CN105297778A - Nodular cast iron fiber well lid and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Nodular cast iron fiber well lid and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN105297778A CN105297778A CN201510808451.2A CN201510808451A CN105297778A CN 105297778 A CN105297778 A CN 105297778A CN 201510808451 A CN201510808451 A CN 201510808451A CN 105297778 A CN105297778 A CN 105297778A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a nodular cast iron fiber well lid. The nodular cast iron fiber well lid is composed of a lid plate and a well ring, wherein the lid plate is prepared by combining and machining a nodular cast iron integrated framework and steel fiber concrete; the upper and lower side surfaces of the nodular cast iron integrated well lid framework are filled with and completely wrapped by steel fiber concrete raw materials; a frame of the nodular cast iron integrated framework wraps the edge of the steel fiber concrete to form the lid plate; the well ring is formed by pouring the steel fiber concrete; the bonding force is quite high after the steel fiber concrete is poured into the nodular cast iron integrated well lid framework, so that the overall strength of the well lid is effectively guaranteed. The well ring is of a steel bar concrete structure, and the lid plate can be combined with the well ring without expanding agents. The contact portion of the lid plate and the well ring is the contact between concrete and nodular iron, and vibration noise can be effectively lowered.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of well lid, particularly relate to a kind of well lid prepared by ductile iron integral type well lid skeleton and steel fibrous concrete and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
In urban road, various well facility needs a large amount of well lids, the well lid of current use mostly is cast iron cover or reinforced concrete well lid, reinforced concrete well lid strength deficiency, well damage, simultaneously due to from great, inspection-pit equipment is from opening difficulty, and casting iron well lid cost is high, vibrations sound more greatly and often lose, often has in pedestrian and vehicle back drop, brings economic loss and bad social influence.
For this reason, in recent years people be devoted to always research a kind of novel well lid prepare material, concrete water mud product council of branch of silicate association of China and seminar meeting paper " design of high strength steel fibre concrete manhole cover " just propose a kind of steel fibre concrete manhole, and be discussed in detail the characterisitic parameter of the steel fibre of preparation required for this well lid and the composition material requirement of solidifying soil, need ensure that the fibre length of steel fibre is less than threshold when pointing out the draw ratio of selected steel fibre, the volume fraction of steel fibre is in 0.5% ~ 3% scope, be preferably 0.6% ~ 2%, be more preferably 1.5%, steel fibre intensity is 800 ~ 2000MPa, its modulus of elasticity is 200GPa, limit elongation is 0.5% ~ 3.5%, effect is strengthened for reaching best, be 0.5 as the maximum particle diameter of the rubble of coarse aggregate and the ratio of length of steel fiber in solidifying native composition material, sand coarse aggregate ratio is determined according to cement type, a kind of preparation method of steel fibre well lid is also proposed in this article, mortar and steel fibre separate and add mould and separate closely knit by the method.But the well lid adopting said method to prepare, exists steel fibre and mix with mortar uneven, cause the problem that intensity, durability decline, the object reducing vibrating noise can not be reached simultaneously.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of can strengthen supporting capacity and can effectively reduce vehicle roll by time the well lid of vibrating noise that produces.
Another object of the present invention there is provided the preparation method of this well lid.
Technical scheme of the present invention proposes a kind of nodular cast iron steel fiber well lid, comprise: the cylindricality walling crib of being built by cage of reinforcement and steel fibrous concrete and combine the cover plate be prepared from by ductile iron integral type well lid skeleton and steel fibrous concrete, described walling crib is stepped, comprise columnae medialis and mixed lateral column, described columnae medialis upper surface is evenly provided with six grooves, described ductile iron integral type well lid skeleton is primarily of main framing, frame, secondary muscle, reinforcing rib forms, described main framing is arch and is hexagram, and six of star drift angles are all connected with described frame, described arch main framing is from extending to form dome with frame junction to ductile iron integral type well lid frame center, described secondary muscle is arranged on six nooks of main framing main body hexagram, and two ends are connected with frame with main framing respectively, described reinforcing rib is arranged on main framing upper surface, the interior bottom of described frame lower edge is provided with support supporting plate.
