CN104884585B - 烃基环氧化物的季铵化铵盐及其作为燃料和润滑剂中的添加剂的用途 - Google Patents
烃基环氧化物的季铵化铵盐及其作为燃料和润滑剂中的添加剂的用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104884585B CN104884585B CN201380067623.4A CN201380067623A CN104884585B CN 104884585 B CN104884585 B CN 104884585B CN 201380067623 A CN201380067623 A CN 201380067623A CN 104884585 B CN104884585 B CN 104884585B
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- 238000012805 post-processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- PDEDQSAFHNADLV-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium;disodium;dinitrate;nitrite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[K+].[O-]N=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O PDEDQSAFHNADLV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006268 reductive amination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000003548 sec-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CMXPERZAMAQXSF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;1,4-bis(2-ethylhexoxy)-1,4-dioxobutane-2-sulfonate;1,8-dihydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione Chemical compound [Na+].O=C1C2=CC=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C2=C1C=CC=C2O.CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CC(S([O-])(=O)=O)C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC CMXPERZAMAQXSF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004334 sorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010199 sorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940075582 sorbic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003107 substituted aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002600 sunflower oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- LMBFAGIMSUYTBN-MPZNNTNKSA-N teixobactin Chemical compound C([C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@H]1C(N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C[C@@H]2NC(=N)NC2)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)O[C@H]1C)[C@@H](C)CC)=O)NC)C1=CC=CC=C1 LMBFAGIMSUYTBN-MPZNNTNKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001973 tert-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- ASLXNOZOXWPTNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N tricosan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCN ASLXNOZOXWPTNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YFTHZRPMJXBUME-UHFFFAOYSA-N tripropylamine Chemical compound CCCN(CCC)CCC YFTHZRPMJXBUME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QFKMMXYLAPZKIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N undecan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCN QFKMMXYLAPZKIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RSJKGSCJYJTIGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N undecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC RSJKGSCJYJTIGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZDPHROOEEOARMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N undecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZDPHROOEEOARMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJIOQYGWTQBHNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N undecanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCO KJIOQYGWTQBHNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002948 undecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
- CCPPLLJZDQAOHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N vernolic acid Natural products CCCCCC1OC1CC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O CCPPLLJZDQAOHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003752 zinc compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C215/00—Compounds containing amino and hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C215/02—Compounds containing amino and hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton
- C07C215/04—Compounds containing amino and hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being saturated
- C07C215/06—Compounds containing amino and hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being saturated and acyclic
- C07C215/08—Compounds containing amino and hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being saturated and acyclic with only one hydroxy group and one amino group bound to the carbon skeleton
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- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C213/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C213/04—Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton by reaction of ammonia or amines with olefin oxides or halohydrins
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- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C215/00—Compounds containing amino and hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C215/02—Compounds containing amino and hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton
