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CN106233024A - 用于减小机动车的动力传动系中的低频振动的方法 - Google Patents

用于减小机动车的动力传动系中的低频振动的方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106233024A
CN106233024A CN201580020123.4A CN201580020123A CN106233024A CN 106233024 A CN106233024 A CN 106233024A CN 201580020123 A CN201580020123 A CN 201580020123A CN 106233024 A CN106233024 A CN 106233024A
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vibration
clutch
torque
moment
sin function
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CN106233024B (zh
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乌尔里希·诺伊贝特
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Schaeffler Technologies AG and Co KG
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
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    • F16FSPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F15/00Suppression of vibrations in systems; Means or arrangements for avoiding or reducing out-of-balance forces, e.g. due to motion
    • F16F15/10Suppression of vibrations in rotating systems by making use of members moving with the system
    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05BCONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B13/00Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion
    • G05B13/02Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion electric
    • G05B13/04Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion electric involving the use of models or simulators
    • G05B13/042Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion electric involving the use of models or simulators in which a parameter or coefficient is automatically adjusted to optimise the performance
    • GPHYSICS
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    • G05BCONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
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    • G05B17/02Systems involving the use of models or simulators of said systems electric
    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05DSYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D19/00Control of mechanical oscillations, e.g. of amplitude, of frequency, of phase
