, mainly manifested in the decrease of germination rate and the emergence period. Delayed, seedling growth slowed down.

Contents of the invention

In order to solve these problems, the inventor took corresponding physical and chemical measures for the bad properties and obstacles of the soil. By adjusting the various fertilizers applied, the content of organic matter in the plow layer soil was increased, the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil were improved, and the soil quality was improved. Fertility, increasing crop yields. And after nearly ten years of field positioning tests ( the test site is the scientific observation and experiment station of crop cultivation in the East China region of the Ministry of Agriculture of Mengcheng County ), the wheat stalks of the present invention have been completely crushed and covered with direct return to the field. method.

Specifically, the present invention provides a method for live-seeding corn machine under the condition of directly returning wheat straw to the field in Shajiang black soil area, characterized in that: the method includes the following steps:

(1) Harvesting wheat straw, the stubble height during harvesting shall be ≤25cm;

(2) Use the straw crushing equipment to crush the obtained wheat straw and spread it evenly to cover the ground;

(3) Judging whether the stubble height exceeds the target height, if it exceeds the target height, carry out mechanical stubble removal, otherwise enter the next step;

(4) The base fertilizer based on nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the land applied with crushed stalks;

(5) Carry out corn seeding, after sowing, judge soil moisture value and judge whether to carry out the supplementary irrigation of " hooded water " based on soil moisture value, make soil moisture content reach 75%-85% of field water holding capacity;

(6) After sowing or before and after jointing, ditch in alternate rows, 10 days before tasseling and 20 days after tasseling, keep the field water holding capacity at 75% to 80%, water in alternate rows if the water is insufficient, and drain water in time if there is accumulated water in the field.

(7) Before the seedlings after sowing, when the soil moisture is suitable or after pouring the "blind water", use 40% B-A mixture or 48% Yucaoling, 50% Acetochlor and other herbicides, and then seal the weeds after watering ;

(8) Nitrogen fertilizer topdressing was carried out from the jointing stage to the small bell mouth stage of corn, and the fertilization was carried out by mechanical side deep application, and the second nitrogen fertilizer topdressing was carried out at the big bell mouth stage.

In a preferred implementation manner, the steps (1) and (2) are completed at the same time, including: starting the combine harvester equipped with a straw chopping and spreading device, and performing the operation of chopping and spreading wheat straw while harvesting wheat.

In another preferred implementation mode, in the step (2), the qualified chopped length of wheat straw is ≤15cm, the qualified rate of straw crushed length is ≥85%, the stubble coverage rate is ≥40%, and the missed cutting rate is ≤20%, Straw spreading unevenness ≤ 20%.

In another preferred implementation mode, in the step (5), the corn sowing depth is 2.5cm to 4.5cm, the seed fertilizer is applied to 3cm to 5cm below the seeds, and the covering soil is tightly suppressed to ensure that the seed breakage rate is ≤0.5%. Hole rate ≤ 3%.

In another preferred implementation, the sown corn varieties include: Longping 206, Denghai 605, Zhengdan 958, Xianyu 335, Zhongdan 909, Liyu 35, Jundan 20, Weike 702, Ludan 981 , Zhongke No. 4, Annong No. 9.

In another preferred implementation, the method also includes cutting cutworms: clearing weeds in the field, eliminating eggs and larvae; finding harmful symptoms, using 2kg-2.5kg of "2.5% trichlorfon powder" per mu Spray, or use "90% trichlorfon" 800-1000 times liquid spray control.

In another preferred implementation manner, the maturity time of the corn is correctly determined, and harvesting is performed based on the correct maturity time of the corn.

The wheat straw crushing and covering returning to the field of the present invention is realized in the following way: use a combine harvester (with a straw crushing device installed) to crush the straw and scatter it on the ground surface while harvesting the wheat, or choose an applicable machine to crush the wheat straw after harvesting the wheat Post-sprinkle to cover the ground.

The present invention proposes the high-yield cultivation technology line of "densification and anti-lodging, front suppression and rear attack" corn high-yield cultivation. Densification and anti-lodging refer to increasing the density to prevent lodging; If it is too high, the center of gravity of the plant will be high, so re-apply joint fertilizer and big trumpet fertilizer to improve the photosynthetic performance of functional leaves, increase the chlorophyll content, and increase the number of grains per ear and grain weight. Demonstration and promotion of "compact, high-yielding, high-yielding, high-density, lodging-resistant and excellent varieties + mechanical crushing of the whole amount of wheat straw, throwing and mulching and returning to the field + live broadcast of single-grain machine when grabbing moisture and grabbing moisture + balanced fertilization with formula and sufficient base fertilizer, stalk fertilizer, panicle-promoting fertilizer and increase The production increase technology model of grain fertilizer rational nitrogen fertilizer operation + unified control of diseases and insect pests + perfect mechanical harvesting.