- C07C215/40—Compounds containing amino and hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton with quaternised nitrogen atoms bound to carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D207/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
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- C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
- C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
- C07D209/10—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
- C07D209/12—Radicals substituted by oxygen atoms
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- C10L1/2222—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates
- C10L1/2225—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates hydroxy containing
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- C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/2383—Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof (poly)amines and imines; derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)
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- C10L10/04—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
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- C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
- C10M133/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
- C10M133/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
- C10M133/06—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
- C10M133/08—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups
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Abstract
本发明涉及新的烃基环氧化物的季铵化铵盐、其制备以及其作为燃料添加剂和润滑添加剂的用途,例如,更具体而言,作为去污添加剂;用于减少或防止直喷式柴油发动机、尤其是共轨喷射系统中的沉积物,用于减少直喷式柴油发动机、尤其是带有共轨喷射系统的柴油发动机的燃料消耗,以及用于使直喷式柴油发动机、尤其是带有共轨喷射系统的柴油发动机中的功率损耗最小化;以及作为汽油燃料、尤其是用于DISI发动机的操作。
Description
本发明涉及新的烃基环氧化物的季铵化铵盐、其制备方法及其作为燃料添加剂和润滑添加剂的用途,例如,更具体而言,作为去污添加剂;用于减少或防止直喷式柴油发动机的喷射系统、尤其是共轨喷射系统中的沉积物,用于减少直喷式柴油发动机、尤其是带有共轨喷射系统的柴油发动机的染料消耗,以及用于使直喷式柴油发动机、尤其是带有共轨喷射系统的柴油发动机中的功率损耗最小化;以及作为汽油燃料、尤其是用于DISI发动机的操作。
背景技术
在直喷式柴油发动机中,燃料通过多孔式喷射器喷入并超精细地分布(雾化),然后直接到达发动机的燃烧室,而不是像传统(腔室)柴油发动机那样被引入至预燃室或涡流室。直喷式柴油发动机的优势在于柴油发动机效能高、燃料消耗低。此外,这些柴油发动机即使在低转速下也可达到非常高的扭矩。
目前,主要使用三种方法将燃料直接喷射至柴油发动机的燃烧室中:传统的分配式喷射泵、泵-喷嘴系统(单元喷射系统(unit-injector system)或单元泵系统(unit-pumpsystem))以及共轨系统。
在共轨系统中,柴油燃料通过最高达2000巴的压力经由泵传送至高压管线,即共轨中。从共轨开始,支路管线运行至直接将燃料喷射进燃烧室的不同的喷射器。始终将全部压力施加至共轨上,其能够实现多喷射或特定的喷射方式。相反,在其他喷射系统中,喷射仅能有较小的变化。共轨中的喷射主要分为三类:(1.)预喷射,通过预喷射可得到更温和的燃烧,以减少刺耳的燃烧噪音(“nailing”)并且发动机似乎能安静地运行;(2.)主喷射,其特别地引起良好的扭矩曲线;(3.)后喷射,其特别地保证了低NOx值。在此后喷中,燃料通常不燃烧,而是通过汽缸中的余热汽化。形成的废气/燃料混合物被传送至排气系统,在排气系统中,燃料在合适的催化剂的存在下起到氮氧化物NOx的还原剂的作用。
共轨喷射系统中可变的单独汽缸喷射(cylinder-individual injection)可有利地影响发动机的污染物排放,例如氮氧化物(NOx)、一氧化碳(CO)且尤其是微粒(烟煤)的排放。这使得例如装配有共轨喷射系统的发动机即使在没有额外颗粒过滤器的情况下也可在理论上满足Euro 4标准。
在现代共轨柴油发动机中,在特殊条件下,例如当使用含生物柴油的燃料或带有诸如锌化合物、铜化合物、铅化合物和其他金属化合物等金属杂质的燃料时,可在喷射口上形成沉积物,这不利地影响燃料的喷射性能并因而损害了发动机的性能,即特别是使功率降低,但是在一些情况下也使燃烧恶化。沉积物的形成通过喷射器构造的进一步发展而进一步增强,尤其是通过喷嘴的几何形状的变化(更窄,带有圆形出口的圆锥口)。为了发动机和喷油器的持久的最佳的运行,在喷嘴孔中的这些沉积物必须通过合适的燃料添加剂来防止或减少。
在现代柴油发动机的喷射系统中,沉积物引起重大的性能问题。众所周知,在喷雾通道中这些沉积物可导致燃料流动性能的下降并因而导致功率损耗。相比之下,在喷射端口处的沉积物破坏燃料喷雾的最佳形成,结果导致了燃烧恶化和相关的更高的排放和染料消耗增加。与这些常规的“外部”沉积现象相比,在喷射器的特定部件中的“内部”沉积物(统称为内部柴油喷射器沉积物(IDID)),例如在喷嘴针阀、控制活塞、阀门活塞、控制单元以及这些组件的导管处,也不断地引起性能问题。常规添加剂展示出的对抗这些IDID的作用是不足的。
US 4,248,719描述了通过使烯基琥珀酰亚胺与一元羧酸酯反应而制备的季铵化铵盐并发现其在润滑油中作为分散剂用于防止油泥形成的用途。更具体而言,描述了例如聚异丁基琥珀酸酐(PIBSA)与N,N-二甲基氨基丙胺(DMAPA)的反应以及用水杨酸甲酯的季铵化。然而,在此文中未提及在燃料、更特别是在柴油燃料中的用途。
US 4,171,959描述了烃基-取代的琥珀酰亚胺的季铵化铵盐,其适合作为汽油燃料组合物的去污添加剂。季铵化反应优选使用卤代烷完成。还提到了有机C2-C8烃基羧酸酯和C2-C8烃基磺酸酯。因此,作为抗衡离子,根据此文的教导提供的季铵化铵盐具有卤素离子或C2-C8烃基羧酸根或C2-C8烃基磺酸根基团。
EP-A-2 033 945公开了低温流动性改进剂,其通过使特定的带有至少一种C8-C40烷基的叔单胺与特定羧酸的C1-C4烷基酯季铵化而制备。此类羧酸酯的实例为草酸二甲酯、马来酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯和富马酸二甲酯。除了用于改进中间馏分的CFPP值用途之外,其他用途未在EP-A-2 033 945中说明。
WO 2006/135881描述了这样一种季铵化铵盐,其通过烃基-取代的酰化剂和带有叔氨基的含氧或含氮原子的化合物缩合,随后通过烃基环氧化物与化学计量的酸(例如,更具体而言,乙酸)而季铵化。在WO 2006/135881中要求保护的其他季铵化试剂为硫酸二烷基酯、苄基卤化物和烃基-取代的碳酸酯,且已通过实验研究了硫酸二甲酯、苄基氯和碳酸二甲酯。
WO 2008/060888公开了聚烯烃-取代的胺的季铵盐,其被用作燃料组合物中的去污添加剂用于减少进气系统的沉积物。优选的化合物制备如下:通过聚异丁烯的加氢甲酰化或聚异丁烯的氯化作用,随后与二胺反应,接着将由此得到的聚异丁烯二胺借助传统的季铵化试剂(如硫酸二甲酯、苄基氯或苯乙烯环氧化物/酸)进行季铵化反应。
目前已知的季铵化化合物的制备具有相对高水平的合成复杂性。因此本发明的一个目的是提供这样的季铵化燃料添加剂,首先其更容易制备,其次还具有令人满意的添加剂性质。
发明内容
出人意料地,现已发现,上述目的通过提供烃基环氧化物的季铵化铵盐以及添加了该物质的燃料组合物和润滑剂组合物而实现。
出人意料地,如通过附加的用途实施例更具体阐明的,本发明的添加剂不仅可用简单的方式由相应的烃基环氧化物前体制备,还出人意料地展示出令人满意的添加剂性质,例如,更具体而言,在现代柴油发动机的操作中。
附图说明
图1示出了根据CEC F-098-08进行的一小时发动机试验运行。
具体实施方式
A1)具体实施方案
本发明特别涉及下述实施方案:
1.一种燃料组合物或润滑剂组合物,包含:主要量的常规燃料或润滑剂,有效比例的至少一种包含季铵化氮化合物的反应产物,或其包含季铵化氮化合物且由反应产物通过纯化得到的级分,所述反应产物可通过在至少一种式III的酸的存在下使至少一种通式I的烃基环氧化物与至少一种通式II的叔胺反应得到,
其中
R1和R2基团的至少一个是直链或支链、饱和或不饱和的长链烃基(例如聚亚烷基)并且两个基团的另一个任选地为H或短链烃基(特别是C1-C4烷基);以及
R3和R4基团相同或不同且各自为H或短链烃基(特别是C1-C4烷基);
RaRbRcN (II)
其中
Ra、Rb和Rc各自独立地为直链或支链、饱和或不饱和的、任选取代的烃基,特别是短链烃基、或烷基或烯基,特别是C1-C24烷基或C2-C24烯基,或者Ra、Rb和Rc基团的两个和与其结合的氮原子一起形成任选取代的杂环,特别是5-至7-元的、饱和或不饱和的、非芳族的或芳族杂环,其可任选地带有至少一个其他环杂原子如O、S或N;
H+A- (III)
其中
A-为至少一种一元的或多元的、无机的或有机的、天然的或合成的酸的阴离子。
季铵化氮化合物可衍生自单独的式I环氧化物或多种不同的式I环氧化物的混合物。
2.实施方案1的燃料组合物或润滑剂组合物,其中所述反应产物包括至少一种通式IV的化合物
其中
R1、R2、R3、R4、Ra、Rb、Rc和A基团各自定义如上。
