CN105402303A - Energy storage buffer - Google Patents
Energy storage buffer Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN105402303A CN105402303A CN201511029417.1A CN201511029417A CN105402303A CN 105402303 A CN105402303 A CN 105402303A CN 201511029417 A CN201511029417 A CN 201511029417A CN 105402303 A CN105402303 A CN 105402303A
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- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- end cap
- left end
- accumulator
- cylinder barrel
- piston
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F9/00—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
- F16F9/06—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using both gas and liquid
- F16F9/08—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using both gas and liquid where gas is in a chamber with a flexible wall
- F16F9/096—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using both gas and liquid where gas is in a chamber with a flexible wall comprising a hydropneumatic accumulator of the membrane type provided on the upper or the lower end of a damper or separately from or laterally on the damper
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F9/00—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
- F16F9/32—Details
- F16F9/36—Special sealings, including sealings or guides for piston-rods
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Vibration Dampers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses an energy storage buffer, which comprises an accumulator, an accumulator installation screw, a left end cap installation screw, a left end cap, a cylinder, a right end cap, a right end cap installation screw, a piston assembly, a crash-proof block, a steam vent plug and the like. According to the technical scheme of the invention, the accumulator and an oil cylinder are in combination with each other, so that a large amount of kinetic energy generated during the docking/parking process of ships/vehicles can be rapidly absorbed and stored. The acting force between ships/vehicles and the associated infrastructure is reasonably maintained, and the impact force during the docking/parking process is reduced. Therefore, ships, vehicles and the associated infrastructure can be effectively protected. The energy storage buffer has the advantages of simple structure and reliable operation. The impact problem during the docking/parking process of ships/vehicles can be solved. Moreover, ships, vehicles and the associated infrastructure can be effectively protected. The energy storage buffer can be applied to the field of harbor traffic and track traffic and has a broad application prospect.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of buffer, be specifically related to a kind of accumulator buffer, belong to electric and field of electromechanical technology.
Background technique
At present, buffer has been widely used in all kinds of equipments such as running mechanism, harbour machinery, press, elevator, in existing buffer, major part utilizes the goods such as rubber, polyurethane to realize buffering, also have and utilize spring to realize buffering greatly, for the buffer be made up of the goods such as rubber, polyurethane, there is deformation distance little, buffer distance is short, the shortcomings such as cushioning effect difference, for the buffer be made up of spring, although its buffer distance can be longer, exist the impact force that can bear less shortcoming.In the occasion such as harbour, track traffic, need the buffer using large load, long distance, absorb or store the huge kinetic energy of boats and ships and vehicle, alleviate the impact force in docking process, protection boats and ships and vehicle and relevant Infrastructure.In the application; a kind of accumulator buffer is proposed; utilize the mutual combination of accumulator and oil cylinder; quick absorption and the huge kinetic energy stored in boats and ships and vehicle parking process; reasonable maintenance boats and ships, active force between vehicle and related infrastructure; alleviate the impact force in docking process, available protecting boats and ships and vehicle and relevant Infrastructure.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of accumulator buffer.
The technical solution used in the present invention is: a kind of accumulator buffer, comprises accumulator, accumulator mounting screw, left end cap mounting screw, left end cap, cylinder barrel, right end cap, right end cap mounting screw, piston assembly, anticollison block and exhaust port plug; Described accumulator inside is provided with air bag, is filled with high pressure nitrogen in air bag; The lower outer circumferential wall of described left end cap is provided with left end cap seal ring, the bottom right center of left end cap offers left end cap oil pocket, in described left end cap, left end cap oil pocket top is provided with left end cap first passage and left end cap third channel, the top of described left end cap third channel is provided with left end cap plug, the upper right of described left end cap, between left end cap first passage and left end cap third channel, offer left end cap second channel, left end cap oil pocket, left end cap first passage, left end cap second channel, left end cap third channel are interconnected; Described cylinder barrel inside is full of fluid, and on the upside of the right part of cylinder barrel, radial direction offers exhaust port, the below of exhaust port and the intracavity inter-connection of cylinder barrel, and the top of exhaust port is provided with exhaust port plug; The center of described right end cap offers axially through right end cap center hole, right end cap center hole inner peripheral wall is provided with right end cap dust ring, right end cap inner seal ring and right end cap guide ring from right to left successively, the outer circle wall of described right end cap is provided with right end cap exterior seal ring; The right part of described piston assembly is piston rod, and the left part of piston assembly is piston, and piston rod and piston are structure as a whole, and the outer circle wall of described piston is provided with piston guide ring, and piston axially offers some piston holes; Described accumulator by the fastening upper right being arranged on left end cap of accumulator mounting screw, and forms sealing, and left end cap second channel is communicated with the inner chamber of accumulator; The lower outer circumferential of described left end cap inserts the left part inner chamber of cylinder barrel together with left end cap seal ring, and is formed by the left part of left end cap mounting screw and cylinder barrel and be fastenedly connected, the left end cap oil pocket of left end cap and the intracavity inter-connection of cylinder barrel; Described right end cap inserts the right part inner chamber of cylinder barrel together with right end cap exterior seal ring, and is formed by the right part of right end cap mounting screw and cylinder barrel and be fastenedly connected; Described piston assembly is arranged in cylinder barrel, formed between piston guide ring and inner wall of cylinder and be slidably matched, described piston becomes right cavity of cylinder and the left chamber of oil cylinder the lumen segmentation of cylinder barrel, communicated with each other by piston hole in right cavity of cylinder and the left chamber of oil cylinder, described piston rod cooperation runs through by right end cap center hole, stretches out, and realize dust-proof by right end cap dust ring on the right side of right end cap center hole, realize sealing by right end cap inner seal ring, realize guiding by right end cap guide ring; The right-hand member of described piston assembly is provided with anticollison block.The material of anticollison block is the one in polyurethane or rubber.