In the present invention, the corn sowing depth is 2.5cm-4.5cm, the seed fertilizer is applied 3cm-5cm below the seeds, the soil is tightly suppressed, the seed breakage rate is ≤0.5%, the hole rate is ≤3%, there is no missed sowing in the field, and no reseeding in the field.

The present invention adopts no-tillage direct seeding corn technology, and adopts soil testing formula for balanced fertilization. Under the premise that the wheat straw is returned to the field in full, nitrogen fertilizer is mainly applied, with a certain amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and an appropriate amount of micro-fertilizer is supplemented. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 25. :10: 10. The fertilization method is carried out in stages and in different stages. If one-time bottom fertilization is used, long-acting slow-release fertilizers must be selected.

Considering the fertilization period and fertilization amount in production, the present invention proposes a formula for balanced fertilization and base fertilizer, stalk-tapping fertilizer, ear-stimulating fertilizer and grain-increasing fertilizer, so as to prevent yellow seedlings of crops, cultivate strong seedlings, and increase the rate of strong seedlings.

The invention has a wide range of applications, and is suitable for all wheat and corn double-cropping areas with irrigation conditions, flat land, large plots, and moderate rainfall, and is especially suitable for sandy ginger black land in the Huanghuaihai area of my country.

The method of the invention can improve the operation quality of straw returning to the field, increase the amount of fertilization, and help the straw to decompose by carrying out irrigation, so as to improve the germination rate and promote the growth of seedlings. The corn machine direct-seeding technology under the condition of fully pulverizing wheat stalks in the sandy ginger black soil region covered by the present invention and directly returning to the field has a positive effect on improving agricultural production output and promoting sustainable agricultural development.

By adopting the direct-seeding method of the present invention, compared with the existing situation of returning to the field, not only will the yield of the currently planted corn not be reduced, but it will also bring about an appropriate increase in yield. Moreover, after returning to the field for 2-3 years, the quality of the land can be significantly improved.

The direct seeding method of the invention can improve soil physical, chemical and biological properties, increase soil fertility, increase crop yield, reduce plow layer soil bulk density and increase water content.

The direct seeding method of the invention can increase soil organic carbon storage. Increasing the soil porosity of the plow layer can increase the soil carbon pool management index (CPMI).

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of wheat harvesting, straw crushing, installation of cutting and spreading devices and uniform spreading operations;

Fig. 2 is the physical diagram of the corn no-tillage planter and the operation diagram of the corn no-tillage sowing;

Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of wheat straw crushing and stubble removal operation;

Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the operation of direct-seeding corn with a single-grain machine with full coverage of wheat straw and returning to the field with no-tillage and stubble sticking.

Detailed ways

The present invention is described in further detail now in conjunction with embodiment, and the experimental method in the following embodiment is all conventional methods unless otherwise specified.

Wheat straw is fully crushed and mulched and directly returned to the field. Mechanized technical preparations before operation

⑴Field preparation and requirements for crops

Check and remove obstacles on roads and bridges leading to field work before operation, and mark obstacles that cannot be removed.

During the mechanized operation of returning wheat straw to the field, the moisture content of wheat straw should be around 10% to 25%. Straws with severe pests and diseases cannot be directly returned to the field.

⑵ Requirements for operators

Operators should pass professional operating technical training and obtain relevant qualifications before taking up their posts. Before operation, the operator must carefully read and master the basic working principle, adjustment, use and general troubleshooting methods of the machine tool, and then operate according to the instruction manual.

⑶ Equipment preparation and inspection adjustment

To apply the mechanized technology of wheat straw crushing and mulch returning to the field, it is necessary to prepare a combine harvester equipped with a straw crushing device, as well as a corn no-tillage fertilization and planting machine for subsequent sowing. The combine harvester and the straw chopping device are in good technical condition.

The tractor starts smoothly and smoothly, and the flameout is thorough and reliable.

