CN104812486B - 氨氧化催化剂 - Google Patents
氨氧化催化剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104812486B CN104812486B CN201380061722.1A CN201380061722A CN104812486B CN 104812486 B CN104812486 B CN 104812486B CN 201380061722 A CN201380061722 A CN 201380061722A CN 104812486 B CN104812486 B CN 104812486B
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Abstract
提供了一种用于处理排放气体的催化剂制品,其包含(a)贵金属催化剂层,其包含位于第一难熔金属氧化物载体上的一种或多种贵金属;和(b)钒催化剂层,其包含在选自以下的第二难熔金属氧化物载体上预固定的钒:氧化铝、二氧化钛、氧化锆、二氧化铈、二氧化硅和它们的混合物,其中第一催化剂层与所述第二催化剂层物理接触。还提供了制造这种催化剂制品的方法,使用这种制品处理气体排放物的方法和包括这种制品的排放气体处理系统。
Description
发明背景
发明领域:
提供了一种氧化催化剂,其用于处理燃烧废气,和特别是用于降低与选择性催化还原方法有关的氨漏失。
相关领域说明:
烃基燃料在发电站和发动机中的燃烧产生了烟道气或者废气,其包含大部分的相对良性的氮(N2)、水蒸气(H2O)和二氧化碳(CO2)。但是烟道气和废气还包含相对小部分的有害和/或有毒物质例如来自不完全燃烧的一氧化碳(CO)、来自未燃烧燃料的烃(HC)、来自过高燃烧温度的氮氧化物(NOx)和颗粒物质(大部分是烟灰)。为了减轻烟道气和废气释放到大气中的环境影响,希望消除或者减少该不期望的组分的量,优选通过不再产生其他有害或者有毒物质的方法。
典型地,来自发电站的烟道气和来自贫燃气体发动机的废气具有净氧化效应,这归因于被提供来保证烃燃料充分燃烧的高比例的氧。在这种气体中,要除去的最麻烦的组分之一是NOx,其包括一氧化氮(NO)、二氧化氮(NO2)和一氧化二氮(N2O)。将NOx还原成N2特别成问题,这是因为所述废气包含足够的氧来促进氧化性反应,而非还原反应。不过,NOx可以通过通常称作选择性催化还原(SCR)的方法来还原。SCR方法包括在催化剂存在下,并且借助于含氮还原剂例如氨,以将NOx转化成元素氮(N2)和水。在SCR方法中,在废气与SCR催化剂接触之前将气态还原剂例如氨加入到废气流中。该还原剂被吸收到催化剂上,和在气体在催化基底之中或之上输送时发生NOx还原反应。用于使用氨的化学计量的SCR反应的化学方程式是:
4NO+4NH3+O2→4N2+6H2O
2NO2+4NH3+O2→3N2+6H2O
NO+NO2+2NH3→2N2+3H2O
大部分SCR方法使用了化学计量过量的氨,以使得NOx的转化率最大。送过SCR方法的未反应的氨(也称作“氨漏失”)是不期望的,因为所释放的氨气会对大气产生不利影响,并且会与其他燃烧物质反应。为了减少氨漏失,SCR系统可以包括在SCR催化剂下游的氨氧化催化剂(AMOX)(也称作氨漏失催化剂(ASC))。
用于氧化废气中多余的氨的催化剂是已知的。例如,美国专利7,393,511描述了一种氨氧化催化剂,其含有在二氧化钛氧化铝、二氧化硅、氧化锆等载体上的贵金属,例如铂、钯、铑或金。其他氨氧化催化剂包含在二氧化钛载体上的氧化钒、氧化钨和氧化钼的第一层,和在二氧化钛载体上的铂的第二层(参见例如美国专利8,202,481和US7,410,626)。但是,这些催化剂在转化氨,特别是在相对低的温度时不是特别有效。因此,本领域仍然需要改进的氨漏失催化剂。本发明尤其满足了这种需要。
发明内容
本发明部分地涉及一种双层氧化催化剂,其当用于SCR方法下游以减少氨漏失时特别有效。本发明的双层催化剂包含:含有预固定到难熔金属氧化物基载体上的钒的层,和包含贵金属的层。本申请人已经惊奇地发现在组合层之前,预固定催化剂的钒基组分显著改进了所述材料的低温催化活性,特别是在氧化氨方面更是如此。与常规双层催化剂相比,本发明的新催化剂能够将低温氨转化率提高200-300%。