Preferably, the ductile iron integral type well lid skeleton upper and lower side of a kind of nodular cast iron steel fiber well lid of the present invention is all filled steel fibrous concrete and is formed an entirety and prepares well lid cover plate.Upper side is filled steel fibrous concrete formation plane and is prepared into cover plate front, downside is filled steel fibrous concrete parcel ductile iron integral type well lid skeleton and is prepared the cover plate back side, described main framing and frame joint projection, the edge prepared of frame parcel steel fibrous concrete of ductile iron integral type well lid skeleton, and leave well lid open hole in side edge thereof symmetric position.
Preferably, a kind of nodular cast iron steel fiber well lid of the present invention, two drift angles of described main framing symmetric position and rim connecting portion are divided into rectangular-shaped, and be that well lid open hole is left towards the U-shaped protuberance of main framing in arc-shaped one end near described frame place, all the other four drift angles and rim connecting portion are divided into rectangular-shaped and close frame one end protuberance is rectangular-shaped.
Preferably, a kind of nodular cast iron steel fiber well lid of the present invention, described main framing main body hexagram center has a big hole, and circular is uniformly distributed six small sircle holes, arrange between the drift angle of each small sircle hole and main framing main body hexagram one tri-angle-holed.
Preferably, a kind of nodular cast iron steel fiber well lid of the present invention, the position that described cover plate corresponds to a well lid open hole arranges a U-shaped and leaves the evagination ears or side handles of a utensil of perforation, correspond on the right side of the described cover plate back side outside another open hole and be provided with recess, the mixed lateral column of walling crib corresponds to cover plate U-shaped evagination ears or side handles of a utensil position and is provided with hexagon socket head cap screw nut built-in fitting, and the columnae medialis upper surface of walling crib corresponds to described plate notch position and is also provided with " 7 " shape mechanical clasps.
Preferably, nodular cast iron steel fiber concrete manhole cover of the present invention, described steel fibrous concrete is processed into by cement, sand, rubble, steel fibre, water and water reducing agent, described cement is the portland cement of addition content≤5.0% of inorganic admixture, sand is 1.8mm ~ 2.2mm medium coarse sand, mud content < 1.0%, rubble is the continuous level rubble of 5mm ~ 16mm, mud content < 2.0%, the volume fraction of described steel fibre is 0.2% ~ 2.0%, and described water reducing agent is high efficiency water reducing agent.
Preferably, described a kind of nodular cast iron steel fiber well lid, the volume fraction of described steel fibre is 0.6% ~ 1.6%.
Further preferably, described a kind of nodular cast iron steel fiber well lid, described inorganic admixture is flyash, and described admixture can also add black pigment, and described high efficiency water reducing agent is the naphthalene water reducer of concentration 35%.
The well lid skeleton of the nodular cast iron steel fiber well lid that technical solution of the present invention adopts is bridge domes, and can increase lifting capacity, through test determination, it bears and presses and can reach 300MPa.Spheroidal graphite integral type well lid skeleton adopts the molten iron of fusing to produce in mould through nodularization leaching heat treatment after-pouring, material is similar to steel, and inexpensive, good looking appearance, durable in use, intensity is high and quality is light, steel fibrous concrete bonding force is very strong, effectively ensure that the bulk strength of well lid cover plate, further increase the supporting capacity of well lid.Well lid can arrange shape according to actual needs, as circular, square or regular hexagon.
Technical solution of the present invention adopts steel fibrous concrete parcel well lid skeleton, makes well lid skeleton and air exclusion, stops corrosion.In addition cover plate and walling crib with the use of time, the projection at the cover plate back side and the groove of walling crib columnae medialis upper surface coincide, and the cast iron edge of cover plate contacts with the concrete surface of walling crib, effectively can reduce vibrating noise.
When the cover plate of technical solution of the present invention covers, the nut built-in fitting on the described evagination ears or side handles of a utensil and walling crib mixed lateral column is bolted, and " 7 " shape mechanical clasps engages with recess, well lid can not be opened, reach antitheft object
Technical solution of the present invention adopts the granularity of sand and consumption to make concrete sand coarse aggregate ratio reach 33.9%, fully can fill the huge specific area produced because of mixing of steel fiber, ensures cohering between fiber and matrix, improves and strengthens effect.The water-reducing rate of efficient naphthalene water reducer reaches 25%, has good peptizaiton, improve workability to cement, reduces water supply volume, improves compactness and the hardness of concrete substrate material, increases mobility.And inorganic admixture breeze and flyash are active mixtures, effectively can improve steel fibre and concrete substrate interfacial structure and cross section and cohere, effectively improve durability.Adding black pigment can make finished product well lid surface in black gray expandable, close with black asphalt pavement color specious.
