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CN106856429B - Quantum key distribution system and method based on receiving end polarization beam splitting - Google Patents

Quantum key distribution system and method based on receiving end polarization beam splitting Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106856429B
CN106856429B CN201710135254.8A CN201710135254A CN106856429B CN 106856429 B CN106856429 B CN 106856429B CN 201710135254 A CN201710135254 A CN 201710135254A CN 106856429 B CN106856429 B CN 106856429B
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polarization
receiving end
beam splitter
synchronous
signal
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CN106856429A (en
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宋萧天
叶志宁
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Zhejiang Quantum Technologies Co ltd
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Zhejiang Quantum Technologies Co ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0816Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
    • H04L9/0852Quantum cryptography
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/60Receivers
    • H04B10/61Coherent receivers
    • H04B10/614Coherent receivers comprising one or more polarization beam splitters, e.g. polarization multiplexed [PolMux] X-PSK coherent receivers, polarization diversity heterodyne coherent receivers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/60Receivers
    • H04B10/61Coherent receivers
    • H04B10/615Arrangements affecting the optical part of the receiver
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/70Photonic quantum communication
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0816Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
    • H04L9/0852Quantum cryptography
    • H04L9/0858Details about key distillation or coding, e.g. reconciliation, error correction, privacy amplification, polarisation coding or phase coding
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02DCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
    • Y02D30/00Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
    • Y02D30/70Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Optical Communication System (AREA)

Abstract

The invention provides a quantum key distribution system based on receiving end polarization beam splitting, which comprises a transmitting end and a receiving end, wherein the transmitting end comprises a transmitting end driving plate, a signal laser, a synchronous laser, an intensity modulator, a polarization maintaining beam splitter, a first adjustable attenuator, a second adjustable attenuator and a transmitting end wavelength division multiplexer, the receiving end comprises a receiving end driving plate, a receiving end wavelength division multiplexer, a synchronous detector, a polarization beam splitter, a polarization maintaining beam splitter and a single photon detector, and the receiving end wavelength division multiplexer is connected with the transmitting end wavelength division multiplexer through a quantum channel. Compared with the prior art, the invention decomposes the signal light into two vertical polarization states by adding the polarization beam splitter at the receiving end, and utilizes the polarization-maintaining optical fiber interference ring to complete the interference under the respective polarization states, thereby obtaining better interference results, discarding the deviation correcting system, simplifying the system redundancy and reducing the production cost.

Description

Quantum key distribution system and method based on receiving end polarization beam splitting
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of optical transmission safety communication, in particular to a quantum key distribution system and method based on receiving end polarization beam splitting.
Background
With the wide spread of the internet, the information transfer between people reaches an unprecedented number and frequency, and various private information is increasingly exposed on the internet, so that the demand of people for secret communication also reaches an unprecedented height. The existing encryption mode of internet information security is called a public key cryptosystem, and the principle is that a public key transmitted on a network and a private key remained in a computer are generated through an encryption algorithm, and the two keys must be matched to use to realize complete encryption and decryption processes.
The encryption standard used by the modern Internet is an RSA algorithm which is born in the 70 th century of 20, namely, the encryption standard is hard to calculate by utilizing the mass factor decomposition of a large number to ensure the security of a secret key.
The quantum key distribution is BB84 protocol based on quantum mechanics measurement principle proposed by the physicist Bennett and the cryptologist Brangard in 1984, and the security of the key can be fundamentally ensured by the quantum key distribution.
In the prior art, a quantum key generates signal light at a transmitting end, and in the traditional quantum channel transmission process, the polarization state of the signal light is greatly changed due to the actions of double refraction and the like of an optical fiber channel, so that the later interference effect of an optical signal is influenced, the loss of an integral key is caused, and in order to solve the problems, a deviation correcting system is added at a receiving end, and the polarization state of the optical signal is restored through the deviation correcting system, but the deviation correcting system needs complex hardware and software components, so that the complexity of the integral system is brought to the whole key distribution system, and the production cost is increased; in addition, the existing key distribution system at least needs four paths of single photon detectors for detection processing, and further increases the complexity and the production cost of the system.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a quantum key distribution system and a quantum key distribution method based on polarization beam splitting at a receiving end, which are used for solving the technical defects that in the prior art, a correction system is added at the receiving end to solve the problem of polarization state change of signal light transmission in a quantum channel, the polarization state of an optical signal is restored through the correction system, but the correction system needs complex hardware and software parts to form, and the complexity of the whole system and the technical defect of production cost are brought to the whole key distribution system.