因此,提供了一种用于处理排放气体的催化剂制品,其包含(a)贵金属催化剂层,其包含位于第一难熔金属氧化物载体上的一种或多种贵金属;和(b)钒催化剂层,其包含在选自以下的第二难熔金属氧化物载体上预固定的钒:氧化铝、二氧化钛、氧化锆、二氧化铈、二氧化硅和它们的混合物,其中该贵金属催化剂层与所述钒催化剂层物理接触。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了一种制备催化剂制品的方法,其包括步骤:(a)将钒负载到难熔金属氧化物载体上;(b)在步骤(a)之后,煅烧该负载钒的难熔金属氧化物载体以形成预固定的催化剂;(c)用负载的贵金属催化剂涂覆惰性基底,以形成第一层;和(d)用所述预固定的催化剂涂覆所述惰性基底,以形成第二层。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了一种处理排放气体的方法,其包括步骤:(a)将排放气体与催化剂制品接触,该排放气体来源于烃在化学计量过量的氧中的燃烧,其中该排放气体包含氨,该催化剂制品包含(i)贵金属催化剂层,其包含位于第一难熔金属氧化物载体上的一种或多种贵金属;和(ii)钒催化剂层,其包含在选自以下的第二难熔金属氧化物载体上预固定的钒:氧化铝、二氧化钛、氧化锆、二氧化铈、二氧化硅和它们的混合物,其中该贵金属催化剂层与所述钒催化剂层物理接触;和(b)将所述氨的至少一部分氧化,以形成N2和/或NOx。
根据本发明又一方面,提供了一种用于处理排放气体的系统,其包括SCR催化剂和氨漏失催化剂,该氨漏失催化剂包含(i)贵金属催化剂层,其包含位于第一难熔金属氧化物载体上的一种或多种贵金属;和(ii)钒催化剂层,其包含在选自以下的第二难熔金属氧化物载体上预固定的钒:氧化铝、二氧化钛、氧化锆、二氧化铈、二氧化硅和它们的混合物,其中该贵金属催化剂层与所述钒催化剂层物理接触。
附图说明
图1A-1E是根据本发明的某些实施方案的催化剂制品的图;
图2的图表示根据本发明的一个实施方案的NH3相对于温度的转化率;
图3的图表示根据本发明的一个实施方案的NOx相对于温度的选择性;和
图4的图表示根据本发明的一个实施方案的整体NH3和NOx浓度输出。
具体实施方式
在一个优选的实施方案中,本发明涉及一种催化剂制品,用于改进环境空气质量,特别是用于改进发电厂、燃气轮机发动机、贫燃内燃机等所产生的烟道气或者其他废气排放。排放至少部分地通过在宽作业温度范围上降低NH3和/或NOx的浓度来改进。有用的催化剂制品包括在氧化性环境中氧化了氨和/或还原了NOx的那些。
在某些优选的实施方案中,该催化剂制品包含:包含负载的钒的第二层,和包含负载的贵金属的第一层,其中该钒预固定到它的载体上。作为此处使用的,术语“第一层”和“第二层”用于描述催化剂制品中的催化剂层在废气流动穿过、流经和/或流过该催化剂制品的正常方向上的相对位置。在正常的废气流动条件下,废气与第二层接触,然后与第一层接触。在某些实施方案中,废气渗透入(和因此接触)第二层,然后接触第一层,和随后返回穿过第二层以离开催化剂组分。在某些实施方案中,第一层作为底层施用到惰性基底上,第二层作为顶层施用到第一层上。在其他实施方案中,第二层是第一区,其位于第一层的上游,但是与之接触,第一层作为第二区来布置。在仍然的其他实施方案中,第一层是催化活性基底,其涂覆有第二层,其中第二层是基底上的表面层或者是部分或完全渗透到基底中的层。
作为此处使用的,涉及负载的钒的术语“预固定”表示一种钒源,其施用到难熔金属氧化物载体上,随后热处理,然后容纳、混合或者施用到贵金属催化剂上。难熔金属氧化物包括单个金属氧化物和混合金属氧化物二者。
在某些实施方案中,钒的形式是游离钒、钒离子或钒的氧化物或者其衍生物。优选钒的形式是氧化钒(V2O5)。除了钒之外,第二层可以包括其他催化活性金属氧化物例如钨的氧化物和/或钼的氧化物,条件是该金属氧化物不包括贵金属。在某些实施方案中,钒的氧化物以相对于其他催化活性金属氧化物而言以较大量存在。在某些其他实施方案中,钒的氧化物以相对于其他催化活性金属氧化物而言以较小量存在。
钒位于高表面积载体上,该载体适用于高温非均相催化剂应用。该载体优选的孔体积是约0.1-0.5g/cc,例如约0.2-0.4g/cc。优选的载体材料包括难熔金属氧化物例如氧化铝、二氧化钛、氧化锆、二氧化铈、非沸石二氧化硅-氧化铝和它们的混合物,并且更优选包含二氧化钛的载体。在某些实施方案中,用于钒组分的载体材料是二氧化钛或者二氧化钛与另一组分的组合,包括氧化钨(VI)、氧化钼或者二氧化硅作为混合物或者作为混合氧化物。虽然氧化钒和载体都可以是金属氧化物,但是两种组分结构上彼此不同,表现在载体作为离散颗粒存在,而氧化钒作为附着到该颗粒的相对薄的层而存在。因此,氧化钒和二氧化钛不是作为混合氧化物存在的。