Another technical scheme of the present invention is the preparation method of nodular cast iron steel fiber well lid, wherein well lid cover plate adopts reverse mould legal system standby, first cement, rubble, sand, water and water reducing agent mix and blend are made mortar, reserve 1/3 mortar, residue mortar and steel fibre mix and blend make steel fibrous concrete, reserved half mortar paving is shaken in a mold after putting down and add steel fibrous concrete for the first time, need after putting into well lid skeleton to add steel fibrous concrete at twice, and it is flat to shake respectively, finally with residue sand finish, shaping rear texturing, receipts light, the demoulding; Walling crib adopts holotype legal system standby, first in mould, adds a small amount of mortar and shake flat, then puts into cage of reinforcement, hinge and then the cover plate for preparing builds.
Preferably, the reinforcing bar fracture length dimension allowable variation of the cage of reinforcement used in walling crib preparation of the present invention is 0mm ~ 2mm, and surface is without greasy dirt, and stirrup external diameter (or length of side) allowable variation is ± 2mm, height tolerance allows for 0mm ~ 2mm, and the rebar spacing allowable variation of cage of reinforcement is ± 5mm.The steel fibrous concrete topping of walling crib must not be less than 12mm.The mixed lateral column height of walling crib is 140mm, and width is 96mm, and columnae medialis height is 80mm, and width is 110mm.
Preferably, cover plate of the present invention, walling crib setting time control to be no less than 2 hours for the initial setting time, and guarantee that concrete keeps the time of plasticity to be at least 2 hours, final setting time is within 48 hours.
First in order to isolated air contacts with steel fibre by the shake tiling end and the object of last sand finish of a small amount of mortar before adding steel fibrous concrete and mould in technical solution of the present invention, avoid corrosion, add steel fibrous concretes and flat object of shaking respectively is that ductile iron integral type well lid skeleton or cage of reinforcement contact even, closely knit with steel fibrous concrete points for three times, strengthen intensity and the durability of well lid, the object first putting into hinge and cover plate time prepared by walling crib is to ensure that cover plate just can well be combined with walling crib when not adding expansion agent.For ensureing that concrete has enough time transport, barreled or builds, making the initial setting time be no less than 2 hours by adding retarding agent, after building, making setting time within 48 hours for accelerated solidification adds setting accelerator.
The technology of the present invention beneficial effect:
The present invention proposes a kind of nodular cast iron steel fiber well lid, main framing main body is adopted to be arch and ductile iron integral type well lid skeleton in hexagram and steel fibrous concrete combine and prepare well lid cover plate, increase well lid supporting capacity, make preparation cost decline simultaneously, nodular cast iron steel fiber concrete manhole cover cover plate and steel fibrous concrete walling crib with the use of, contact due to cover plate and walling crib is the contact of concrete and magnesium iron, effectively can reduce vibrating noise, walling crib arrange mechanical clasps there is anti-theft feature.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is ductile iron integral type well lid skeleton top view,
Fig. 2 is ductile iron integral type well lid skeleton upward view,
Fig. 3 is the sectional view of Fig. 1,
Fig. 4 is cover plate finished product top view,
Fig. 5 is cover plate finished product upward view,
Fig. 6 is walling crib top view,
Fig. 7 is the enlarged drawing of A in Fig. 6,
Fig. 8 is the enlarged drawing of B in Fig. 6,
Fig. 9 is the sectional view of Fig. 6,
1-main framing, 2-frame, the secondary muscle of 3-, 4-reinforcing rib, 5-open hole, 6-supports supporting plate, the 7-evagination ears or side handles of a utensil, 8-recess, 9-mixed lateral column, 10-columnae medialis, 11-groove, 12-nut built-in fitting, 13-mechanical clasps.