3.实施方案1和2的任一项的燃料组合物或润滑剂组合物,其中通式II的胺选自三-C1-C24烷基胺或三-C4-C12烷基胺或其中Ra、Rb和Rc基团中的一个基团为C1-C4烷基并且其他两个基团和与其结合的氮原子一起形成可任选地带有至少一个其他环杂原子如O、S或N的5元或6元饱和或不饱和杂环的通式II的化合物。
4.前述实施方案的任一项的燃料组合物或润滑剂组合物,其中通式I的化合物为通过使聚烯烃、特别是聚-(C2-C6)-烯烃环氧化得到的聚亚烷基环氧化物,所述聚烯烃的数均分子量(Mn)为85至20 000,例如113至10 000,或200至10 000或350至5000,例如350至3000、500至2500、700至2500或800至1500。
5.实施方案1至3的任一项的燃料组合物或润滑剂组合物,其中通式I的化合物中的长链烃基为具有8至40个、特别是10至20个、10至16个或10至14个相连碳原子的直链或支链的脂族烃基。实例包括C12-C16烷基环氧化物。特别合适的化合物为那些带有末端环氧化物基团的化合物,即在链末端(ω位置)的两个相邻碳原子或在ω-1或ω-2位置带有环氧化物基团。
6.实施方案4的燃料组合物或润滑剂组合物,其中所述聚亚烷基为亚乙烯基双键的比例为大于70mol%、尤其是大于80mol%或大于85mol%的聚异丁烯。
7.前述实施方案的任一项的燃料组合物或润滑剂组合物,选自柴油燃料、生物柴油燃料、汽油燃料和含烷醇的汽油燃料。
8.一种季铵化氮化合物,包括实施方案1至5的任一项中定义的反应产物,特别是式IV的化合物。
9.一种上述通式IV的季铵化氮化合物。
10.一种制备实施方案7或8的季铵化氮化合物的方法,包括在一种式III的酸的存在下,使通式I的至少一种烃基环氧化物与至少一种通式II的叔胺反应
其中
R1和R2基团的至少一个为直链或支链、饱和或不饱和的长链烃基(例如聚亚烷基)并且两个基团的另一个任选地为H或短链烃基(特别是C1-C4烷基);以及
R3和R4基团相同或不同并且各自为H或短链烃基(特别是C1-C4烷基);
RaRbRcN (II)
其中
Ra、Rb和Rc各自独立地为直链或支链的、饱和或不饱和的、任选取代的烃基,特别是短链烃基,或烷基或烯基,特别是C1-C24烷基或C2-C24烯基,或者Ra、Rb和Rc基团的两个和与其结合的氮原子一起形成任选取代的杂环,尤其是5-至7-元的、饱和或不饱和的、非芳族或芳族的杂环,其可任选地带有至少一个其他环杂原子如O、S或N;
H+A- (III)
其中
A-为至少一种一元的或多元的、无机的或有机的、天然的或合成的酸的阴离子;
11.实施方案10的方法,其中反应产物包括至少一种通式IV的化合物
其中
R1、R2、R3、R4、Ra、Rb、Rc和A基团各自定义如上。
12.实施方案10或11的方法,其中通式II的胺选自三-C1-C24烷基胺或三-C4-C12烷基胺或其中Ra、Rb和Rc基团中的一个为C1-C4烷基并且其他两个基团和与其结合的氮原子一起形成可任选地带有至少一个其他环杂原子如O、S或N的5元或6元饱和或不饱和杂环的通式II的化合物。
13.前述实施方案的任一项的方法,其中通式I的化合物为通过使聚烯烃、特别是聚-(C2-C6)-烯烃环氧化得到的聚亚烷基环氧化物,所述聚烯烃的数均分子量(Mn)为85至20000,例如113至10 000,或200至10000或350至5000,例如350至3000、500至2500、700至2500或800至1500。
14.实施方案13的方法,其中聚亚烷基为亚乙烯基双键的比例大于70mol%、特别是大于80mol%或大于85mol%的聚异丁烯。
15.权利要求8或9的季铵化氮化合物或实施方案10至14的任一项制备的季铵化氮化合物作为燃料添加剂或润滑添加剂的用途。
16.实施方案15的用途,作为添加剂用于减少直喷式柴油发动机、特别是带有共轨喷射系统的柴油发动机的燃料消耗和/或使直喷式柴油发动机、特别是带有共轨喷射系统的柴油发动机中的功率损耗最小化,按照实验部分中的一般描述测定(KC功率损耗或DU功率损耗或DU、CU功率损耗)。
17.实施方案16的用途,作为汽油燃料添加剂用于减少汽油发动机的进气系统的沉积物,所述汽油发动机例如,更特别是DISI和PFI(进气口燃料喷射器)发动机。
18.实施方案17的用途,作为柴油燃料添加剂用于减少和/或防止直喷式柴油发动机、特别是共轨喷射系统的吸气系统中的沉积物,例如特别是内部柴油喷射器沉积物(IDID),和/或阀门粘着,各自按照实验部分中的一般描述测定(XUD-9或IDIDI)。
19.一种添加剂浓缩物,包含与其他柴油燃料添加剂或汽油燃料添加剂或润滑添加剂结合的如实施方案8或9中定义的至少一种季铵化氮化合物或实施方案10至14的任一项制备的至少一种季铵化氮化合物。
A2)一般定义
在没有相反说明的情况下,适用下列一般条件:
“烃基”可广泛地理解并包含长链和短链的、环的和非环的、直链和支链的、饱和和不饱和的,脂族、脂环族和芳族(例如芳基)(特别是脂族)的,具有1至50个碳原子的烃基,在其链上可任选地额外包含杂原子,例如O、N、NH、S。
“长链”烃基为具有7至50或8至40或10至20个碳原子的直链或支链烃基,在其链上可任选地额外包含杂原子,例如O、N、NH、S。在一个特定的实施方案中,不存在杂原子。此外,基团可为单不饱和的或多不饱和的且具有一个或以上的非累积的(例如1至5个,如1、2或3个)C-C双键或C-C三键,特别是1、2或3个双键。其可为天然来源或合成来源的。其数均分子量(Mn)还可为85至20 000,例如113至10 000或200至10 000或350至5000,例如350至3000、500至2500、700至2500或800至1500。在这种情况下,更具体而言,其主要由C2-6、尤其是C2-4单体单元例如乙烯、丙烯、正丁烯或异丁烯或其混合物形成,其中不同单体可以无规分布的形式或嵌段的形式共聚。这样的长链烃基又称为聚亚烷基或聚-C2-6亚烷基或聚-C2-4亚烷基。合适的长链烃基及其制备还记载于例如WO 2006/135881以及其引用的文献中。
特定可用的聚亚烷基的实例为源自所谓的“高活性”聚异丁烯的聚异丁烯基,所述聚异丁烯以高含量的末端双键为特征。末端双键为式V的α-烯键式双键
其还统称为亚乙烯基双键。合适的高活性聚异丁烯为,例如具有的亚乙烯基双键的比例大于70摩尔%、特别是大于80摩尔%或大于85摩尔%的聚异丁烯。特别优选具有均匀的聚合物骨架的聚异丁烯。均匀的聚合物骨架特别被那些由异丁烯单元形成的聚异丁烯所拥有达到至少85重量%、优选至少90重量%且更优选至少95重量%的程度。优选地,此类高活性聚异丁烯具有上述范围内的数均分子量。此外,高活性聚异丁烯的多分散性的范围可为1.05至7,特别为约1.1至2.5,例如小于1.9或小于1.5。多分散性应理解为意指重均分子量Mw除以数均分子量Mn的商。
特别合适的高活性聚异丁烯为,例如BASF的Glissopal品牌,特别是Glissopal1000(Mn=1000)、Glissopal V 33(Mn=550)和Glissopal2300(Mn=2300)及其混合物。原则上,其他数均分子量可通过使不同数均分子量的聚异丁烯混合或通过对特定分子量范围的聚异丁烯进行提取富集而以已知的方式确定。
“短链烃基”或“低分子量烃基”特别代表直链或支链的C1-C7烷基或C2-C7烯基,任选地被一个或多个(例如2、3或4个)杂原子基团如-O-或–NH-间断,或任选地被单取代或多取代,例如二取代、三取代或四取代。
“亚烃基”代表具有1至10个碳原子的直链桥基团或单支链桥基团或多支链桥基团,任选被一个或多个(例如2、3或4个)杂原子基团如-O-或–NH-间断,或任选地被单取代或多取代,例如二取代、三取代或四取代。
“烷基”或“低级烷基”特别代表具有1至4、1至5、1至6、1至7、1至10、1至16或1至24个碳原子的饱和的、直链或支链的烃基,例如甲基、乙基、正丙基、1-甲基乙基、正丁基、1-甲基丙基、2-甲基丙基、1,1-二甲基乙基、正戊基、1-甲基丁基、2-甲基丁基、3-甲基丁基、2,2-二甲基丙基、1-乙基丙基、正己基、1,1-二甲基丙基、1,2-二甲基丙基、1-甲基戊基、2-甲基戊基、3-甲基戊基、4-甲基戊基、1,1-二甲基丁基、1,2-二甲基丁基、1,3-二甲基丁基、2,2-二甲基丁基、2,3-二甲基丁基、3,3-二甲基丁基、1-乙基丁基、2-乙基丁基、1,1,2-三甲基丙基、1,2,2-三甲基丙基、1-乙基-1-甲基丙基和1-乙基-2-甲基丙基;以及正庚基、正辛基、正壬基、正癸基、正十一烷基、正十三烷基、正十四烷基、正十五烷基和正十六烷基、十八烷基、二十二烷基(docosanyl)及其单支链或多支链同系物。“低级烷基”特别代表具有1至4、1至5、1至6或1至7个碳原子的基团。
“羟烷基”特别代表单羟基取代的或多羟基取代的(特别是单羟基取代的)上述烷基或低级烷基的同系物。
“烯基”代表具有2至4、2至6、2至7、2至10、2至16或2至24个碳原子且双键在任意位置的单不饱和或多不饱和的(尤其是单不饱和的)直链或支链的烃基,例如C2-C6烯基,如乙烯基、1-丙烯基、2-丙烯基、1-甲基乙烯基、1-丁烯基、2-丁烯基、3-丁烯基、1-甲基-1-丙烯基、2-甲基-1-丙烯基、1-甲基-2-丙烯基、2-甲基-2-丙烯基、1-戊烯基、2-戊
烯基、3-戊烯基、4-戊烯基、1-甲基-1-丁烯基、2-甲基-1-丁烯基、3-甲基-1-丁烯基、1-甲基-2-丁烯基、2-甲基-2-丁烯基、3-甲基-2-丁烯基、1-甲基-3-丁烯基、2-甲基-3-丁烯基、3-甲基-3-丁烯基、1,1-二甲基-2-丙烯基、1,2-二甲基-1-丙烯基、1,2-二甲基-2-丙烯基、1-乙基-1-丙烯基、1-乙基-2-丙烯基、1-己烯基、2-己烯基、3-己烯基、4-己烯基、5-己烯基、1-甲基-1-戊烯基、2-甲基-1-戊烯基、3-甲基-1-戊烯基、4-甲基-1-戊烯基、1-甲基-2-戊烯基、2-甲基-2-戊烯基、3-甲基-2-戊烯基、4-甲基-2-戊烯基、1-甲基-3-戊烯基、2-甲基-3-戊烯基、3-甲基-3-戊烯基、4-甲基-3-戊烯基、1-甲基-4-戊烯基、2-甲基-4-戊烯基、3-甲基-4-戊烯基、4-甲基-4-戊烯基、1,1-二甲基-2-丁烯基、1,1-二甲基-3-丁烯基、1,2-二甲基-1-丁烯基、1,2-二甲基-2-丁烯基、1,2-二甲基-3-丁烯基、1,3-二甲基-1-丁烯基、1,3-二甲基-2-丁烯基、1,3-二甲基-3-丁烯基、2,2-二甲基-3-丁烯基、2,3-二甲基-1-丁烯基、2,3-二甲基-2-丁烯基、2,3-二甲基-3-丁烯基、3,3-二甲基-1-丁烯基、3,3-二甲基-2-丁烯基、1-乙基-1-丁烯基、1-乙基-2-丁烯基、1-乙基-3-丁烯基、2-乙基-1-丁烯基、2-乙基-2-丁烯基、2-乙基-3-丁烯基、1,1,2-三甲基-2-丙烯基、1-乙基-1-甲基-2-丙烯基、1-乙基-2-甲基-1-丙烯基和1-乙基-2-甲基-2-丙烯基,以及,当未详细说明时,上述烷基的单不饱和同系物。“低级烯基”代表特别是具有2至4、2至5、2至6或2至7个碳原子的基团。