载体材料基于颗粒计数的平均粒度优选是约0.01-10μm,例如约0.5-5μm,约0.1-1μm或者约5-10μm,和优选大部分颗粒计数处于这些范围之一中。在其他实施方案中,该高表面积载体是铝硅酸盐、硅-铝磷酸盐或者铝磷酸盐分子筛,例如沸石,优选具有BEA、MFI、CHA、AEI、LEV、KFI、MER、RHO或者ERI的骨架,或者它们的两种或更多种的共生物(intergrowth)。
对于含钒的层包含钒涂层的实施方案,该钒可以通过本领域任何已知的技术施涂到难熔金属氧化物载体上。在一个例子中,作为细粉的氧化钒与任选的氧化钨(VI)与二氧化钛颗粒源混合,并且形成浆料或者悬浮液。如果期望,则该浆料可以研磨或者磨碎以实现所需的粒度分布。该含有钒和二氧化钛的混合物然后干燥和煅烧。干燥可以通过任何常规方法进行,包括热空气、微波、冷冻干燥或者其某种组合。空气干燥的例子包括在约100-200℃进行约1-3小时的分批或者连续烘箱干燥。在该材料干燥后,将它煅烧,优选在约400-650℃的温度进行约1-10小时。所形成的干燥材料然后加工成一定形式(例如粉末),其适于作为活化涂料或可挤出混合物中的组分。
通过煅烧,钒以一定方式附着到难熔金属氧化物,其当暴露于其他催化剂层,例如高温环境(例如>400℃)的负载的贵金属,例如随后煅烧或者处理燃烧废气时,抗与该难熔金属氧化物的相对移动。因此预固定的氧化钒/难熔金属氧化物材料可区别于常规氧化钒/难熔金属氧化物材料之处在于前者已经经历了热处理方法,其将氧化钒和难熔金属氧化物结合在一起,以使得该组分当随后在高温(例如>400℃)接触其他负载的催化剂(例如相邻的负载在二氧化钛或者氧化铝上的铂层)时,不太可能变成分离的。在某些实施方案中,该预固定步骤防止或者减少了钒迁移到含有贵金属的催化剂层中,特别是当暴露于高温环境例如煅烧方法或者处理排放气体时更是如此。因此,在某些实施方案中,该含有钒的层基本上没有贵金属,和该含有贵金属的层基本上没有钒。用“基本上没有”表示相关的金属在所述层中不以将影响催化剂层的性能的量存在。在某些实施方案中,具有第一金属和“基本上没有”第二金属的层表示该层具有相对于第一金属小于5重量%的第二金属,优选小于1重量%,和甚至更优选小于0.1重量%。
第一催化剂层包含贵金属,优选由难熔金属氧化物负载的贵金属。合适的贵金属的例子包括钌、铑、钯、银、锇、铱、铂和金及其组合,并且优选铂族金属,特别是铂、钯及其组合。该贵金属位于高表面积载体上,其适用于高温非均相催化剂应用。该载体优选具有约0.1-0.5g/cc,例如约0.2-0.4g/cc的孔体积。优选的载体材料包括难熔金属氧化物例如氧化铝、二氧化钛、氧化锆、二氧化铈、非沸石二氧化硅-氧化铝和它们的混合物,并且更优选包含二氧化钛的载体。在某些实施方案中,用于贵金属组分的载体材料是氧化铝、二氧化钛,或者与另一组分(包括氧化钨(VI))相组合的二氧化钛。该贵金属和载体在结构上彼此不同之处在于载体作为离散颗粒存在,而贵金属作为附着到该颗粒的相对薄的层而存在。载体材料基于颗粒计数的平均粒度优选是约0.01-10μm,例如约0.5-5μm,约0.1-1μm或者约5-10μm,和优选大部分颗粒计数处于这些范围之一中。
使用本发明的催化剂层的典型应用包括非均相催化反应系统(即与气体反应物接触的固体催化剂)。为了改进接触表面积、机械稳定性和流体流动特性,催化剂可以位于基底之上和/或之内。在某些实施方案中,将含有预固定的钒的活化涂料施涂到惰性基底例如波纹金属板或者蜂窝状堇青石块上。可选地,将该预固定的钒与其他组分例如填料、粘合剂和增强剂一起捏合成可挤出的糊,其然后通过模具挤出,以形成蜂窝状块。在某些实施方案中,该预固定的钒层不是涂层,和在某些其他实施方案中,该预固定的钒层不是挤出基底。
包含钒组分或者贵金属组分的活化涂料优选是溶液、悬浮液或者浆料。合适的涂层包括表面涂层,渗透到一部分基底中的涂层,透过基底的涂层或者其某些组合。预固定的钒涂层优选包含的氧化钒的量是约0.1-10重量%,基于难熔金属氧化物载体的重量,更优选约0.5-5重量%。贵金属涂层优选包含约0.05-0.50重量%的贵金属,基于难熔金属氧化物载体的重量。活化涂料还可以包括非催化组分例如填料、粘合剂、稳定剂、流变改性剂和其他添加剂,包括氧化铝、二氧化硅、非沸石二氧化硅氧化铝、二氧化钛、氧化锆、二氧化铈中的一种或多种。在某些实施方案中,该催化剂组合物可以包含成孔剂,例如石墨、纤维素、淀粉、聚丙烯酸酯和聚乙烯等。这些另外的组分不必催化期望的反应,而代之以改进催化材料的效率,例如通过增加它的运行温度范围,增加催化剂的接触表面积,增加催化剂到基底上的附着力等来改进其效率。