Detailed description of the invention
Preparation process of the present invention:
Cover plate adopts reverse mould method and divides and adds steel fibrous concrete preparation for three times, comprises the following steps:
(1) mix with the solution prepared by water and water reducing agent after cement, rubble, sand being carried out dry mixing in mixer and continue stirring and prepare mortar, reserved 1/3 mortar, in mixer, remain mortar add steel fibre and stir and prepare steel fibrous concrete;
(2) mould is placed on the vibration platen of bobbing machine upper end, in mould, add half mortar and shake flat after add a small amount of steel fibrous concrete, then put into ductile iron integral type well lid skeleton;
(3) in mould, second time adds the steel fibrous concrete vibration 5min ~ 10min of half;
(4) more remaining steel fibrous concrete is all added in mould vibrate 5min ~ 10min after flatten;
(5) finally at the surface layer flattened residue sand finish, scribe decorative pattern after shaping, manually receive light, the demoulding.
The preparation of walling crib adopts positive modulus method cast-in-place, and it comprises the following steps:
(1) add steel fibre after cement, rubble, sand being stirred in mixer to continue to stir, to be mixed evenly after to add the solution & stir of water and water reducing agent preparation even, obtain steel fibrous concrete material;
(2) mould is placed on the vibration platen of bobbing machine upper end, add in mould a small amount of mortar shake flat after add a small amount of steel fibrous concrete and shake flat, the well lid cover plate put into cage of reinforcement, cast iron hinge again and prepared, and add steel fibrous concrete material at twice and build;
(3) finally sand finish is used, rear artificial receipts light to be formed, the demoulding.
By test than the steel fibre of right use different volumes rate to the enhancing of the compressive strength of well lid, see table.
Understand technical solution of the present invention for ease of those skilled in the art, now in conjunction with Figure of description, technical solution of the present invention is described further.
See Fig. 1, 2, 3, main framing 1, frame 2, secondary muscle 3, reinforcing rib 4 is cast as overall formation ductile iron integral type well lid skeleton, main framing 1 is arch and is hexagram, and six of star drift angles are all connected with described frame 2, arch main framing 1 is from extending to form dome with frame 2 junction to ductile iron integral type well lid frame center, domes effectively can increase the weight capacity of well lid, secondary muscle 3 is arranged on six nooks of main framing 1 main body hexagram, two ends are connected with main framing 1 and frame 2 respectively, reinforcing rib 4 is arranged on the upper surface of main framing 1, the interior bottom of frame 2 lower edge is provided with and supports supporting plate 9.Ductile iron integral framework is poured in mould by molten iron and is prepared after spheroidising.Ductile iron integral type well lid skeleton upper and lower side is all filled steel fibrous concrete and is formed an entirety and makes cover plate, upper side is filled steel fibrous concrete formation plane and is prepared into cover plate front and leaves well lid open hole 5 in edge symmetric position, steel fibrous concrete parcel main framing 1, secondary muscle 3 and reinforcing rib 4 are filled in downside, edge prepared by steel fibrous concrete is then wrapped up by the frame 2 of ductile iron integral type well lid skeleton, and namely cover plate edge is cast iron frame.Fig. 4,5 is cover plate finished product schematic diagram, and the position that cover plate corresponds to a well lid open hole 5 arranges the evagination ears or side handles of a utensil 7 that a U-shaped leaves perforation, is also provided with recess 8 outside another open hole corresponding of the cover plate back side.Cover plate back side main framing 1 and frame 2 junction are protruding.
See Fig. 6,7, described walling crib is the stepped cylinder that cage of reinforcement and steel fibrous concrete are built, columnae medialis 10 upper surface evenly arranges six grooves 11, position corresponding to well lid recess 8 is also provided with " 7 " shape mechanical clasps 13, and mixed lateral column 9 upper surface corresponds to the evagination ears or side handles of a utensil 7 position hex nut built-in fitting 12.
Two drift angles and frame 2 coupling part of main framing 1 symmetric position of nodular cast iron steel fiber well lid are rectangular-shaped, and be that well lid open hole 5 is left towards the U-shaped protuberance of main framing 1 in arc-shaped one end near described frame 2 place, all the other four protrude drift angles is rectangular-shaped with frame 2 coupling part and close frame one end protuberance is rectangular-shaped.The main framing main body hexagram center of ductile iron integral type well lid skeleton main framing 1 has a big hole, and circular is uniformly distributed six small sircle holes, arrange between the drift angle of each small sircle hole and main framing 1 main body hexagram one tri-angle-holed.