“亚烷基”代表具有1至10或2至6个碳原子的直链或单支链或多支链的烃基桥基,例如选自如下的C1-C7亚烷基或C2-C6亚烷基:-CH2-、-(CH2)2-、-(CH2)3-、-CH2-CH(CH3)-、-CH(CH3)-CH2-、-(CH2)4-、-(CH2)2-CH(CH3)-、-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-、(CH2)4-、-(CH2)5-、-(CH2)6、-(CH2)7-、-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH(CH3)-或-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH(CH3)-;或选自如下的C1-C4亚烷基或C2-C4亚烷基:-CH2-、-(CH2)2-、-(CH2)3-、-CH2-CH(CH3)-、-CH(CH3)-CH2、-(CH2)4-、-(CH2)2-CH(CH3)-、-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-。
“亚烯基”代表上述具有2至10个碳原子的亚烷基的单不饱和或多不饱和(尤其是单不饱和)同系物,特别是C2-C7亚烯基或C2-C4亚烯基,例如-CH=CH-、-CH=CH-CH2-、-CH2-CH=CH-、-CH=CH-CH2-CH2-、-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-、-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-、-CH(CH3)-CH=CH-、-CH2-C(CH3)=CH-。
“环烷基”代表具有3至20个碳原子的碳环基,例如C3-C12环烷基,如环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环己基、环庚基、环辛基、环壬基、环癸基、环十一烷基和环十二烷基,优选环戊基、环己基、环庚基,以及环丙基甲基、环丙基乙基、环丁基甲基、环丁基乙基、环戊基甲基、环戊基乙基、环己基甲基;或C3-C7环烷基,如环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环己基、环庚基、环丙基甲基、环丙基乙基、环丁基甲基、环戊基乙基、环己基甲基,其中,与分子的其余部分的连接可通过任意合适的碳原子实现。
“脂环族”基团特别包括上述环烷基及其单不饱和同系物(“环烯基”)。
“芳基”代表单环或多环(优选单环或双环)的、具有6至20个(例如6至10个)环碳原子的任选取代的芳基,例如苯基、联苯基、萘基(如1-萘基或2-萘基)、四氢萘基、芴基、茚基和菲。这些芳基可任选地带有1、2、3、4、5或6个相同的或不同的取代基。
“芳烷基”代表上述烷基或低级烷基的单芳基取代的或多芳基取代的同系物。
除非另有说明,本文指明的基团的“取代基”尤其选自酮基、-COOH、-COO-烷基、-OH、-SH、-CN、氨基、-NO2、烷基或烯基。
“Mn”代表数均分子量并以常规方法测定;更具体而言,此描述涉及通过例如凝胶渗透色谱法测定的Mn值;
特别是通过相对方法例如凝胶渗透色谱法(洗脱剂为THF,标准品为聚苯乙烯),或者绝对方法例如气相渗透法(使用甲苯作溶剂)测定。
“Mw”代表重均分子量并以常规方法测定;更具体而言,这些数值涉及通过相对方法如凝胶渗透色谱法(洗脱剂为THF,标准品为聚苯乙烯)、或绝对方法如光散射法测定的Mw值。
“聚合度”通常指的是数均聚合度(测定方法:凝胶渗透色谱法,THF作为洗脱剂,标准品为聚苯乙烯;或GC-MS联用法)。
A3)式(I)烃基环氧化物
上式I的烃基环氧化物是本身已知的化合物(例如记载于WO 2007/025700或EP-A-1422246)或可以本身已知的方法制备(参见,例如Sienel,G.,Rieth,R.和Rowbottom,K.T.2000.Epoxides.Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry)。
原则上,用于环氧化物制备的合适的原料的实例为来自聚烯烃的化合物类的所有化合物,其本身是已知的,例如,记载于Koch,H.,Mawer,R.L.和Immel,W.2011.Polybutenes.Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry,JamesL.White,Dongman Choi.2004.Polyolefins:Processing,Structure Development,andProperties,Hanser。
更具体而言,非限制性实例为所谓的“高活性”聚异丁烯,其以高含量的上式V的末端双键为特征。此处再次明确引用上述高活性聚异丁烯的公开内容。
例如,可用的环氧化物的制备通过下述聚丁烯环氧化物的制备的描述来阐明。
在室温下,将甲酸和甲基三辛基氯化铵添加至聚异丁烯的非极性溶剂(例如正庚烷)的溶液中(记载于例如WO 2007/025700中)。加热该反应混合物,例如加热至50至90℃的温度范围内,例如约75℃,并且缓慢地逐滴添加过氧化氢溶液,同时维持预设温度。随后在同样的温度下将反应混合物搅拌合适的时间,例如1至36小时,例如10小时,并冷却至室温,然后进行相分离。例如,依次用NaHSO3水溶液、饱和的NaHCO3溶液和水清洗该有机相。有机相用Na2SO4干燥并去除溶剂。
A4)式(II)的叔胺
式(II)的叔胺也是来自脂族胺或芳族胺的本身已知的化合物。实例包括:
a)非环的叔胺,例如:
通式II的胺中,Ra、Rb和Rc基团各自独立地为C1-C24烷基,例如甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、正戊基、异戊基、正己基、异己基;或C3-至C12-环烷基,例如环戊基、环己基和环庚基;羟烷基,例如羟基-C1-C24烷基,例如上述烷基或环烷基的单羟基取代同系物;或芳烷基,例如芳基-取代的C1-C4烷基,例如苄基。
其非限制性实例为:三甲基胺、三乙基胺、三丙基胺、二甲基乙基胺、甲基二乙基胺、乙基二丙基胺、甲基二丙基胺、二甲基丙基胺、乙基二丙基胺、二乙基丙基胺、三-(正丁基)胺、二异丙基乙基胺、三戊基胺、三己基胺、三环己胺、乙基二环己胺、N,N-二甲基苯甲胺、N,N-二甲基环己胺、N,N-二甲基乙醇胺、N,N-二乙基乙醇胺、N,N-二甲基乙基胺、N,N-二甲基丙基胺、N,N-二甲基异丙基胺、N-乙基二异丙基胺、三(2-乙基己基)胺、N,N,N′,N′-四甲基-1,6-己二胺、N,N,N′,N′-四甲基-1,3-丙二胺、三乙醇胺、三异丙醇胺、N,N-二丁基乙醇胺、N-甲基二乙醇胺、N,N-二甲基异丙醇胺、N,N-二-(2-羟乙基)苯胺。
b)环状叔胺,例如:
异丙基二甲基胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、N-甲基咪唑、N-甲基吗啉、N-甲基哌啶、N-乙基哌啶、N-乙基吡咯烷、N-丙基氮杂卓、N-乙基吗啉、N,N'-二甲基哌嗪。
4-氨基吡啶,其中氨基的氢原子已被上述定义的Ra、Rb或Rc取代。实例为N,N-二甲基-4-氨基吡啶、N,N-二乙基-4-氨基吡啶、4-吗啉代吡啶或4-哌嗪吡啶(4-piperazinopyridine)。
N-取代的咪唑,其中取代基为C1-C24烷基或C1-C8烷基,例如N-甲基咪唑、N-乙基咪唑或N-丙基咪唑。
A5)本发明的式(IV)的季铵化添加剂的制备
a)季铵化反应
季铵化反应以本身已知的方式进行。
为了进行季铵化反应,叔胺(II)与至少一种上式(I)的环氧化物化合物混合,特别是以为实现想要的季铵化反应所需的化学计量量进行。
如果需要,反应物可溶入合适的有机溶剂,特别是醇类溶剂,例如甲醇或乙醇。
反应还在化学计量的上式(III)的无机酸或特别是有机酸的存在下进行。
更具体而言,为此目的使用有机羧酸,特别是饱和或不饱和的、脂族或芳族的C1-C20羧酸,例如C1-C4单羧酸、甲酸、乙酸、丙酸;或芳族羧酸,例如水杨酸和苯甲酸;或脂肪酸。合适的脂肪酸为直链或支链的、单不饱和的或多不饱和的、任选地取代的C6-C30单羧酸。饱和的非支链脂肪酸的实例为己酸、庚酸、辛酸、壬酸、癸酸、十一烷酸、十二烷酸、十三烷酸、十四烷酸、十五烷酸、棕榈酸、十七烷酸、十八烷酸、十九烷酸、二十烷酸、二十二烷酸、二十四烷酸、二十六烷酸和三十烷酸。单不饱和脂肪酸的实例为棕榈油酸、油酸和芥酸。二不饱和脂肪酸的实例为山梨酸和亚油酸。三不饱和脂肪酸的实例为亚麻酸和桐酸。四不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸的实例为花生四烯酸、二十二碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸。取代的脂肪酸的实例为蓖麻油酸((R)-12-羟基-(Z)-9-十八烯酸)。其他合适的脂肪酸为天然存在的脂肪酸如二十碳-11-烯酸和二十四碳单烯酸。如果脂肪酸中存在双键,它们可以顺式或反式的形式存在。取代基优选选自羟基和低级的烷基,例如甲基和乙基。此外,酮基或环氧基(例如在斑鸠菊酸中)可存在于烃基中。其他官能团为可通过桥接脂肪酸烃基中的两个相邻碳原子形成的环丙烷环、环丙烯环和环戊烯环(参见锦葵酸(malvalic acid)和戊烯-2-十三烷酸)。还应特别提及妥尔油脂肪酸制成的酸。
通常此处的工作温度的范围为50至200℃,例如90至160℃或100至140℃。反应时间可在数分钟或数小时区间内,例如约10分钟最高至约24小时。该反应可在约1至20巴(例如1至10巴)的压力下进行,但特别是在高压釜内在约标准压力下进行。
该反应还特别是在惰性气体(例如氮气)下进行。
b)反应混合物的后处理
由此形成的反应终产物理论上可被进一步纯化,或者可去除溶剂。任选地,可除去反应混合物中过量的反应试剂或挥发性组分。进一步的纯化,例如去除非季铵化组分,不是绝对必须的,因此反应产物仅仅在去除挥发性组分之后、任选地在与其他添加剂组分(参见下文)混合之后即可作为添加剂使用。
B)其他添加剂组分
添加有本发明的季铵化添加剂的燃料为汽油燃料或特别是中间馏分燃料,特别是柴油燃料。
所述燃料可包括其他常规添加剂以改善功效和/或抑制磨损。
对于柴油燃料,这些主要是常规的去污添加剂、载体油、低温流动改进剂、润滑改进剂、腐蚀抑制剂、反乳化剂、脱水剂、消泡剂、十六烷值增进剂(cetane numberimprovers)、燃烧促进剂、抗氧化剂或稳定剂、抗静电剂、金属茂络合物、金属减活剂、染料和/或溶剂。
对于汽油燃料,其具体为润滑改进剂(摩擦改进剂)、腐蚀抑制剂、反乳化剂、脱水剂、消泡剂、燃烧促进剂、抗氧化剂或稳定剂、抗静电剂、金属茂络合物、金属减活剂、染料和/或溶剂。
合适的共添加剂的典型实例在下文中列出:
B1)去污添加剂
常规的去污添加剂优选为下述两亲性物质,其具有至少一个数均分子量(Mn)为85至20000的疏水性烃基和至少一个选自如下的极性部分:
(Da)具有最高达6个氮原子的单氨基或多氨基,至少一个氮原子具有碱性;
(Db)硝基,任选地与羟基结合;
(Dc)与单氨基或多氨基结合的羟基,至少一个氮原子具有碱性;
(Dd)羧基或其碱金属或碱土金属盐;
(De)磺酸基或其碱金属或碱土金属盐;
(Df)聚氧-C2-亚烷基至聚氧-C4-亚烷基部分,其被羟基、单氨基或多氨基封端,至少一个氮原子具有碱性,或通过氨基甲酸酯基团封端;
(Dg)羧酸酯基团;
(Dh)衍生自琥珀酸酐并具有羟基和/或氨基和/或酰胺基和/或酰亚胺基的部分;和/或
(Di)通过取代酚与醛和单胺或多胺的曼尼希(Mannich)反应得到的部分。
