CN104815840A - Method and system for contaminant removal by injecting high-temperature dry gas into soil - Google Patents
Method and system for contaminant removal by injecting high-temperature dry gas into soil Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for contaminant removal by injecting high-temperature dry gas into soil. The method includes the following step: (1), preparing the high-temperature mixed dry gas by a high-temperature mixed gas injector; (2), injecting the high-temperature mixed dry gas prepared in the step (1) into a dry gas injection well deep in contaminated soil; (3), adjusting the temperature of the high-temperature mixed dry gas injected into the dry gas injection well and retention time of the high-temperature mixed dry gas in the dry gas injection well to enable heat energy to be diffused in soil layers to perform mixed-gas soaking; (4), after mixed-gas soaking is finished, refining gaseous contaminants subjected to catalytic pyrolysis to the ground by a contaminated gas refining well, recycling the gaseous contaminants by a contaminated gas recycling device, and pumping contaminants carried in condensate water generated after injection of the high-temperature mixed dry gas to the ground by a pumping well for treatment. The method has the advantages that the temperature of the injected high-temperature dry gas is high and volatile and nonvolatile organic matter and heavy metal contaminants in the contaminated soil can be removed.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of soil remediation, be specifically related to a kind of high temperature dry gas injection soil and drive dirty method and system.
Background technology
Pesticide chemical factory comprises acephatemet workshop, power houses, sewage diposal area, methyl packing shop, ethyl workshop, emulsification workshop, ethyl packing shop, mixed zone, hydrochloric acid tank field, chlorine alkali workshop, Yan Ku, caustic soda tank field, machine repair workshop, Administrative Area etc., pesticide chemical factory is because producing the product such as agricultural chemicals, chemical industry for many years, receive the severe contamination of agricultural chemicals acephatemet, phosphorus thiochloride, glyphosate, Benzene Chloride etc., there is the heavy metal danger such as the pollution such as organophosphor, benzene and arsenic, cadmium, lead in soil, soil pollution is serious.If these polluters remain in soil, water body, air and food chain will be entered into further, great harm can be brought to ecological environment and human health.
At present, multiple method is had, as excavated rear burning, biological treatment, chemical addition agent or passivation etc., although these methods are successfully used in some example to the removal of pollutant in soil, but exist certain not enough due to somewhat expensive, therefore unrealistic in large-scale soil remediation.
Chinese patent CN1586747A discloses Processing tecchnics outside the venue and the device thereof of a kind of volatility and semi-volatile organic matter contaminated soil, but this patent mainly uses the method for vacuum extraction can only process the organic pollution of volatility and half volatile, not volatile organic pollution is then difficult to remove.
Chinese patent CN102513347A discloses the method for a kind of in-situ heat strengthening combination soil vapor extraction technology governance soil pollution, the heated well of certain forms is formed at Polluted area, heater block is disposed in heated well, and mounting sleeve, in sleeve pipe, catalyst filling becomes simple small-molecule substance to accelerate pollutant pyrolytic, by the process of extraction well drawer.This patent need by heater in depth under, not easily install, operating difficulties.
Summary of the invention
For the deficiencies in the prior art, an object of the present invention is that providing a kind of high temperature dry gas to inject soil drives dirty method, and high temperature dry gas temperature is high, can remove organic matter and the heavy metal contaminants of volatile and difficult volatilization in contaminated soil.
For reaching this object, the present invention by the following technical solutions:
A kind of high temperature dry gas injects soil and drives dirty method, comprises the steps:
(1) high temperature mixing dry gas is prepared with high-temperature gas mixture body gas injection device;
(2) dry gas Injection Well is utilized to be injected in contaminated soil by high temperature mixing dry gas prepared by step (1);
(3) regulate temperature and the time of staying, make heat energy in soil layer, spread gaseous mixture and boil in a covered pot over a slow fire well;
(4) gaseous mixture is boiled in a covered pot over a slow fire after well terminates, and utilizes dusty gas to refine well and the gaseous contaminant of catalyse pyrolysis is refined to more than ground is recycled by dusty gas retracting device.