The height of walling crib mixed lateral column 10 is 140mm, and width is 96mm, and the height of columnae medialis 9 is 80mm, and width is 110mm.
In one embodiment of the invention, cover plate and walling crib with the use of, be placed on the upper surface of walling crib columnae medialis 9, the cover plate back side is protruding to match with six grooves 11 of walling crib columnae medialis 9 upper surface, contact site is the frame 2 of ductile iron integral framework and the concrete surface of walling crib, and ductile iron contacts the vibrating noise that can reduce when vehicle rolls with concrete.The evagination ears or side handles of a utensil 7 leaving perforation are bolted with the hex nut built-in fitting 12 on walling crib mixed lateral column 9, and recess 8 engages with " 7 " the shape mechanical clasps 13 on columnae medialis 7, well lid can not be opened, reach antitheft object.
Technical solution of the present invention is exemplarily described invention by reference to the accompanying drawings above; obvious specific implementation of the present invention is not subject to the restrictions described above; as long as have employed the various unsubstantialities that method of the present invention is conceived and technical scheme is carried out to improve; or the design of invention and technical scheme directly applied to other occasion, all within protection scope of the present invention without to improve.
Claims (10)
1. a nodular cast iron steel fiber well lid, comprise walling crib and combine by ductile iron integral type well lid skeleton and steel fibrous concrete the cover plate solidifying preparation, the cylindricality walling crib of being built by cage of reinforcement and steel fibrous concrete with combine by ductile iron integral type well lid skeleton and steel fibrous concrete the cover plate be prepared from, described walling crib is stepped, comprise columnae medialis and mixed lateral column, described columnae medialis upper surface is evenly provided with six grooves, described ductile iron integral type well lid skeleton is primarily of main framing, frame, secondary muscle, reinforcing rib forms, described main framing is arch and is hexagram, and six of star drift angles are all connected with described frame, described arch main framing is from extending to form dome with frame junction to ductile iron integral type well lid frame center, described secondary muscle is arranged on six nooks of main framing main body hexagram, and two ends are connected with frame with main framing respectively, described reinforcing rib is arranged on main framing upper surface, the interior bottom of described frame lower edge is provided with support supporting plate.
2. a kind of nodular cast iron steel fiber well lid according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described ductile iron integral type well lid skeleton upper and lower side is all filled steel fibrous concrete and is formed an entirety and is prepared into well lid cover plate, upper side is filled steel fibrous concrete formation plane and is prepared into cover plate front, downside is filled steel fibrous concrete parcel ductile iron integral type well lid skeleton and is prepared the cover plate back side, described main framing and frame joint projection, the edge prepared of frame parcel steel fibrous concrete of ductile iron integral type well lid skeleton, cover plate edge symmetric position leaves well lid open hole.
3. a kind of nodular cast iron steel fiber well lid as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, described main framing symmetric position two drift angles and rim connecting portion be divided into rectangular-shaped, and be that well lid open hole is left towards the U-shaped protuberance of main framing in arc-shaped one end near described frame place, all the other four drift angles and rim connecting portion are divided into rectangular-shaped and close frame one end protuberance is rectangular-shaped; Described main framing main body hexagram center has a big hole, and circular is uniformly distributed six small sircle holes, arrange between the drift angle of each small sircle hole and main framing main body hexagram one tri-angle-holed.
4. any one nodular cast iron steel fiber well lid according to claim 2, it is characterized in that, the position that described cover plate edge corresponds to a well lid open hole arranges a U-shaped and leaves the evagination ears or side handles of a utensil of perforation, the described cover plate back side corresponds to outside another open hole and is also provided with recess, the mixed lateral column of described walling crib corresponds to cover plate U-shaped evagination ears or side handles of a utensil position and is provided with hexagon socket head cap screw nut built-in fitting, and the columnae medialis upper surface of walling crib corresponds to described plate notch position and is also provided with " 7 " shape mechanical clasps.