在上述去污添加剂中确保在燃料中的充足溶解性的疏水性烃基的数均分子量(Mn)为85至20 000,优选113至10 000,更优选300至5000,甚至更优选300至3000,甚至尤其更优选500至2500以及尤其是700至2500,特别是800至1500。有用的典型的疏水性烃基尤其是数均分子量Mn在每种情况下优选为300至5000、更优选300至3000、甚至更优选500至2500、甚至尤其更优选700至2500且特别是800至1500的聚丙烯基、聚丁烯基和聚异丁烯基。
上述类的去污添加剂的实例包括:
包含单氨基或多氨基(Da)的添加剂优选为基于聚丙烯或基于高活性(即主要具有末端双键)或传统(即主要具有内部双键)聚丁烯或聚异丁烯的聚烯烃单胺或聚烯烃多胺,所述聚烯烃的Mn=300至5000,更优选500至2500且特别是700至2500。基于高活性聚异丁烯的这些添加剂特别地由EP-A 244 616已知,所述添加剂可由包括最高达20重量%的正丁烯单元的聚异丁烯通过加氢甲酰化和与氨、单胺或多胺(例如二甲基氨基丙胺、乙二胺、二亚乙基三胺、三亚乙基四胺或四亚乙基五胺)的还原胺化反应制备。当主要具有内部双键(通常在β和γ位)的聚丁烯或聚异丁烯在添加剂的制备中被用作原料时,可行的制备方法是:通过氯化和随后的胺化或通过用空气或臭氧氧化双键以得到羰基或羧基化合物,并且随后在还原(氢化)条件下胺化。此处用于胺化的胺可为,例如氨、单胺或上述多胺。基于聚丙烯的相应的添加剂更具体地记载于WO-A 94/24231中。
包含单氨基(Da)的其他的特别的添加剂为平均聚合度P=5至100的聚异丁烯与氮氧化物或氮氧化物与氧的混合物的反应产物的氢化产物,如更具体地记载于WO-A 97/03946中。
包含单氨基(Da)的其他的特别的添加剂为由聚异丁烯环氧化物通过与胺的反应以及随后进行氨基醇的脱水和还原而得到的化合物,如更具体地记载于DE-A 196 20 262中。
包含硝基(Db)——任选地与羟基结合——的添加剂优选为平均聚合度P=5至100或10至100的聚异丁烯与氮氧化物或氮氧化物和氧的混合物的反应产物,如更具体地记载于WO-A 96/03367和WO-A 96/03479中。这些反应产物通常为纯硝基聚异丁烯(例如,α,β-二硝基聚异丁烯)和混合的羟基硝基聚异丁烯(例如α-硝基-β-羟基聚异丁烯)的混合物。
包含与单氨基或多氨基相结合的羟基(Dc)的添加剂特别是聚异丁烯环氧化物与氨、或单胺或多胺制得的反应产物,所述聚异丁烯环氧化物由优选主要具有末端双键且Mn=300至5000的聚异丁烯获得,如更具体地记载于EP-A 476 485中。
包含羧基或其碱金属盐或碱土金属盐(Dd)的添加剂优选为C2-至C40-烯烃与马来酸酐的共聚物,其总摩尔质量为500至20000,并且其部分或全部羧基已转化为碱金属盐或碱土金属盐,并且任何剩余的羧基已与醇或胺反应。此类添加剂更具体地公开于EP-A 307815中。此类添加剂主要起防止阀座磨损的作用并能有利地与常规燃料去污剂如聚(异)丁烯胺或聚醚胺结合使用,如记载于WO-A 87/01126中。
包含磺酸基或其碱金属盐或碱土金属盐(De)的添加剂优选为磺基琥珀酸烷基酯的碱金属盐或碱土金属盐,如更具体地记载于EP-A 639632中。此类添加剂主要起防止阀座磨损的作用并可有利地与常规的燃料去污剂如聚(异)丁烯胺或聚醚胺结合使用。
包含聚氧-C2-C4亚烷基部分(Df)的添加剂优选为这样的聚醚或聚醚胺,其可通过每羟基或氨基具有1至30mol的环氧乙烷和/或环氧丙烷和/或环氧丁烷的C2-至C60-烷醇、C6-至C30-烷二醇、单-C2-至单-C30-烷基胺或二-C2-至二-C30-烷基胺、C1-至C30-烷基环己醇或C1-至C30-烷基苯酚的反应而得到,并且在聚醚胺的情况下,通过随后与氨、单胺或多胺的还原胺化而得到。这样的产物更具体地记载于EP-A 310 875、EP-A 356 725、EP-A 700 985和US-A 4 877 416中。对于聚醚,这样的产物还具有载体油的性质。其典型的实例为十三醇丁氧基化物或异十三醇丁氧基化物、异壬基苯酚丁氧基化物以及聚异丁烯醇丁氧基化物和丙氧基化物,以及相应的与氨的反应产物。
包含羧酸酯基(Dg)的添加剂优选为一元羧酸、二元羧酸或三元羧酸与长链烷醇或多元醇的酯,尤其是那些在100℃下具有的最小黏度为2mm2/s的酯,如更具体地记载于DE-A38 38 918中。使用的一元羧酸、二元羧酸或三元羧酸可为脂族或芳族酸,且特别合适的酯醇或酯多元醇为具有例如6至24个碳原子的长链代表物。典型的酯的代表为异辛醇、异壬醇、异癸醇和异十三醇的己二酸酯、邻苯二甲酸酯、间苯二甲酸酯、对苯二甲酸酯和苯三甲酸酯。这样的产物还满足载体油的性质。
包含衍生自琥珀酸酐并具有羟基和/或氨基和/或酰胺基和/或特别是酰亚胺基基团的部分(Dh)的添加剂优选为烷基-取代的或烯基-取代的琥珀酸酐相应的衍生物以及特别是聚异丁烯琥珀酸酐的相应的衍生物,所述衍生物可通过使常规的或高活性的聚异丁烯与马来酸酐通过在烯反应(ene reaction)中的热法或通过氯代聚异丁烯而得到,所述常规的或高活性的聚异丁烯的Mn=优选300至5000,更优选300至3000,甚至更优选500至2500,甚至更优选700至2500以及尤其是800至1500。具有羟基和/或氨基和/或酰胺基和/或酰亚胺基基团的部分为,例如:羧酸基团、单胺的酰胺、二胺或多胺的酰胺(其除了酰胺官能团之外还具有游离的胺基团)、具有酸官能团和酰胺官能团的琥珀酸衍生物、带有单胺的酰亚胺、带有二胺或多胺的酰亚胺(其除了酰亚胺之外还具有游离的胺基团),或通过二胺或多胺与两个琥珀酸衍生物的反应形成的二酰亚胺。然而,在酰亚胺部分D(h)的存在下,在本发明的上下文中其他的去污添加剂仅使用最高达100重量%的带有甜菜碱结构的化合物。这样的燃料添加剂是众所周知的并记载于例如文件(1)和(2)中。其优选为烷基-或烯基-取代的琥珀酸或其衍生物与胺的反应产物以及更优选为聚异丁烯基-取代的琥珀酸或其衍生物与胺的反应产物。本说明书中特别关注的是与脂族的多胺(聚亚烷基亚胺)的反应产物,其具有酰亚胺结构,所述脂族多胺例如特别是乙二胺、二亚乙基三胺、三亚乙基四胺、四亚乙基五胺、五亚乙基六胺和六亚乙基七胺。
包含通过取代的苯酚与醛和单胺或多胺的曼尼希反应得到的部分(Di)的添加剂优选为聚异丁烯-取代的苯酚与甲醛和单胺或多胺(例如乙二胺、二亚乙基三胺、三亚乙基四胺、四亚乙基五胺或二甲基氨基丙基胺)的反应产物。所述聚异丁烯基-取代的苯酚可源自Mn=300至5000的常规的或高活性的聚异丁烯。这样的“聚异丁烯曼尼希碱”更具体地记载于EP-A 831 141中。
提到的一种或多种去污添加剂可以如下的量添加至燃料中:这些去污剂添加剂的量优选为25至2500重量ppm,特别是75至1500重量ppm,特别是150至1000重量ppm。
B2)载体油
额外使用的载体油可为矿物质的或天然合成的。合适的矿物质载体油为在原油加工中得到的级分,例如光亮油或具有例如SN 500-2000级粘度的基础油;以及芳族烃、石蜡烃和烷氧烷醇。同样有用的是在矿物油的精制中得到并被称作“加氢裂化油(hydrocrackoil)”的级分(具有约360至500℃沸程的真空馏分,可由已在高压下催化加氢并异构化和脱蜡的天然矿物油获得)。还合适的为上述矿物质载体油的混合物。
合适的合成载体油的实例为聚烯烃(聚α烯烃或聚内烯烃)、(聚)酯、(聚)烷氧化物、聚醚、脂族聚醚胺、始于烷基苯酚的聚醚、始于烷基苯酚的聚醚胺和长链烷醇的羧酸酯。
合适的聚烯烃的实例为Mn=400至1800的烯烃聚合物,特别是基于聚丁烯或聚异丁烯(氢化的或非氢化的)的烯烃聚合物。
合适的聚醚或聚醚胺的实例优选为包括聚氧-C2-至C4-亚烷基部分的化合物,其可通过每羟基或氨基具有1至30mol的环氧乙烷和/或环氧丙烷和/或环氧丁烷的C2-至C60-烷醇、C6-至C30-烷二醇、单-C2-至C30-烷基胺或二-C2-至C30-烷基胺、C1-至C30-烷基环己醇或C1-至C30-烷基苯酚的反应而得到,并且在聚醚胺的情况下,通过随后与氨、单胺或多胺的还原胺化得到。这样的产物更具体地记载于EP-A 310 875、EP-A 356 725、EP-A 700 985和US-A 4877416中。例如,使用的聚醚胺可为聚-C2-至C6-环氧烷基胺或其官能衍生物。其典型的实例为十三醇丁氧基化物或异十三醇丁氧基化物、异壬基苯酚丁氧基化物以及聚异丁烯醇丁氧基化物和丙氧基化物,以及与氨的相应的反应产物。
长链烷醇的羧酸酯的实例更具体为一元羧酸、二元羧酸或三元羧酸与长链烷醇或多元醇的酯,如更具体地记载于DE-A 38 38 918中。使用的一元羧酸、二元羧酸或三元羧酸可为脂族或芳族酸;特别合适的酯醇或酯多元醇为具有例如6至24个碳原子的长链代表物。典型的酯的代表为异辛醇、异壬醇、异癸醇和异十三醇的己二酸酯、邻苯二甲酸酯、间苯二甲酸酯、对苯二甲酸酯和苯三甲酸酯,例如邻苯二甲酸二(正十三烷基或异十三烷基)酯。
其他合适的载体油体系记载于例如DE-A 38 26 608、DE-A 41 42 241、DE-A 4309 074、EP-A 452 328和EP-A 548 617中。
特别合适的合成载体油的实例为始于醇的聚醚,其每个醇分子中具有约5至35、优选约5至30、更优选10至30且尤其是15至30个C3-至C6-环氧烷烃单元,例如环氧丙烷、环氧正丁烷和环氧异丁烷单元,或其混合物。合适的起始醇的非限制性实例为长链烷醇或被长链烷基取代的苯酚,其中长链烷基特别是直链或支链的C6-至C18-烷基。具体的实例包括十三醇和壬基苯酚。特别优选的始于醇的聚醚为单羟基的脂族C6-至C18-醇与C3-至C6-环氧烷烃的反应产物(聚醚化产物)。单羟基的脂族C6-至C18-醇的实例为己醇、庚醇、辛醇、2-乙基己醇、壬醇、癸醇、3-丙基庚醇、十一烷醇、十二烷醇、十三烷醇、十四烷醇、十五烷醇、十六醇、十八烷醇及其结构异构体和位置异构体。所述醇可以纯异构体或者以工业级混合物的形式使用。特别优选的醇是十三醇。C3-至C6-环氧烷烃的实例为环氧丙烷如1,2-环氧丙烷、环氧丁烷(例如1,2-环氧丁烷、2,3-环氧丁烷、异环氧丁烷或四氢呋喃)、环氧戊烷和环氧己烷。这些中特别优选C3-至C4-环氧烷烃,即环氧丙烷如1,2-环氧丙烷和环氧丁烷(如1,2-环氧丁烷、2,3-环氧丁烷和异环氧丁烷)。特别使用环氧丁烷。
其他合适的合成载体油为烷氧基化的烷基酚,如记载于DE-A 10 102 913中。
特别的载体油为合成载体油,特别优选上述始于醇的聚醚。
添加至燃料中的载体油或不同载体油的混合物的量优选为1至1000重量ppm,更优选10至500重量ppm且特别是20至100重量ppm。
B3)低温流动性改进剂
原则上,合适的低温流动性改进剂为所有能够在低温条件下改进中间馏分燃料或柴油燃料的流动性质的有机化合物。就预期目的而言,其必须具有足够的油溶性。更具体而言,用于此目的的有用的低温流动性改进剂为通常在化石来源中间馏分的情况下(即在常规矿物质柴油燃料的情况下)使用的低温流动性改进剂(中间馏分流动性改性剂,MDFI)。然而,还可以使用在常规柴油燃料中使用时部分地或主要地具有蜡防沉添加剂(WASA)性质的化合物。其还可部分或主要地起到成核剂的作用。还可以使用有效MDFI和/或有效WASA和/或有效成核剂的有机化合物的混合物。
低温流动性改进剂通常选自:
(K1)C2-至C40-烯烃与至少一种其他的烯键式不饱和单体的共聚物;
(K2)梳形聚合物;
(K3)聚氧化烯;
(K4)极性氮化合物;
