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CN106104225A - Condenser type water level detection circuit - Google Patents

Condenser type water level detection circuit Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106104225A
CN106104225A CN201580014885.3A CN201580014885A CN106104225A CN 106104225 A CN106104225 A CN 106104225A CN 201580014885 A CN201580014885 A CN 201580014885A CN 106104225 A CN106104225 A CN 106104225A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
mentioned
water level
signal
electric capacity
level detection
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
CN201580014885.3A
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Chinese (zh)
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CN106104225B (en
Inventor
郑庆镇
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KEUMYANG CO Ltd
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KEUMYANG CO Ltd
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Publication of CN106104225A publication Critical patent/CN106104225A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CN106104225B publication Critical patent/CN106104225B/en
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01FMEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F23/00Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
    • G01F23/22Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water
    • G01F23/26Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring variations of capacity or inductance of capacitors or inductors arising from the presence of liquid or fluent solid material in the electric or electromagnetic fields
    • G01F23/263Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring variations of capacity or inductance of capacitors or inductors arising from the presence of liquid or fluent solid material in the electric or electromagnetic fields by measuring variations in capacitance of capacitors
    • G01F23/266Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring variations of capacity or inductance of capacitors or inductors arising from the presence of liquid or fluent solid material in the electric or electromagnetic fields by measuring variations in capacitance of capacitors measuring circuits therefor
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01FMEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F23/00Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
    • G01F23/22Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water
    • G01F23/26Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring variations of capacity or inductance of capacitors or inductors arising from the presence of liquid or fluent solid material in the electric or electromagnetic fields
    • G01F23/263Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring variations of capacity or inductance of capacitors or inductors arising from the presence of liquid or fluent solid material in the electric or electromagnetic fields by measuring variations in capacitance of capacitors
    • G01F23/268Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring variations of capacity or inductance of capacitors or inductors arising from the presence of liquid or fluent solid material in the electric or electromagnetic fields by measuring variations in capacitance of capacitors mounting arrangements of probes

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Levels Of Liquids Or Fluent Solid Materials (AREA)

Abstract

nullThe present invention relates to condenser type water level detection circuit,The unnecessary action of detection frequently and the embodiments of the invention of flutter phenomenon caused is swung according to the water surface that can prevent liquid,A kind of sensor rod for including being formed the first electrode is provided,And it is separated by the condenser type water level detection circuit of the electric capacity water level detection gauge of the conduit of the hollow pipe form of part formation the second electrode housing the sensor rod,It possesses the circuit board in above-mentioned catheter interior the variable quantity by the first electrode and the second electrode detection electric capacity to measure in the condenser type water level detection circuit of water level being integrated in,Including: testing circuit portion,Capacitor including the electric capacity possessing a certain size,And the relatively electric capacity of above-mentioned capacitor and the electric capacity that recorded by above-mentioned first electrode and the second electrode is with output height (High) signal and first control unit of low (Low) signal,Respectively connect at multiple COM1s and have clock line and data wire;Delay circuit portion, in parallel with above-mentioned first control unit by above-mentioned clock line and data wire, and export high signal or low signal according to after the output signal delay certain time of above-mentioned first control unit;And output circuit portion, according to the output signal in above-mentioned delay circuit portion, high signal or low signal worn outside lead-out terminal in Winter Solstice, and obtain the supply of the DC voltage for drives.