    • G05D19/02Control of mechanical oscillations, e.g. of amplitude, of frequency, of phase characterised by the use of electric means
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于减小暂时出现的振动的方法,所述振动尤其是结构单元的抖振振动,所述结构单元由执行器自动地根据理论力矩控制,所述执行器尤其是离合器执行器,所述理论力矩尤其是离合器理论力矩,所述理论力矩与要传递的离合器力矩相关联,所述结构单元尤其在机动车的动力传动系中设置在变速器和内燃机之间,所述结构单元尤其是具有由于出现的振动而附带振动的实际力矩的摩擦离合器,其中由代表附带振动的实际力矩的输入信号根据所述实际力矩的已知的传递特性来持续地确定具有未知的前因子的已知形式的振动成分,从所述振动成分中确定同相的校正力矩,并且借助所述校正力矩修正所述理论力矩。为了能够将多个振动成分彼此分辨和分离,所述输入信号以估算模型为基础,并且借助于所述估算模型根据最小方差的递归方法确定所述前因子。

Description

用于减小机动车的动力传动系中的低频振动的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于减小摩擦离合器的抖振振动的方法,所述摩擦离合器由离合器执行器自动地根据离合器理论力矩来控制,所述离合器理论力矩与要传递的离合器力矩相关联,所述摩擦离合器在机动车的动力传动系中设置在变速器和内燃机之间,所述摩擦离合器具有由于暂时出现的抖振振动而附带振动的离合器实际力矩。
背景技术
在机动车的动力传动系中在内燃机和变速器之间的自动摩擦离合器已为人熟知。在此,代替驾驶员的脚,借助于控制装置控制的离合器执行器将操纵元件、例如离合器杆、碟形弹簧、杆弹簧等沿着操纵路径移动。将力矩特征曲线与操纵路径相关联,所述力矩特征曲线例如可匹配于外部因素、例如离合器温度、离合器衬片的摩擦特性、运行时间等并且例如能够借助于操纵路径上的取样点校准。例如,根据由驾驶员所期望的或从变速器控制中得出的摩擦离合器运行情况,由控制单元确定离合器理论力矩或与其关联的变量,并且作为控制变量输出,用以设定离合器执行器的对应于离合器理论力矩的操纵路径。根据离合器执行器的构造,所述变量在离合器执行器电驱动的情况下可以是电学变量、如电压、电流或供应电压的脉冲宽度,或者在离合器执行器液压或气动运行的情况下为压力、体积流等。操纵路径的设定可以借助于相对的和/或绝对的路径传感器来监控或调节。
受制于与理想状态不对应的几何上的特性和制造公差,在这种摩擦离合器上会出现例如引起不相等的摩擦作用的在摩擦离合器的摩擦配对件之间的角度偏差和/或轴偏差(所谓的抖振振动),在其出现时,具有预设的幅度和频率的离合器干扰力矩与基于预设的离合器理论力矩设定的离合器力矩叠加,所述离合器干扰力矩会引起机动车舒适度受影响和磨损提高。为了减小这种抖振振动,例如从DE 10 2012 217 132 A1中已知一种方法,其中确定与变速器输入信号叠加的振动的频率、幅度和相位。根据所确定的频率,在此产生相同频率的经放大的且相移的信号,并且作为控制信号调制到离合器理论力矩上,以便消除变速器输入信号的振动。当在所确定范围中出现具有类似的幅度的多个频率成分时,该补偿会引起特性难以控制。此外,如果在变速器输入信号中出现相位突变,那么频率确定是困难的,同样在频率或幅度剧烈变化时也如此,因为频率调制、幅度调制和相位调制相互关联。
在DE 10 2013 204 698 A1中公开一种方法,以便通过消除谐振频率,以普遍的方式衰减动力传动系统振动。借助于所述方法,只能有限地减小几何上造成的抖振振动。虽然通过调整滤波器参数能够改变已知的激发频率,以便对所述激发执行优化,但是由此其他的激发频率会被放大,例如促使在其他频率中的几何上造成的抖振。
从尚未公开的第10 2013 206 446.2号德国专利申请中已知用于减小摩擦离合器的抖振振动的方法,所述摩擦离合器由离合器执行器自动地根据离合器理论力矩控制,离合器理论力矩与要传递的离合器力矩相关联,所述摩擦离合器在机动车的动力传动系中设置在变速器和内燃机之间。在此,通过如下方式修正叠加离合器实际力矩的抖振振动,即通过从离合器实际力矩的传递特性中确定输入信号的绝对幅度和相位,所述输入信号在摩擦离合器的输出端处确定且输送给调节器,从所述绝对幅度和相位中确定相位选择性的干扰力矩,从所述干扰力矩中确定同相的校正力矩,并且利用所述校正力矩借助于调节器修正离合器理论力矩,所述调节器借助校正力矩调节离合器实际力矩。
发明内容
本发明的目的是有利地改进这种方法,尤其以分离多个彼此相关的振动成分。所述目的通过权利要求1的方法的特征来实现。与其相关的从属权利要求描述权利要求1的方法的有利的实施方式。
所提出的方法用于减小暂时出现的振动,例如在控制电机时出现的振动和尤其结构单元的抖振振动,所述结构单元由执行器、尤其离合器执行器自动地根据理论力矩、尤其离合器理论力矩控制,所述理论力矩与要传递的离合器力矩相关联,所述结构单元在机动车的动力传动系中设置在变速器和内燃机之间,所述结构单元尤其是具有由于出现的振动而附带振动的实际力矩的摩擦离合器,其中由代表附带振动的实际力矩的输入信号根据实际力矩的已知的传递特性来持续地确定具有未知的前因子的已知形式的振动成分,从所述振动成分中确定同相的校正力矩,并且借助所述校正力矩修正理论力矩。通过如下方式实现将各个、例如彼此相关的振动成分更好地分辨和分离:输入信号以估算模型为基础,并且借助于估算模型根据最小方差的递归方法来确定前因子。
