CN104826140B - 一种载药硅脂质超声造影剂的制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种载药硅脂质超声造影剂的制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种载药的硅脂质超声造影剂的制备方法,包括将硅脂质、聚乙二醇磷脂衍生物及脂溶性抗癌药物充分溶于有机溶剂中,加水涡旋;然后除去有机溶剂,补加3倍体积的水,采用超声细胞粉碎仪超声粉碎的同时,迅速注入液态氟碳,得到预乳液;将所得预乳液在PBS中透析1 h,得到产物;本发明所述制备方法工艺简单,所得产物结构平均粒径为100 nm左右,有利于在体内通过EPR效应聚集到肿瘤部位;硅氧烷网络分布的硅脂质显著增加了结构的稳定性,可以延长在体内的血液循环时间,通过HIFU激发其在肿瘤组织处局部释药,提高药物治疗的靶向性,从而显著提高HIFU治疗的效果,实现HIFU治疗和化疗联合治疗的目的。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于纳米材料技术领域,更具体地,涉及一种载药的硅脂质超声造影剂的制备方法和应用。
背景技术
超声诊断作为一种无创、低成本、实时的成像技术,是目前应用最为广泛的成像方法。超声造影剂是一类能够显著增强医学超声检测信号的诊断试剂,是一种含有高浓度微气泡的制剂。在诊断方面,它能提高诊断的敏感性和特异性,应用十分广泛。除了作为诊断试剂外,超声造影剂在药物运输定位释放、促进血栓溶解、基因转染等多个领域都具有重要的研究和应用价值。高强度聚焦超声(High Intensity Focused Ultrasound,简称HIFU)是新兴崛起的无创治疗手段之一,目前已经在临床上针对某些疾病,诸如子宫肌瘤和前列腺癌上取得了巨大的成功。HIFU治疗主要通过将体外低能量超声波聚焦于体内靶区,在肿瘤内产生瞬态高温(60℃以上)、空化效应、机械作用等生物学效应,杀死靶区内的肿瘤细胞。然而,HIFU在肿瘤特别是恶性肿瘤(癌症)治疗上,还没有得到广泛的应用。这是由于缺乏有效的增强引导成像的超声造影剂及增效消融的增效剂,其对组织成像的空间/时间分辨率仍较低,不能满足一些早期疾病的诊断,且肿瘤消融效率较低,其应用仍受到较大的限制。要解决以上难题,研究人员开发了超声造影剂/HIFU增效剂,即用超声微泡造影剂对病变部位进行高质量的超声成像,在对病变部位进行精确定位后,再爆破微泡,通过改变声环境、增加机械作用、增加能量沉积和温升作用来增效HIFU治疗。
研究表明,肿瘤部位的血管内皮间隙至多允许小于700nm的颗粒穿过,而常规超声造影剂是一种微米级微泡,不能透过血管,属于血池显像,限制了对其血管外疾病的诊断与治疗。而对于高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)增效消融治疗的研究也仅限于商用的微米级微泡。因而急需开发纳米尺寸的造影剂/HIFU增效剂。纳米级造影剂的出现使血管外超声显像或治疗成为可能,纳米级的小尺寸赋予它们极强的穿透力,可以穿越肿瘤血管内皮间隙(380~780 nm的孔道),通过增强渗透滞留(EPR)效应进入到肿瘤的新生血管处而实现组织显影,从而超越了微泡类超声造影剂仅能发生血池内显像的局限性,从而大大提高了对血管外病变组织的早期诊断能力。