Described accumulator is the one in bag type accumulator or piston accumulator.
Before a kind of accumulator buffer of use, first the nitrogen that charged pressure is suitable in the air bag of accumulator, then, open exhaust port plug and left end cap plug, by external force, piston assembly is stretched to the low order end of cylinder barrel, fluid is by left end cap plug, left end cap third channel, left end cap first passage, left end cap oil pocket enters in cylinder barrel, when injecting oil liquid in cylinder barrel, and when emerging from exhaust port, cover exhaust port plug, and tighten realization sealing, continue through the oiling of left end cap plug, fluid is by left end cap plug, left end cap third channel, left end cap second channel enters the outside of air bag in accumulator, after injecting oil liquid, cover left end cap plug, and tighten realization sealing, complete the previous work of accumulator buffer, accumulator buffer can be arranged on working position.
When in boats and ships and vehicle parking process, boats and ships and vehicle contact are to a kind of anticollison block of accumulator buffer low order end, and promote piston assembly to left movement by anticollison block, fluid in cylinder barrel is compressed, when the pressure increase of cylinder barrel inner fluid is to the pressure in advance of nitrogen in the air bag of accumulator, air bag in accumulator is compressed further, in air bag, the pressure of nitrogen also rises to some extent, in the process, the kinetic energy of boats and ships and vehicle, by the fluid in piston assembly compression cylinder barrel, convert the hydraulic energy of fluid to, by left end cap oil pocket after fluid pressurized in cylinder barrel, left end cap first passage, left end cap second channel enters in accumulator, air bag in further compress energy storage device, hydraulic energy is converted to air pressure energy, absorption and the storage of energy in boats and ships and vehicle parking process is realized eventually through accumulator.By specification and the model of a kind of accumulator buffer of choose reasonable; the size of reasonable disposition accumulator, piston assembly; appropriate the pressure being filled with nitrogen is set in accumulator; in boats and ships and vehicle parking process; just can control the excursion of boats and ships, active force between vehicle and a kind of accumulator buffer well; control the size of impact force, available protecting boats and ships and vehicle and relevant Infrastructure.When under the effect at accumulator buffer, the kinetic energy of boats and ships, vehicle progressively reduces, final stop motion, now, the fluid in a kind of accumulator buffer is still in high pressure compressed state, and the fluid in accumulator released by the air bag in accumulator, fluid enters cylinder barrel by left end cap second channel, left end cap first passage, left end cap oil pocket, act in piston assembly, and moved right by piston assembly, anticollison block promotion boats and ships, vehicle, the energy that accumulator release absorbs and stores.After boats and ships, vehicle leave, piston assembly moves to the low order end of cylinder barrel, waits for and working next time.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
A kind of accumulator buffer; utilize the mutual combination of accumulator and oil cylinder; quick absorption and the huge kinetic energy stored in boats and ships and vehicle parking process; reasonable maintenance boats and ships, active force between vehicle and related infrastructure; alleviate the impact force in docking process, available protecting boats and ships and vehicle and relevant Infrastructure.
Accompanying drawing explanation
The embodiment provided below in conjunction with accompanying drawing is described in more detail the present invention.
Fig. 1 is structural representation of the present invention.