The tractor engine and hydraulic system are not allowed to leak oil, water or air; the hydraulic control system and steering system should be flexible and free from stagnation; the hydraulic system should be clean, and the control and adjustment mechanisms should be light, flexible and moderately tight. The adjustment mechanisms of machinery such as straw crushing and processing shall ensure easy operation, flexible and reliable adjustment. The adjustment range of each component should be able to reach the specified limit position. The knife seat and blade of straw crushing and processing machinery should be free from deformation, damage and shortage. The installation direction of the mechanical universal joint is correct and the matching length is sufficient. Check and adjust the tension of the V-belt. After the straw crushing and returning processing machinery is connected to the tractor, the horizontal and vertical levels of the machine and the stubble height of the operation should be adjusted: that is, adjust the left and right diagonal pull rods of the tractor suspension mechanism to make the left and right sides of the machine horizontal; adjust the length of the upper pull rod of the tractor suspension mechanism, Make it vertically close to horizontal. Add engine oil, diesel oil, cooling water, lubricating oil as required. After hooking up properly, run it dry for 5 to 8 minutes to confirm that all parts are operating normally before putting it into operation. The technical status of each component of the supporting corn no-tillage fertilization seeder and other planting machinery is in good condition.

Example 1

Step 1. Mechanized operation of crushing wheat straw and covering and returning to the field.

Start the combine harvester equipped with a straw chopping and throwing device, and perform the operation of chopping and throwing wheat straw while harvesting wheat (as shown in Figure 1).

The machine should drive into the field at a low speed and start working. The speed should be in the second gear. On the premise of not affecting the quality, the working speed can be increased appropriately.

Wheat straw crushing and mulching mechanization technology quality indicators: stubble height ≤ 25cm, qualified wheat straw chopped length ≤ 15cm, straw crushed length qualified rate ≥ 85%, stubble coverage rate ≥ 40%, missed cutting rate ≤ 20%, Straw spreading unevenness ≤ 20%. The corn sowing depth is 2.5cm-4.5cm, the seed fertilizer is applied 3cm-5cm below the seeds, the soil is tightly suppressed, the seed breakage rate is ≤0.5%, the hole rate is ≤3%, there is no missed sowing in the field, and no re-seeding in the field.

Step 2. Corn machine live broadcast.

⑴Choose compact, high-yield, high-yield, high-density, high-density, and lodging-resistant varieties

According to the natural ecological conditions of the main summer maize production areas in the Shajiang black soil area of Anhui Province, the high-quality maize varieties with good high and stable yield, high density and lodging resistance were selected. Such as Longping 206, Denghai 605, Zhengdan 958, Xianyu 335, Zhongdan 909, Liyu 35, Jundan 20, Weike 702, Ludan 981, Zhongke 4, Annong 9 and other varieties

⑵ Improve seed quality and seed coating

On the basis of selecting excellent varieties, select high-quality seeds, especially require that the germination rate of the seeds is ≥95% (the minimum should reach more than 92%), and must be coated seeds.

⑶ The whole amount of wheat straw is mechanically crushed and thrown back to the field

When harvesting wheat, use a high-powered wheat combine harvester with straw crushing and cutting and throwing devices. The height of wheat stubble is ≤ 25cm, and the length of wheat straw crushing is ≤ 15cm. . If the amount of straw is too large, or the stubble is too high and the straw is not evenly spread, it is necessary to use a stubble removal machine to remove the stubble before sowing, and then sow (as shown in Figure 2).

⑷Concentrate sowing when grabbing moisture

Adhere to the principle of "there is no early summer broadcast, the sooner the better; grasp a early word, highlight a rush word". Sow summer corn as early as possible after harvesting the previous crop of wheat, and try to concentrate sowing before June 15 to reduce bud waterlogging and cultivate strong seedlings. If the soil moisture is insufficient, the summer corn can also be sown first in order to rush to sow, and the "hooded water" should be watered in time after sowing.

⑸Reasonable dense planting, stubble sticking single-grain machine live

According to the flatness of the plot, the length of straw crushing, the uniformity of throwing and the mechanical power, select 2 to 4 rows of single-grain on-demand seeders for stubble sowing, adopt 60 cm equal row spacing, 24 cm to 26 cm in plant spacing, and plant 4500 to 5000 plants per mu ( As shown in Figure 3). Ensure the quality of sowing, and ensure that the sowing depth is 3 to 5 cm and uniform. The density of seedlings should be kept at about 4500 plants per mu, and the planting density of varieties with good density tolerance can be increased appropriately. According to the fixed sowing rate of density, the number of sown seeds should be increased by about 15% compared with the determined suitable seedling density.

Step 3. Fertilizers are fully applied, and chemical fertilizers are mechanically applied deeply.

Balanced fertilization with soil testing formula, under the premise of returning all wheat straw to the field, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, with a certain amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and supplementary application of appropriate amount of micro-fertilizer. The seed fertilizer should be separated from the seeds to prevent "burning seeds".

Fertilizer operation requirements: According to the fertility of medium soil, under the condition of direct return of straw to the field, the amount of fertilizer to achieve 600kg/mu corn yield is: pure nitrogen 16-18kg, P ₂ O ₅ 6-8kg, K ₂ O 6-8kg. The fertilization method is carried out in stages and in stages.