目前对于造影剂成膜材料的研究已报道的有:脂质、高分子聚合物和介孔二氧化硅空心纳米颗粒等,但这些材料具有局限性:脂质类超声造影剂具有使用安全的优势,但其存在显影时间较短,包膜强度不足以同时包裹气体和药物,稳定性差等缺点,因而无法满足实时的持续的增强造影以及HIFU治疗的能力。高分子聚合物和无机非金属纳米颗粒(例如二氧化硅、碳纳米管等)最大的不足是材料刚性太强,成像需较高的声学输出,易造成不良的生物学效应。因此,如何获得稳定性适中的新材料制备的纳米超声造影剂/HIFU增效剂是亟待解决的问题。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是克服现有HIFU技术中造影剂的不足,提供一种载药的硅脂质超声造影剂。
本发明的另一目的是提供所述载药的硅脂质超声造影剂的制备方法。
本发明的再一目的是提供所述载药的硅脂质超声造影剂在增效HIFU无创治疗方法中的应用。
本发明上述目的通过以下技术方案实现:
本发明提供一种载药的硅脂质超声造影剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
S1.将硅脂质、聚乙二醇磷脂衍生物及脂溶性抗癌药物充分溶于有机溶剂中,加入水进行涡旋,直至变为带有乳光的均匀分散体;
S2.将S1步骤中所得产物除去有机溶剂,得到高黏度的凝胶,补加3倍体积的水,并采用超声细胞粉碎仪超声粉碎的同时,迅速注入液态氟碳,得到包载脂溶性抗癌药物的硅脂质造影剂预乳液;
S3.将S2步骤中所得预乳液在PBS中透析1 h,得到包载脂溶性抗癌药物的硅脂质超声造影剂;
其中,所述S1步骤中硅脂质为:
,
硅脂质(一种类脂质)是由一个分子连接两个疏水性的碳链和一个亲水性的有机硅烷分子组成的新型脂质分子,这种分子在水中通过溶胶-凝胶和自组装过程形成囊泡,囊泡表面覆盖有纳米级厚度的无机硅酸盐壳层,用稳定的Si-C键将无机层和有机二分子体连接在一起。硅脂质与传统的脂质体技术相比,它是硅脂质的杂化材料,硅脂质表面的硅氧烷网络显著增加了脂质体的稳定性。本发明也尝试将硅脂质材料应用于造影剂成膜材料中,期望提高成膜剂整体稳定性及增强显像性,以便更好的应用在HIFU无创治疗中。
所述S1步骤中硅脂质与聚乙二醇磷脂衍生物混合的摩尔比为9~19:1,所述硅脂质和脂溶性抗癌药物的药脂比1:15~30;
所述S1步骤中加入水的体积为有机相体积的3倍;
所述S2步骤中注入的液态氟碳与水的体积比为63~83:1。
优选地,所述S1步骤中有机溶剂为三氯甲烷、二氯甲烷或甲醇中一种或多种。
所述脂溶性抗癌药物包括但不限于阿霉素、顺铂、紫杉醇、多烯紫杉醇、长春新碱、喜树碱或羟基喜树碱。
优选地,所述S1步骤中聚乙二醇磷脂衍生物为DSPE-PEG 2000。
优选地,所述S2步骤中液态氟碳为全氟戊烷或全氟己烷。
本发明选用沸点较低的液态氟碳作为内核制备纳米级造影剂,通过静脉注射后,既能穿透血管内皮组织,又能在超声辐照下通过液-气相变产生微泡,达到类似普通微泡增强超声显影的效果;此外,超声造影微泡能够产生空化效应,提高药物进入细胞的程度和药物的生物利用度;进一步用它来携载抗癌药物,利用其超声成像和药物输送的双重特性,通过超声成像实时监控纳米乳的肿瘤聚集,并通过HIFU激发纳米乳在肿瘤组织处局部释药,从而实现超声引导下肿瘤的靶向药物治疗,达到HIFU治疗和化疗一体化治疗的目的。
优选地,所述S3步骤中超声的时间为2~5 min,以超声3s停3s为一个循环,超声功率为100 W。
利用上述制备方法制备得到的产物也在本发明保护范围之中。
本发明还提供了所述载药的硅脂质超声造影剂在制备高强度聚焦超声增效剂中的应用。
通过对本发明制备得到的载药的硅脂质超声造影剂进行透射电镜分析,其粒径为100 nm左右,呈球形,形态规则,分散性较好。其体内和体外超声成像试验效果好,尤其是,体外超声成像试验中显示有长达20min的持续显影效果,信号强度较相同方法制备出来的脂质材料显影剂更强,成像效果更好,整体稳定性显著优于脂质材料的造影剂。