The technical scheme of the invention is realized as follows:
the quantum key distribution system based on the polarization beam splitting of the receiving end comprises a transmitting end and a receiving end, wherein the transmitting end is connected with the receiving end through a quantum channel, the transmitting end comprises a transmitting end driving plate, a signal laser, a synchronous laser, an intensity modulator, an interference unit, a first adjustable attenuator, a second adjustable attenuator and a transmitting end wavelength division multiplexer, the signal laser is sequentially connected with the intensity modulator, the interference unit, the first adjustable attenuator and the transmitting end wavelength division multiplexer, the synchronous laser is sequentially connected with the second adjustable attenuator and the transmitting end wavelength division multiplexer, the first adjustable attenuator is connected with the same end of the transmitting end wavelength division multiplexer, and the transmitting end driving plate is respectively connected with the signal laser, the intensity modulator, the phase regulator, the synchronous laser, the first adjustable attenuator and the second adjustable attenuator;
the receiving end comprises a receiving end driving plate, a receiving end wavelength division multiplexer, a synchronous detector, a polarization beam splitter, two parallel interference units and two single photon detectors, wherein the receiving end wavelength division multiplexer is connected with the transmitting end wavelength division multiplexer through a quantum channel, the other end of the receiving end wavelength division multiplexer is respectively connected with the synchronous detector and the polarization beam splitter, the polarization beam splitter is respectively connected with the two interference units, the receiving end driving plate is respectively connected with the synchronous detector, the phase regulator and the two single photon detectors,
the interference unit comprises a front-end polarization-maintaining beam splitter and a rear-end polarization-maintaining beam splitter, the front-end polarization-maintaining beam splitter is connected with the rear-end polarization-maintaining beam splitter through a long-arm polarization-maintaining fiber and a short-arm polarization-maintaining fiber respectively, a phase regulator is connected in the long-arm polarization-maintaining fiber, and two interference units at the receiving end part respectively comprise one output, and the two outputs are respectively connected with one single photon detector.
Preferably, the quantum channel is a single mode fiber.
Preferably, the transmitting end further comprises a depolarizer, and the depolarizer is arranged between the rear-end polarization-maintaining beam splitter and the first adjustable attenuator.
A quantum key distribution method based on the receiving-end polarization beam splitting of claim 1, comprising the following steps:
1) Triggering a laser: the transmitting end respectively triggers the signal laser and the synchronous laser to transmit signal light and synchronous light by using the same clock signal, the signal light is used as modulated light, and the synchronous light is transmitted to the receiving end as synchronous signal and is responded by the synchronous detector to be used by the receiving end;
2) Decoy state modulation: the signal light emitted by the signal laser is subjected to random intensity modulation through an intensity modulator to become a signal state, a decoy state or a vacuum state;
3) Transmitting end interference: the method comprises the steps of manufacturing unequal arm MZ interference by utilizing an interference unit, dividing signal light into two pulses by a polarization maintaining beam splitter, wherein one path of the signal light passes through a long arm, a phase modulator is added in the long arm, random 4-phase modulation is carried out on the signal light, the signal light is respectively 0, pi/2, pi, 3 pi/2, and the short arm does not carry out phase modulation;
4) The electric control adjustable attenuator attenuates the signal light: the signal light attenuates the light pulse to the single photon magnitude through the first adjustable attenuator, and the synchronous light adjusts the synchronous light to the intensity range which can be responded by the receiving end through the second adjustable attenuator;
5) The signal light and the synchronous light are transmitted through a quantum channel: the signal light and the synchronous light with different wavelengths are combined into a channel for transmission at a transmitting end through a transmitting end wavelength division multiplexer, and are re-decomposed at a receiving end through a receiving end wavelength division multiplexer;
6) Splitting by a polarizing beam splitter: decomposing light with unsynchronized polarization into a horizontal polarization direction and a vertical polarization direction through a polarization beam splitter;
7) Interference at the receiving end: the front-end polarization-maintaining beam splitter is used for manufacturing an unequal-arm MZ interference ring with the same length difference as that of the transmitting-end arm, the signal light is divided into two pulses through the front-end polarization-maintaining beam splitter, one path of the signal light passes through the long arm, a phase modulator is added in the long arm, the signal light is subjected to random 4-phase modulation, the signal light is respectively 0, pi/2, pi, 3 pi/2, and the short arm does not modulate;
8) Single photon detector detects: the single photon detector detects the optical signal for subsequent processing to generate the security key.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
according to the quantum key distribution system and method based on the receiving end polarization beam splitting, the receiving end is added with the polarization beam splitter, the signal light is decomposed into two perpendicular polarization states, interference under the respective polarization states is completed by the polarization-maintaining optical fiber interference ring, a good interference result is obtained, the influence of the birefringence effect on the interference result caused by the light polarization state in the optical fiber transmission process is avoided, meanwhile, a deviation correcting system is abandoned, the system redundancy is simplified, the production cost is reduced, and in addition, the system only needs to adopt two paths of single photon detectors for detection treatment, so that the system redundancy is further reduced, and the production cost is reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a quantum key distribution system based on receiver-side polarization beam splitting according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a quantum key distribution method based on receiving end polarization beam splitting according to the present invention;
fig. 3 shows a signal light modulation table according to the present invention.
