CN106555114B - 铁素体+珠光体型非调质钢曲轴锻件的贝氏体控制方法 - Google Patents
铁素体+珠光体型非调质钢曲轴锻件的贝氏体控制方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
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- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
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- 229910001563 bainite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
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- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010301 surface-oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明属于金属材料领域,涉及一种铁素体+珠光体型非调质钢曲轴锻件的贝氏体控制方法。该曲轴锻件主要生产工艺流程为:原料钢材→感应加热→两道次辊锻→闭模预锻→闭模终锻→切边→校正→控制冷却。为了系统控制贝氏体,控制方法对原料钢材的偏析和原奥氏体晶粒度、曲轴锻件的原奥氏体晶粒度、感应加热工艺和控制冷却工艺给出了明确要求。采用该控制方法后,非调质钢曲轴锻件组织为铁素体+珠光体,无贝氏体;硬度228~265HB,具有良好的力学性能和机加工性能。从而可有效避免“打刀”、“断钻头”等问题,提高曲轴合格率,降低曲轴制造成本,特别是机加工成本,满足大马力汽车发动机对曲轴越来越高的性能要求。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于金属材料领域,是一种中碳微合金化铁素体+珠光体型非调质钢,具体涉及一种大马力汽车发动机铁素体+珠光体型非调质钢曲轴锻件的贝氏体组织的控制方法。
背景技术
安全、节能、环保是汽车产业发展永恒的三大主题。这就对汽车材料的品种、性能提出了越来越高的要求。作为汽车发动机最关键的零部件之一,曲轴应具有足够的强度、刚度、韧性、耐磨性、疲劳寿命及良好的平衡性,其性能很大程度上影响着发动机的可靠性和寿命。由于在降低能耗、减少热处理缺陷、缩短生产周期等方面具有显著、广泛而稳定的应用效果,非调质钢在汽车制造上的应用取得了极大的发展。非调质钢是通过微合金化、控制轧制(锻制)和控制冷却等强韧化方法,取消了调质热处理,达到或接近调质钢力学性能的一类优质或特殊质量结构钢。其按组织分为铁素体+珠光体型、贝氏体型、马氏体型。目前,工业上应用最多的是铁素体+珠光体型。
目前,曲轴是非调质钢应用最为广泛的汽车零件之一。一种德国标准的第三代非调质曲轴用钢,属于铁素体+珠光体型,纵向力学性能Rm≥750MPa、Rp0.2≥450MPa、A5≥12%、Z≥25%,可用于大马力汽车发动机曲轴。轧材偏析严重、组织粗大,或曲轴毛坯生产过程中热锻前加热工艺、热锻后冷却工艺不合适等原因,使得使用该材料生产的曲轴锻件组织中出现贝氏体。贝氏体硬度明显高于铁素体和珠光体。这可能直接导致曲轴锻件力学性能不合,从而报废,或者需经过退火处理来消除,从而增加成本;或者由于贝氏体“硬点”的存在,在随后的机加工过程中,造成“打刀”、“断钻头”等事故,从而不仅曲轴报废,而且增加机加工刀具费用。可见,该曲轴锻件中出现氏体组织,将导致一系列质量问题,降低产品合格率,大幅增加制造成本。因此,需要统筹原料钢材的冶金生产和曲轴热锻加工两个过程,对贝氏体进行系统控制。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种铁素体+珠光体型非调质钢曲轴锻件的贝氏体组织控制方法,使其热锻后得到铁素体+珠光体,无贝氏体组织,并具有良好的力学性能和机加工性能。
一种铁素体+珠光体型非调质钢曲轴锻件的贝氏体控制方法,所述非调质钢的化学成分质量百分比为:0.35%~0.42%C、0.35%~0.85%Si、1.00%~2.00%Mn、0.10%~0.40%Cr、0.010%~0.050%S、0.003%~0.020%Al、Nb+Ti≤0.05%、V≤0.02%、0.010%~0.040%N、P≤0.030%、Cu≤0.25%、Mo≤0.1%、Ni≤0.30%,余量为Fe及不可避免杂质。
