CN106967627A - 一种发酵生产ala的重组菌株及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种重组的甲醇利用型酵母,尤其是带有外源ALA(5‑氨基乙酰丙酸)合成酶表达载体的重组菌以及利用该重组菌生产ALA的方法和如何构建这样一种表达载体和获得重组工程菌的方法。具有该特性的重组菌在含甘油和适量甘氨酸、琥珀酸以及一定碳源的培养基中发酵,可以获得高水平的ALA积累。本发明所提供的新型甲醇利用型巴斯德毕赤酵母能够实现5‑氨基乙酰丙酸的绿色无污染生产,可以广泛应用于农业和饲料领域。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及代谢工程和生物制造领域,具体地说,涉及利用DNA重组技术构建甲醇利用型酵母工程菌株,并用该菌株来生产ALA的方法。
背景技术
5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)是生物体中重要的中间代谢产物,是合成卟啉、叶绿素、血红素和维生素B12的前体物,在自然界动植物体内普遍存在。近年来,ALA因其对人畜无毒性,并可在环境中易降解、无残留的特性,被公认为一种无公害的绿色农用化学品,在农业上可作为绿色除草剂、杀虫剂、植物生长促进剂等。在医学领域,5-氨基乙酰丙酸可以用于光驱动疗法来治疗多种癌症,并对一些其他疾病有治疗效果。
目前ALA的合成方法主要有化学合成法和微生物发酵法两种,其中化学合成法因其步骤繁复、造成的污染较严重,产物收率低等缺点日益被微生物发酵法所取代。微生物合成ALA的代谢途径主要有C4途径和C5途径两种,C4途径主要存在于光合细菌、真菌以及动物体中;C5途径广泛存在于植物、藻类以及细菌中。随着现在生物技术的飞速发展,利用有效的代谢工程原理和基因编辑技术,有望突破现有的技术瓶颈,实现ALA发酵法的工业化生产。
早期,微生物合成ALA的相关研究主要集中于从自然界中筛选或者诱变生产ALA的菌株。主要是一些藻类和光合细菌。但其产量不高,故其应用价值较低。如通过优化类球红细菌的突变株CR720(Rhodobacter sphaeroides CR720)的培养条件,ALA产量可达27mmol/L,但其培养条件复杂、培养周期长和培养成本较高。随着基因工程技术的成熟,人们可以采用基因重组技术将R. sphaeroides中的5-ALA合成酶基因(hemA)在野生型大肠杆菌中表达。Mariet和Zeikus获得大肠杆菌重组菌株,5-ALA发酵产量达到3.79g/L。 Xie等人利用含有R. sphaeroides中的5-ALA合成酶基因的重组大肠杆菌,经发酵优化,5-ALA产量达到5.2g/L。林建平等(CN200710068168.6,CN201210013562.0)将球形红细菌的ALA合成酶基因在大肠杆菌Rosetta2(DE3)中表达,经过发酵工艺优化后ALA产量达到6.6g/L,进一步优化后在15L发酵罐中产量达到9.4g/L。以上研究都选用了比较简单的C4途径。主要是通过在大肠杆菌中表达外源ALA合成酶,并在丰富的LB培养基中添加适量的底物以及代谢途径抑制物实现。2011年,Kang等人开始C5途径的研究,他们将来自于亚利桑那沙门氏菌(Salmonella arizonae)的hemA基因(编码glutamyl-tRNA reductase)突变后,与hemL基因(编码glutamate-1-semialdehude amino transferase)在E. coli中共表达,同时表达了一个由rhtA基因编码的5-ALA转运蛋白,使得5-ALA产量达4.13g/L。祁庆生等(CN104928226)将上述两种基因在谷氨酸棒杆菌中表达并以葡萄糖作为唯一碳源发酵生产5-ALA,其5-ALA产量为0.8g/L。
上述生产5-ALA的方法主要是采用模式生物大肠杆菌,但对于实际生产应用而言,利用大肠杆菌作为生产菌株有许多不利之处。首先,培养大肠杆菌所使用的LB培养基,价格较贵,造成生产成本较高。其次,培养重组大肠杆菌菌株时,需要外加抗生素,这对生产成本及后续的污水处理造成了一些挑战。最后,使用大肠杆菌作为生产菌株,在罐培过程中需要添加大量价格高昂的IPTG(异丙基硫代半乳糖苷),这同样对生产成本控制造成了巨大的挑战。
近年来,随着生物工程领域迅速发展起来的甲醇利用型酵母(methylotrophicyeast),包括Hansenula, Candida, Pichia和Torulopsis属的酵母,是一类能够利用甲醇作为单一碳源来生长的酵母,相比较于传统的酿酒酵母具有培养基成本低、生物量累积高的特点,大规模发酵可得到极高的细胞密度(>130g/L细胞干重)和生物转化率(12g干细胞/L/h)(Wegner G H, FEMS Microbiol Rev,1990, 279-284)。这个特性使得它具备以极低的价格生产细胞中间代谢产物的能力。