In the figure: transmitting end 1, transmitting end driving board 101, signal laser 102, synchronous laser 103, intensity modulator 104, first tunable attenuator 105, second tunable attenuator 106, transmitting end wavelength division multiplexer 107, depolarizer 108, receiving end 2, receiving end driving board 201, receiving end wavelength division multiplexer 202, synchronous detector 203, polarization beam splitter 204, single photon detector 205, quantum channel 3, interference unit 4, phase adjuster 401, front end polarization beam splitter 402, and back end polarization beam splitter 403.
Detailed Description
The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the invention are shown.
As shown in fig. 1, a quantum key distribution system based on receiving end polarization beam splitting includes a transmitting end 1 and a receiving end 2, where the transmitting end 1 and the receiving end 2 are connected through a quantum channel 3, the transmitting end 1 includes a transmitting end driving board 101, a signal laser 102, a synchronous laser 103, an intensity modulator 104, an interference unit 4, a first adjustable attenuator 105, a second adjustable attenuator 106 and a transmitting end wavelength division multiplexer 107, the signal laser 102 is sequentially connected with the intensity modulator 104, the interference unit 4, the first adjustable attenuator 105 and the transmitting end wavelength division multiplexer 107, the synchronous laser 103 is sequentially connected with the second adjustable attenuator 106 and the transmitting end wavelength division multiplexer 107, the first adjustable attenuator 105 is connected with the same end of the transmitting end wavelength division multiplexer 107 as the second adjustable attenuator 106, the transmitting end driving board 101 is respectively connected with the signal laser 102, the intensity modulator 104, the phase regulator 401, the synchronous laser 103, the first adjustable attenuator 105 and the second adjustable attenuator 106, the first adjustable attenuator 1 is respectively connected with the signal driving board 101 and the second adjustable attenuator 106, and the first adjustable attenuator 101 is respectively connected with the transmitting end wavelength division multiplexer 107, and the first adjustable attenuator 101 is respectively connected with the signal line driver 101 and the signal driver is connected with the first adjustable attenuator 101 and the signal driver and the second adjustable attenuator 106;
the receiving end 2 comprises a receiving end driving plate 201, a receiving end wavelength division multiplexer 202, a synchronous detector 203, a polarization beam splitter 204, two parallel interference units 4 and two single photon detectors 205, the receiving end wavelength division multiplexer 202 is connected with the transmitting end wavelength division multiplexer 107 through a quantum channel 3, the other end of the receiving end wavelength division multiplexer 202 is respectively connected with the synchronous detector 203 and the polarization beam splitter 204, the polarization beam splitter 204 is respectively connected with the two interference units 4, the receiving end driving plate 201 is respectively connected with the synchronous detector 203, a phase regulator 401 and the single photon detectors 205, and the phase regulator 401 of the receiving end 2 is connected with the receiving end driving plate 201 through an analog control signal wire. The interference unit 4 comprises a front-end polarization-maintaining beam splitter 402 and a rear-end polarization-maintaining beam splitter 403, the front-end polarization-maintaining beam splitter 402 is connected with the rear-end polarization-maintaining beam splitter 403 through a long-arm polarization-maintaining fiber and a short-arm polarization-maintaining fiber respectively, the long-arm polarization-maintaining fiber is connected with a phase regulator 401, and the two interference units 4 of the receiving end 2 part respectively comprise one output, and the two outputs are respectively connected with one single photon detector 205.