(1) Base fertilizer: Apply 50 kg of ternary compound fertilizer (N-P-K=15-15-15) and about 10 kg of urea or (N-P-K=25-10-10 high nitrogen 50 kg), and use a no-tillage fertilization seeder to plant with the seeds at the same time Separated into the soil at the same time.

⑵ Topdressing: 25d~30d after sowing, that is, from the jointing stage to the small trumpet stage, topdressing urea is about 10 kg per mu, and the machine side is deeply applied (about 10 cm in depth); the booting stage is about 45 days after sowing, and 10 kg of urea is applied 15kg to 15kg, or 40d to 45d after sowing, that is, 15kg to 20kg of urea at the bell mouth stage; 5 to 10kg of urea can be added in an appropriate amount according to the growth of the plant at the flower and grain stage. If the fertilization method of one-time bottom application is adopted, long-term slow-release fertilizer must be selected.

Step 4. Water management requirements: prevent drought and flood disasters, timely irrigation and drainage

Good soil moisture should be ensured at the seedling emergence stage. If the soil moisture is insufficient during sowing, add "blind water" in time after sowing to ensure that all seedlings are sown. Since waterlogging and waterlogging are prone to occur at the seedling stage, the waist ditch, surrounding ditch, and furrow ditch in the field should be dredged to make a complete set of "three ditches" to prevent waterlogging at the seedling stage. In case of heavy rain, water should be drained in time to prevent bud waterlogging and seedling waterlogging. The water demand is large from the booting to the filling stage, and it should be irrigated in time in case of drought.

After sowing or before and after jointing, open ditches in alternate rows to prepare for drainage and irrigation, and focus on preventing waterlogging at the seedling stage. When watering, use row-drainage irrigation ditch to water alternately; 10 days before tasseling and 20 days after tasseling, the field water holding capacity should be kept at 75%. ~80%, if the water is insufficient, water in alternate rows; if there is water in the field, drain it in time.

Step 5, sowing and strengthening seedlings under the condition of straw returning to the field. No-tillage live broadcast technology is adopted for corn to ensure uniform sowing, consistent sowing depth, no re-seeding, and no missed sowing; the distance between rows and sowing depth need to be adjusted according to crop varieties and planting density. Moreover, the present invention first promotes the "three persistence" and "five suitable sowing" techniques for cultivating strong seedlings. This technology is the key technology for realizing strong corn seedlings, drought-resistant seedlings, strong stalks and large ears, and preventing premature aging in the later stage. That is to insist on crushing straw and returning it to the field, adding organic fertilizer and applying enough base fertilizer; insisting on high-horsepower mechanical precise and uniform sowing and five suitable (suitable moisture, suitable period, appropriate amount, suitable pattern, and suitable depth) sowing; insisting on seed coating or medicament Seed dressing soil chemical treatment. The "Three Persistences" is the fundamental technology to achieve complete seedlings, uniform seedlings, uniform seedlings and strong seedlings, ensure strong corn seedlings and realize strong stalks and large ears (Figure 3).

Step 6. Moisture conservation and irrigation for rapid decay of straw under the condition of returning to the field. After sowing, it should be watered in time to make the soil water content reach 75%-85% of the field water holding capacity, so as to accelerate soil compaction and straw decomposition, and avoid the impact of straw returning on crop emergence and later growth.

Step 7. Comprehensive prevention and control of weeds in corn fields under the condition of straw returning to the field.

Weed control: before the seedlings after sowing, when the soil moisture is suitable or after pouring the "hood water", use 40% B-A mixture or 48% Yucaoling, 50% Acetochlor and other herbicides to seal the water weeding. It is also possible to use 48% Yucaoling or 4% Yunongle, Baowei, Nicosulfuron, Atrazine and other post-emergence herbicides on the weeds in the corn rows at the 3rd to 5th leaf stage of the visible leaves of the corn. Directional spray. Do not respray, do not miss spraying, and pay attention to the safety of medication to prevent herbicide damage.

Step 8. Harvest when ripe

After entering September, the bract leaves of corn gradually turned yellow, and the upper part of the kernels gradually hardened. Many farmers mistakenly thought that the corn was ripe and began to harvest. In fact, this is just the beginning of maturity, and it will take about half a month before it is truly mature. Appropriate late harvesting of corn can make the residual nutrients in the stalks continue to be transported to the grains, give full play to the post-ripening effect, increase yield, improve quality, and improve quality. The harvesting technology of corn ripening is a production increasing technology that does not require any additional input. The corn can be harvested one day every night from 40 days after pollination to before it is fully ripe, which can increase the yield of corn by 5 kg per mu. The harvest was postponed for ten days, and an extra 100 catties of grain was harvested per mu.

