CN105175180A - Method for improving saline alkali land by combination of biochar with organic fertilizer - Google Patents
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Abstract
Relating to a saline alkali land improvement method, the invention provides a method for improving saline alkali land by combination of biochar with an organic fertilizer, and aims to solve the technical problem that crops cannot be planted in saline alkali land or the crop yield is low. The method includes: 1. before land preparation, mixing straw biochar with the organic fertilizer in a weight ratio of 1:1-1.5 evenly, and conducting composting fermentation to obtain a decomposed fertilizer; 2. broadcasting the decomposed fertilizer on the surface of the saline alkali soil surface evenly 0-2 days before land preparation at a dosage of 2000-2500kg/667square meters; and 3. after broadcasting, carrying out cross rotary tillage 1-2 times to a depth of 12-15cm, then performing compaction immediately, and then carrying out sowing. The method provided by the invention is simple, only straw biochar and manure are used as the modifier, the raw materials are easily available, the cost is low, and the saline alkali land improvement effect is significant. The method provided by the invention is used for improving saline alkali land.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of method improveing saltings.
Background technology
The soil improvement agent function of charcoal comes from discovery and the research in Amazon basin, South America black earth (TerraPreta), habitually local soil is improved with charcoal, barnyard manure and animal bone as far back as 1500 Nian Qian South America American Indians, form South America Amazon basin soil still very fertile so far, so charcoal reaches hundreds of, that carbon solidification effects thousands of years cause people attention in soil.Since the nineties in 20th century, produce charcoal with thermo-cracking biomass, and increasing used as the research of soil improvement agent and solid carbon agent.Abroad expand research work in the character of charcoal and feature and in the effect of soil physics, chemical property, microorganism and the solid carbon of soil etc., China is then at the early-stage.
From historical point view, production and the use of charcoal or bamboo charcoal are ahead of research, and the modern scientific research of charcoal starts from the nineties in 20th century, and fundamental research is relatively weak.Structures and characteristics search time about charcoal is very short, though the structures and characteristics research of Wood Adhesives from Biomass, charcoal has some research reports still very scattered, different sorts biomass and different process inverting biological charcoal also lack systematic study, and the structures and characteristics of charcoal does not still have definite definition and standard.The character of charcoal or feature such as chemical structure, composition, volatile matter, water-soluble effluent feature, acid-basicity, physical structure and porosity, adsorption, cation exchange capacity, degradation property etc. lack systematic study.The research of the problems demand such as improvement of soil fertility and environmental influence comprehensive system ground, for charcoal utilizes strategy to propose the foundation of science decision.
The soil organism is one of important indicator of soil fertility, is also that carbon important in TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS converges.Charcoal carbon content is high, and carbon structure is aromatic ring-shaped, and with Soil Humus structural similitude, research both at home and abroad shows, charcoal can improve soil organic carbon level, has farming area in Zuogong soil effect.But charcoal also has the report of conflict to the impact of soil organic matter content.Wardle and Contina reports that charcoal causes the soil organism to lose respectively, but the former soil buries a bag culture experiment method and is under suspicion, and the soil incubation tests in 2 years that Bruun etc. adopt C14 to mark charcoal and crop material find, charcoal (low temperature and pyrocarbon loss are respectively 9.3%, 3.1%) is well below the carbon loss of stalk (56%).Kimetu etc. also report, the carbon loss of charcoal is far below green manure, and the stability of charcoal and static stabilization are greater than green manure class legibility organism.Stalk, green manure, compost and barnyard manure are manured into soil and under no-tillage, and after general 5-10 remaining only 20%, only have minute quantity to be converted into soil ulmin, Britain's Lausanne experiment centre is used the barnyard manure soil organic matter amount of more than 150 year and also be improve only 1 times.And black earth (TerraPreta) soil quality research in Amazon basin shows, charcoal is organic materials that is more stable more than traditional organic materials, that more easily improve soil organic matter, therefore United Nations's chemistry pollution prevention pact and some governments are appealed charcoal as soil improvement and the important technology product of tackling climate change.