通过进行HIFU增效剂治疗实验,发现本发明提供的材料能够显著增强HIFU治疗的消融性,靶向性更强,释放脂溶性抗癌药物更准,可以有效实现HIFU消融肿瘤的能力,极大地提高HIFU治疗的效果。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下优点及有益效果:
本发明所述载药的硅脂质超声造影剂合成工艺简单,平均粒径为100 nm左右,粒径分布集中,体内外性质稳定,利于在体内通过EPR效应聚集到肿瘤部位;硅氧烷网络分布的硅脂质体显著增加了材料的稳定性,可以延长在体内的血液循环时间,并能够有效地在肿瘤组织处显影,有利于诊断的准确性;通过HIFU激发其在肿瘤组织处局部释药,可提高药物治疗的靶向性,并且显著提高HIFU治疗的效果,从而实现HIFU治疗和化疗联合治疗的目的。
附图说明:
图1 是实施例1中制备得到的包载阿霉素及PFP(全氟戊烷)的硅脂质造影剂的外观图(a是预乳液外观图,b是最终得到的硅脂质造影剂外观图);
图2是实施例1中包载阿霉素及PFP的硅脂质造影剂的动态光散射粒径分布图;
图3是实施例1中包载阿霉素及PFP的硅脂质造影剂的透射电镜图;
图4是实施例2中包载阿霉素及PFP的硅脂质造影剂体外持续超声显像图;
图5是实施例2中包载阿霉素及PFP的硅脂质造影剂(图5b)和包载阿霉素及PFP的DPPC脂质造影剂(图5a)超声成像图;
图6 是实施例3中离体猪肝实验槽装置;
图7是实施例3中分别注射PBS,包载阿霉素的硅脂质纳米乳及包载阿霉素及PFP的硅脂质造影剂的彩色多普勒成像及HIFU辐照前后的超声成像结果(a1~c1为彩色多普勒成像,a2~c2及a3~c3为HIFU辐照前后的超声成像);
图8是实施例3中离体猪肝分别注射PBS,包载阿霉素的硅脂质纳米乳及包载阿霉素及PFP的硅脂质造影剂后的凝固性坏死体积;
图9是实施例4中注射包载阿霉素及PFP的硅脂质造影剂前(a)和注射造影剂后(b)小鼠结肠癌肿瘤模型的超声成像(f=7.0 MHz,MI=0.08);
图10是实施例5中BABL/c带瘤小鼠尾静脉分别注射2 mL PBS,包载阿霉素的硅脂质纳米乳及包载阿霉素及PFP的硅脂质造影剂2 h后HIFU辐照前后的超声成像;
图11是实施例5中BABL/c带瘤小鼠尾静脉分别注射2 mL PBS,包载阿霉素的硅脂质纳米乳及包载阿霉素及PFP的硅脂质造影剂2 h后凝固性坏死体积。
具体实施方式
以下结合具体实施例来进一步说明本发明,但实施例并不对本发明做任何形式的限定。除非特别说明,本发明采用的试剂、方法和设备为本技术领域常规试剂、方法和设备。
除非特别说明,本发明所用试剂和材料均为市购。
硅脂质的合成方法:
第1步:取250mL三颈瓶,加入30.7g(0.13mol)十六烷基胺,向其中加入100mL无水乙醇,溶解后向其中加入19.8g(0.064 mo1)溴代十六烷,再加入27.3g (0.198 mo1)K2CO3,回流搅拌120h停止反应,抽滤,然后用热的无水乙醇洗涤两次,使产物充分滤出,再抽滤,滤饼为白色晶体。用乙醇与正己烷的混合溶液重结晶六次,经薄层层析色谱测定(氯仿:甲醇=9:1为展开剂)得到纯的双十六烷基胺,该步骤产率为50.2%。
第2步:将3.0g(6.44mmol)双十六烷基胺和1.29g(12.9mmol)琥珀酸酸酐加入干燥的50mL四氢呋喃中,加热溶解,溶液在室温下搅拌24h;溶剂在真空条件下蒸发浓缩,粗产物溶解在50mLCH2Cl2中;溶液依次用10%柠檬酸,饱和的NaCl洗涤。分液漏斗分离,除去多余的水后,溶剂在真空条件下蒸发;用乙腈重结晶得到产物白色固体,该步骤产率为90.6%。