In this embodiment, the quantum channel 3 is a single-mode fiber, and if the distance between the quantum channels 3 is not too long, polarization-maintaining fiber transmission can be used to increase the stability of the polarization state of the signal light. The transmitting end 1 further includes a depolarizer 108, where the depolarizer 108 is disposed between the rear-end polarization maintaining beam splitter 403 and the first adjustable attenuator 104, and the depolarizer 108 can reduce the polarization degree of the signal light to 0, so that the polarization state of the signal light is in a natural light state, and the security of the system transmission key is effectively ensured.
As shown in fig. 2, the present invention further provides a quantum key distribution method based on the receiving end polarization beam splitting according to claim 1, and the distribution method can be implemented based on the quantum key distribution system, and includes the following steps:
1) Triggering a laser: the transmitting end respectively triggers the signal laser and the synchronous laser to transmit signal light and synchronous light by using the same clock signal, the signal light is used as modulated light, and the synchronous light is transmitted to the receiving end as synchronous signal and is responded by the synchronous detector to be used by the receiving end;
2) Decoy state modulation: the signal light emitted by the signal laser is subjected to random intensity modulation through an intensity modulator to become a signal state, a decoy state or a vacuum state;
3) Transmitting end interference: the method comprises the steps of manufacturing unequal arm MZ interference by utilizing an interference unit, dividing signal light into two pulses by a polarization maintaining beam splitter, wherein one path of the signal light passes through a long arm, a phase modulator is added in the long arm, random 4-phase modulation is carried out on the signal light, the signal light is respectively 0, pi/2, pi, 3 pi/2, and the short arm does not carry out phase modulation;
4) The electric control adjustable attenuator attenuates the signal light: the signal light attenuates the light pulse to the single photon magnitude through the first adjustable attenuator, and the synchronous light adjusts the synchronous light to the intensity range which can be responded by the receiving end through the second adjustable attenuator;
5) The signal light and the synchronous light are transmitted through a quantum channel: the signal light and the synchronous light with different wavelengths are combined into a channel for transmission at a transmitting end through a transmitting end wavelength division multiplexer, and are re-decomposed at a receiving end through a receiving end wavelength division multiplexer;
6) Splitting by a polarizing beam splitter: decomposing light with unsynchronized polarization into a horizontal polarization direction and a vertical polarization direction through a polarization beam splitter;
7) Interference at the receiving end: the front-end polarization-maintaining beam splitter is used for manufacturing an unequal-arm MZ interference ring with the same length difference as that of the transmitting-end arm, the signal light is divided into two pulses through the front-end polarization-maintaining beam splitter, one path of the signal light passes through the long arm, a phase modulator is added in the long arm, the signal light is subjected to random 4-phase modulation, the signal light is respectively 0, pi/2, pi, 3 pi/2, and the short arm does not modulate;
8) Single photon detector detects: the single photon detector detects the optical signal for subsequent processing to generate the security key.
As shown in fig. 3, where (1) represents that a photon passes through the end with a single photon detector 205, and (2) represents that a photon passes through the end without a single photon detector 205, and 1/2 represents that each has half probability, it can be seen from the following table that when 4-phase modulation is used at the receiving end, key distribution can be completed only by using a single photon detector 205, so that not only cost can be reduced, but also security problems caused by multi-detector matching can be reduced.
By integrating the structure and principle of the invention, the quantum key distribution system and the method based on the receiving end polarization beam splitting, provided by the invention, decompose the signal light into two perpendicular polarization states by adding one polarization beam splitter at the receiving end, and utilize the polarization-preserving fiber interference ring to complete the interference under the respective polarization states, so as to obtain a better interference result, avoid the influence of the birefringence effect on the interference result caused by the light polarization states in the fiber transmission process, meanwhile, abandon the deviation correction system, simplify the system redundancy and reduce the production cost.