⑴. Strictly grasp the sign of complete maturity of corn

There are two main signs of physiological maturity of corn kernels, one is the appearance of a black layer at the base of the kernels; the other is the disappearance of the milk line of the kernels. About 30 days after corn pollination, the endosperm tissue at the top of the grain begins to harden, forming a transverse interface layer, the milk line, with the lower juicy endosperm. About 50 days after pollination, the grain milk line at the lower part of the ear disappears, and the water content of the grain drops below 30%. When the corn is fully mature, the leaves turn yellow, and the ear bracts become dry, fluffy and white. Kernels harden as a whole and present the inherent grain shape and color of the variety; the milk line of corn kernels disappears. Break off the corn cob from the middle to see if there is a yellow-white boundary line in the middle of the grain. If there is corn in the wax ripening stage, if there is no corn, it is in the mature stage; a black layer appears in the corn kernels. After the corn kernels are taken off, remove the flower stalks at the bottom of the kernels. If there is a black layer, it means it is mature. Harvesting at the full maturity stage generally increases yield by about 10%.

⑵. Harvest period when summer corn is fully ripe

Summer corn in Huainan and Huaihe River areas is generally mature in late September, and summer corn in northern areas is generally not fully mature until the end of September and early October. Therefore, it is necessary to change the customary corn harvesting 40 to 45 days after pollination to harvest 55 days after pollination. At the same time, it is necessary to vigorously promote the integrated technology of mechanical harvesting and straw crushing and returning to the field.

①After harvesting by breaking ears manually, the straw machine returns to the field by manually picking off the ears of corn, and then uses the straw returning machine to directly crush the straw and return it to the field. This technology is relatively mature, and it is generally used in areas lacking harvesting and stubble removal machinery.

② Mechanical ear picking or threshing, straw crushing combined harvesting, ear harvesting and straw crushing and returning to the field combined operation, and the operations of ear picking, ear lifting, header, and straw crushing and returning to the field are completed at one time. No matter which harvesting method is adopted, mechanical adjustment should be carried out according to the lodging degree of corn, planting density, sagging degree of corn ear, minimum ear height, etc., to facilitate field operations. Combined mechanical harvesting of corn is suitable for plots with equal row spacing, minimum ear height of 35 cm, lodging degree <5%, and ear droop rate <15%. The moisture content of corn kernels is relatively high (30% to 40%) during harvesting in most areas of Huanghuaihai in my country. Corn harvesting machinery can only complete operations such as ear picking, headers, and straw returning to the field, without direct threshing. The optimum harvesting time of corn in my country varies with varieties, sowing dates and regions, and most of them are at the end of wax ripening. If the threshing operation is completed directly, the harvest period needs to be postponed, and the corn should be dehydrated in the field to a water content of about 25%. Maize mechanical harvesting requires that the grain loss rate is ≤2%, the ear loss rate is ≤3%, the grain breakage rate is ≤1%, the husk peeling rate is ≥85%, and the ear impurity rate is ≤3%. operating model) ≤ 10 cm, and the qualified rate of chopped stems returned to the field ≥ 85%.

③Dry in time to prevent mildew. After the harvested ears and grains of corn are concentrated in the yard, they should be dried in time or ventilated and rained.

Ear storage: Iron wire, bricks, straw, and wood can be used as walls, and thin iron and asbestos tiles can be used as covers to build permanent grain storage warehouses.

Grain storage: Before the grains enter the warehouse, natural ventilation and natural low temperature are used to reduce the moisture content of the grains to less than 14%.

3. Technical parameters and technical points of straw crushing and returning to the field

⑴ Straw crushing Mechanized technical quality indicators of wheat straw crushing and mulching: stubble height ≤ 25cm, qualified wheat straw chopped length ≤ 15cm, straw crushed length qualified rate ≥ 85%, stubble coverage rate ≥ 40%, missing cut rate ≤ 20%, and the non-uniformity of straw spreading ≤ 20%. The corn sowing depth is 2.5cm-4.5cm, the seed fertilizer is applied 3cm-5cm below the seeds, the soil is tightly suppressed, the seed breakage rate is ≤0.5%, the hole rate is ≤3%, there is no missed sowing in the field, and no re-seeding in the field.

⑵ Irrigation After sowing, irrigate once again with appropriate moisture and rain conditions, and supplement irrigation to promote straw rot and close contact between seeds and soil to prevent drought at the seedling stage.