第3步:第2步产物2.0g(3.5mmol)溶解在干燥的二氯甲烷中,室温下加入适量氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷0.88g(4.0mmol)和催化剂EDC适量,反应体系在室温下搅拌4h;混合物在真空条件下旋转蒸发,粗产品用柱色谱提纯后旋转蒸发即得到目标产物,步骤产率为65.68%。取少量产品做核磁共振氢谱和碳谱检测,确认产物结构。合成流程如下所示:
实施例1:包载阿霉素及全氟戊烷(PFP)的硅脂质造影剂的制备和表征
称量4 mg硅脂质,5 mol % DSPE-PEG 2000及阿霉素(药脂比为1:25)溶于3 mL三氯甲烷,加入1 mL PBS,涡旋混合均匀,得到乳光的均匀分散体。旋转蒸发除去有机溶剂,得到高粘度的凝胶。向上述凝胶液中补加3 mL PBS,并迅速注入50μL PFP,冰浴中探头超声乳化3 min,工作3 s停3 s,得到包载阿霉素及PFP的硅脂质造影剂预乳液(图1a);透析1 h,得到包载阿霉素及PFP的硅脂质造影剂,以下简称为载药硅脂质造影剂(图1b)。
包载阿霉素的纳米乳制备方法与上述方法一样,只是不加入PFP即可得到包载阿霉素的硅脂质体纳米乳,以下简称为载药硅脂质纳米乳。
二硬脂酰磷脂酰胆碱(DPPC)脂质造影剂的制备方法与上述方法一样,只是把4 mg硅脂质换成4 mg DPPC磷脂。
用马尔文(Malvern)激光粒度仪测量得到载药硅脂质造影剂的动态光散射粒径为110±9.3 nm,并得到如图2的动态光散射粒径分布柱状图。透射电镜图中可以看出载药硅脂质造影剂的粒径为100 nm左右,呈球形,形态规则,分散性较好(图3)。这种小粒径的造影剂能穿透肿瘤血管壁到达肿瘤组织内部,有在肿瘤部位实现超声造影显像的潜力。
实施例2 体外超声成像实验
取实施例1中制得的载药硅脂质造影剂1mL加入到盛有3mL脱气水的滴管中,置于温度37℃(PFP沸点为29℃)的可控温水浴槽中,使用日本东芝Aplio 500多普勒超声诊断仪超声检测,设置超声检测的频率为3.5 MHz及机械指数为 0.08,观察造影剂的体外成像结果。由图4中可见,该造影剂有长达20 min的持续显影效果,说明以硅脂质为外壳材料的造影剂可持久地超声成像。通过比较载药硅脂质造影剂(图5b)和载药二硬脂酰磷脂酰胆碱(DPPC)脂质造影剂(图5a)的超声成像信号强度可知,载药硅脂质造影剂比载药脂质造影剂有更好的成像效果,说明硅脂质材料比传统的DPPC脂质稳定性好。
实施例3 离体猪肝组织HIFU增效剂治疗实验
设计猪肝实验槽装置,如图6所示,包括37℃恒温控制电路,脱氧水循环水泵和猪肝固定贴片等。选择深圳市普罗惠仁医学科技有限公司生产的HIFU诊断治疗设备,设置换能器辐照参数:打击频率1.28 MHz,打击时间0.20秒,间隔时间0.10秒,打击次数15次,打击功率210瓦。
使用超声诊断仪的彩色多普勒成像模式定位HIFU辐照靶点的位置,如图7 a1~c1所示,通过针管分别向猪肝组织中注入2 mL PBS,载药硅脂质纳米乳和载药硅脂质造影剂,观察在210 W、3 s作用后靶区域消融前后的超声成像和凝固性坏死体积(图7 a2~c2为HIFU辐照前的超声成像,图7 a3~c3为HIFU辐照后的超声成像)。与PBS对照组及载药硅脂质纳米乳组相比较,载药硅脂质造影剂在HIFU作用下具有较好的超声成像的效果(图7),并且有显著的凝固性坏死,坏死组织呈焦黄色(图8),凝固性坏死区域体积分别为85.05 mm3,125.82 mm3和314.7 mm3,说明载药硅脂质造影剂显著增强了HIFU的消融结果。