(K5)磺基羧酸或磺酸或其衍生物;以及
(K6)聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯。
可以使用来自具体的(K1)至(K6)类之一的不同代表物的混合物或不同类(K1)至(K6)的代表物的混合物。
对于(K1)类的共聚物而言,合适的C2-至C40-烯烃单体为,例如那些具有2至20个、特别是2至10个碳原子,以及1至3个、并优选1或2个碳碳双键、特别是具有一个碳碳双键的化合物。在后者情况下,碳碳双键可位于末端(α-烯烃)或者内部。然而,优选α-烯烃,特别优选具有2至6个碳原子的α-烯烃,例如丙烯、1-丁烯、1-戊烯、1-己烯以及特别是乙烯。
在(K1)类的共聚物中,至少一种其他的烯键式不饱和单体优选选自烯基羧化物、(甲基)丙烯酸酯以及其他的烯烃。
当其他的烯烃也被共聚时,它们的分子量优选比前述C2-至C40-烯烃基单体更高。例如,当使用的烯烃基单体为乙烯或丙烯时,合适的其他烯烃特别是C10-至C40-α-烯烃。当也使用具有羧酸酯官能团的单体时,其他的烯烃在大多数情况下只能额外地共聚。
合适的(甲基)丙烯酸酯为,例如(甲基)丙烯酸与C1-至C20-烷醇、特别是C1-至C10-烷醇的酯及其结构异构体,所述醇特别是甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、仲丁醇、异丁醇、叔丁醇、戊醇、己醇、庚醇、辛醇、2-乙基己醇、壬醇和癸醇。
合适的烯基羧化物为,例如:具有2至21个碳原子的羧酸的C2-至C14-烯基酯,例如乙烯基酯和丙烯基酯,其烃基可为直链或支链的。在这些之中,优选乙烯酯。在带有支链烃基的羧酸中,优选那些在羧基的α位上有支链的羧酸,α-碳原子更优选是叔碳,即羧酸为所谓的新羧酸。然而,羧酸的烃基优选是直链的。
合适的烯基羧化物的实例为乙酸乙烯酯、丙酸乙烯酯、丁酸乙烯酯、2-乙基己酸乙烯酯、新戊酸乙烯酯、己酸乙烯酯、新壬酸乙烯酯、新癸酸乙烯酯及相应的丙烯酯,优选乙烯酯。特别优选的烯基羧化物为乙酸乙烯酯;由此得到的典型的(K1)类共聚物为乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物(“EVA”),其为最常用的一些。特别有利使用的乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物及其制备记载于WO 99/29748中。
合适的(K1)类共聚物也为包括共聚形式的两种以上不同烯基羧化物的那些,所述烯基羧化物的不同在于烯基官能团和/或羧酸基团。除烯基羧化物之外,还合适的是包括共聚形式的至少一种烯烃和/或至少一种(甲基)丙烯酸酯的共聚物。
C2-至C40-α-烯烃、具有3至15个碳原子的烯键式不饱和一元羧酸的C1-至C20-烷基酯和具有2至21个碳原子的饱和一元羧酸的C2-至C14-烯基酯的三元共聚物作为(K1)类共聚物也是合适的。此类三元共聚物记载于WO 2005/054314中。此类常见的三元共聚物由乙烯、丙烯酸2-乙基己基酯和乙酸乙烯酯形成。
在(K1)类共聚物中,至少一种其他的烯键式不饱和单体以优选为1至50重量%、特别是10至45重量%且特别是20至40重量%的量共聚,基于总的共聚物计。因此,就(K1)类共聚物中单体单元的重量而言,主要部分通常源自C2至C40基烯烃。
(K1)类共聚物优选具有的数均分子量Mn为1000至20 000,更优选1000至10 000且特别是1000至8000。
组分(K2)的典型的梳形聚合物为,例如可通过下述方法获得:马来酸酐或富马酸与另一烯键式不饱和单体、例如α-烯烃或不饱和的酯(例如乙酸乙烯酯)共聚,以及随后进行酐或酸官能团与具有至少10个碳原子的醇的酯化反应。其他合适的梳形聚合物为α-烯烃和酯化的共聚单体的共聚物,例如苯乙烯和马来酸酐的酯化共聚物或苯乙烯和富马酸的酯化共聚物。合适的梳形聚合物也可为聚富马酸酯或聚马来酸酯。乙烯醚的均聚物和共聚物也为合适的梳形聚合物。适合作为(K2)类组分的梳形聚合物也为那些记载于例如WO 2004/035715和“Comb-Like Polymers.Structure and Properties”(N.A.Platé和V.P.Shibaev,J.Poly.Sci.Macromolecular Revs.8,117至253页(1974))中的聚合物。梳形聚合物的混合物也是合适的。
适合作为(K3)类组分的聚氧化烯为,例如聚氧化烯酯、聚氧化烯醚、混合的聚氧化烯酯/醚及其混合物。这些聚氧化烯化合物优选包括至少一个直链烷基,优选至少两个直链烷基基团,各自具有10至30个碳原子,且聚氧化烯基团具有最高达5000的数均分子量。这样的聚氧化烯化合物记载于例如EP-A 061 895和US 4 491 455中。特别的聚氧化烯化合物基于数均分子量为100至5000的聚乙二醇和聚丙二醇。其他合适的为具有10至30个碳原子的脂肪酸(例如硬脂酸或二十二烷酸)的聚氧化烯单酯和二酯。
适合作为(K4)类组分的极性氮化合物可为离子的或非离子的并优选具有至少一个以通式>NR7的叔氮原子形式的取代基,特别是至少两个取代基,其中R7为C8-至C40-烃基。氮取代基也可为季铵化的,即可为阳离子形式。这样的氮化合物的实例为下述铵盐和/或酰胺,其可通过使至少一种被至少一个烃基取代的胺与具有1至4个羧酸基团的羧酸或与其合适的衍生物反应得到。所述胺优选包括至少一种直链C8-至C40-烷基。用于制备提及的极性氮化合物的合适的伯胺为,例如辛胺、壬胺、癸胺、十一烷基胺、十二烷基胺、十四烷基胺以及更高级的直链同系物;适合用于此目的的仲胺为,例如双十八烷基胺和甲基二十二烷基胺(methylbehenylamine)。还适合用于此目的的为胺混合物,特别是工业级规模可得到的胺混合物,例如脂肪胺或氢化的妥尔胺(tallamine),如记载于例如Ullmann’sEncyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry,第六版,“Amines,aliphatic”章节。适合于此反应的酸为,例如被长链烃基取代的环己烷-1,2-二羧酸、环己烯-1,2-二羧酸、环戊烷-1,2-二羧酸、萘二羧酸、邻苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸、对苯二甲酸和琥珀酸。
更具体而言,(K4)类组分为具有至少一个叔氨基的聚(C2-至C20-羧酸)与伯胺或仲胺的油溶性反应产物。具有至少一个叔氨基团并形成此反应产物的基础的聚(C2-至C20-羧酸)优选包括至少3个羧基,尤其是3至12个,特别是3至5个羧基。多元羧酸中的羧酸单元优选具有2至10个碳原子,且特别是乙酸单元。羧酸单元通常通过一个以上的碳原子和/或氮原子被合适地结合至多元羧酸上。其优选通过烃链连接至叔氮原子(多个氮原子的情况下)上。
(K4)类的组分优选为基于具有至少一种叔氨基且通式为IIa或IIb的聚(C2-至C20-羧酸)的油溶性反应产物
其中变量A指的是直链或支链的C2-至C6-亚烷基或式III部分
以及变量B指的是C1-至C19-亚烷基。通式IIa和IIb的化合物特别地具有WASA的性质。
此外,优选的组分(K4)——特别是通式IIa或IIb的化合物——的油溶性反应产物为酰胺、酰胺-铵盐或其中无、一个或多个羧酸基团已被转化为酰胺基团的铵盐。
变量A的直链或支链C2-至C6-亚烷基为,例如1,1-亚乙基、1,2-亚丙基、1,3-亚丙基、1,2-亚丁基、1,3-亚丁基、1,4-亚丁基、2-甲基-1,3-亚丙基、1,5-亚戊基、2-甲基-1,4-亚丁基、2,2-二甲基-1,3-亚丙基、1,6-亚己基(六亚甲基)且特别是1,2-亚乙基。变量A优选包括2至4个且特别是2或3个碳原子。
变量B的C1-至C19-亚烷基为,例如1,2-亚乙基、1,3-亚丙基、1,4-亚丁基、六亚甲基、八亚甲基、十亚甲基、十二亚甲基、十四亚甲基、十六亚甲基、十八亚甲基、十九亚甲基且特别是亚甲基。变量B优选包括1至10个且特别是1至4个碳原子。
作为多元羧酸的反应搭档以形成组分(K4)的伯胺和仲胺通常为单胺,特别是脂族单胺。这些伯胺和仲胺可选自多种带有烃基的胺,所述烃基可任选地彼此结合。
组分(K4)的油溶性反应产物的这些母体胺通常为仲胺且具有通式HN(R8)2,其中两个变量R8各自独立地为直链或支链C10-至C30-烷基,特别是C14-至C24-烷基。这些相对长链的烷基优选为直链或仅略有支链。一般而言,就其相对长链的烷基而言,提及的仲胺源自天然存在的脂肪酸及其衍生物。这两个R8优选是相同的。
提到的仲胺可借助酰胺结构或以铵盐的形式结合至多元羧酸上;也可以仅有一部分作为酰胺结构而另一部分作为铵盐而存在。如果有,优选仅存在很少的游离酸基团。组分(K4)的油溶性反应产物优选完全以酰胺结构的形式存在。
这些组分(K4)的典型实例为氮三乙酸(nitrilotriacetic acid)、乙二胺四乙酸或亚丙基-1,2-二胺四乙酸与每种情况下每羧基0.5至1.5mol(特别是每羧基0.8至1.2mol)的二油基胺(dioleylamine)、双十六烷基甲基叔胺(dipalmitamine)、二椰油胺(dicocoamine)、二硬脂基胺、双二十二烷基胺或特别是二妥尔胺(ditallamine)的反应产物。特别优选的组分(K4)为1mol的乙二胺四乙酸和4mol的氢化二妥尔胺的反应产物。
组分(K4)的其他典型实例包括2-N’,N’-二烷基苯甲酰胺的N,N-二烷基铵盐,例如1mol的邻苯二甲酸酐和2mol的二妥尔胺的反应产物,后者为氢化的或非氢化的,以及1mol的烯基螺双内酯(alkenylspirobislactone)与2mol的二烷基胺例如二妥尔胺和/或妥尔胺的反应产物,后两种为氢化的或非氢化的。
对于(K4)类组分而言,其他的典型结构类型为带有叔氨基团的环状化合物或长链伯胺或仲胺与含羧酸的聚合物的缩合物,如记载于WO 93/18115中。
适合用作组分(K5)的低温流动性改进剂的磺基羧酸、磺酸或其衍生物为,例如油溶性甲酰胺和邻磺基苯甲酸的羧酸酯,其中磺酸官能团作为带有烷基取代的铵阳离子的磺酸根存在,如记载于EP-A 261 957。
适合作为组分(K6)类的低温流动性改进剂的聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯为丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯的均聚物或共聚物。优选至少两种不同的(甲基)丙烯酸酯——在酯化醇方面不同——的共聚物。所述共聚物任选地包括共聚形式的另一种不同的烯键式不饱和单体。聚合物的重均分子量优选为50 000至500 000。特别优选的聚合物为甲基丙烯酸与饱和的C14-和C15-醇的甲基丙烯酸酯的共聚物,所述酸基团已被氢化的妥尔胺中和。合适的聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯记载于例如WO 00/44857中。
低温流动性改进剂或不同的低温流动性改进剂的混合物以优选10至5000重量ppm、更优选20至2000重量ppm、甚至更优选50至1000重量ppm且特别是100至700重量ppm(例如200至500重量ppm)的总量添加至中间馏分燃料或柴油燃料中。
B4)润滑改进剂