典型地,用作粘合剂的金属氧化物颗粒与用作载体的金属氧化物颗粒基于粒度来区分,粘合剂颗粒明显大于载体颗粒。第一涂层优选以这样的量施用到基底上,该量足以产生活化涂层负载量约10-300g/ft3贵金属,更优选约20-150g/ft3,和甚至更优选约50-100g/ft3。第二涂层优选以这样的量施用到基底上,该量足以产生活化涂层负载量>0.25g/in3,例如>0.50g/in3,或者>0.80g/in3,例如0.80-3.00g/in3。在优选的实施方案中,该活化涂层负载量>1.00g/in3,例如>1.2g/in3,>1.5g/in3,>1.7g/in3或者>2.00g/in3或者例如1.5-2.5g/in3。优选第一层作为底涂层施用到基底,第二层作为顶涂层施用到第一层上面。
两种最普通的基底设计是板状和蜂窝状。优选的基底(特别是用于可移动应用)包括具有所谓蜂窝状几何形状的流通式整料,其包含多个相邻的平行通道,该通道是两端开口的,并且通常从基底的入口面延伸到出口面,和产生高的表面积-体积比。对于某些应用,该蜂窝状流通式整料优选具有高的孔密度,例如约600-800个孔/平方英寸,和/或平均内壁厚度是约0.18-0.35mm,优选约0.20-0.25mm。对于某些其他应用,该蜂窝状流通式整料优选具有约150-600个孔/平方英寸,更优选约200-400个孔/平方英寸的低的孔密度。优选该蜂窝状整料是多孔的。除了堇青石、碳化硅、氮化硅、陶瓷和金属之外,能够用于基底的其他材料包括氮化铝、氮化硅、钛酸铝、α-氧化铝、莫来石例如针状莫来石、铯榴石、热处理金属陶瓷(thermet)例如Al2OsZFe、Al2O3/Ni或者B4CZFe,或者包含其任何两种或更多片段的复合材料。优选的材料包括堇青石、碳化硅和氧化铝钛酸盐。
与蜂窝着类型相比,板状催化剂具有较低的压力降低,并且不太容易堵塞和结垢,但是板构造明显更大和更昂贵。蜂窝状构造比板类型小,但是具有更高的压力降低和更易于堵塞。在某些实施方案中,板基底由金属,优选波纹金属构成。
在另一实施方案中,该催化剂不使用基底,而代之以作为散料或者作为填料床或者流化床催化剂来提供。
为了降低排气系统所需的空间量,单个排气部件在某些实施方案中经设计以执行多于一种的功能。例如将ASC催化剂施用到代替流通式基底的壁流式过滤器基底,通过使得一种基底起到两种作用(即,通过催化剂降低氨漏失和通过过滤器基底除去废气烟灰),以用于降低排气处理系统的整体尺寸。因此,在某些实施方案中,该基底是蜂窝状壁流式过滤器或者部分过滤器。壁流式过滤器类似于流通式蜂窝状基底之处在于它们包含多个相邻的平行通道。但是,流通式蜂窝状基底的通道两端开口,而壁流式基底的通道一端是封闭的,其中该封闭是以交替的图案发生在相邻通道的对端。将通道的交替端部进行封闭防止了进入基底入口面的气体直线流过所述通道和离开。相反,废气进入基底前面,并且行进到通道约一半处,在这里它被驱使穿过通道壁,然后进入通道第二个一半处并且离开基底的后面。
该基底壁具有气体可透过的孔隙率和孔尺寸,但是在气体送过该壁时,捕集了气体中的大部分的颗粒物质例如烟灰。优选的壁流式基底是高效过滤器。用于本发明的壁流式过滤器优选的效率是至少70%,至少约75%,至少约80%或者至少约90%。在某些实施方案中,该效率将是约75-约99%,约75-约90%,约80-约90%,或者约85-约95%。这里,效率是相对于烟灰和其他类似尺寸的颗粒和相对于典型地存在于常规柴油废气中的颗粒浓度。例如,柴油废气中的颗粒尺寸可以是0.05微米-2.5微米。因此,该效率可以基于这个范围或者子范围,例如0.1-0.25微米,0.25-1.25微米或者1.25-2.5微米。
孔隙率是多孔基底中空隙空间百分比的度量,并且与排气系统的背压有关:通常,孔隙率越低,背压越高。优选该多孔基底的孔隙率是约30-约80%,例如约40-约75%,约40-约65%或约50-约60%。
孔互连性(作为基底的总空隙体积的百分比来测量)是孔、空隙和/或通道结合以形成穿过多孔基底(即从入口面到出口面)的连续路径的程度。与孔互连性相反的是封闭的孔体积和具有到基底的仅一个表面的导管的孔的体积的总和。优选该多孔基底的孔互连性体积是至少约30%,更优选至少约40%。