实施例4 载药硅脂质造影剂体内超声成像实验
将复苏后的小鼠结肠癌CT-26细胞培养于含10 %小牛血清的DMEM培养液中,待细胞长至荷瘤量时消化、吹打、离心,调整细胞浓度为107个/mL。取 BALB/ c雄性小鼠10只,将0.2 mL CT-26细胞悬液接种在 BA LB/ c 小鼠右侧腋部皮下。经过一周时间,待长出肿瘤后(大小约100 mm3),注射载药硅脂质造影剂,观察注射造影剂前后的显像效果。
BALB/ c 小鼠经3%的戊巴比妥钠注射麻醉后,仰卧位固定脱毛。使用超声诊断仪经瘤内注射载药硅脂质造影剂后,小鼠结肠癌肿瘤组织有明显的超声成像信号的增强(图9a为注射造影剂前,图9 b为注射造影剂后),说明该载药硅脂质造影剂具有较好的超声成像效果。
实施例5 载药硅脂质造影剂增效HIFU治疗实验
取BABL/c小鼠12只,体重22~26 g,随即在每只小鼠右前肢腋皮下接种0.2 mL CT-26细胞悬液,经过一周时间,待肿瘤大小长至100 mm3左右,BABL/c小鼠经仰卧位固定、脱毛及3%的戊巴比妥钠腹腔注射麻醉后,分别注射100 μL的PBS,载药硅脂质纳米乳及载药硅脂质造影剂,经过2 h的血液循环,采用超声扫描小鼠结肠癌肿瘤。定位肿瘤后,采用HIFU消融肿瘤,经过210 W、3 s及240 W、3 s作用之后,记录消融前后的超声成像结果并对消融之后的凝固性坏死进行计算。如图10所示,从图中可以显著地看出在小鼠肿瘤部位,经过210 W、3 s及240 W、3 s作用之后,肿瘤部位的超声成像信号明显增强。如图11所示,凝固性坏死区域体积分别为38.81 mm3, 67.02 mm3和76.55 mm3,与其他组相比较,载药硅脂质造影剂可以有效实现HIFU消融肿瘤的能力。
Claims (4)
1.一种载药的硅脂质超声造影剂的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
S1.将硅脂质、聚乙二醇磷脂衍生物及脂溶性抗癌药物充分溶于有机溶剂中,加入水进行涡旋,直至变为带有乳光的均匀分散体;
S2.将S1步骤中所得产物除去有机溶剂,得到高黏度的凝胶,补加水,并采用超声细胞粉碎仪超声粉碎的同时,迅速注入液态氟碳,得到包载脂溶性抗癌药物的硅脂质造影剂预乳液;
S3.将S2步骤中所得预乳液在PBS中透析1 h,得到包载脂溶性抗癌药物的硅脂质超声造影剂;
其中,所述S1步骤中硅脂质为:
;
所述S1步骤中硅脂质与聚乙二醇磷脂衍生物混合的摩尔比为9~19:1,所述硅脂质和脂溶性抗癌药物的药脂比1:15~30;
所述S1步骤中加入水的体积为有机相体积的1/3;
所述S2步骤中加入的水的体积为S1步骤中加入的水的体积的3倍;
所述S2步骤中注入的液态氟碳与水的体积比为1︰60;
所述S1步骤中有机溶剂为三氯甲烷、二氯甲烷或甲醇中一种或多种;
所述S1步骤中聚乙二醇磷脂衍生物为DSPE-PEG 2000;所述S2步骤中液态氟碳为全氟戊烷或全氟己烷;所述S2步骤中超声的时间为2~5 min,以超声3s停3s为一个循环,超声功率为100 W。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述S1步骤中脂溶性抗癌药物为阿霉素、顺铂、紫杉醇、多烯紫杉醇、长春新碱、喜树碱或羟基喜树碱。
3.一种权利要求1至2任意一项所述的制备方法制备得到的载药硅脂质超声造影剂。
4.一种权利要求3所述的载药硅脂质超声造影剂在制备高强度聚焦超声增效剂中的应用。
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