5. the nodular cast iron steel fiber concrete manhole cover described in claim 1 or 2, described steel fibrous concrete makes (1M by the Raw material processing of following weight
3concrete):
Cement: 402Kg sand: 615Kg rubble: 1198Kg steel fibre: 12.06Kg water: 168Kg water reducing agent: 4.8Kg
It is characterized in that, described cement is the portland cement of addition content≤5.0% of inorganic admixture, sand is 1.8mm ~ 2.2mm medium coarse sand, mud content < 1.0%, rubble is the continuous level rubble of 5mm ~ 16mm, mud content < 2.0%, described steel fiber volume ratio 0.2% ~ 2.0%, described water reducing agent is high efficiency water reducing agent.
6. a kind of nodular cast iron steel fiber concrete manhole cover according to claim 5, is characterized in that described steel fiber volume ratio is preferably 0.6% ~ 1.6%.
7. a kind of nodular cast iron steel fiber well lid according to claim 5, it is characterized in that described inorganic admixture is flyash, described admixture can also add black pigment, and described high efficiency water reducing agent is the naphthalene water reducer of concentration 35%.
8. a preparation method for nodular cast iron steel fiber well lid, is characterized in that,
Cover plate adopts reverse mould method and divides and adds steel fibrous concrete preparation for three times, comprises the following steps:
(1) mix with the solution prepared by water and water reducing agent after cement, rubble, sand being carried out dry mixing in mixer and continue stirring and prepare mortar, reserved 1/3 mortar, in mixer, remain mortar add steel fibre and stir and prepare steel fibrous concrete;
(2) mould is placed on the vibration platen of bobbing machine upper end, in mould, add half mortar and shake flat after add a small amount of steel fibrous concrete, then put into ductile iron integral type well lid skeleton;
(3) in mould, second time adds the steel fibrous concrete vibration 5min ~ 10min of half;
(4) more remaining steel fibrous concrete is all added in mould vibrate 5min ~ 10min after flatten;
(5) finally at the surface layer flattened residue sand finish, scribe decorative pattern after coagulation forming, manually receive light, the demoulding;
The preparation of walling crib adopts positive modulus method cast-in-place, and it comprises the following steps:
(1) add steel fibre after cement, rubble, sand being stirred in mixer to continue to stir, to be mixed evenly after to add the solution & stir of water and water reducing agent preparation even, obtain steel fibrous concrete material;
(2) mould is placed on the vibration platen of bobbing machine upper end, add in mould a small amount of mortar shake flat after add a small amount of steel fibrous concrete and shake flat, the well lid cover plate put into cage of reinforcement, cast iron hinge again and prepared, and add steel fibrous concrete material at twice and build;
(3) finally sand finish is used, shaping rear artificial receipts light to be solidified, the demoulding.
9. the preparation method of a kind of nodular cast iron steel fiber well lid according to claim 8, it is characterized in that, the cage of reinforcement used in described walling crib preparation is prepared by cold-rolled ribbed and hot rolled ribbed steel bar, and reinforcing bar fracture length dimension allowable variation is 0mm ~ 2mm, surface is without greasy dirt, and stirrup external diameter (or length of side) allowable variation is ± 2mm, and height tolerance allows for 0mm ~ 2mm, the rebar spacing allowable variation of cage of reinforcement is ± 5mm, and the steel fibrous concrete topping of described walling crib must not be less than 12mm; The mixed lateral column height of described walling crib is 140mm, and width is 96mm, and columnae medialis height is 80mm, and width is 110mm.
10. the preparation method of a kind of nodular cast iron steel fiber well lid according to claim 8, it is characterized in that, described cover plate, walling crib prepare setting time control the initial setting time be no less than 2 hours, guarantee that the concrete stirred keeps the time of plasticity to be at least 2 hours, final setting time is no more than 48 hours.
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Cited By (5)
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| CN105971021A (en) * | 2016-06-18 | 2016-09-28 | 张阳康 | Manufacturing technology of high-strength well lid |
| CN106392480A (en) * | 2016-10-31 | 2017-02-15 | 四川邑诚科技有限公司 | Manufacturing method of titanium well ring |
| CN109024694A (en) * | 2018-08-20 | 2018-12-18 | 浙江大路科技有限公司 | Well lid cover board |
| CN110426196A (en) * | 2019-08-29 | 2019-11-08 | 安徽普瑞明精密机械有限公司 | A kind of test method for physical property for ductile cast iron manhole cover |
| CN111254986A (en) * | 2019-12-07 | 2020-06-09 | 徐州华正铸业有限公司 | Nodular cast iron well lid device and manufacturing method thereof |
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