High temperature mixing dry gas injects soil and drives dirty technology, utilize Combustion, hydrodynamics, thermal conduction study, " high-temperature gas mixture body gas injection device " for soil restoration that the principle of Engineering Thermodynamics and engineering are developed, its principle is: with the oxygen in air as oxidant, incendiary agent is made with diesel oil, under high pressure burn, produce high-temperature fuel gas (2000 DEG C), pass into again water with it blending carry out heat exchange, water is absorbed heat vaporize, combustion gas heat release is lowered the temperature, the gas-vapo(u)r gaseous mixture composition produced is: water vapour (mass dryness fraction is greater than 0.95), nitrogen (N
2), carbon dioxide (CO
2).Pass into again water with it blending carry out heat exchange, water heat absorption vaporization, combustion gas heat release lower the temperature, mist is made to keep driving the temperature of dirty technological requirement, then spray from spout with velocity of sound, remake supersonic expansion, after thermodynamic equilibrium, inject the metallic conduit of the suitable bore of soil.Inject mist, can strata pressure be improved.Have a large amount of dusty gas on stratum, during anti-row, energy strengthens, and can discharge, and takes effect significantly.
High temperature mixing dry gas is the mist of water vapour, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, gas injection temperature and mass dryness fraction high, gas injection temperature is 150 ~ 400 DEG C, and mass dryness fraction is greater than 0.95, is conducive to catalyse pyrolysis soil noxious pollutant; And mist all injects stratum, soil noxious pollutant of degrading gradually.The generation that high-temperature gas mixture body gas injection device prepares high temperature mixing dry gas is 500 ~ 1000m
3/ h; The ratio of water vapour, nitrogen, carbon dioxide gas mixture is (6 ~ 4): (5 ~ 3): (2 ~ 1).Owing to being on-condensible gas, CO
2, N
2there is the effect of mixed phase, viscosity reduction, be applicable to porous condition soil noxious pollutant pyrolysis devolatilization; Mist both can make soil layer viscosity reduction, had again a large amount of N
2gas forms gas endless belt around Injection Well, thus provides gas drive power, can improve rapidly stratum energy (pressure, temperature), reach pyrolysis and drive dirt.
By high-temperature gas mixture body gas injection device, with the gas injection of dry gas Injection Well in soil, regulate temperature 150 ~ 400 DEG C and the time of staying 4 ~ 48h, soil temperature is raised, utilizes soil porous proterties, nationality loosens technology with interstices of soil, vibration, heat energy is made to be the diffusion of diffusivity conductance matrix, organic pollution is transferred to gas phase from solid phase soil and makes it evaporate, vapor phase contaminants passes through the mode process of burning or condensation adsorption again, rear discharge up to standard.The pollutant scope of thermal desorption technical finesse is wide, comprises low-boiling point material, high boiling substance as agricultural chemicals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon etc.
The present invention utilizes the characteristic of pollutant volatility and the adsorptivity to soil particle, utilize dry gas Injection Well by the steam injection of temperatures as high 150 ~ 400 DEG C in contaminated soil, soil temperature is raised, increases the volatility of the pollutant be trapped in soil, reduce the characterization of adsorption of pollutant; And refine well by the dusty gas of periphery simultaneously, the pollutant evaporating into gaseous state is recycled along with vapours refines more than ground.Produce a large amount of condensed water after steam injection soil layer in addition, the pollutant of higher caliper can be carried to downwards in underground water.These condensed waters are extracted on ground by two mouthfuls of pumped wells and process.
For avoiding staggered contamination to occur, the number 1:3 refining well by dry gas Injection Well and dusty gas configures the type of well, and whole recovery project mainly comprises 2 groups of dry gas Injection Wells (Injection Well also can double as and refine well), 6 groups of dusty gas refine wells.It is take hollow cable rig and double-jacket tube auger stem rig that various gang of wells arranges facility, arranges and installs stainless steel well casing well sieve.In addition, field program treatment facility comprises waste gas/Waste Water Treatment etc.More than be equipped with more rich, the land pollution degree status data provided according to official during test adjusts.The degree of depth of well 3 meters ~ 18 meters, determine by actual pollution level suddenly, the bore of well is favourable to be handled up.
In addition, for grasping the Parameters variation such as the temperature tested in the treatment region soil layer of site, special 6 groups of formation temperature meters and other measuring instruments installed, are distributed in the well sieve external position of the surrounding in present treatment district and the center of contaminated area.The layout that dry gas Injection Well and dusty gas refine well mainly considers that the distribution of pollutant, single dry gas Injection Well and dusty gas refine the radius of influence of well.Pay close attention to main affecting factors and have the soil weight, porosity, soil moisture, the soil moisture, the soil texture, the content of organic matter, air transmitted rate and groundwater depth etc.