根据一个有利的实施方式,为了实现匹配于随时间变化的理论力矩,在输入信号的预设的采样时刻持续地检测测量值,并且在确定前因子时将较新的测量值相对于较老的测量值加权。
估算模型可以由恒定的成分和随时间线性升高的成分形成。替选地,估算模型能够以时间上的转速变化、例如发动机转速的变化、变速器输入转速的变化、摩擦离合器的滑转转速和/或类似的输入变量为基础。在此,从输出待预设的离合器理论力矩的行驶策略的离合器理论力矩模型中,该离合器理论力矩与传递特性有关,使得从中在传输特性已知的情况下能够以未受振动成分干扰的情况下的相应的转速变化为基础,并且能够识别出相对于未受干扰的转速变化出现的振动。
在此,每个预期的振动成分可以借助各一个第一正弦函数并且借助各一个第二正弦函数来识别,所述第一正弦函数的相位随预期的所述振动成分的频率连续地变化,并且所述第二正弦函数具有相对于第一正弦函数的相位移位90°的相位。在此,从所观察的测量值中,针对每个振动成分为相应的所述第一正弦函数分别添加具有幅度和相位信息的用作为前因子的振动向量。
在此,为了从信号变化中识别振动向量,可以形成函数的标量积,例如从测量信号和正弦函数形成标量积,所述标量积也可以称作为(正交)投影。在此,具有正弦函数的标量积对应于到在y轴中的归一化的振动向量上的投影:如果要分析的信号例如由余弦函数(其相对于正弦函数相移90°)构成,结果是零,即使存在有限的幅度和匹配的频率。为了完整地描述振动向量,因此需要第二分量,例如其幅度或其相位、复数或向量。通过选择正弦函数和余弦函数,可以提供坐标系,如参考系。在该参考系之内,转速变化、干扰力矩和校正力矩可以描述为向量。
在此,例如可以在这样的参考系中根据传递特性的频率响应分别确定同相(phasenrichtig)的干扰力矩和同相的校正力矩。
在估算模型中还可以考虑机动车的运行参数,尤其是车辆质量、车道坡度、变速器传动比和/或借助行驶策略导出的离合器力矩模型和/或等等。
换言之,所提出的方法涉及尚未公开的第10 2013 206 446.2号德国专利申请中所包含的方法的有利改进方案,该申请特此完全并入本申请中。在此,其为软件策略,在受迫的振动激发情况下所述软件策略通过多个已知频率构成的叠加确定具有幅度信息和相位信息的各个激发频率成分。该软件策略应当实时地也在典型的控制设备中,如其例如用于机电一体化控制的摩擦离合器那样可执行。主要的应用目的是从变速器输入转速信号中识别几何激发的离合器力矩波动,以便通过机电一体化的摩擦离合器减小由于相应的相对控制对其产生的作用。但是该方法也能够设置用于其他类似的目的,例如在控制电机中使用。
在此,以用于减小具有已知的激发频率的几何激发的离合器力矩波动的方法为基础。在此,该方法将多个可能的激发频率彼此独立地识别。借助于反传递函数进行转速振动与力矩振动的关联。该识别对应于对不同频率的多个有时限的振动的观察。因此,这些所基于的函数不是正交的。这引起:例如一个频率的振动成分和其观察也会与另一频率相关联,使得在该另一频率处也存在明显的振动成分,因为信号彼此相关。
所观察的转速信号的时间变化可以分解成多个成分之和。所述振动成分的形式除了缓慢变化的在预设的时间段之上假定为恒定的前因子之外都是已知的。未知的成分作为“干扰噪声”被忽略。在此,该方法使用例如针对每个振动成分预设的多元线性回归的统计特性,以便根据最小方差(least square-最小化)来获得前因子的最优参数评估。由于在实时应用中因处理器负荷大或处理器运行时间长已证实常规线性回归是不利的,所以所提出的方法优选地借助于递归方法来执行。例如,该方法借助RLS方法(递归最小二乘估计)来执行。
为了考虑所识别的前因子的可能的时间变化,可以设有所谓的指数遗忘参量(Vergessen),所述遗忘参量对应于较新的测量值的提高的权重。
为了足够好地估算前因子,提出有利的估算模型,所述估算模型包含当前速度的恒定成分(=1),和随时间线性升高的成分,其中所述速度可以在没有受迫振动激发的情况下预期到,其中所述随时间线性升高的成分考虑到车辆加速度,所述车辆加速度可以在没有受迫振动激发的情况下预期到。
为了识别基于力矩的各个振动成分,分别使用正弦函数,所述正弦函数的相位随所属的预期的激发的频率连续变化,即,频率是相位的时间导数。此外,分别使用另一相对于其相移90°的正弦函数,使得从由此所估算的参数中,就振动的“矢量描述”而言,关于激发频率,得到具有幅度和相信息的振动向量。为了从例如对转速振动的该观察中例如确定离合器力矩振动,能够根据激发频率加载例如呈幅度比、相位延迟等形式的已知的所属的频率响应,直接作为相对于相应的正弦函数的相位偏差和前因子。因此,在应用正确的频率响应时,能够直接地计算力矩振动向量,所述力矩振动向量是必不可少的,以便产生观察到的转速振动或借助于相移的正弦函数来消除观察到的转速振动。
在用于简化该方法的另一有利的实施方式中,可以通过如下模型取代或扩展估算模型的上述恒定的且线性升高的成分,所述模型从行驶策略的离合器力矩模型中确定预期的转速变化,其中该离合器力矩模型不包含抖振激发。以该方式例如可以从包含在离合器力矩模型中的车辆质量、车道坡度、变速器传动比和/或所建模的离合器力矩等中计算车辆的预期的加速度。