The newest research results of 5 rumba Agricultural Research Institute of Australia also demonstrate that the great potential of " agriculture charcoal " technology.The amount that researchist applies 10 tons " agriculture charcoals " by per hectare farmland is tested, and result shows, " agriculture charcoal " can make the output of wheat increase by 3 times, and the output of soybean is increased more than 2 times.Meanwhile, they are also used alone nitrogenous fertilizer and " agriculture charcoal " and nitrogenous fertilizer and are used for carrying out simultaneous test, and find that output is substantially identical, result shows, is used alone " agriculture charcoal " and just can plays and the effect of increasing production using nitrogenous fertilizer the same.Meanwhile, the senior scientist Fan Ziweitun of this institute thinks, the speed that " agriculture charcoal " improves soil pH value is only 1/3 of lime, and it can also improve the calcareous of red iron soil, reduces the toxicity of red iron Aluminium in Soil.Therefore, " agriculture charcoal " uses and the biology performance of soil can be made to improve, and reduces the demand to fertilizer, improves the ability keeping moisture.
" agriculture charcoal " utilizes technology can also greatly reduce the discharge of greenhouse gases.The famous scientist's Tim Fu Lannarui of Australia points out, the greenhouse gases amount of soil release is in the world more than 10 times of greenhouse gases that fossil-fueled produces.By measuring the gas discharged in soil and contrasting, find that " agriculture charcoal " significantly can reduce the release of carbonic acid gas and nitrous oxide, and nitrous oxide is another kind of more serious greenhouse gases, it manufactures 300 times that effect of Greenhouse effect is carbonic acid gas, sustainable 150 years in atmosphere.
The acid-basicity of charcoal depends on charcoal raw material and production technique, but the aobvious alkalescence of most of charcoal, therefore, charcoal is manured into soil can improve acid soil pH value usually, this mainly in charcoal ash content contain more base cation (as calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium), but not remarkable on the impact of alkaline soil pH value.The charcoal of high temperature pyrolysis is than having less acid volatile matter and more ash content in the charcoal of Low Temperature Thermal cracking, pH is higher.Therefore, it is relatively more obvious than low-temperature biological charcoal that high-temperature biological charcoal improves soil pH effect, and therefore, and the straw biological charcoal under cold condition should be more suitable for alkaline land improving.
The hole of charcoal has very Big mutation rate, little of being less than 1 nanometer, greatly to tens nanometers, even some tens of pm.Moisture and nutrient can be stored in charcoal hole, thus the hole of charcoal becomes with surface the microenvironment that microorganism can perch life, and then increase microbe population and activity, particularly Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) or vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (VAM).
Charcoal is substantially all short-term research result as soil improvement agent and the applied research of fertilizer slow release carrier, some is only the result of laboratory earth pillar drip washing, soil incubation and characteristic curve of soil moisture evaluation of measuring, and to soil physics, chemistry and biological long-term effect how charcoal under actual field conditions, how affect the drip washing of soil and fertilizer nutrient, especially the stability of charcoal in soil all needs long-term experimental study.
The standard not yet having charcoal agricultural at present, this will affect the agricultural application of charcoal, also affect the scientific evaluation of charcoal to soil, environment and biological long term.Therefore, studying and defining charcoal agricultural standards is problem urgently to be resolved hurrily from now on.
The consumption of charcoal is charcoal in the important factor of soil whether generation effect or effect.Now studies have reported that and show: crop there are differences the reaction of charcoal amount of application, and what have just tells under low consumption, but then has the effect suppressing plant growth when high consumption, and some experiments also have very good effect when high consumption.
China is a large agricultural country, and a large amount of uses of chemical fertilizer, agricultural chemicals, have caused the problems such as a large amount of soil compactions and environmental pollution for a long time.The Chinese government promises to undertake in the reduction of discharging that 2010 Copenhagen meetings are made and makes the agricultural of China also be faced with the immense pressure of energy-saving and emission-reduction, and under this overall background, should accomplish something in China agriculture and countryside in energy-saving and emission-reduction.Charcoal effectively can reduce the consumption of the energy in agricultural production process, utilizes charcoal to develop low-carbon agriculture gesture and must go.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is can not long-term cropping or the low technical problem of crop yield in order to solve saltings, and provides a kind of biological carbon and fertilizer assembly to improve the method in saltings.
Biological carbon of the present invention and fertilizer assembly improve the method in saltings, carry out according to the following steps:
One, before whole ground, straw biological charcoal is mixed according to weight ratio 1:1 ~ 1.5 with fertilizer, carry out piling rotten fermentation, the fertilizer that must become thoroughly decomposed at 20 ~ 60 DEG C of temperature;
Two, within before whole ground 0 ~ 2 day, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields the fertilizer become thoroughly decomposed on alkaline land soil surface, amount of application is 2000 ~ 2500kg/ mu;
Three, spread fertilizer over the fields rear intersection rotary tillage 1 ~ 2 time, the rotary tillage degree of depth is 12 ~ 15cm, suppresses immediately after rotary tillage, can sow afterwards.