Embodiment
As shown in Figure 1, a kind of accumulator buffer, comprises accumulator 1, accumulator mounting screw 2, left end cap mounting screw 3, left end cap 4, cylinder barrel 5, right end cap 6, right end cap mounting screw 7, piston assembly 8, anticollison block 9 and exhaust port plug 11, described accumulator 1 inside is provided with air bag, is filled with high pressure nitrogen in air bag, the lower outer circumferential wall of described left end cap 4 is provided with left end cap seal ring 4-1, the bottom right center of left end cap 4 offers left end cap oil pocket 4-2, in described left end cap 4, left end cap oil pocket 4-2 top is provided with left end cap first passage 4-3 and left end cap third channel 4-5, the top of described left end cap third channel 4-5 is provided with left end cap plug 4-6, the upper right of described left end cap 4, left end cap second channel 4-4 is offered between left end cap first passage 4-3 and left end cap third channel 4-5, left end cap oil pocket 4-2, left end cap first passage 4-3, left end cap second channel 4-4, left end cap third channel 4-5 is interconnected, described cylinder barrel 5 inside is full of fluid, and on the upside of the right part of cylinder barrel 5, radial direction offers exhaust port 5-1, the below of exhaust port 5-1 and the intracavity inter-connection of cylinder barrel 5, and the top of exhaust port 5-1 is provided with exhaust port plug 11, the center of described right end cap 6 offers axially through right end cap center hole 6-1, right end cap center hole 6-1 inner peripheral wall is provided with from right to left successively right end cap dust ring 6-2, right end cap inner seal ring 6-3 and right end cap guide ring 6-5, the outer circle wall of described right end cap 6 is provided with right end cap exterior seal ring 6-4, the right part of described piston assembly 8 is piston rod 8-1, the left part of piston assembly 8 is piston 8-2, piston rod 8-1 and piston 8-2 is structure as a whole, and the outer circle wall of described piston 8-2 is provided with piston guide ring 8-4, and piston 8-2 axially offers some piston hole 8-3, described accumulator 1 by the fastening upper right being arranged on left end cap 4 of accumulator mounting screw 2, and forms sealing, and left end cap second channel 4-4 is communicated with the inner chamber of accumulator 1, the lower outer circumferential of described left end cap 4 inserts the left part inner chamber of cylinder barrel 5 together with left end cap seal ring 4-1, and to be formed with the left part of cylinder barrel 5 by left end cap mounting screw 3 and be fastenedly connected, the left end cap oil pocket 4-2 of left end cap 4 and the intracavity inter-connection of cylinder barrel 5, described right end cap 6 inserts the right part inner chamber of cylinder barrel 5 together with right end cap exterior seal ring 6-4, and to be formed with the right part of cylinder barrel 5 by right end cap mounting screw 7 and be fastenedly connected, described piston assembly 8 is arranged in cylinder barrel 5, formed between piston guide ring 8-4 and cylinder barrel 5 inwall and be slidably matched, described piston 8-2 becomes right cavity of cylinder 10 and the left chamber 11 of oil cylinder the lumen segmentation of cylinder barrel 5, communicated with each other by piston hole 8-3 in right cavity of cylinder 10 and the left chamber 11 of oil cylinder, described piston rod 8-1 cooperation runs through by right end cap center hole 6-1, stretch out on the right side of right end cap center hole 6-1, and realize dust-proof by right end cap dust ring 6-2, realize sealing by right end cap inner seal ring 6-3, realize guiding by right end cap guide ring 6-5, the right-hand member of described piston assembly 8 is provided with anticollison block 9.The material of anticollison block 9 is the one in polyurethane or rubber.
Preferably, above-mentioned accumulator 1 is the one in bag type accumulator or piston accumulator.
Before a kind of accumulator buffer of use, first the nitrogen that charged pressure is suitable in the air bag of accumulator 1, then, open exhaust port plug 11 and left end cap plug 4-6, by external force, piston assembly 8 is stretched to the low order end of cylinder barrel 5, fluid is by left end cap plug 4-6, left end cap third channel 4-5, left end cap first passage 4-3, left end cap oil pocket 4-2 enters in cylinder barrel 5, when injecting oil liquid in cylinder barrel 5, and when emerging from exhaust port 5-1, cover exhaust port plug 11, and tighten realization sealing, continue through left end cap plug 4-6 oiling, fluid is by left end cap plug 4-6, left end cap third channel 4-5, left end cap second channel 4-4 enters the outside of air bag in accumulator 1, after injecting oil liquid, cover left end cap plug 4-6, and tighten realization sealing, complete the previous work of accumulator buffer, accumulator buffer can be arranged on working position.