(3) Cultivation and fertilization methods are carried out in stages. Suppression after sowing or sprinkler irrigation and furrow irrigation to replenish moisture; popularize coated seeds and chemical seed dressing technology, and timely prevent underground pests and pests at the seedling stage; straw mulching and returning to the field must be promptly removed after the emergence of stems and leaves. After sowing or before and after jointing, open ditches in alternate rows to prepare for drainage and irrigation, and focus on preventing waterlogging at the seedling stage. When watering, use row-drainage irrigation ditch to water alternately; 10 days before tasseling and 20 days after tasseling, the field water holding capacity should be kept at 75%. ~80%, if the water is insufficient, water in alternate rows; if there is water in the field, drain it in time.

The variety and timing of fertilization are particularly important. Nitrogen fertilizer must be the main one. This is because the decomposition of the stalks of previous crops consumes nitrogen in the soil, and nitrogen fertilizer can prevent weak and yellow seedlings of subsequent crops.

Example 2

The basic steps in this embodiment are similar to those in Embodiment 1, and are briefly introduced here. Unless otherwise specified, the operation process of this step refers to Embodiment 1.

Step 1. Utilize the combine harvester equipped with the straw chopping and spreading device, and carry out the wheat throwing operation while harvesting the wheat.

Step 2, use the corn machine to live broadcast the seeds.

Step 3. Fertilizers are fully applied, and chemical fertilizers are mechanically applied deeply.

Step 4, sowing and strengthening seedlings under the condition of straw returning to the field.

Step 5. Moisture conservation and irrigation for quick rot under the conditions of straw returning to the field.

Step 6. Integrated prevention and control of grass and insect pests in corn fields under the condition of straw returning to the field.

(1) Weed damage control: before the seedlings after sowing, when the soil moisture is suitable or after pouring the "blind water", use 40% B-A mixture or 48% Yucaoling, 50% acetochlor and other herbicides to water Followed by closed weeding. It is also possible to use 48% Yucaoling or 4% Yunongle, Baowei, Nicosulfuron, Atrazine and other post-emergence herbicides on the weeds in the corn rows at the 3rd to 5th leaf stage of the visible leaves of the corn. Directional spray. Do not respray, do not miss spraying, and pay attention to the safety of medication to prevent herbicide damage.

⑵Insect pests at the seedling stage: After emergence, attention should be paid to the occurrence of pests such as cutworms, thrips, and armyworms.

⑶ cutworm control: remove weeds in the field, eliminate eggs and larvae; if harmful symptoms are found, spray with 2kg-2.5kg of "2.5% trichlorfon powder" per mu, or use "90% trichlorfon" 800 times~ 1000 times liquid spray control.

⑷ Control of thrips and leaf-eating pests at the seedling stage: spray 1500 times of "50% phoxim", 100 ml per mu. Spray with phoxim, deltamethrin, etc. to control leaf-eating pests at the seedling stage, and to treat corn virus diseases.

(5) Armyworm control: The control effect is good before the third instar, spray with "10% cypermethrin" or "4.5% beta-cypermethrin" 1200-1500 times liquid.

⑹Pest control in the middle and later stages: use "3% phoxim granule" to lose the heart leaf for the control of corn borer at the heart leaf stage, and use 50-80% "dichlorvos" EC for 500-800 times liquid irrigation silk or use "90% trichlorfon" 800-1000 times liquid spray fruit ears.

⑺ Late-stage pest control: corn aphids can be controlled by spraying 50% aphid mist 8g-10g per mu or 10% imidacloprid 10g-15g per mu with 45kg water. Use 600 times of "Keshade" liquid to control corn bacterial wilt, and spray 1200 times of "20% Fenxining" to prevent and control rust. To control Curvularia leaf spot, 50% chlorothalonil, 50% carbendazim, and 70% thiophanate-methyl 500 times spray can be used.

⑻Unified prevention and control of pests and diseases

In accordance with the requirements of "green plant protection", "harmonious ecology", and "fast and efficient", we will use the existing facilities to do a good job of monitoring and forecasting of pests and diseases in demonstration plots, and actively carry out prevention and control. Use coated seeds to prevent and control underground pests and seedling diseases; after sowing and before seedlings, spray insecticides and ovicides in combination with soil sealing for weeding, and spray chlorantraniliprole or pyrethroids and organophosphorus agents before seedlings after sowing to kill Residual pests hidden in wheat stubble such as spodoptera moth, gray planthopper, thrips, and straw fly on wheat stubble. For plots with severe underground pests, phoxim or chlorpyrifos poisonous soil should be sprinkled in the sowing ditch and then watered for control. After the small trumpet-mouth stage of corn and before the big trumpet-mouth stage, the organic biopesticide Xikuan (chlorantraniliprole suspending agent) is sprayed to control corn borer; Borer, rust, leaf spot and other diseases and insect pests. Spray matrine, pymetrozine, chlorpyrifos, etc. to control pests such as ear aphids and ear borers; spray prochloraz and tebuconazole to control corn leaf spot diseases.