合适的润滑改进剂或摩擦改进剂通常基于脂肪酸或脂肪酸酯。典型的实例为妥尔油脂肪酸(如记载于例如WO 98/004656中)以及单油酸甘油酯。记载于US 6 743 266 B2中的天然油或合成油(例如三甘油酯)以及烷醇胺的反应产物也适合作为此类润滑改进剂。
B5)腐蚀抑制剂
合适的腐蚀抑制剂为,例如琥珀酸酯,特别是与多元醇的琥珀酸酯;脂肪酸衍生物,例如油酸酯、低聚脂肪酸、取代的乙醇胺以及以商品名RC 4801(Rhein ChemieMannheim,德国)或HiTEC 536(Ethyl Corporation)出售的产品。
B6)反乳化剂
合适的反乳化剂为,例如,烷基取代的苯酚磺酸酯和萘磺酸酯的碱金属盐或碱土金属盐以及脂肪酸的碱金属盐或碱土金属盐,以及中性化合物,例如醇烷氧基化物,例如醇乙氧基化物;苯酚烷氧化物,例如叔丁基苯酚乙氧基化物或叔戊基苯酚乙氧基化物;脂肪酸;烷基酚;环氧乙烷(EO)和环氧丙烷(PO)的缩合产物,例如包括EO/PO嵌段形式的共聚物、聚乙烯亚胺或聚硅氧烷。
B7)脱水剂
合适的脱水剂为,例如烷氧基化的酚醛树脂缩合物,例如以商品名NALCO 7D07(Nalco)和TOLAD 2683(Petrolite)得到的产品。
B8)消泡剂
合适的消泡剂为,例如聚醚改性的聚硅氧烷,例如以商品名TEGOPREN 5851(Goldschmidt)、Q 25907(Dow Corning)和RHODOSIL(Rhone Poulenc)得到的产品。
B9)十六烷值增进剂
合适的十六烷值增进剂为,例如脂族的硝酸酯,如2-乙基己基硝酸酯和环己基硝酸酯,和过氧化物如二叔丁基过氧化物。
B10)抗氧化剂
合适的抗氧化剂为,例如取代的酚,如2,6-二叔丁基苯酚和6-二叔丁基-3-甲基苯酚,以及苯二胺,如N,N'-二仲丁基-对苯二胺。
B11)金属减活剂
合适的金属减活剂为,例如水杨酸衍生物如N,N'-二亚水杨基-1,2-丙二胺。
B12)溶剂
合适的溶剂为,例如:非极性有机溶剂如芳族烃和脂族烃,例如甲苯、二甲苯、石油溶剂油和以商品名SHELLSOL(Royal Dutch/Shell Group)和EXXSOL(ExxonMobil)出售的产品;以及极性有机溶剂,例如醇,如2-乙基己醇、癸醇和异十三醇。这样的溶剂通常与前述添加剂和共添加剂一起添加至柴油燃料中,其是为了溶解和稀释以更好的处理。
C)燃料
本发明的添加剂极为适合用作燃料添加剂,并且原则上可在任何燃料中使用。它在利用燃料的内燃机的操作中带来一系列的有益效果。优选在中间馏分燃料、特别是柴油燃料中使用本发明的季铵化添加剂。
因此,本发明还提供了含有可有效作为添加剂以在内燃机的操作中实现有益效果的量的本发明的季铵化添加剂的燃料,特别是中间馏分燃料,所述内燃机例如为柴油发动机,尤其是直喷式柴油发动机,特别是带有共轨喷射系统的柴油发动机。在本发明的燃料中此有效含量(剂量)通常为10至5000重量ppm,优选20至1500重量ppm,特别是25至1000重量ppm,特别是30至750重量ppm,各自基于燃料的总量计。
中间馏分燃料例如柴油燃料或取暖油优选为通常具有100至400℃沸程的矿物质油残液。这些通常为具有最高达360℃或甚至更高的95%点的馏出物。这些也可为所谓的“超低硫柴油”或“城市柴油”,其特征在于,95%点例如不大于345℃且硫含量不大于0.005重量%,或95%点为例如285℃且硫含量不大于0.001重量%。除了通过精制得到的矿物质中间馏分燃料或柴油燃料之外,那些通过煤的气化或气体的液化[“气体至液体”(GTL)燃料]或通过生物质液化[“生物质至液体”(BTL)燃料]得到的燃料也是合适的。还合适的为前述中间馏分燃料或柴油燃料与可再生燃料如生物柴油或生物乙醇的混合物。
取暖油和柴油燃料的性质在例如DIN 51603和EN 590(还参见Ullmann’sEncyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry,第五版,卷A12,第617页以后)中详细说明。
除了其在前述化石、植物或动物来源的基本上为烃混合物的中间馏分燃料中的用途外,本发明的季铵化添加剂还可以在这样的中间馏分与生物燃料油(生物柴油)的混合物中使用。这样的混合物也包括在本发明的上下文中的术语“中间馏分燃料”中。它们是市售的并通常包含少量的生物燃料油,通常含量为1至30重量%、特别是3至10重量%,基于化石、植物或动物来源的中间馏分和生物燃料油的总量计。
生物燃料油通常基于脂肪酸酯,优选基本上基于源自植物和/或动物的油和/或脂肪的脂肪酸的烷基酯。烷基酯通常应理解为意指低级烷基酯,特别是C1-C4烷基酯,其通过使植物和/或动物的油和/或脂肪的甘油酯、特别是三甘油酯借助低级醇(例如乙醇或特别是甲醇(“FAME”))发生酯交换而得到。发现用作生物燃料油或其组分的基于植物和/或动物的油和/或脂肪的典型的低级烷基酯为,例如葵花油甲基酯、棕榈油甲基酯(“PME”)、大豆油甲基酯(“SME”)且特别是菜籽油甲基酯(“RME”)。
中间馏分燃料或柴油燃料更优选为那些具有低硫含量的燃料,即硫含量为小于0.05重量%、优选小于0.02重量%、更特别地小于0.005重量%且特别是小于0.001重量%的硫。
有用的汽油燃料包括所有的市售汽油燃料组合物。此处提及的一种典型的代表为根据EN 228的Eurosuper基燃料。其在市场上是常见的。此外,根据WO 00/47698的说明书的汽油燃料组合物也可以是本发明的应用领域。
本发明的季铵化添加剂特别适合作为燃料组合物、特别是柴油燃料中的燃料添加剂,用于克服开篇列出的直喷式柴油发动机、特别是那些带有共轨喷射系统的直喷式柴油发动机中的问题。
现通过以下应用实施例来详细阐明本发明:
实验:
使用的试剂:
聚异丁烯1000:购自BASF的1000,Mn=1000
购自BASF的甲酸,CAS 64-18-6
购自Aldrich的甲基三辛基氯化铵,63393-96-4
购自Aldrich的正庚烷,CAS 142-82-5
购自Aldrich的甲醇,CAS 67-56-1
购自Roth的乙酸(99-100%),CAS 64-19-7
购自BASF的N-甲基吡咯烷,CAS 120-94-5
购自Aldrich的1-十二烯氧化物,CAS 2855-19-8
1-十四烯氧化物,CAS 3234-28-4
1-十六烯氧化物,CAS 7320-37-8
购自Aldrich的异丙醇,CAS 67-63-0
购自BASF的三甲基胺NMe3(>99.5%(w/w)),CAS 75-50-3
妥尔油脂肪酸:购自BASF的 LA 99C,TAN 199mg KOH/g
购自BASF的N,N-二甲基乙醇胺,CAS 108-01-0
购自Merck的水杨酸,CAS 69-72-7
A.一般试验方法
这些方法构成了一般公开内容的一部分且不限于具体测试的化合物。
发动机试验
1.XUD9试验–流量限制的测定
该过程根据CEC F-23-1-01的标准规定进行。
2.DW10试验–由于共轨柴油发动机中喷射器沉积引起的功率损耗的测定
2.1.DW10-KC——保持洁净试验
保持洁净试验是基于CEC试验方法F-098-08第5期。此试验使用与CEC方法中相同的试验设置和发动机型号(PEUGEOT DW10)进行。
变化和特征:
在试验中,使用清洁过的喷射器。在水+10%Superdecontamine(Intersciences,Brussels)的超声浴中在60℃下的清洁时间为4小时。
试验运行时间:
试验运行时间是12小时,不含关闭阶段。来自CEC F-098-08的一小时试验循环,运行12次,示于图1。
性能测定:
启动功率P0,KC[kW]由试验开始并且发动机已经变热后直接在满负荷4000/min下检测的转矩计算。所述方法记载于试验方法(CEC F-98-08)的第5期。此试验使用同样的试验设置和PEUGEOT DW10型号的发动机进行。
最终性能(Pend,KC)在12阶段的第12次循环中测定(见表,图1)。在此,工作点是满负荷4000/min。Pend,KC[kW]由检测的转矩计算。
KC试验中的功率损耗计算如下:
功率损耗,
2.2.DW10污染-清洁(DU-CU)
DU-CU试验基于CEC试验方法的F-098-08第5期。该方法记载于试验方法(CEC F-98-08)的第5期。此试验使用同样的试验设置和PEUGEOT DW10型号的发动机进行。
DU-CU试验由两个单独的连续运行的试验构成。第一个试验用来形成沉积物(DU),第二个试验去除沉积物(CU)。在DU之后,测定功率损耗。在DU运行结束之后,发动机停止操作至少8小时并冷却至室温。之后,在未卸载并清洁喷射器的情况下使用CU燃料启动CU。理想情况下,沉积物和功率损耗在CU试验过程中下降。
变化和特征:
清洁过的喷射器在每次DU试验开始之前安装在发动机中。在水+10%Superdecontamine(Intersciences,Brussels)的超声浴中在60℃下的清洁时间为4小时。
试验运行时间:
DU的试验运行时间是12小时,CU的试验运行时间是12小时。发动机在DU和CU试验中运行而不含关闭阶段。
来自CEC F-098-08的一小时试验循环各自运行12次,示于图1。
性能测定:
启动功率P0,du[kW]由试验开始并且发动机已变热后直接在满负荷4000/min下检测的转矩计算。所述方法也记载于试验方法的第5期。
最终性能(Pend,du)在12阶段的第12次循环中测定(见上表)。在此,工作点也是满负荷4000/min。Pend,du[kW]由检测的转矩计算。
DU中的功率损耗计算如下:
功率损耗,
清洁
启动功率P0,cu[kW]由在CU中试验开始并且发动机已经变热后直接在满负荷4000/min下检测的转矩计算。所述方法也记载于试验方法的第5期。
最终性能(Pend,cu)在12阶段的第12次循环中测定(见表,图1)。这里也一样,工作点是满负荷4000/min。Pend,cu[kW]由检测的转矩计算。
CU试验中的功率损耗计算如下(cu试验中功率损耗的负值意指性能的增加)
功率损耗
使用的燃料为购自Haltermann的市售柴油燃料(RF-06-03)。为了在喷射器上人工诱导形成沉积物,将1重量ppm的锌以双十二烷酸锌溶液的形式添加其中。
3.IDID试验–测定添加剂在内喷射器沉积物上的作用
喷射器内沉积物的形成通过DW10发动机的冷启动时汽缸出口处的汽缸的排气温度的偏差来表征。
为了促进沉积物的形成,将1mg/l的有机酸的钠盐、20mg/l的十二碳烯基琥珀酸和10mg/l的水添加至燃料中。
试验按照污染-清洁试验(DU-CU)施行。
DU-CU基于CEC试验方法F-098-08第5期。
DU-CU试验由两个单独的连续运行的试验构成。第一个试验用来形成沉积物(DU),第二个实验去除该沉积物(CU)。
在DU运行之后,在至少八小时的静息期之后,进行发动机的冷启动,随后空运转10分钟。
其后,在不卸载和清洗喷射器的情况下使用CU燃料启动CU。在CU运行8小时后,在至少八小时的静息期后,进行发动机的冷启动,随后空运转10分钟。通过比较单个汽缸在DU和CU运行中在冷启动后的温度分布进行评估。
IDID试验指示喷射器中形成内部沉积物。此试验中使用的表征为各个汽缸的排气温度。在没有IDID的喷射器系统中,汽缸的排气温度均匀增加。在IDID的存在下,各汽缸的排气温度未均匀增加且彼此偏离。
温度传感器位于排气支管的汽缸盖出口之上。各个汽缸温度的明显偏差(例如>20℃)表明内部喷射器沉积物(IDID)的存在。
试验(DU和CU)各自实施8小时的运行时间。CEC F-098-08的一小时试验循环在每种情况下运行8次。在各汽缸温度与所有的4个汽缸的平均温度偏差大于45℃时,提早停止试验。