发明内容
本发明的目的是通过重组表达外源ALA合成酶,强化细胞内ALA合成酶活力,改变细胞自身的代谢途径,从而构建出新的工程菌菌株来绿色生产ALA;另一方面利用毕赤酵母具有的高密度、低成本的发酵特点,大幅度降低ALA的生产成本。
本发明以甲醇利用型酵母GS115为宿主,通过克隆已知的高活性酿酒酵母ALA合成酶基因,本发明实施利用的是来源于酿酒酵母的ALA合成酶,不限于此酶,也可以是其他来源的ALA合成酶。将此酶克隆进入甲醇利用型酵母表达载体PGAPZA。该表达载体的启动子为组成型表达的pGAP(三磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶)启动子。
此带有ALA合成酶的质粒经过线性化后,通过电转化的方式转化入毕赤酵母GS115。得到的转化子即为本发明方法所需的基因工程菌株。这样该质粒通过同源重组的方式被整合入细胞染色体DNA,从而使得外源ALA合成酶能够在重组细胞内得到稳定的表达。
由于所构建的工程菌株组成型表达ALA合成酶。使得细胞内的ALA含量较高,并且ALA的下游代谢产物含量同样比较高。但是ALA及其代谢产物血红素等物质是PCR反应的抑制剂。在菌株筛选验证阶段需要利用PCR反应验证目标基因是否插入细胞基因组中,ALA及其代谢产物含量的提高,对阳性菌株的筛选产生的一定的干扰。本发明采用OMEGA全血基因组提取试剂盒通过部分步骤的修改,提取阳性菌株的基因组DNA进行PCR验证。
本发明的有益效果:
本发明以甲醇利用型酵母具有的培养基成本低、生物积累量高、大规模发酵中能获得极高的细胞密度和生物转化率的特点,将来源于酿酒酵母的ALA合成酶基因置于组成型强启动子pGAP启动子之下,并转化入毕赤酵母GS115宿主中,使细胞能够产生出大量ALA合成酶,从而使细胞合成大量的ALA。通过优化培养条件,并且采用适当的补加前体及产物抑制剂的策略,所构建的菌株ALA产量高达2.1g/L。
附图说明
图1 重组表达载体pGAPZA-ALAS构建技术路线。
图2 重组毕赤酵母ALA积累曲线。
以下实施例用于说明本发明,但不用来限制本发明的保护范围。
本发明可以通过下述实施例进一步阐明。
实验材料和实验方法简要说明:试剂方面,实验所用的Taq DNA聚合酶和限制性内切酶均购自Takara公司。质粒提取试剂盒和DNA胶回收试剂盒购自Takara公司。DNA提取试剂盒购自OMEGA公司。巴斯德毕赤酵母宿主菌GS115和表达质粒pGAPZA为本实验室保存。其余试剂均为国产分析纯。
实施例1
重组表达ALA合成酶质粒pGAPZB-ALA的构建(参见图1)
1. 引物设计及PCR反应
根据GenBank中的Saccharomyces cerevisiae 来源的5-氨基乙酰丙酸合酶基因(登录号为M26329),设计两条PCR引物:
ScALAF 5’-ATCTGAATTCATGCAGCTCCATTTTTG-3’
ScALAR 5’-TGACTCGAGTTACTGCTTGATACCACTAGAAAC-3’
在设计基因5’端引物(ScALAF)包含了起始密码子ATG,同时引入一个EcoRⅠ酶切位点。基因3’端引物(ScALAR)包含了终止密码子TAA,同时引入XhoⅠ酶切位点。
使用Takara酵母基因组提取试剂盒提取酿酒酵母的DNA。
以酿酒酵母染色体DNA为模板,加入一定量的引物、长链高保真DNA聚合酶PrimeSTAR® GXL DNA Polymerase以及dNTP混合物,具体反应体系组成为:5 × PrimeSTARGXL Buffer (Mg2+ plus): 50μL、DNA Polymerase: 2μL、dNTP Mixture (各2.5 mM) : 20μL、ScALAF(正向引物):50pmol、ScALAR(反向引物): 50pmol、模板DNA : 5μl;用双蒸水补足至250 μL。然后将上述反应液分装于5支200μL EP管中(每管50μL),进行PCR扩增。PCR反应条件为:98℃度预变性2 min;循环程序为:98℃变性10 sec,55℃退火15 sec,68℃延伸2min,30个循环;最后72℃延伸15分钟。PCR反应完成后,取1μL反应液进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳,检测PCR扩增效果。
2. PCR 产物的克隆
PCR产物经1%琼脂糖电泳后,采用Takara DNA回收试剂盒回收1.6kb大小的PCR扩增片段。回收的PCR产物经XhoⅠ和EcoRⅠ酶切后,与XhoⅠ/EcoRⅠ双酶切的pGAPZA相连。所得连接产物转化E.coliDH5α感受态细胞,涂布于zeocin抗生素平板上,筛选阳性克隆。采用Taraka质粒提取试剂盒抽提质粒DNA,所得的质粒用酶切鉴定。