曲轴锻件的主要生产工艺流程为:原料钢材→感应加热→两道次辊锻→闭模预锻→闭模终锻→切边→校正→控制冷却。即原料钢材充分感应加热奥氏体化后,经两道次辊锻制坯,合理分配体积,实现最少坯料的成形;然后经闭模预锻和终锻成形、切边和校正;最后控制冷却至室温,得到曲轴锻件。
所述的一种铁素体+珠光体型非调质钢曲轴锻件的贝氏体控制方法包括:
(1)原料钢材的酸浸低倍锭型偏析≤2级。原料钢材边部或心部的偏析位置由硫印检验,心部的碳和硫分析值与熔炼分析碳和硫的平均值的相差值ΔC<15%、ΔS<15%;
(2)曲轴锻件的原奥氏体晶粒度≥3.5级;
(3)原料钢材原奥氏体晶粒度≥5.0级;
(4)原料钢材感应加热温度为1200℃±40℃,总加热时间为10~20min;
(5)曲轴锻件校正后冷却的平均冷却速度为0.3~1.0℃/s。
采用上述控制方法的理由如下:决定贝氏体生成的主要因素是过冷奥氏体的稳定性和相变时的冷却速度。考虑到贝氏体生成的条件,对于曲轴锻件生产来说,合金元素的偏析、原奥氏体晶粒大小、热锻后的冷却速度是影响贝氏体生成的最主要的因素,其中前两者主要是影响奥氏体的稳定性。因此,从原料钢材的偏析、原奥氏体晶粒大小,曲轴锻件的奥氏体晶粒尺寸,感应加热工艺参数,以及校正后冷却的平均冷却速度,对贝氏体进行系统控制。具体来说:
所述步骤(1)中对偏析给出了明确的控制要求。碳、硅、锰、铬、镍、钼等合金元素能够有效提高过冷奥氏体的稳定性,促进贝氏体生成。宏观偏析或局部严重的微观偏析将导致贝氏体大量集中生成,产生“硬点”,不利于力学性能和机加工性能。
所述步骤(2)曲轴锻件的原奥氏体晶粒度≥3.5级。在原料钢材质量合格的前提下,曲轴规格尺寸较大,热锻后冷却速度一般达不到很大,因此原奥氏体晶粒度是控制关键。随着原奥氏体晶粒增大,奥氏体表面能降低从而稳定性增强,并且单位体积内的晶界面积减小,减少了形核位置,不利于铁素体析出和珠光体相变。这些都有利于贝氏体生成。因此,要求将曲轴锻件的原奥氏体晶粒度控制在不小于3.5级。
所述步骤(3)和(4)分别从原料钢材原奥氏体晶粒度和感应加热工艺两方面给出控制参数,以满足所述步骤(2)的控制要求。一方面,由于组织遗传性,原料钢材的原奥氏体晶粒大小对曲轴锻件的原奥氏体晶粒大小有显著影响。另一方面,曲轴热锻过程中奥氏体发生粗化主要受温度影响。曲轴热锻是个热加工过程,三个主要变形参数(变形量、变形速率、变形温度)中的前两个相对确定,可调控范围很小,只有变形温度可调控。此外,因为整个曲轴热锻生产节奏相对紧凑、固定,以及变形量和变形速率相对确定,所以变形温度决定于感应加热参数。感应加热温度过低或时间太短,降低热塑性不利于模锻充型,导致充不满甚至开裂;过高或时间过长,导致奥氏体晶粒粗化,且表面氧化严重。
因此,要求原料钢材原奥氏体晶粒度≥5.0级,以及原料钢材感应加热温度为1200℃±40℃,总加热时间为10~20min。
所述步骤(5)曲轴锻件校正后冷却的平均冷却速度为0.3~1.0℃/s。冷却速度对铁素体析出、珠光体转变、贝氏体转变均有显著影响。冷却速度过低,无贝氏体,但有利于先共析铁素体的析出,导致铁素体含量显著增加,从而大幅降低曲轴力学能力;冷却速度过高,导致生成大量贝氏体,甚至生成马氏体,大幅恶化曲轴力学性能和机加工性能。因此,要求曲轴锻件校正后冷却的平均冷却速度为0.3~1.0℃/s。
采用该控制方法处理后,非调质钢曲轴锻件组织为铁素体+珠光体,无贝氏体;具有良好的力学性能和机加工性能。从而可提高曲轴合格率,降低曲轴制造成本,特别是机加工成本,满足大马力汽车发动机对曲轴越来越高的性能要求。
附图说明
图1是实施例1#曲轴锻件显微组织照片(白色网状为铁素体,黑色为珠光体);
图2是实施例2#曲轴锻件显微组织照片(白色网状为铁素体,黑色为珠光体);
图3是实施例3#曲轴锻件显微组织照片(白色网状为铁素体,黑色为珠光体);
图4是实施例4#曲轴锻件显微组织照片(白色网状为铁素体,黑色为珠光体,箭头所指灰白色为贝氏体);
图5是实施例5#曲轴锻件显微组织照片(白色网状为铁素体,黑色为珠光体,箭头所指灰白色为贝氏体);
图6是实施例6#曲轴锻件显微组织照片(白色网状为铁素体,黑色为珠光体);
图7是实施例7#曲轴锻件显微组织照片(白色网状为铁素体,黑色为珠光体,箭头所指灰白色为贝氏体);
图8是实施例8#曲轴锻件显微组织照片(白色网状为铁素体,黑色为珠光体,箭头所指灰白色为贝氏体);
图9是典型的贝氏体组织扫描电子显微镜照片。
具体实施方式