B.制备实施例:
制备实施例1:制备聚异丁烯环氧化物
在室温下,将甲酸(96.6g)和甲基三辛基氯化铵(1.33g)添加至聚异丁烯1000(300g)的正庚烷(400ml)溶液中。将该反应混合物加热至75℃并将过氧化氢溶液(30%,88.4g)缓慢地逐滴加入,在该过程中温度保持在75℃。将反应混合物在75℃下搅拌10小时并冷却至室温,然后进行相分离。依次用NaHSO3水溶液、饱和NaHCO3溶液和水清洗有机相。有机相用硫酸钠干燥并在减压下借助旋转蒸发仪除去溶剂。这样得到了聚异丁烯环氧化物(285g)。
制备实施例2:用N-甲基吡咯烷/乙酸季铵化聚异丁烯环氧化物
将制备实施例1的聚异丁烯环氧化物(30g)与甲醇(36.1g)混合,并加入N-甲基吡咯烷(4.5g)和乙酸(1.6g)。将反应混合物转移至高压釜中,用氮气惰性化并在自生压力下在140℃下搅拌20小时。将反应器内含物排出,并借助旋转蒸发仪在减压下除去挥发性组分。由此得到的反应产物的MALDI-MS分析确定了季铵化合物的形成。
制备实施例3:用N-甲基吡咯烷/乙酸季铵化1-十二碳烯氧化物
在60℃下,将异丙醇(193.7g)中的1-十二碳烯氧化物(73.7g)和N-甲基吡咯烷(97.2g)溶液与乙酸(22.8g)在10分钟内混合,并将由此得到的混合物在60℃下搅拌14小时。借助旋转蒸发仪在减压下除去挥发性组分。由此得到的反应产物(124g)的1H NMR分析(CDCl3)证实季铵化合物的形成(δ(NCH3)=3.30ppm)。
制备实施例4:用N-甲基吡咯烷/乙酸季铵化1-十二碳烯氧化物、1-十四碳烯氧化物和1-十六碳烯氧化物的混合物
在60℃下,将异丙醇(133g)中的1-十二碳烯氧化物(18.4g)、1-十四碳烯氧化物(21.2g)、1-十六碳烯氧化物(24.0g)和N-甲基吡咯烷(51.1g)溶液与乙酸(18.0g)在10分钟内混合,并将得到的反应混合物在60℃下搅拌15小时。借助旋转蒸发仪在减压下除去挥发性组分。由此得到的反应产物(102g)的1H NMR分析(CDCl3)证实季铵化合物的形成(δ(NCH3)=3.30ppm)。
制备实施例5:用NMe3/妥尔油脂肪酸季铵化1-十二碳烯氧化物
室温下,在高压釜中,将异丙醇(59.4g)中的1-十二碳烯氧化物(19.4g)溶液与三甲基胺(11.8g)混合。将混合物在自生压力下加热至60℃,并缓慢地计量加入妥尔油脂肪酸(28.2g),然后用异丙醇(10ml)清洗。将该反应混合物在60℃下进一步搅拌12小时。将反应器内含物冷却并用氮流将挥发性组分逐出。随后借助旋转蒸发仪在减压下除去溶剂。由此得到的反应产物(53.4g)的1H NMR(CDCl3)分析证实季铵化合物的形成(δ(N(CH3)3)=3.40ppm)。
制备实施例6:用N,N-二甲基乙醇胺/妥尔油脂肪酸季铵化1-十二碳烯氧化物
在60℃下,将异丙醇(214.8g)中的1-十二碳烯氧化物(73.6g)和N,N-二甲基乙醇胺(34.2g)溶液与妥尔油脂肪酸(107g)在20分钟内混合,并将由此得到的反应混合物在60℃下搅拌22小时。借助旋转蒸发仪在减压下除去挥发性组分。由此得到的反应产物(212g)的1H NMR分析(CDCl3)证实季铵化合物的形成(δ(N(CH3)a)=3.33ppm,N(CH3)b)=3.34ppm)。
制备实施例7:用NMe3/水杨酸季铵化1-十二碳烯氧化物
室温下,在高压釜中,将异丙醇(57.1g)的1-十二碳烯氧化物(23.9g)溶液与三甲基胺(15.3g)混合。将混合物在自生压力下加热至60℃,并缓慢地计量加入水杨酸(17.9g)的异丙醇(40g)溶液,然后用异丙醇(10ml)清洗。将该反应混合物在60℃下进一步搅拌12小时。将反应器内含物冷却并用氮流将挥发性组分逐出。随后借助旋转蒸发仪在减压下除去溶剂。由此得到的反应产物(47.5g)的1H NMR分析(CDCl3)证实季铵化合物的形成(δ(N(CH3)3)=3.26ppm)。
制备实施例8:用N,N-二甲基乙醇胺/水杨酸季铵化1-十二碳烯氧化物
在60℃下,将1-十二碳烯氧化物(73.6g)和N,N-二甲基乙醇胺(34.2g)的异丙醇(160.3g)溶液与水杨酸(52.4g)在20分钟内混合,并将由此得到的反应混合物在60℃下搅拌23小时。借助旋转蒸发仪在减压下除去挥发性组分。由此得到的反应产物(154g)的1HNMR分析(CDCl3)证实季铵化合物的形成(δ(N(CH3)a)=3.21ppm,N(CH3)b)=3.22ppm)。
C.用途实施例:
在下列用途实施例中,添加剂以纯物质(如上述制备实施例中合成的)或者以添加剂包的形式使用。
用途实施例1:测定添加剂对柴油发动机喷射喷嘴中的沉积物形成的作用
a)XUD9试验
结果总结于表1。
表1:XUD9试验的结果
EN590-B7-1和EN590-B7-2为市售的根据DIN EN 14214生物柴油含量最大7%的EN590柴油燃料。
b)DW10污染-清洁实验
表2:DW10DU CU试验的结果
本文中引用的出版物的公开内容明确地被引入。
Claims (29)
1.一种包含季铵化氮化合物的反应产物作为添加剂用于减少直喷式柴油发动机的燃料消耗,和/或用于使直喷式柴油发动机中的功率损耗最小化的用途,所述反应产物可通过在至少一种式III的酸的存在下使至少一种通式I的烃基环氧化物与至少一种通式II的叔胺反应得到,
其中
R1和R2基团的至少一个是直链或支链、饱和或不饱和的具有7至50个碳原子的长链烃基,并且两个基团的另一个任选地为H或短链烃基,所述短链烃基选自直链或支链的C1-C7烷基或C2-C7烯基,任选地被一个或多个杂原子基团间断,或任选地被单取代或多取代;以及
R3和R4基团相同或不同且各自为H或如上定义的短链烃基;
RaRbRcN (II)
其中
Ra、Rb和Rc各自独立地为直链或支链、饱和或不饱和的、任选取代的烃基,或者Ra、Rb和Rc基团的两个和与其结合的氮原子一起形成任选取代的5元至7元的、饱和或不饱和的非芳族杂环或任选取代的5元至7元的芳族杂环,其可任选地带有至少一个其他环杂原子;
H+A- (III)
其中
A-为至少一种一元的或多元的、无机的或有机的、天然的或合成的酸的阴离子。
2.权利要求1的用途,其中所述其他环杂原子为O、S或N。
3.权利要求1的用途,其中所述直喷式柴油发动机为带有共轨喷射系统的柴油发动机。
4.权利要求1的用途,为包含季铵化氮化合物且由反应产物通过纯化得到的级分的用途,其中所述级分包括至少一种通式IV的化合物
其中
R1、R2、R3、R4、Ra、Rb和Rc基团各自定义如权利要求1,且A为使用的一元羧酸的阴离子。
5.权利要求1-4之一的用途,其中所述酸选自:a)饱和或不饱和的脂族C1-C20一元羧酸,或芳族C1-C20一元羧酸,或b)选自直链或支链、单不饱和或多不饱和的、任选取代的C6-C30一元羧酸的脂肪酸。
6.权利要求1-4之一的用途,其中所述反应产物包括至少一种通式IV的化合物
其中
R1、R2、R3、R4、Ra、Rb和Rc基团各自定义如上且A为使用的一元羧酸的阴离子。
7.权利要求1-4之一的用途,其中通式II的胺选自三-C1-C24烷基胺或其中Ra、Rb和Rc基团中的一个基团为C1-C4烷基并且其他两个基团和与其结合的氮原子一起形成可任选带有至少一个其他环杂原子的5元或6元饱和或不饱和杂环的通式II的化合物。
8.权利要求7的用途,其中所述三-C1-C24烷基胺为三-C4-C12烷基胺。
9.权利要求7的用途,其中所述其他环杂原子为O、S或N。
10.权利要求1-4之一的用途,其中通式I的化合物为通过使聚烯烃环氧化得到的聚亚烷基环氧化物,所述聚烯烃的数均分子量Mn为85至20 000。
11.权利要求10的用途,其中所述聚烯烃为聚-(C2-C6)-烯烃。
12.权利要求10的用途,其中所述聚亚烷基为亚乙烯基双键的比例大于70mol%的聚异丁烯。
13.权利要求12的用途,其中所述亚乙烯基双键的比例大于80mol%。
14.权利要求13的用途,其中所述亚乙烯基双键的比例大于85mol%。
15.权利要求10的用途,其中所述数均分子量Mn为113至10 000。
16.权利要求15的用途,其中所述数均分子量Mn为200至10 000。
17.权利要求16的用途,其中所述数均分子量Mn为350至5000。
18.权利要求15的用途,其中所述数均分子量Mn为350至3000。
19.权利要求18的用途,其中所述数均分子量Mn为500至2500。
20.权利要求19的用途,其中所述数均分子量Mn为700至2500。
21.权利要求20的用途,其中所述数均分子量Mn为800至1500。
22.权利要求1-4之一的用途,其中通式I的化合物中的长链烃基为具有8至40个相连碳原子的直链或支链脂族烃基。
23.权利要求22的用途,其中所述长链烃基为具有10至20个相连碳原子的直链或支链脂族烃基。
24.权利要求23的用途,其中所述长链烃基为具有12至16个相连碳原子的直链或支链脂族烃基。
25.如权利要求1至24的任一项定义的包含季铵化氮化合物的反应产物或其包含季铵化氮化合物且由反应产物通过纯化得到的级分的用途,作为汽油燃料添加剂用于减少汽油发动机的进气系统的沉积物。
26.权利要求25的用途,其中所述汽油发动机为DISI和进气口燃料喷射器发动机。
27.如权利要求1至24的任一项定义的包含季铵化氮化合物的反应产物或其包含季铵化氮化合物且由反应产物通过纯化得到的级分的用途,作为柴油燃料添加剂用于减少和/或防止直喷式柴油发动机的进气系统中的沉积物和/或阀门粘着。
28.权利要求27的用途,其中所述直喷式柴油发动机的进气系统为共轨喷射系统的进气系统。
29.权利要求27的用途,其中所述沉积物为内部柴油喷射器沉积物。
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CN101277982A (zh) * | 2005-09-02 | 2008-10-01 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 异丁烯聚合物的环氧化 |
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CA2889031A1 (en) | 2014-05-01 |
US20190084922A1 (en) | 2019-03-21 |
US10173963B2 (en) | 2019-01-08 |
US10689326B2 (en) | 2020-06-23 |
EP2912149B1 (de) | 2017-06-14 |
KR20150079782A (ko) | 2015-07-08 |
US20150266808A1 (en) | 2015-09-24 |
WO2014064151A1 (de) | 2014-05-01 |
AU2013336727A1 (en) | 2015-05-14 |
EP2912149A1 (de) | 2015-09-02 |
MX2015005194A (es) | 2016-02-10 |
BR112015008939A2 (pt) | 2017-07-04 |
CN104884585A (zh) | 2015-09-02 |
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