Claims (4)

1. A quantum key distribution system based on receiving end polarization beam splitting is characterized in that: the device comprises a transmitting end and a receiving end, wherein the transmitting end is connected with the receiving end through a quantum channel, the transmitting end comprises a transmitting end driving plate, a signal laser, a synchronous laser, an intensity modulator, an interference unit, a first adjustable attenuator, a second adjustable attenuator and a transmitting end wavelength division multiplexer, the signal laser is sequentially connected with the intensity modulator, the interference unit, the first adjustable attenuator and the transmitting end wavelength division multiplexer, the synchronous laser is sequentially connected with the second adjustable attenuator and the transmitting end wavelength division multiplexer, the first adjustable attenuator and the second adjustable attenuator are connected with the same end of the transmitting end wavelength division multiplexer, and the transmitting end driving plate is respectively connected with the signal laser, the intensity modulator, a phase regulator, the synchronous laser, the first adjustable attenuator and the second adjustable attenuator;
the receiving end comprises a receiving end driving plate, a receiving end wavelength division multiplexer, a synchronous detector, a polarization beam splitter, two parallel interference units and two single photon detectors, wherein the receiving end wavelength division multiplexer is connected with the transmitting end wavelength division multiplexer through a quantum channel, the other end of the receiving end wavelength division multiplexer is respectively connected with the synchronous detector and the polarization beam splitter, the polarization beam splitter is respectively connected with the two interference units, the receiving end driving plate is respectively connected with the synchronous detector, the phase regulator and the two single photon detectors,
the interference unit comprises a front-end polarization-maintaining beam splitter and a rear-end polarization-maintaining beam splitter, the front-end polarization-maintaining beam splitter is connected with the rear-end polarization-maintaining beam splitter through a long-arm polarization-maintaining fiber and a short-arm polarization-maintaining fiber respectively, a phase regulator is connected in the long-arm polarization-maintaining fiber, and two interference units at the receiving end part respectively comprise one output, and the two outputs are respectively connected with one single photon detector.
2. The receiver-side polarization beam splitting-based quantum key distribution system of claim 1, wherein the quantum channel is a single mode fiber.
3. The receiver-side polarization beam splitting-based quantum key distribution system of claim 1, wherein the transmitting side further comprises a depolarizer disposed between the back-end polarization maintaining beam splitter and the first tunable attenuator.
4. A quantum key distribution method based on receiving-end polarization beam splitting according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
1) Triggering a laser: the transmitting end respectively triggers the signal laser and the synchronous laser to transmit signal light and synchronous light by using the same clock signal, the signal light is used as modulated light, and the synchronous light is transmitted to the receiving end as synchronous signal and is responded by the synchronous detector to be used by the receiving end;
2) Decoy state modulation: the signal light emitted by the signal laser is subjected to random intensity modulation through an intensity modulator to become a signal state, a decoy state or a vacuum state;
3) Transmitting end interference: the method comprises the steps of manufacturing unequal arm MZ interference by utilizing an interference unit, dividing signal light into two pulses by a polarization maintaining beam splitter, wherein one path of the signal light passes through a long arm, a phase modulator is added in the long arm, random 4-phase modulation is carried out on the signal light, the signal light is respectively 0, pi/2, pi, 3 pi/2, and the short arm does not carry out phase modulation;
4) The electric control adjustable attenuator attenuates the signal light: the signal light attenuates the light pulse to the single photon magnitude through the first adjustable attenuator, and the synchronous light adjusts the synchronous light to the intensity range which can be responded by the receiving end through the second adjustable attenuator;
5) The signal light and the synchronous light are transmitted through a quantum channel: the signal light and the synchronous light with different wavelengths are combined into a channel for transmission at a transmitting end through a transmitting end wavelength division multiplexer, and are re-decomposed at a receiving end through a receiving end wavelength division multiplexer;
6) Splitting by a polarizing beam splitter: decomposing light with unsynchronized polarization into a horizontal polarization direction and a vertical polarization direction through a polarization beam splitter;
7) Interference at the receiving end: the front-end polarization-maintaining beam splitter is used for manufacturing an unequal-arm MZ interference ring with the same length difference as that of the transmitting-end arm, the signal light is divided into two pulses through the front-end polarization-maintaining beam splitter, one path of the signal light passes through the long arm, a phase modulator is added in the long arm, the signal light is subjected to random 4-phase modulation, the signal light is respectively 0, pi/2, pi, 3 pi/2, and the short arm does not modulate;
8) Single photon detector detects: the single photon detector detects the optical signal for subsequent processing to generate the security key.
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