一种中碳微合金化铁素体+珠光体型非调质钢,具有如下的质量百分比化学成分:0.39%C、0.54%Si、1.44%Mn、0.18%Cr、0.025%S、0.009%Al、0.002%Nb、0.002%Ti、0.01%V、0.016%N、0.013%P、0.13%Cu、0.01%Mo、0.05%Ni,余量为Fe及不可避免杂质。
实施例1#~8#采用的贝氏体控制参数如表1所示,硬度如表2所示,组织定量统计结果如表3所示,显微组织光学显微镜照片分别如图1~8所示。典型的贝氏体组织扫描电子显微镜照片如图9所示。从这些结果可以看出:
实施例1#~3#,全部参数都控制在要求范围以内;组织均为铁素体+珠光体,无贝氏体;硬度均在要求的范围228~265HB以内;具有良好的力学性能和机加工性能
实施例4#,原料钢材原奥氏体晶粒度4.0级,低于控制方法要求的≥5.0级。这导致曲轴锻件的原奥氏体晶粒度为2.5级,低于控制方法要求的≥3.5级。组织中存在5%贝氏体,对机加工性能不利;硬度246HB,处于要求中值,但是其中贝氏体的硬度达386HB,远大于要求。
实施例5#,原料钢材原奥氏体晶粒度4.5级,低于控制方法要求的≥5.0级,并且1250℃感应加热温度高出要求10℃,加热时间长于要求2min。这导致曲轴锻件的原奥氏体晶粒度为2.0级,低于控制方法要求的≥3.5级。组织中存在6%贝氏体,对机加工性能不利;硬度260HB,偏要求上限,其中贝氏体的硬度达388HB,远大于要求。
实施例6#,曲轴校正后平均冷却速度0.1℃/s,低于控制方法要求的0.3~1.0℃/s。组织为铁素体+珠光体,无贝氏体。由于冷速过低,其中的铁素体量达25%,导致硬度221HB,低于要求的下限值,力学性能不合。
实施例7#,曲轴校正后平均冷却速度3.0℃/s,高于控制方法要求的0.3~1.0℃/s。由于冷速过高,组织中存在53%贝氏体,严重恶化机加工性能;导致硬度达318HB,远大于要求上限值,力学性能不合。
实施例8#,钢材的酸浸低倍锭型偏析2.5级,高于控制方法要求的2级;钢材心部碳和硫与熔炼碳和硫平均值的相差值ΔC=16%,ΔS=15%,高于控制方法要求的上限。这导致组织中存在2%贝氏体。硬度243HB,处于要求中值,但贝氏体的存在对机加工性能不利。
表1实施例采用的贝氏体控制参数
表2实施例硬度
编号 | 1# | 2# | 3# | 4# | 5# | 6# | 7# | 8# |
硬度,HB | 234 | 232 | 230 | 246 | 260 | 221 | 318 | 243 |
表3实施例组织定量统计结果
编号 | 铁素体体积含量,% | 珠光体体积含量,% | 贝氏体体积含量,% |
1# | 15 | 85 | 0 |
2# | 16 | 84 | 0 |
3# | 18 | 82 | 0 |
4# | 8 | 87 | 5 |
5# | 4 | 90 | 6 |
6# | 25 | 75 | 0 |
7# | 3 | 44 | 53 |
8# | 9 | 89 | 2 |
Claims (1)
1.一种铁素体+珠光体型非调质钢曲轴锻件的贝氏体控制方法,其特征在于曲轴锻件组织为铁素体+珠光体,无贝氏体;硬度228~265HB,所述非调质钢的化学成分质量百分比为:0.35%~0.42%C、0.35%~0.85%Si、1.00%~2.00%Mn、0.10%~0.40%Cr、0.010%~0.050%S、0.003%~0.020%Al、Nb+Ti≤0.05%、V≤0.02%、0.010%~0.040%N、P≤0.030%、Cu≤0.25%、Mo≤0.1%、Ni≤0.30%,余量为Fe及不可避免杂质;
曲轴锻件的主要生产工艺流程为:原料钢材→感应加热→两道次辊锻→闭模预锻→闭模终锻→切边→校正→控制冷却;即原料钢材充分感应加热奥氏体化后,经两道次辊锻制坯,合理分配体积,实现最少坯料的成形;然后经闭模预锻和终锻成形、切边和校正;最后控制冷却至室温,得到曲轴锻件;
具体控制方法包括:
(1)原料钢材的酸浸低倍锭型偏析≤2级, 原料钢材边部或心部的偏析位置由硫印检验,心部的碳和硫分析值与熔炼分析碳和硫的平均值的相差值ΔC<15%、ΔS<15%;
(2)曲轴锻件的原奥氏体晶粒度≥3.5级;
(3)原料钢材原奥氏体晶粒度≥5.0级;
(4)原料钢材感应加热温度为1200℃±40℃,总加热时间为10~20min;
(5)曲轴锻件校正后冷却的平均冷却速度为0.3~1.0℃/s。
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