多孔基底的平均孔尺寸对于过滤也是重要的。平均孔尺寸可以通过任何可接受的手段来测定,包括通过水银孔隙率法。多孔基底的平均孔尺寸应当是足够高的值,以促进低背压,同时通过基底本身、通过促进基底表面上的烟灰饼层或者二者的组合,以提供足够的效率。优选的多孔基底的平均孔尺寸是约10-约40μm,例如约20-约30μm,约10-约25μm,约10-约20μm,约20-约25μm,约10-约15μm,和约15-约20μm。
转到图1A-1D,第一或者第二层可以作为连续层或者在对应于基底轴长的一个或多个区域或者基底过滤器的入口/出口侧,活化涂覆到该基底上。优选第一和第二区彼此相邻和接触。在图1A中,第一催化剂层(20)和第二催化剂层(10)沿着基底的大部分和优选整个轴长,涂覆到流通式基底(30)上。在这种的实施方案中,这两层在它们各自的大部分长度上,优选在它们整个长度上接触。在图1B中,第一层(20)涂覆到基底(30)的下游部分上,和第二层(10)涂覆到基底的上游部分上(相对于废气流动),条件是这两个层彼此接触,和任选地在它们的一部分长度上交叠。在某些其他实施方案中,第一或者第二层在基底的整个轴长上涂覆,而其他层涂覆到该基底的上游部分或者下游部分上。对于一个或者两个层涂覆到仅一部分基底上的实施方案来说,该部分可以小于基底轴长的25%,小于轴长的一半,大于轴长的一半或者大于轴长的75%。在图1C中,第一层(20)渗透到一部分所述基底(30)中,并且包含在第一层上的第二涂层(30)。在图1D中,第一层(20)完全渗透到基底(30)中,并且第二层(10)是所述基底上的表面涂层。
壁流式过滤器上的涂层处于过滤器的入口和/或出口侧上(相对于流过该过滤器的废气),优选处于过滤器的出口侧上,特别是对于还在该过滤器上游侧包括选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂或者烟灰氧化催化剂的实施方案来说更是如此。
在某些实施方案中,含有钒的层是挤出载体。图1E显示了一种挤出载体(25)和包含负载的贵金属催化剂的层(10)。在这种实施方案中,层(10)是所述挤出载体层(25)上的表面涂层。非常普遍地,含有钒源和难熔金属氧化物载体的挤出固体的生产包括了将钒源、难熔金属氧化物载体、粘合剂、任选的有机粘度增强化合物共混成均匀的糊,其然后加入到粘合剂/基质组分或者其前体和任选的一种或多种稳定的二氧化铈,和无机纤维中。将该共混物在混合或者捏合设备或者挤出机中压实。该混合物具有有机添加剂例如粘合剂、成孔剂、增塑剂、表面活性剂、润滑剂、分散剂作为加工助剂以增强润滑性,和因此生产了均匀批次料。所形成的塑性材料然后模制,特别是使用挤出压机或者包括挤出模具的挤出机模制,并且将所形成的模制体干燥和煅烧。该有机添加剂在挤出固体的煅烧过程中被“烧除”。如上所述,该煅烧步骤将钒预固定到难熔金属氧化物上。可选地,预固定的钒/难熔金属氧化物载体可以加入到所述糊中,然后挤出。
本发明的含有预固定的钒的挤出固体通常包含处于蜂窝形式的单一结构,其具有从其第一端延伸到第二端的均匀尺寸和平行通道。限定出所述通道的通道壁是多孔的。典型地,外“皮”包围了该挤出固体的多个通道。该挤出固体可以由任何期望的横截面形成,例如圆形、正方形或者椭圆形。多个通道中的单个通道可以正方形、三角形、六边形、圆形等。在第一、上游端处的通道可以例如用合适的陶瓷水泥封闭,而在第一、上游端处没有封闭的通道也可以在第二、下游端封闭,以形成壁流式过滤器。典型地,在第一、上游端处的封闭通道的布置类似于棋盘,具有类似的封闭的和开放的下游通道端的布置。
粘合剂/基质组分优选选自堇青石、氮化物、碳化物、硼化物、金属间化合物、铝硅酸锂、尖晶石、任选掺杂的氧化铝、二氧化硅源、二氧化钛、氧化锆、二氧化钛-氧化锆、锆石及其任何两种或更多种的混合物。所述糊可以任选地包含选自以下的增强无机纤维:碳纤维、玻璃纤维、金属纤维、硼纤维、氧化铝纤维、二氧化硅纤维、二氧化硅-氧化铝纤维、碳化硅纤维、钛酸钾纤维、硼酸铝纤维和陶瓷纤维。
该氧化铝粘合剂/基质组分优选是γ氧化铝,但是可以是任何其他过渡氧化铝,即α氧化铝、β氧化铝、х氧化铝、η氧化铝、ρ氧化铝、k氧化铝、θ氧化铝、δ氧化铝、镧β氧化铝和这种过渡氧化铝中任意两种或更多种的混合物。优选该氧化铝用至少一种非铝元素掺杂,以增加氧化铝的热稳定性。合适的氧化铝掺杂剂包括硅、锆、钡、镧系元素及其任意两种或更多种的混合物。合适的镧系元素掺杂剂包括La、Ce、Nd、Pr、Gd及其任意两种或更多种的混合物。