When in boats and ships and vehicle parking process, boats and ships and vehicle contact are to a kind of anticollison block 9 of accumulator buffer low order end, and promote piston assembly 8 to left movement by anticollison block 9, fluid in cylinder barrel 5 is compressed, when the pressure increase of cylinder barrel 5 inner fluid is to the pressure in advance of nitrogen in the air bag of accumulator 1, air bag in accumulator 1 is compressed further, in air bag, the pressure of nitrogen also rises to some extent, in the process, the kinetic energy of boats and ships and vehicle, the fluid in cylinder barrel 5 is compressed by piston assembly 8, convert the hydraulic energy of fluid to, by left end cap oil pocket 4-2 after fluid pressurized in cylinder barrel 5, left end cap first passage 4-3, left end cap second channel 4-4 enters in accumulator 1, air bag in further compress energy storage device 1, hydraulic energy is converted to air pressure energy, absorption and the storage of energy in boats and ships and vehicle parking process is realized eventually through accumulator 1.By specification and the model of a kind of accumulator buffer of choose reasonable; the size of reasonable disposition accumulator 1, piston assembly 8; appropriate the pressure being filled with nitrogen in accumulator 1 is set; in boats and ships and vehicle parking process; just can control the excursion of boats and ships, active force between vehicle and a kind of accumulator buffer well; control the size of impact force, available protecting boats and ships and vehicle and relevant Infrastructure.When under the effect at accumulator buffer, the kinetic energy of boats and ships, vehicle progressively reduces, final stop motion, now, fluid in a kind of accumulator buffer is still in high pressure compressed state, the fluid in accumulator 1 released by air bag in accumulator 1, fluid enters cylinder barrel 5 by left end cap second channel 4-4, left end cap first passage 4-3, left end cap oil pocket 4-2, act in piston assembly 8, and by piston assembly 8, anticollison block 9 promotes boats and ships, vehicle moves right, accumulator 1 discharge absorb and store energy.After boats and ships, vehicle leave, piston assembly 8 moves to the low order end of cylinder barrel 5, waits for and working next time.
The present invention proposes a kind of accumulator buffer; utilize the mutual combination of accumulator and oil cylinder; quick absorption and the huge kinetic energy stored in boats and ships and vehicle parking process; reasonable maintenance boats and ships, active force between vehicle and related infrastructure; alleviate the impact force in docking process, available protecting boats and ships and vehicle and relevant Infrastructure.
The above is only the preferred embodiment of the present invention; be noted that for those skilled in the art; under the premise without departing from the principles of the invention, can also make some improvements and modifications, these improvements and modifications also should be considered as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. an accumulator buffer, is characterized in that: comprise accumulator (1), accumulator mounting screw (2), left end cap mounting screw (3), left end cap (4), cylinder barrel (5), right end cap (6), right end cap mounting screw (7), piston assembly (8), anticollison block (9) and exhaust port plug (11), described accumulator (1) inside is provided with air bag, is filled with high pressure nitrogen in air bag, the lower outer circumferential wall of described left end cap (4) is provided with left end cap seal ring (4-1), the bottom right center of left end cap (4) offers left end cap oil pocket (4-2), in described left end cap (4), left end cap oil pocket (4-2) top is provided with left end cap first passage (4-3) and left end cap third channel (4-5), the top of described left end cap third channel (4-5) is provided with left end cap plug (4-6), the upper right of described left end cap (4), left end cap second channel (4-4) is offered between left end cap first passage (4-3) and left end cap third channel (4-5), described left end cap oil pocket (4-2), left end cap first passage (4-3), left end cap second channel (4-4), left end cap third channel (4-5) is interconnected, described cylinder barrel (5) inside is full of fluid, and on the upside of the right part of cylinder barrel (5), radial direction offers exhaust port (5-1), the below of exhaust port (5-1) and the intracavity inter-connection of cylinder barrel (5), and the top of exhaust port (5-1) is provided with exhaust port plug (11), the center of described right end cap (6) offers axially through right end cap center hole (6-1), right end cap center hole (6-1) inner peripheral wall is provided with from right to left successively right end cap dust ring (6-2), right end cap inner seal ring (6-3) and right end cap guide ring (6-5), the outer circle wall of described right end cap (6) is provided with right end cap exterior seal ring (6-4), the right part of described piston assembly (8) is piston rod (8-1), the left part of piston