Description

Condenser type water level detection circuit
Technical field
The present invention relates to condenser type water level detection circuit, particularly relate to utilize the part being submerged in liquid and be not submerged Part between the condenser type water level detection circuit of capacitance difference sensed water level.
Background technology
The technology of the water level measuring liquid is developed to electronic type from floating (float) instrument mode, magnet-type instrument mode Instrument mode.Prima facie example of electronic type level measuring mode has capacitive way, and this is can to solve floating instrument simultaneously Mode or the error rate of magnet-type instrument mode and the best mode of fraction defective.
Above-mentioned condenser type water level detection gauge receives publicity in terms of precision, economy, as it is shown in figure 1, include: container master Body 1, constitutes outer electrode for keeping liquid and its outer wall;Probe 3, the upper cover being incorporated into said vesse main body 1 extends to down Side also constitutes internal electrode;Controller 5, the capacitance variations according to being measured by said external electrode and internal electrode measures water Position.Above-mentioned condenser type water level detection gauge is according to the electric capacity between the liquid height detecting electrode between internal electrode and outer electrode Change, with this sensed water level.
But, generally keeping liquid in container body is also susceptible to water surface swing in outside trickle rocking, Therefore, the condenser type water level detection gauge of prior art duplicate detection water level within the extremely short time, necessarily there is flutter phenomenon.
Therefore, the condenser type water level detection gauge of prior art, because of the unnecessary action of detection frequently and flutter phenomenon, is drawn Play error running, shorten the life-span of element, thus reduce reliability and durability.
Summary of the invention
Technical task
It is an object of the invention to overcome the deficiency of prior art to provide a kind of water surface preventing liquid to swing and cause The unnecessary action of detection frequently and the condenser type water level detection circuit of flutter phenomenon.
Solution
For reaching above-mentioned purpose, embodiments of the invention provide a kind of for including the sensor rod forming the first electrode, And it is separated by the electric capacity water level detection gauge of the conduit of the hollow pipe form of part formation the second electrode housing the sensor rod Condenser type water level detection circuit, it possesses at the circuit board of above-mentioned catheter interior and by the first electrode and second being integrated in In the variable quantity of the electrode detection electric capacity condenser type water level detection circuit with measurement water level, including: testing circuit portion, including possessing The capacitor of a certain size electric capacity, and compare the electric capacity of above-mentioned capacitor and recorded by above-mentioned first electrode and the second electrode Electric capacity with high (High) signal of output and first control unit of low (Low) signal, respectively connect sometimes at multiple COM1s Clock line and data wire;Delay circuit portion, in parallel with above-mentioned first control unit by above-mentioned clock line and data wire, and according to upper High signal or low signal is exported after the output signal delay certain time stating the first control unit;And output circuit portion, according to High signal or low signal are worn outside lead-out terminal in Winter Solstice by the output signal in above-mentioned delay circuit portion, and obtain for drives The supply of DC voltage.
Here, above-mentioned delay circuit portion includes the single being integrated with calculation processing circuit, input/output interface and memorizer Second control unit of sheet microprocessor form, and have correction to control above-mentioned first with program form storage in above-mentioned memorizer The algorithm of sensitivity is measured in the capacitance regulation that unit processed records.
It addition, above-mentioned output circuit portion, it may include: the first audion of NPN type, with the output in above-mentioned delay circuit portion Port connects and exports high signal or low signal;Second audion of PNP type, connects with the collector terminal of above-mentioned the first transistor Connect and high signal or low signal are sent to outside lead-out terminal;3rd audion and resistance of PNP type, is respectively connected to above-mentioned The base terminal of the second audion and and emitter terminal, form current limit circuit together with above-mentioned second audion.
It addition, above-mentioned output circuit portion, it may include: the first audion of NPN type, with the output in above-mentioned delay circuit portion Port connects and high signal or low signal is sent to outside lead-out terminal;Second audion of NPN type and resistance, respectively connect In above-mentioned first audion base terminal and and emitter terminal, formed together with above-mentioned first audion electric current limit electricity Road.
Invention effect
The present invention of above-described embodiment prevents the unnecessary detection action taken place frequently and flutter phenomenon, thus circuit runs steady Fixed, improve the reliability of water level detecting.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the concept map of the condenser type water level detection gauge for prior art is described;
Fig. 2 is the circuit diagram of the condenser type water level detection circuit representing the first embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the circuit diagram of the condenser type water level detection circuit representing the second embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is the circuit diagram of the condenser type water level detection circuit representing the third embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is the circuit diagram of the condenser type water level detection circuit representing the fourth embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 6 is the circuit diagram of the equivalent circuit of the current limit circuit representing Fig. 4;