借助以该方式获得的所估算的前因子可以运行调节器,例如对应于第10 2013206 446.2号德国专利申请的PI调节器。
具体实施方式
根据唯一的附图详细阐述本发明。所述附图示出在机动车的爬行过程期间在缓慢闭合的摩擦离合器抖振时关于时间t的所仿真的信号变化1至9,该摩擦离合器具有在离合器力矩和变速器输入转速之间复杂的传递特性。仿真显示:幅度为一牛顿米的几何激发,所述几何激发以变速器输入转速的频率振动,例如为对应于2Hz的激发的120rpm。子曲线图I中的信号变化1对应于内燃机的发动机转速,信号变化2对应于变速器输入转速,并且信号变化3对应于摩擦离合器的滑转转速。为了识别振动成分的前因子,除了恒定的偏差和所使用的估算模型的斜率之外,在信号变化4中预设内燃机的在子曲线图II中示出的激发,并且在子曲线图III中的信号变化5中预设变速器输入转速的激发,并且在子曲线图IV中的信号变化6中预设滑转转速的激发。除了所示出的信号变化之外,使用未示出的相应移位90°的信号变化来识别前因子。此外,产生的信号变化包含相应的频率响应,其中仅在信号变化4的情况下构成恒定的幅度和恒定的相位,因为发动机转速基本上是恒定的。信号变化5、6由于连续的频率变化而具有存储的频率响应的特征。在子曲线图V中示出信号变化7、8、9,其中信号变化7描述变速器输入转速的激发的所识别的幅度,信号变化8描述滑转转速的激发的所识别的幅度,并且信号变化9描述发动机转速的激发的所识别的幅度。在信号变化7中,基本上识别出置于仿真中的为1Nm的激发幅度。出现的波动可归因于不充分建模的复杂的频率响应,所述频率响应基于摩擦离合器的分段线性化的特征曲线。有利地,基本上未发生对信号变化8、9的串扰,尽管分析频率非常靠近并且甚至相交并且尤其在两个频率的交叉点处,所识别的幅度实际上相同大。这除了整体上显著更稳定的信号变化7、8、9之外意味着所提出的方法的最大优点。
附图标记列表
1 信号变化
2 信号变化
3 信号变化
4 信号变化
5 信号变化
6 信号变化
7 信号变化
8 信号变化
9 信号变化
I 子曲线图
II 子曲线图
III 子曲线图
IV 子曲线图
V 子曲线图
t 时间

Claims (10)

1.一种用于减小暂时出现的振动的方法,所述振动尤其是结构单元的抖振振动,所述结构单元由执行器自动地根据理论力矩控制,所述执行器尤其是离合器执行器,所述理论力矩尤其是离合器理论力矩,所述理论力矩与要传递的离合器力矩相关联,所述结构单元尤其在机动车的动力传动系中设置在变速器和内燃机之间,所述结构单元尤其是具有由于出现的振动而附带振动的实际力矩的摩擦离合器,其中由代表附带振动的实际力矩的输入信号根据所述实际力矩的已知的传递特性来持续地确定具有未知的前因子的已知形式的振动成分,从所述振动成分中确定同相的校正力矩,并且借助所述校正力矩修正所述理论力矩,其特征在于,所述输入信号以估算模型为基础,并且借助于所述估算模型根据最小方差的递归方法确定所述前因子。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述输入信号的预设的采样时刻持续地检测测量值,并且在确定所述前因子时将较新的测量值相对于较老的测量值加权。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述估算模型由恒定的成分和随时间线性升高的成分形成。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述估算模型以输入变量的转速变化为基础,所述转速变化根据行驶策略的离合器理论力矩模型与所述传递特性有关。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,每个预期的振动成分借助各一个第一正弦函数并且借助各一个第二正弦函数来识别,所述第一正弦函数的相位随预期的所述振动成分的频率连续地变化,并且所述第二正弦函数具有相对于所述第一正弦函数的相位移位90°的相位。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,从所观察的所述测量值中,针对每个振动成分为相应的所述第一正弦函数分别添加具有幅度和相位信息的用作为前因子的振动向量。
7.根据权利要求5或6所述的方法,其特征在于,借助于所述正弦函数描述所述振动成分的参考系。
8.根据权利要求5或6所述的方法,其特征在于,根据所述传递特性的频率响应确定同相的校正力矩。
9.根据权利要求5至8中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,根据所述传递特性的频率响应确定同相的干扰力矩。
10.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述估算模型中考虑所述机动车的运行参数,尤其是车辆质量、车道坡度、变速器传动比和/或借助所述行驶策略导出的离合器力矩模型。
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