得到的质粒pGAPZA-ALA,经测序与GENBANK中发表的ALA合成酶的基因相似程度达到99%。
实施例2:
1.毕赤酵母感受态的制备
接种毕赤酵母GS115于500mL YPD培养基中,28-30℃培养至OD600 为1.3-1.5,5000rpm/min离心5min,菌体沉淀分别用100mL冰浴预冷无菌水、20mL冰浴预冷无菌水和20mL 1 mol/L的冰浴预冷的山梨醇各洗一次,每次清洗后5000rpm离心5min并收集菌体,最后加入200μL1M的冰浴预冷的山梨醇悬浮。
2.重组表达载体电转化入毕赤酵母GS115细胞
将构建的重组表达质粒pGAPZA-ALA约10μg用AvrⅡ限制性内切酶线性化,酚氯仿抽提,乙醇沉淀回收线性DNA并溶解于10μL无菌水中,同时将空载pGAPZA质粒相同酶切线性化并回收作为对照。将上述线性化DNA与80μL毕赤酵母GS115感受态细胞混合,电转化,电转化条件为:电压1500V,电容50μF,电阻4KΩ。立即向电转化杯中加入1mL 1M冰浴预冷的山梨醇,并将电转化产物分别转移到一无菌离心管中,30℃静置过夜,然后取200-600μl涂布于含有zeocin抗生素的YPDS培养基上,30℃培养3-5天至单菌落出现。
3. 阳性菌株的筛选PCR鉴定
挑取平板上长出的单菌落,接种于5mL YPD培养基中,28-30℃培养16-24小时。5000rpm离心5min,收集菌体。菌体沉淀用0.5mL无菌水洗涤。采用OMEGA全基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取基因组DNA。具体步骤如下:
(1)加入2mL TL Buffer 重悬菌体。
(2)加入150μL的OB Protease,涡旋混匀,55℃水浴20-30min。
(3)8000rpm离心取上清转移至一新的EP管中。
(4)加入2.1mL BufferBL,20μL RNase A,涡旋混匀。65℃水浴10min。
(5)加入 2.2mL无水乙醇,涡旋混匀。
(6)将吸附柱加入到收集管中,吸取上述步骤中的样品3.5mL加入到吸附柱中,5000rpm离心5min。倒掉透过液,将吸附柱重装到收集管中。
(7)将余下的样品再次加入到吸附柱中,5000rpm离心5min。弃掉透过液。
(8)将3mL HB Buffer加入到吸附柱中清洗。按之前条件离心,弃掉透过液。
(9)加入3mL的DNA Wash Buffer,同样操作离心,弃掉透过液。
(10)重复步骤(9)。
(11)4000g离心10~15min,去掉吸附柱中残留的乙醇。
(12)向吸附柱上加入500μL预热的(70℃)Elution Buffer。
(13)换一新的收集管,4000g离心5min。将透过液转移至1.5mL EP管中。
(14)-20℃冰箱保存。
以所提取的基因组DNA为模板,利用PCR检测重组菌株中是否插入目的基因片段。所用PCR引物为:pGAP forward:5’-GTCCCTATTTCAATCAATTGAA-3’;AOX1reverse:5’-GCAAATGGCATTCTGACATCC-3’。使用长链高保真DNA聚合酶PrimeSTAR® GXL DNA Polymerase以及dNTP混合物,具体反应体系组成为:10×Buffer (Mg2+ plus): 5μL、DNA Polymerase:0.2μL、dNTP Mixture (各2.5 mM) : 2μL、pGAP forward (正向引物):50pmol、AOX1reverse (反向引物): 50pmol、Template(模板DNA) : 0.5μL;用双蒸水补足至50 μL。然后进行PCR扩增。PCR反应条件为:94℃度预变性5 min;循环程序为:94℃变性30 sec,57℃(每个循环退火温度升高0.2℃)退火20 sec,72℃延伸2 min,35个循环;最后72℃延伸10min。PCR反应完成后,取1μL反应液进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳,检测PCR扩增效果。将PCR产物用琼脂糖凝胶电泳,检验是否含有目的条带。
4. 野生型与重组菌的ALA含量变化比较
(1)分光光度法测定ALA含量—标准曲线制作
配制浓度梯度为1.0mg/L、3.0mg/L、5.0mg/L、7.0mg/L、9.0mg/L的ALA盐酸盐溶液。在5支试管中分别加入已配置好的5组标准ALA溶液2mL、1mL的2mol/L的乙酸钠(pH=4.6)缓冲液和0.5mL乙酰丙酮,混合均匀后在沸水中加热15min,然后冷却至室温。取2mL反应液加入2mL的Ehrlich’s试剂混合均匀,室温下稳定15min之后在554nm波长下测吸光度。以吸光度A对浓度B作标准曲线。