Fig. 7 is the circuit diagram of the equivalent circuit of the current limit circuit representing Fig. 5.
Specific embodiment
Below, in conjunction with accompanying drawing, present pre-ferred embodiments is described in detail.It addition, be omitted or simplified relevant art The structure that skill will readily appreciate that in field and its functions and effects illustrate, and enter centered by part related to the present invention Go detailed description.
Especially, the condenser type water level monitoring circuit of embodiments of the invention is for including the sensing that forms the first electrode Device rod 20, and it is separated by the electric capacity of the conduit 40 of the hollow pipe form of part formation the second electrode housing the sensor rod 20 Premised on the condenser type water level detection circuit of water level detection gauge, and above-mentioned water level detection circuit possesses at above-mentioned conduit being integrated in Circuit board within 40 and by the variable quantity of the first electrode and the second electrode detection electric capacity to measure water level.
As shown in Figures 2 to 5, the condenser type water level detection circuit of the above-mentioned present invention for condenser type water level detection gauge is big Cause includes testing circuit portion 200, delay circuit portion 400 and output circuit portion 600.
First, above-mentioned testing circuit portion 200 includes the capacitor 210 possessing a certain size electric capacity, and relatively above-mentioned electricity The electric capacity of container 210 and the electric capacity that recorded by above-mentioned first electrode and the second electrode are with high (High) signal of output and low (Low) the first control unit 220 of signal.Above-mentioned first control unit 220 is formed multiple COM1 and respectively connect have Clock line 320 and data wire 340.
Then, above-mentioned delay circuit portion 400 is by above-mentioned clock line 320 and data wire 340 and above-mentioned first control unit 220 is in parallel, and exports high signal or low letter according to after the output signal delay certain time of above-mentioned first control unit 220 Number.Above-mentioned delay circuit portion 400 is by synchronizing serial communication (Inter Integrated Circuit) mode and above-mentioned detection Circuit part 200 connects, and can pass through chain line, i.e. clock line (SCL:Serial Clock) and data wire (SDA:Serial Data) half-duplex (half-duplex) communication is realized.Because above-mentioned communication mode supports multi-control modes, therefore can be with N:N with many Individual peripheral support circuit communicates, and is suitable for the communication between the multiple chips as within the circuit board of the present embodiment.Especially It is according to simple circuit structure, to need to be simply integrated to greatest extent element and chip in little circuit board Inventive feature, is suitable for constituting simple circuit.
Above-mentioned delay circuit portion 400 is micro-by the single-chip being integrated with calculation processing circuit, input/output interface and memorizer Second control unit of processor form is constituted, and has correction to control above-mentioned first with program form storage in above-mentioned memorizer The algorithm of sensitivity is measured in the capacitance regulation that unit 220 processed records.
Then, above-mentioned output circuit portion 600 according to the output signal in above-mentioned delay circuit portion 400 by high signal or low signal Wear outside lead-out terminal in Winter Solstice, and obtain the supply of the DC voltage for drives.
As shown in Figures 2 and 3, above-mentioned output circuit portion 600 can include chip form the 3rd control unit 620a, 620b, and PNP type and NPN type can be divided into implement according to output port.
It addition, as shown in Figure 4, above-mentioned output circuit portion, it may include: the first audion 621 of NPN type, prolongs with above-mentioned The output port of circuit part 400 connects and exports high signal or low signal late;Second audion 623 of PNP type, with above-mentioned The collector terminal of one transistor 621 connects and high signal or low signal is sent to outside lead-out terminal;The three or three of PNP type Pole pipe 625 and resistance 627, be respectively connected to above-mentioned second audion 623 base terminal and and emitter terminal, with above-mentioned second Audion 623 forms current limit circuit CL1 together.Here, the equivalent circuit of above-mentioned current limit circuit CL1 can be such as Fig. 6 institute Show.Above-mentioned current limit circuit play in the output signal occur overload time protection circuit and to input and output signal apply The effect of protection circuit during back voltage.
In contrast, as it is shown in figure 5, above-mentioned output circuit portion 600, it may include: the first audion 643 of NPN type, with The output port in above-mentioned delay circuit portion 400 connects and high signal or low signal is sent to outside lead-out terminal;NPN type Second audion 645 and resistance 647, be respectively connected to above-mentioned first audion 643 base terminal and and emitter terminal, with upper State the first audion 643 and form current limit circuit CL2 together.Here, the equivalent circuit of above-mentioned current limit circuit CL2 can be such as Shown in Fig. 7.
In such as the embodiment of Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, output circuit portion 600 possesses other power circuit 660 and obtains for circuit The supply of the DC voltage driven, and, according to the electric capacity detected in sensor rod 20 and conduit 40, capacitor in parallel Quantity and circuit structure can change.
Below, technological maheup based on the invention described above explanation is according to the circuit of various embodiments.
<first embodiment>
Fig. 2 is the circuit diagram of the condenser type water level detection circuit representing the first embodiment of the present invention.
If sensor rod 20 and conduit 40 are positioned at outside liquid water level, then low signal is passed through to make by the first control unit 220 Being sent to the second control unit 420 for synchronizing SCL and the SDA port of serial communication port, the second control unit 420 is by output Low signal is sent to the 3rd control unit 620a by port, and the 3rd control unit 620a exports low letter by PNP output port Number and be sent to outside lead-out terminal (OUTPUT).