Spread fertilizer over the fields---rotary tillage---suppression---sowing is worked continuously as far as possible, avoids outdoor quick-fried Sai as far as possible, to keep a large amount of beneficial microorganism active, minimizing nutrient loss, volatilization.
Mechanism of the present invention:
Charcoal carbon content is high, and carbon structure is aromatic ring-shaped, with Soil Humus structural similitude, is difficult to be decomposed by the microorganisms utilization in being manured into soil, adds a kind of effective way that charcoal is considered to carbon sequestration in soil.Charcoal has larger specific surface area, the Cation Exchange Capacity in Soils using charcoal is high, soil has higher surge capability, significantly reduce the leaching loss of nutrient, improve the plant recovery of nutrient of plant, increase soil probiotics quantity simultaneously, reduce the soil weight, effectively can improve soil physical and chemical property, improvement saltings.
Based on the above-mentioned characteristic of charcoal, low in conjunction with organic fat material utilization ratio, decompose of nutrient discharges feature slowly, and contriver has germinated biological carbon and the corruption of fertilizer hybrid reactor, fermented, and combines the thinking for improveing soil.Biological carbon and fertilizer hybrid reactor object that is rotten, that ferment 15-30 days are to make biological carbon fully adsorb organic fertilizer nutrient, are beneficial to beneficial microorganism and grow in a large number, breed, promote fertilizer nutrients release, and reduce fertilizer nutrient loss and volatilization.
On the one hand, large, the adsorptivity of specific surface area and the strong charcoal of surge capability contribute to the effect playing fertilizer.The charcoal applied provides good micro-ecological environment for adsorbed various microorganisms, is conducive to the decomposition release of organic fertilizer nutrient, and then improves organic fertilizer utilization ratio, and reduce nutrient loss.On the other hand, the organism of a large amount of microorganism secretion, the decomposition etc. of dead thalline make the organic substance of salt affected soil increase, and saline and alkaline reduces; A large amount of beneficial microorganism produces in reproductive process simultaneously polysaccharide, viscose glue and organic acid are the binding agents forming soil granular, a large amount of crumb structure and the lighter charcoal of proportion add soil non-capillary pore gap, loosing soil is breathed freely, unit weight reduces, make saline-alkali soil drench salt action to accelerate, suppress the accumulation of salt in the surface soil, effectively reduce upper soll layer salinity, simultaneously organic acid can sweetening of the soil alkalescence, effectively provides alkaline land improving effect.Thus obtain the remarkable improved effect of charcoal and fertilizer combined improved saltings 1+1 > 2.
Beneficial effect of the present invention:
1, the inventive method is easy, and modifying agent used is only straw biological charcoal and muck, and raw material is easy to get, with low cost; Utilize the agricultural wastes such as stalk, fertilizer resource, carry out alkaline land improving, upgrading low-and medium-yield farmland, more be conducive to advancing Development of Recycle Agriculture, increase the solid carbon of TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS, reduce agriculture district carbon emission, alleviate the environmental pollution of agriculture district, accomplish harmless treatment and the recycling of agricultural wastes.Ecological benefits, economic benefit, social benefit are remarkable, and development prospect is considerable.
2, the inventive method improvement saltings effect is extremely remarkable.2013-2015 contriver leads subject group to carry out experiment and demonstration on typical case saltings, Xi great beach, Pingluo County, Ningxia-white stiff soil in silver north, the survey showed that: the fresh careless mean yield for the treatment of zone herbage using improved materials is 2368kg/ mu, the check plot (1383kg/ mu) of more not using improved materials increases production 985kg/ mu, and amount of increase in production reaches 71.2%; Treatment zone soil pH is 8.97, comparatively check plot (pH9.6), reduces 0.63, and reduction amplitude is 6.66%; Treatment zone soil weight 1.15g/cm
3, comparatively check plot (1.35g/cm
3) reduce 0.2g/cm
3, reduction amplitude reaches 14.82%; Treatment zone alkalization of soils degree 7.47%, comparatively check plot (12.67%) reduces 5.2%, and reduction amplitude reaches 41.04% (see table 1).
Embodiment
Technical solution of the present invention is not limited to following cited embodiment, also comprises the arbitrary combination between each embodiment.