二氧化硅源可以包括硅溶胶、石英、气相法或无定形二氧化硅、硅酸钠、无定形铝硅酸盐、烷氧基硅烷、有机硅树脂粘合剂例如甲基苯基有机硅树脂、粘土、滑石或者其任意两种或更多种的混合物。在这个列表中,该二氧化硅可以是SiO2本身、长石、莫来石、二氧化硅-氧化铝、二氧化硅-氧化镁、二氧化硅-氧化锆、二氧化硅-氧化钍、二氧化硅-氧化铍、二氧化硅-二氧化钛、三元二氧化硅-氧化铝-氧化锆、三元二氧化硅-氧化铝-氧化镁、三元-二氧化硅-氧化镁-氧化锆、三元二氧化硅-氧化铝-氧化钍及其任意两种或更多种的混合物。可选地,该二氧化硅可以来源于煅烧加入到挤出组合物中的正硅酸四甲酯(TMOS)。
合适的粘土包括漂白土、海泡石、锂蒙脱石、蒙脱石、高岭土及其任意两种或更多种的混合物,其中高岭土可以选自亚膨润土(subbentonite)、蠕陶土、埃洛石、高岭石、地开石、珍珠陶土及其任意两种或更多种的混合物;蒙脱石可以选自蒙脱土、绿脱石、蛭石、皂石及其任意两种或更多种的混合物;和富勒土可以是蒙脱土或者坡缕石(绿坡缕石)。优选钒遍及分散和优选均匀地遍及分散在整个挤出催化剂体中。
在任何上面挤出固体制成壁流式过滤器的情况中,该壁流式过滤器的孔隙率可以是30-80%,例如40-70%。孔隙率和孔体积和孔半径可以例如使用压汞法来测量。
在某些实施方案中,本发明的双层催化剂制品是排放气体处理系统的一部分,其中该双层催化剂制品位于含氮还原剂源的下游。含氮还原剂的例子包括氨和氨肼或者任何合适的氨前体,例如尿素((NH2)2CO)、碳酸铵、氨基甲酸铵、碳酸氢铵或者甲酸铵。更优选该催化剂制品位于选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂下游,该催化剂制品可以氧化至少一部分的任何没有被选择性催化还原方法所消耗的含氮还原剂。例如在某些实施方案中,本发明的双层催化剂位于壁流式过滤器的出口侧上,并且SCR催化剂可以位于过滤器的上游侧上。在某些其他实施方案中,该双层催化剂位于流通式基底的下游端上,和SCR催化剂位于流通式基底的上游端上。在其他实施方案中,该双层催化剂和SCR催化剂位于排气系统内分别的块上。这些分别的块可以彼此相邻和接触,或者以特定的距离隔开,条件是它们彼此流体连通。
用于本发明的合适的SCR催化剂包括金属促进的分子筛,例如铝硅酸盐、硅-铝磷酸盐或者铝磷酸盐分子筛,优选具有BEA、MFI、CHA、AEI、LEV、KFI、MER、RHO或者ERI的骨架,或者它们的两种或更多种的共生物。该分子筛优选用金属例如Ce、Cu、Fe、Co等促进。其他合适的SCR催化剂包括氧化钒和/或氧化钨,其负载在沸石、氧化铝、二氧化钛、二氧化硅、氧化钨等上。在某些实施方案中,SCR催化剂和此处所述氨漏失催化剂具有不同的组成。
在某些实施方案中,氨在至少100℃的温度氧化。在另一实施方案中,氨在约150℃-750℃的温度氧化。在一个具体的实施方案中,该温度是175-550℃。在另一实施方案中,该温度是175-400℃。在又一实施方案中,该温度是450-900℃,优选500-750℃,500-650℃,450-550℃或者650-850℃。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了一种还原气体中的NOx化合物和/或氧化NH3的方法,其包括将该气体与此处所述的催化剂接触足够的时间,以降低气体中NOx化合物的水平。本发明的方法可以包括以下步骤中的一个或多个:(a)聚集和/或燃烧与催化过滤器入口接触的烟灰;(b)在接触催化过滤器之前,将含氮还原剂引入该废气流中,优选没有涉及到处理NOx和还原剂的中间催化步骤;(c)在NOx吸附剂催化剂上产生NH3,和优选使用这样的NH3作为下游SCR反应中的还原剂;(d)将该废气流与DOC接触,以将烃基可溶性有机物部分(SOF)和/或一氧化碳氧化成CO2,和/或将NO氧化成NO2,其又可以用于氧化颗粒过滤器中的颗粒物质;和/或减少废气中的颗粒(PM);(e)在还原剂存在下,将该废气与一种或多种流通式SCR催化剂装置接触,以降低废气中的NOx浓度;和(f)将该废气与AMOX催化剂(优选在SCR催化剂下游)接触,以氧化大部分的(如果不是全部的)氨,然后将废气排入大气中或者在废气进入/再次进入发动机之前,将废气送过再循环回路。
该方法可以在这样的气体上进行,其来源于燃烧方法,例如来源于内燃机(无论是移动式还是固定式)、燃气轮机和燃煤或者燃油发动机。该方法也可以用于处理来自以下的气体:来自工业方法例如炼制、来自炼厂加热器和锅炉、炉、化工工业、焦化炉、市政废物处理厂和焚化炉等。在一个具体的实施方案中,该方法被用于处理来自以下的废气:车辆贫燃内燃机例如柴油机、贫燃汽油机或者用液体石油气或天然气供能的发动机。