Therefore, change according to the level sensor rod 20 of liquid and the electric capacity of conduit 40, then the first control unit 220 Compare with the electric capacity of capacitor 210, and at the electric capacity recorded by the sensor rod 20 and conduit 40 less than capacitor 210 electric capacity time, the first control unit 220 maintains low signal to export, and when going above the electric capacity of above-mentioned capacitor 210, First control unit 220 exports high signal and is sent to the second control unit 420, and the second control unit 420 is postponing a timing After between, exporting high signal and be sent to the 3rd control unit 620a, the 3rd control unit 620a exports high signal.
I.e. be submerged among liquid when sensor rod 20 and conduit 40, then the electric capacity detected because of sensor rod 20 becomes big In the electric capacity of capacitor 210, the second control unit 420 exports high signal after postponing certain time.
In contrast, the state not being submerged among liquid is become, then because of sensor rod when sensor rod 20 and conduit 40 20 electric capacity detected become less than the electric capacity of capacitor 210, and the second control unit 420 exports low after postponing certain time Signal.
<the second embodiment>
Fig. 3 is the circuit diagram of the condenser type water level detection circuit representing the second embodiment of the present invention.
Second embodiment is because the output port of the 3rd control unit 620b is NPN type, therefore, with the of described above One embodiment only has output signal contrary, and remaining structure is identical or the most similar, therefore, does not repeats them here.
<the 3rd embodiment>
Fig. 4 is the circuit diagram of the condenser type water level detection circuit representing the third embodiment of the present invention.
If sensor rod 20 and conduit 40 are positioned at outside liquid water level, then low signal is passed through to make by the first control unit 220 It is sent to the second control unit 420, the low signal of the second control unit 420 for synchronizing SCL and the SDA port of serial communication port Export the base terminal of the first audion 621 to NPN type, and the collector terminal of above-mentioned first audion 621 is with high state Apply the base terminal of the second audion 623 of PNP type, the emitter terminal output low signal of above-mentioned second audion 623.
Level sensor rod 20 and the electric capacity of conduit 40 according to liquid change, then the first control unit 220 and electricity The electric capacity of container 210 compares, and at the electric capacity recorded by the sensor rod 20 and conduit 40 less than capacitor 210 During electric capacity, the base terminal of the low signal input of the first control unit 220 to the first audion 621 of NPN type, thus because of collection The high signal output of extreme son cannot drive the base stage of output second audion 623 of PNP type, therefore, emitter terminal Maintain low state, and when sensor rod 20 and conduit 40 are submerged among liquid, then because of the electricity detected by sensor rod 20 Holding the electric capacity more than capacitor 210, the first control unit 220 exports high signal and is sent to the second control unit 420, the second control Unit 420 processed postponing after certain time, exports high signal and puts on the base stage of the first control unit 621 of NPN type Terminal, makes the base stage of output second audion 623 of the low signal driving PNP type of collector terminal, and emitter terminal exports High signal.
I.e. being submerged among liquid when sensor rod 20 and conduit 40, the electric capacity detected because of sensor rod 20 is more than electric capacity The electric capacity of device 210, the second control unit 420 exports high signal and puts on the first of NPN type after postponing certain time The base terminal of audion 621, so that the output of PNP type exports high signal with the emitter terminal of the second audion 623.
In contrast, when sensor rod 20 and conduit 40 are in the state not being submerged among liquid, because of sensor rod 20 The electric capacity detected exports low signal also less than the electric capacity of capacitor 210, the second control unit 420 after postponing certain time Put on the base terminal of the first audion 621 of NPN type, so that the output of PNP type sending out with the second audion 623 Emitter-base bandgap grading end output low signal.
<the 4th embodiment>
Fig. 5 is the circuit diagram of the condenser type water level detection circuit representing the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
4th embodiment is because the output of output circuit 640 is NPN type by the first control unit 643, therefore, with above-mentioned The 3rd embodiment illustrated only has output signal contrary, and remaining structure is identical or the most similar, therefore, the most superfluous at this State.
Condenser type water level detection circuit according to the present invention as above, makes the electricity detected from sensor rod and conduit The change held exports after postponing certain time, prevents the unnecessary action of detection frequently and flutter phenomenon, therefore, circuit Stable, improve the reliability of water level detecting.
For facilitate a better understanding of will claims of the present invention described later, foregoing describes the present invention widely in detail Feature and technical characteristic.Above-described embodiment is only in order to illustrate rather than restriction, and those of ordinary skill in the art should Understand, the present invention can be modified, deform or equivalent.And within without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, It all should be contained in the middle of scope of the presently claimed invention.
Industrial applicibility
The present invention relates to condenser type water level detection circuit, be used especially for utilizing the part being submerged in liquid and not flooded The condenser type water level detection circuit field of the capacitance difference sensed water level between part not.