Embodiment one: present embodiment biological carbon and fertilizer assembly improve the method in saltings, carry out according to the following steps:
One, before whole ground, straw biological charcoal is mixed according to weight ratio 1:1 ~ 1.5 with fertilizer, carry out piling rotten fermentation, the fertilizer that must become thoroughly decomposed at 20 ~ 60 DEG C of temperature;
Two, within before whole ground 0 ~ 2 day, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields the fertilizer become thoroughly decomposed on alkaline land soil surface, amount of application is 2000 ~ 2500kg/ mu;
Three, spread fertilizer over the fields rear intersection rotary tillage 1 ~ 2 time, the rotary tillage degree of depth is 12 ~ 15cm, suppresses immediately after rotary tillage, can sow afterwards.
In present embodiment within the scope of straw biological charcoal amount of application 10-20 ton/hectare, reclamation result and consumption are proportionate.2014-2015 is 15 tons/hectare at the good middle charcoal consumption of typical case saltings, the Ningxia silver white stiff land reform in north, Be very effective, charcoal and organic fertilizer compounding application have reciprocal effects simultaneously, and this shows to there is complementary or synergy between charcoal and organic fertilizer.
Embodiment two: present embodiment and embodiment one unlike: straw biological charcoal described in step one be agricultural crop straw through carbonizing the charcoal formed, wherein agricultural crop straw comprises maize straw, rice straw, cotton stalk etc.Other is identical with embodiment one.
Embodiment three: present embodiment and embodiment one or two unlike: fertilizer described in step one is forage grass animal excrement, as cow dung, sheep excrement etc.Other is identical with embodiment one or two.
Embodiment four: present embodiment and one of embodiment one to three unlike: before whole ground, straw biological charcoal is mixed according to weight ratio 1:1 with fertilizer in step one.Other is identical with one of embodiment one to three.
Embodiment five: one of present embodiment and embodiment one to four unlike: in step one, the time of the rotten fermentation of heap is 15 ~ 30 days.Other is identical with one of embodiment one to four.
Embodiment six: one of present embodiment and embodiment one to five unlike: the fertilizer become thoroughly decomposed evenly was spread fertilizer over the fields on alkaline land soil surface in step 2 whole first 1 day.Other is identical with one of embodiment one to five.
Embodiment seven: one of present embodiment and embodiment one to six unlike: adopt general rotary cultivator rotary tillage in step 3.Other is identical with one of embodiment one to six.
For verifying that beneficial effect of the present invention carries out following test:
Embodiment 1: the present embodiment biological carbon and fertilizer assembly improve the method in saltings, carry out according to the following steps:
One, 2013-2015 carries out on the white stiff soil in silver north, typical case saltings, Xi great beach, Pingluo County, Ningxia, experiment and demonstration area 300 mu.This saltings background pH is 9.6, is typical saltings, and improvement planting in advance is fluffy by the alkali for self-sow, and not even a blade of grass grows in part plot, can not long-term cropping.Rice straw charcoal fully mixes with the ratio (weight ratio) of cow dung according to 1:1 by the first tenday period of a month in April, carries out piling rotten fermentation, the fertilizer that must become thoroughly decomposed at 40 DEG C of temperature;
Two, before the whole ground of early May by the broadcast application that becomes thoroughly decomposed in earth's surface, amount of application is 2000kg/ mu, wherein charcoal and each 1000kg/ mu of Rate of Organic Fertilizer.
Three, after the broadcast application soil surface become thoroughly decomposed, adopt the rotary tillage twice of general rotary cultivator intersection, rotary tillage degree of depth 15cm, suppresses afterwards, waits for sowing.
Four, early May sowing.Varieties of plant is barnyardgrass, application rate 10kg/ mu.
Type of seeding: trench digging drilling (or machine sowing), bar is apart from 30cm, seed level 3-4cm.
Field management: emerge to gathering first 15 days, every 10-15 days pours water 1 time (depending on rainfall and market conditions); Emerge to sealing ridge intertill and clean tillage 2-3 time.
Five, pilot survey result.In charcoal improvement saltings, est and pilot project is provided with test site and check plot simultaneously.
Test site: charcoal and each 1000kg/ mu of Rate of Organic Fertilizer.
Check plot: do not use charcoal but application of organic fertilizers (1000kg/ mu).
Test site is identical with check plot planting forage grass kind and field management.
Field investigation is analyzed with detection:
Gather pedotheque before using modifying agent and after results, measure soil physico-chemical property (soil weight, pH, basicity), harvesting time measures forage yield.Within continuous 3 years, improved test obtains as drawn a conclusion: charcoal and fertilizer are according to design quantity combined improved saltings effect highly significant.