Example 3

In the Huang-Huai-Hai area, especially in Anhui Province, one of the main factors reducing summer maize production is the problem of waterlogging during the rainy season. In order to drain waterlogging, the present invention adopts the mode of ditching alternately behind the corn seeds to drain water. The purpose of drainage is to ensure the output of the year, but at the same time, it will bring about a long-term problem, that is, soil erosion. Nowadays, grain growers generally focus on the current output, while ignoring water and soil erosion. This kind of soil erosion occurs especially on sloping land, especially on sloping land in areas with abundant rainfall. In order to ensure smooth drainage, many corns are planted in ridges along the slope. This planting method is easy to drain water, but it is easy to cause soil erosion due to excessive water flow. With the current planting method, the weeds at the bottom of the corn are thoroughly cleaned, and the land without vegetation protection is prone to a large amount of water and soil loss after being washed by rain.

In order to solve the problem of soil erosion on slope land, this application proposes for the first time a comprehensive solution of forming oblique ridges + opening vertical ditches in rows + pressing straw into the ditches + opening horizontal ditches at the bottom.

In this embodiment, the straw throwing and planting processes are adjusted. Specifically, first, when the straw is scattered, reserve part of the wheat straw, more preferably, reserve part of the corn straw harvested in the autumn of the previous year (in many areas, due to limited storage conditions and capacity, it is difficult to keep the straw until summer corn planting At this time, this kind can only use wheat stalks), and the thick leaves of corn stalks are more conducive to soil protection.

When planting corn, adopt the planting method of obliquely forming ridges along the slope, that is, during the planting process, the direction of the ridge and the direction of the slope form a certain angle, such as 30-80 degrees. The selection of the angle is based on the annual precipitation and is determined empirically. of. After planting or during the planting process, longitudinal grooves are opened alternately, straw is thrown along the direction of the longitudinal grooves in the longitudinal grooves, and the scattered longitudinal grooves are compacted by V-shaped rollers. The crushing size of the straw here is larger than the throwing size of the normal straw returning to the field, preferably 4-6 inches.

At the bottom of the slope, excavate horizontal drainage ditch at the head of the ridge to maintain a certain slope. The horizontal drainage ditch is wider than the vertical drainage ditch. If possible, use machinery to compact the inside of the ditch to further prevent soil erosion.

When the longitudinal distance of the slope is relatively large (referring to when the slope is long from the top of the slope to the bottom of the slope), adjust the direction of the ridge at intervals so that the ridge above the slope and the ridge below are reciprocating in a zigzag . This can ensure the water content while avoiding large-scale lodging due to water accumulation and water flow impact in the case of excessive rain. In addition, if Z-shaped ridges are used, the horizontal drainage ditch will also be Z-shaped accordingly, and the deeper horizontal ditch is designed to prevent drainage difficulties when there is heavy rainfall.

We have carried out three-year comparative experiments in two parts of a piece of land in Mengcheng County respectively. On the first test field, the applicant planted according to the method of Example 1. On the second test field, the planting method of the present embodiment was adopted.

Then, after the corn was planted, the sediment content in the ditch drainage from the two test fields was tested in the rainy season. The comparison of the test results for three years found that the planting method of this embodiment, the sand content in the water flow 25-50% lower than Example 1.

Moreover, the applicant unexpectedly found that the growth of weeds is also inhibited by adopting the planting method of this embodiment, so the usage amount of herbicides can be reduced. In fact, the technology of straw returning to the field is not effective for the growth of corn in the early stage of returning to the field. Therefore, the existing methods of returning to the field will lead to a reduction in yield, so it is also unfavorable to the growth of weeds. The straw is compacted, so that the weeds are more difficult to grow in the furrows where weeds are most likely to grow.

Preliminary analysis shows that the water and soil maintenance effect of this example is so good. It is one aspect to cover the furrows with straw alone, especially large-scale straw, and it is also one aspect to arrange diagonal ridges, especially Z-shaped ridges. Z-shaped ridges are invisible The speed of water scour is slowed down, thereby reducing the sand concentration.

The planting method of this example is still in the research stage. For large grain growers, whether this planting method can be promoted not only depends on the water and soil conservation rate, but also depends on cost-effectiveness.