(2)测定野生型与重组菌的ALA含量
分别从平板上挑取GS115和重组菌株单菌落接种于10m L YPD培养基的100mL三角瓶中,30℃ 250rpm培养过夜至饱和。取300μl的培养物接种至含有50mL YPD培养基的250ml三角瓶中,振荡培养48h。各取5毫升测菌体的OD600.各取2 mL培养物,5000rpm离心5min,取出上清,测上清中ALA含量差异。余下的菌体沉淀加入2 mL去离子水。煮沸10min,5000rpm离心5min,取上清,测菌体破壁上清液中ALA含量差异。
ALA含量测定:取稀释后的上清液2mL,加入1mL的2mol/L的乙酸钠(pH=4.6)缓冲液和0.5ml乙酰丙酮,混合均匀后在沸水中加热15min,然后冷却至室温。取2mL反应液加入2ml的Ehrlich’s试剂混合均匀,室温下稳定15min之后在554nm波长下测吸光度。以水为空白测554nm处的吸光度。根据标准曲线乘以稀释倍数计算其浓度。
表1 野生型与重组菌的ALA的产量比较
宿主菌GS115 | 重组菌 | |
ALA含量 | 48.45mg/L | 111.63mg/L |
OD600 | 20.03 | 19.38 |
实施例3:
将筛选出的重组菌株接种于3 mL YPD培养基的试管中,30℃ 220r/min培养过夜,以1%接种量接入含100mL的培养基的摇瓶中(10g/L酵母膏,10g/L蛋白胨,0.05mol/L磷酸钾缓冲液pH6.0,13.4g/L含有硫酸铵的酵母基本氮源,4×10-4g/L生物素,2g/L甘油)。30℃ 220r/min培养。从第48h开始每24h补加甘油0.2%,每48h补加前体(琥珀酸7g/L,甘氨酸3g/L),代谢抑制剂乙酰丙酸5g/L。连续培养6天后,ALA产量达到最高。重组菌的ALA产量达到1.2g/L,相比较于宿主菌的0.048g/L,产量提高了约25倍。
需要说明的是,本实施例的毕赤酵母只是在摇瓶中发酵,没有完全发挥其高生物累积量的优势(发酵罐中最高可达130g/L干细胞),在本实施例中最高只达到15g/L,因此将本发明的方法运用于工业生产中,基因工程菌的ALA产量还会大大增加。
本发明的通过一般性说明及具体实施方案已对本发明的核心实质做了较为详尽的阐述,但是在本发明的基础上,本领域的专业技术人员可以对其做出修改或改进,甚至是提高,而这种改进及提高是显而易见的。因此,在不偏离本发明精神的基础上所做的这些修改或提高,均应属于本发明要求保护的范围。
Claims (9)
1.一种发酵生产ALA的重组菌株,其特征在于,是利用甲醇利用型酵母发酵来生产的,所述的甲醇利用型酵母为Hansenula,Candida,pichia或Torulopsis等属的酵母,由重组表达外源ALAS的载体转化后获得。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于该甲醇利用型酵母为巴斯德毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris菌株。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的表达载体包含一个编码ALA合成酶的核苷酸序列。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的表达载体中的ALA合成酶是酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae来源的,尤其是酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae来源的ALA合成酶2。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的核苷酸序列连接有可以在甲醇利用型酵母细胞内发生作用的启动子序列。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的启动子类型为组成型启动子序列。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的启动子类型为GAP。
8.如如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的甲醇利用型酵母在发酵生产ALA时需补加一定量的甘油作碳源可以提高ALA产量。
9.一种新的菌株,其特征在于,所述的菌株为甲醇利用型的巴斯德毕赤酵母菌株,它的种属为Pichia pastoris,通过将表达质粒pGAPZA-ALA转化到甲醇酵母菌株GS115中所得到的菌株。
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