Claims (4)

1. for including being formed a sensor rod for the first electrode, and it is separated by and houses the part of the sensor rod and form the The condenser type water level detection circuit of the electric capacity water level detection gauge of the conduit of the hollow pipe form of two electrodes, it possesses being integrated in The circuit board of above-mentioned catheter interior and by the variable quantity of the first electrode and the second electrode detection electric capacity to measure the electric capacity of water level In formula water level detection circuit, including: testing circuit portion, including the capacitor of the electric capacity possessing a certain size, and relatively above-mentioned electricity Electric capacity and the electric capacity recorded by above-mentioned first electrode and the second electrode of container are believed with high (High) signal of output and low (Low) Number the first control unit, respectively connect at multiple COM1s and have clock line and data wire;Delay circuit portion, by above-mentioned clock Line and data wire are in parallel with above-mentioned first control unit, and postpone certain time according to the output signal of above-mentioned first control unit Export high signal or low signal afterwards;And output circuit portion, according to the output signal in above-mentioned delay circuit portion by high signal or low Signal wears outside lead-out terminal in Winter Solstice, and obtains the supply of the DC voltage for drives.
Condenser type water level detection circuit the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
Above-mentioned delay circuit portion includes the one-chip microcomputer being integrated with calculation processing circuit, input/output interface and memorizer Second control unit of form, and have correction to record in above-mentioned first control unit with program form storage in above-mentioned memorizer Capacitance regulation measure sensitivity algorithm.
Condenser type water level detection circuit the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
Above-mentioned output circuit portion, it may include: the first audion of NPN type, it is connected with the output port in above-mentioned delay circuit portion And export high signal or low signal;Second audion of PNP type, is connected and by height with the collector terminal of above-mentioned the first transistor Signal or low signal are sent to outside lead-out terminal;3rd audion and resistance of PNP type, is respectively connected to above-mentioned two or three pole The base terminal of pipe and and emitter terminal, form current limit circuit together with above-mentioned second audion.
Condenser type water level detection circuit the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
Above-mentioned output circuit portion, it may include: the first audion of NPN type, it is connected with the output port in above-mentioned delay circuit portion And high signal or low signal are sent to outside lead-out terminal;Second audion of NPN type and resistance, be respectively connected to above-mentioned The base terminal of one audion and and emitter terminal, form current limit circuit together with above-mentioned first audion.
CN201580014885.3A 2014-03-21 2015-03-23 Condenser type water level detection circuit Active CN106104225B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR10-2014-0033409 2014-03-21
KR1020140033409A KR101414199B1 (en) 2014-03-21 2014-03-21 Level detecting circuit of Electrostatic capacitance type
PCT/KR2015/002833 WO2015142144A1 (en) 2014-03-21 2015-03-23 Capacitive level sensor circuit

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Publication Number Publication Date
CN106104225A true CN106104225A (en) 2016-11-09
CN106104225B CN106104225B (en) 2019-04-09

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CN (1) CN106104225B (en)
WO (1) WO2015142144A1 (en)

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EP3612491A4 (en) * 2017-05-03 2020-05-13 NYPRO Inc. Apparatus, system, and method of providing a liquid level monitor
KR101984636B1 (en) 2017-05-29 2019-05-31 (주) 래트론 Optical water level sensor integrated with case and prism
KR102112449B1 (en) * 2019-06-16 2020-05-18 주식회사 에프램 A Capacitive Water Level Sensor
CN114616439A (en) * 2019-10-31 2022-06-10 Ksr Ip控股有限责任公司 Sensing system using current guided bridge
CN115301388B (en) * 2022-07-25 2024-02-23 珠海格力电器股份有限公司 Garbage disposal device, garbage disposal method, and garbage disposal control apparatus

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KR101414199B1 (en) 2014-07-01
WO2015142144A1 (en) 2015-09-24
CN106104225B (en) 2019-04-09

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