assembly (8) is piston (8-2), piston rod (8-1) and piston (8-2) are structure as a whole, the outer circle wall of described piston (8-2) is provided with piston guide ring (8-4), piston (8-2) is upper axially offers some piston holes (8-3), described accumulator (1) by the fastening upper right being arranged on left end cap (4) of accumulator mounting screw (2), and forms sealing, and left end cap second channel (4-4) is communicated with the inner chamber of accumulator (1), the lower outer circumferential of described left end cap (4) inserts the left part inner chamber of cylinder barrel (5) together with left end cap seal ring (4-1), and formed by the left part of left end cap mounting screw (3) and cylinder barrel (5) and be fastenedly connected, the left end cap oil pocket (4-2) of left end cap (4) and the intracavity inter-connection of cylinder barrel (5), described right end cap (6) inserts the right part inner chamber of cylinder barrel (5) together with right end cap exterior seal ring (6-4), and is formed by the right part of right end cap mounting screw (7) and cylinder barrel (5) and be fastenedly connected, described piston assembly (8) is arranged in cylinder barrel (5), formed between piston guide ring (8-4) and cylinder barrel (5) inwall and be slidably matched, described piston (8-2) becomes right cavity of cylinder (10) and the left chamber of oil cylinder (11) the lumen segmentation of cylinder barrel (5), communicated with each other by piston hole (8-3) in right cavity of cylinder (10) and the left chamber of oil cylinder (11), described piston rod (8-1) cooperation runs through by right end cap center hole (6-1), stretch out from right end cap center hole (6-1) right side, and realize dust-proof by right end cap dust ring (6-2), sealing is realized by right end cap inner seal ring (6-3), guiding is realized by right end cap guide ring (6-5), the right-hand member of described piston rod (8-1) is provided with anticollison block (9).
2. a kind of accumulator buffer according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described accumulator (1) is the one in bag type accumulator or piston accumulator.
3. a kind of accumulator buffer according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the material of described anticollison block (9) is the one in polyurethane or rubber.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201511029417.1A CN105402303A (en) | 2015-12-31 | 2015-12-31 | Energy storage buffer |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201511029417.1A CN105402303A (en) | 2015-12-31 | 2015-12-31 | Energy storage buffer |
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CN105402303A true CN105402303A (en) | 2016-03-16 |
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ID=55467986
Family Applications (1)
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CN201511029417.1A Pending CN105402303A (en) | 2015-12-31 | 2015-12-31 | Energy storage buffer |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN109356958A (en) * | 2018-12-17 | 2019-02-19 | 中国空气动力研究与发展中心超高速空气动力研究所 | A kind of Self-resetting buffer unit |
CN112628346A (en) * | 2020-12-24 | 2021-04-09 | 临海市鹿城机车部件有限公司 | Air pressure shock absorber and inflation method thereof |
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US20100101904A1 (en) * | 2008-10-28 | 2010-04-29 | Stephen Rumple | Adaptive damping main stage valve |
CN102758812A (en) * | 2012-08-08 | 2012-10-31 | 湖南瑞龙重工科技有限公司 | Buffer device of hydraulic oil cylinder |
CN203430906U (en) * | 2013-06-06 | 2014-02-12 | 王健 | Hydraulic buffering driving and buffering braking device |
CN104088952A (en) * | 2014-07-08 | 2014-10-08 | 江苏振龙减震器有限公司 | Rear shock absorber with air bag |
CN104838165A (en) * | 2012-10-18 | 2015-08-12 | 拉蒂尔菲雅克公司 | Device for assisting the operation of an aircraft door |
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2015
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Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPH05209645A (en) * | 1991-09-03 | 1993-08-20 | General Motors Corp <Gm> | Attenuation of hydraulic damper and semi-active type suspension damper to low level |
US20100101904A1 (en) * | 2008-10-28 | 2010-04-29 | Stephen Rumple | Adaptive damping main stage valve |
CN102758812A (en) * | 2012-08-08 | 2012-10-31 | 湖南瑞龙重工科技有限公司 | Buffer device of hydraulic oil cylinder |
CN104838165A (en) * | 2012-10-18 | 2015-08-12 | 拉蒂尔菲雅克公司 | Device for assisting the operation of an aircraft door |
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN109356958A (en) * | 2018-12-17 | 2019-02-19 | 中国空气动力研究与发展中心超高速空气动力研究所 | A kind of Self-resetting buffer unit |
CN109356958B (en) * | 2018-12-17 | 2023-08-22 | 中国空气动力研究与发展中心超高速空气动力研究所 | Self-resetting buffer device |
CN112628346A (en) * | 2020-12-24 | 2021-04-09 | 临海市鹿城机车部件有限公司 | Air pressure shock absorber and inflation method thereof |
CN112628346B (en) * | 2020-12-24 | 2022-05-17 | 临海市鹿城机车部件有限公司 | Air pressure shock absorber and inflation method thereof |
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Application publication date: 20160316 |
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