在另一实施方案中,用于将废气中的一氧化氮氧化成二氧化氮的氧化催化剂可以位于含氮还原剂加入到废气中的位置处的上游。在一个实施方案中,该氧化催化剂适于例如在氧化催化剂入口的废气温度为250℃-450℃时产生进入SCR催化剂的气流,其NO与NO2的体积比是约4:1-约1:3。该氧化催化剂可以包括涂覆在流通式整料基底上的至少一种铂族金属(或者它们的某些组合),例如铂、钯或者铑。在一个实施方案中,该至少一种铂族金属是铂、钯或者铂和钯二者的组合。该铂族金属可以负载在高表面积活化涂料组分例如氧化铝、沸石例如铝硅酸盐沸石、二氧化硅、非沸石二氧化硅氧化铝、二氧化铈、氧化锆、二氧化钛或者含有二氧化铈和氧化锆二者的混合的或者复合的氧化物上。
在另一实施方案中,合适的过滤器基底位于氧化催化剂和双层催化剂之间。过滤器基底可以选自任何上述的那些,例如壁流式过滤器。在该过滤器是催化的,例如用上述种类的氧化催化剂催化的情况中,优选计量加入含氮还原剂的位置位于过滤器和沸石催化剂之间。可选地,如果该过滤器是未催化的,则用于计量加入含氮还原剂的装置可以位于该氧化催化剂和过滤器之间。
实施例
实施例1:催化剂制备
如下来制备第一催化剂层:使用高剪切混合器将去离子水和氧化铝活化涂料(d50是约3.4-4.2μm)在容器中混合。缓慢加入琥珀酸来实现约100g/ft3的浓度,并且将该混合物持续搅拌至少30分钟。加入硝酸钯,和将所形成的混合物搅拌另外60分钟。加入NatrasolTM,并且将所形成的浆料混合24小时。将最终的活化涂料施涂到200cpsi堇青石基底上,干燥,然后在500℃煅烧。
如下来制备第二催化剂层:将二氧化钛源加热到约500℃持续约1小时,然后加入到溶解的偏钨酸铵中,以在二氧化钛上初始浸渍钨。将所形成的材料干燥来形成粉末,将其干燥和煅烧。将该煅烧的TiO2/W粉末用稀释的氧化钒浸渍,并且将所形成的材料干燥,然后在500℃煅烧。将该煅烧的材料加入到含有的活化涂料中。将所形成的活化涂料(其V/W比是50:7)涂覆到基底上的钯层上,干燥,然后在500℃煅烧。
实施例2:NH3转化性能
将根据实施例1所制备的NH3的转化性能与类似的,但是没有预固定的氧化钒的催化剂制品进行比较。
如下来制备对比样品:如下来制备第一催化剂层:使用高剪切混合器将去离子水和氧化铝活化涂料(d50是约3.4-4.2μm)在容器中混合。缓慢加入琥珀酸来实现约100g/ft3的浓度,并且将该混合物持续搅拌至少30分钟。加入硝酸钯,和将所形成的混合物搅拌另外60分钟。加入NatrasolTM,并且将所形成的浆料混合24小时。将最终的活化涂料施涂到200cpsi堇青石基底上,干燥,然后在500℃煅烧。
如下来制备第二层:将去离子水与二氧化钛和混合。将该材料老化至少24小时。该材料的d50<5.0μm和d90<10.0μm。加入来实现合适的活化涂料厚度。将所形成的活化涂料施涂到钯层上,干燥和在500℃煅烧。该活化涂料涂覆的基底然后用氧化钒/钨溶液浸渍,干燥和煅烧。
然后将该实施例1的催化剂组分和对比催化剂组分作为ASC布置在具有上游SCR催化剂的系统中。将含有40ppm的NH3和30ppm的NOx、15%的O2、8%的H2O、3%的CO2、50ppm的C1-丙烯和余量N2的模拟废气以约20000h-1的空速送过该催化剂组分。该组分的稳态催化活性在200-500℃的温度和50℃的增量来评价。出口产物和反应物的转化率经由FTIR监控。
这些测试的结果提供在图2中。这里,与不具有预固定的氧化钒的催化剂相比,含有预固定的氧化钒的催化剂表现出NH3转化率的显著增加,特别是在约250℃-约400℃的温度范围内更是如此。
实施例3:NOx选择性性能
在与实施例2所述相同的测试条件下,将根据实施例1所制备的催化剂的NOx选择性性能与类似的,但是没有预固定的氧化钒的催化剂进行比较。
这些测试的结果提供在图3中。这里,含有预固定的氧化钒的催化剂表现出与没有预固定的氧化钒的催化剂类似的NOx转化率。
实施例4:整体NH3和NOx输出
在与实施例2所述相同的测试条件下,将送过根据实施例1所制备的催化剂的气体的NH3和NOx整体浓度与类似的,但是没有预固定的氧化钒的催化剂进行比较。
这些测试的结果提供在图4中。这里,与没有预固定的氧化钒的催化剂相比,含有预固定的氧化钒的催化剂表现出离开系统的NH3+NOx浓度的整体降低。