2013-2015 contriver utilizes the inventive method to test on the northern white stiff soil in typical case saltings-silver, Xi great beach, Pingluo County, Ningxia, and within continuous 3 years, improved test obtains as drawn a conclusion: charcoal and fertilizer extremely remarkable according to design quantity combined improved saltings effect.The survey showed that, and the fresh careless mean yield for the treatment of zone herbage using improved materials is 2368kg/ mu, and the check plot (1383kg/ mu) of more not using improved materials increases production 985kg/ mu, and amount of increase in production reaches 71.2%; Treatment zone soil pH 8.97, comparatively check plot (pH9.6), reduce 0.63, and reduction amplitude is 6.66%; Treatment zone soil weight 1.15g/cm
3, comparatively check plot (1.35g/cm
3) reduce 0.2g/cm
3, reduction amplitude reaches 14.82%; Treatment zone alkalization of soils degree 7.47%, comparatively check plot (12.67%) reduces 5.2%, and reduction amplitude reaches 41.04% (see table 1).
Table 12013-2015 improved effect detects analytical table (mean value)
Big area test-results shows for many years, and it is extremely remarkable that charcoal is large with its concrete dynamic modulus, specific surface area, adsorptivity and the strong characteristic of surge capability and fertilizer assembly improve saltings effect.Simultaneously charcoal is rotten with fertilizer hybrid reactor, contributes to the efficiency of becoming thoroughly decomposed improving fertilizer, and effectively removal fertilizer stink, alleviate farming and pastoral area environmental pollution.In addition, the charcoal that the technology of the present invention adopts is straw biological charcoal, adopt the agricultural wastes such as straw, cotton stem to be that raw material is processed into through charing, while effectively improveing saltings, achieve the efficiency utilization of the agricultural wastes such as crop material, fertilizer resource.
China is a large agricultural country, and a large amount of uses of chemical fertilizer, agricultural chemicals, have caused the problems such as a large amount of soil compactions, degeneration and environmental pollution for a long time.Utilize the agricultural wastes such as stalk, fertilizer resource, carry out alkaline land improving, upgrading low-and medium-yield farmland, be more conducive to advancing Development of Recycle Agriculture, increase the solid carbon of TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS, reduce agriculture district carbon emission, alleviate the environmental pollution of agriculture district, have a extensive future.Ecological benefits, economic benefit, social benefit are remarkable, and development prospect is considerable.
Claims (7)
1. biological carbon and fertilizer assembly improve the method in saltings, it is characterized in that the method is carried out according to the following steps:
One, before whole ground, straw biological charcoal is mixed according to weight ratio 1:1 ~ 1.5 with fertilizer, carry out piling rotten fermentation, the fertilizer that must become thoroughly decomposed at 20 ~ 60 DEG C of temperature;
Two, within before whole ground 0 ~ 2 day, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields the fertilizer become thoroughly decomposed on alkaline land soil surface, amount of application is 2000 ~ 2500kg/ mu;
Three, spread fertilizer over the fields rear intersection rotary tillage 1 ~ 2 time, the rotary tillage degree of depth is 12 ~ 15cm, suppresses immediately after rotary tillage, can sow afterwards.
2. a kind of biological carbon according to claim 1 and fertilizer assembly improve the method in saltings, it is characterized in that straw biological charcoal described in step one is the charcoal that agricultural crop straw is formed through charing.
3. a kind of biological carbon according to claim 1 and fertilizer assembly improve the method in saltings, it is characterized in that fertilizer described in step one is forage grass animal excrement.
4. a kind of biological carbon according to claim 1 and fertilizer assembly improve the method in saltings, it is characterized in that being mixed according to weight ratio 1:1 with fertilizer by straw biological charcoal before whole ground in step one.
5. a kind of biological carbon according to claim 1 and fertilizer assembly improve the method in saltings, it is characterized in that the time of the rotten fermentation of heap in step one is 15 ~ 30 days.
6. a kind of biological carbon according to claim 1 and fertilizer assembly improve the method in saltings, it is characterized in that within first 1 day, evenly spreading fertilizer over the fields the fertilizer become thoroughly decomposed on alkaline land soil surface in step 2 wholely.
7. a kind of biological carbon according to claim 1 and fertilizer assembly improve the method in saltings, it is characterized in that adopting general rotary cultivator rotary tillage in step 3.
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CN105638011A (en) * | 2016-01-29 | 2016-06-08 | 四川农业大学 | Improving method of coastal high-chlorine saline soil |
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CN107409521A (en) * | 2017-05-14 | 2017-12-01 | 吴刚 | A kind of administering method of saline-alkali grassland |
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