Although the principle of the present invention has been described in detail above in conjunction with the preferred embodiments of the present invention, those skilled in the art should understand that the above embodiments are only explanations for the exemplary implementation of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. The details in the embodiments do not constitute a limitation to the scope of the present invention. Without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, any obvious changes such as equivalent transformations and simple replacements based on the technical solutions of the present invention fall within the scope of the present invention. within the scope of protection.

Claims (7)

1. a kind of corn machine live broadcasting method under the conditions of sandy loess Wheat stalk-covering direct returning to farmland, it is characterised in that：Institute The method of stating comprises the following steps：

(1) getting wheat stalk, stubble height≤25cm in harvesting process；

(2) wheat stalk obtained is crushed using stalk disintegrating apparatus and uniformly sheds covering earth's surface；

(3) judge whether stubble height is more than object height, if mechanical stubble-cleaning is carried out more than object height, otherwise into next Step；

(4) to impose crush after the soil of stalk impose base manure based on nitrogenous fertilizer；

(5) corn seeding is carried out, soil moisture in the soil value after planting, is being judged and is being judged whether to " cover-head water " based on soil moisture in the soil value Teeming makes soil moisture content reach the 75%-85% of field capacity；

(6) after planting or before and after jointing, interlacing trench digging, take out it is male before 10 days, it is 20 days latter, keep field capacity 75%~ 80%, water deficient interlacing watering, field has ponding to want timely draining；

(7) broadcast rear before seedling, soil moisture content suitable for when or after having poured " cover-head water ", with 40% atrazine plus acetochlar or 48% beautiful grass spirit, 50% Acetochlor herbicide carries out closing weeding after being watered；

(8) in jointing stage to the toy trumpet mouth phase of corn, progress nitrogenous fertilizer imposes, and fertilising is using mechanical side deep placement, in typhon mouth Phase carries out second of nitrogenous fertilizer and imposes,

Wherein, during corn seeding, it is pressed into using oblique open into ridge+interlacing in longitudinal furrow+ditch by the way of stalk+bottom opens traverse furrow, it should Mode includes：

First, in straw scattering draught, reserved part wheat stalk,

During corn planting, direction and the gradient direction on ridge form an angle, and after plantation or in planting process, interlacing is opened Longitudinal furrow sheds stalk in longitudinal furrow along longitudinal furrow direction, and the longitudinal furrow after shedding is compacted by V-type pressure roller, and stalk crushes ruler It is very little be greater than normal straw-returning shed size,

In the bottom in hillside fields, on ridge, head excavates transverse drain ditch, and transverse drain ditch is wider than longitudinal drainage ditch, and ditch inside is carried out Compacting.

2. corn machine live streaming side under the conditions of sandy loess Wheat stalk-covering direct returning to farmland according to claim 1 Method, which is characterized in that the step (1), (2) are completed simultaneously, including：Start the combining for installing straw chopping tossed device additional Machine while getting wheat, carries out chopping and sheds wheat stalk operation.

3. corn machine live streaming side under the conditions of sandy loess Wheat stalk-covering direct returning to farmland according to claim 1 Method, which is characterized in that the qualified chopping length≤15cm of wheat stalk in the step (2), stalk crushing length qualification rate >= 85%, rate≤20%, straw scattering draught unevenness≤20% are cut in crop residue cover rate >=40%, leakage.

4. corn machine live streaming side under the conditions of sandy loess Wheat stalk-covering direct returning to farmland according to claim 1 Method, which is characterized in that corn seeding depth 2.5cm~4.5cm in the step (5), seed manure impose on 3cm below seed~ 5cm, suppression of soil is tight, ensures seed percentage of damage≤0.5%, hole rate≤3%.

5. corn machine live streaming side under the conditions of sandy loess Wheat stalk-covering direct returning to farmland according to claim 1 Method, which is characterized in that the seeding corn kind includes：Grand flat 206, sea 605, first Zheng Dan 958, jade 335, middle list 909, calabash shell serving as a dipper are stepped on Jade 35 dredges single 20, big section 702, Shandong list 981, middle section 4, peace agriculture 9.

6. corn machine live streaming side under the conditions of sandy loess Wheat stalk-covering direct returning to farmland according to claim 1 Method, which is characterized in that the method, which further includes, carries out cutworm prevention：Field weeds are removed, eliminate worm's ovum and larva；Hair Existing hazard symptoms are sprayed with " 2.5% metrifonate powder " 2kg~2.5kg or per acre with 800 times~1000 times of " 90% metrifonate " Liquid spraying prevention.

7. corn machine live streaming side under the conditions of sandy loess Wheat stalk-covering direct returning to farmland according to claim 1 Method, which is characterized in that be appropriately determined corn maturation time, harvested based on the correct maturation time of corn.