Claims (18)
1.用于处理排放气体的催化剂制品,其包含:
a.贵金属催化剂层,其包含位于第一难熔金属氧化物载体上的一种或多种贵金属,其中所述贵金属催化剂层是施用到选自以下的惰性基底的涂层:蜂窝状流通式整料、蜂窝状壁流式整料和波纹金属板;和
b.钒催化剂层,其包含在选自以下的第二难熔金属氧化物载体上预固定的钒:氧化铝、二氧化钛、氧化锆、二氧化铈、二氧化硅和它们的混合物,其中所述钒催化剂层是施用到所述惰性基底的涂层,
其中该贵金属催化剂层与该钒催化剂层物理接触,其中所述贵金属催化剂层是第一层,和所述钒催化剂层是第二层,和其中预固定表示钒源施用到难熔金属氧化物载体上,随后热处理,然后容纳、混合或者施用到贵金属催化剂上。
2.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂制品,其中所述第一层基本上没有钒,和所述第二层基本上没有贵金属。
3.根据权利要求2所述的催化剂制品,其中所述制品是煅烧的。
4.根据权利要求2所述的催化剂制品,其中所述第二层包含预固定到二氧化钛载体的氧化钒,其中所述氧化钒的存在量是0.1-10重量%,基于该二氧化钛的重量计。
5.根据权利要求4所述的催化剂制品,其中所述第二层进一步包含钨的氧化物。
6.根据权利要求4所述的催化剂制品,其中所述第一层包含在氧化铝载体上的选自铂和钯的一种或多种铂族金属,其中所述铂族金属的存在量是0.05-0.50重量%,基于该氧化铝载体的重量计。
7.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂制品,其中所述第二层施用到所述第一层的至少一部分上。
8.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂制品,其中所述惰性基底是流通式蜂窝状块。
9.根据权利要求8所述的催化剂制品,其进一步包含选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂,该选择性催化还原催化剂位于所述流通式蜂窝状块之上或之中,且位于所述第一和第二层上游。
10.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂制品,其中所述惰性基底是波纹金属板。
11.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂制品,其中所述惰性基底是壁流式蜂窝状过滤器。
12.制备催化剂制品的方法,其包括:
a.将钒负载到难熔金属氧化物载体上;
b.在步骤(a)之后,煅烧该负载钒的难熔金属氧化物载体,以形成预固定的催化剂;
c.用负载的贵金属催化剂涂覆惰性基底,以形成第一层;和
d.用所述预固定的催化剂涂覆所述惰性基底,以形成第二层。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中将含有所述第一层和所述第二层的所述惰性基底在400-600℃的温度煅烧1-10小时。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述第一层基本上没有钒,和所述第二层基本上没有贵金属。
15.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述第一层包含在二氧化钛载体上的氧化钒,和所述第二层包含负载在氧化铝上的选自铂和钯的至少一种贵金属。
16.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其进一步包含上游NOx选择性催化还原过程。
17.处理排放气体的方法,其包括:
a.将排放气体与根据权利要求1所述的催化剂制品接触,该排放气体来源于在化学计量过量的氧中燃烧烃,其中该排放气体包含氨;和
b.将所述氨的至少一部分氧化,以形成N2和/或NOx。
18.用于处理排放气体的系统,其包括SCR催化剂和根据权利要求1所述的催化剂制品。
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EP2925441A2 (en) | 2015-10-07 |
US9227176B2 (en) | 2016-01-05 |
US20140154163A1 (en) | 2014-06-05 |
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