High temperature dry gas of the present invention injects pyrolysis catalytic method and uses in-situ treatment, and soil heats by the mode namely utilizing dry gas to inject underground, thus collects process on the ground after organic pollution is separated out from soil.Need use thermal source Polluted Soil is heated, temperature usually above 100 DEG C lower than 400 DEG C; 100 DEG C are applicable to process low concentration, volatile organic pollution, are greater than the organic pollution that 100 DEG C are applicable to process high concentration, difficult volatilization.When using in-situ high temperature dry gas to inject pyrolysis catalytic technical finesse soil, to consider from many-sides such as technical feasibility, the pollutant degree of depth, the hydrogeologic condition polluting plot, site remediation duration and rehabilitation costs.
Two of object of the present invention is to provide a kind of high temperature dry gas that realizes to inject the system that soil drives dirty method, and system comprises dusty gas retracting device, high-temperature gas mixture body gas injection device, dry gas Injection Well, dusty gas refinement well, pumped well; High-temperature gas mixture body gas injection device have employed refractory ceramics and the embedded cooling water pipeline of alloy material group technology; High temperature mixing dry gas is prepared with high-temperature gas mixture body gas injection device; The high temperature mixing dry gas of preparation is injected in the dry gas Injection Well goed deep in contaminated soil; Regulate and inject the temperature of dry gas Injection Well high temperature mixing dry gas and the time of staying at dry gas Injection Well, heat energy is spread in soil layer carry out gaseous mixture to boil in a covered pot over a slow fire well; Gaseous mixture is boiled in a covered pot over a slow fire after well terminates, and utilizes dusty gas to refine well and the gaseous contaminant of catalyse pyrolysis is refined to more than ground is recycled by dusty gas retracting device; The condensed water produced after high temperature mixing dry gas injects carries pollutant pumped well and is evacuated to process on the ground.
High-temperature gas mixture body gas injection device has following advantage:
(1) energy consumption is little, and the energy consumption often producing one ton of gas only has the half of steam boiler;
(2) mist all injects stratum, free from environmental pollution;
(3) outlet temperature and mass dryness fraction high, gas injection temperature can reach 150 ~ 400 DEG C, and mass dryness fraction can > 0.95;
(4) equipment can use in transition at any time, easy to use.
Compared with prior art, beneficial effect of the present invention is: a kind of high temperature dry gas injects soil and drives dirty method, comprises the steps: that (1) prepares high temperature mixing dry gas with high-temperature gas mixture body gas injection device; (2) high temperature mixing dry gas prepared by step (1) is injected in the dry gas Injection Well goed deep in contaminated soil; (3) regulate and inject the temperature of dry gas Injection Well high temperature mixing dry gas and the time of staying at dry gas Injection Well, heat energy is spread in soil layer carry out gaseous mixture to boil in a covered pot over a slow fire well; (4) gaseous mixture is boiled in a covered pot over a slow fire after well terminates, and utilizes dusty gas to refine well and the gaseous contaminant of catalyse pyrolysis is refined to more than ground is recycled by dusty gas retracting device; The condensed water produced after high temperature mixing dry gas injects carries pollutant pumped well and is evacuated to process on the ground.The present invention utilizes the characteristic of pollutant volatility and the adsorptivity to soil particle, dry gas Injection Well is utilized to be injected in contaminated soil by the high temperature dry gas of temperatures as high 150 ~ 400 DEG C, soil temperature is raised, increases the volatility of the pollutant be trapped in soil and reduce the characterization of adsorption of pollutant; And refine well by the dusty gas of periphery simultaneously, the pollutant evaporating into gaseous state is recycled along with vapours refines more than ground.High temperature dry gas injects soil and drives dirty method, and high temperature dry gas temperature is high, can remove organic matter and the heavy metal contaminants of volatile and difficult volatilization in contaminated soil.
In addition, the device that high temperature dry gas injection soil drives dirty method is easy to use, does not produce secondary pollution in governance process.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is that high temperature dry gas injection soil drives dirty square law device schematic diagram.
Reference numeral is as follows:
1-dusty gas retracting device; 2-dusty gas refines well; 3-high-temperature gas mixture body gas injection device; 4-dry gas Injection Well; 5-pumped well.
Detailed description of the invention
Technical scheme of the present invention is further illustrated below by detailed description of the invention.
1, Injection Well refines well layout
For avoiding staggered contamination to occur, by gas injection well and the type of refining well 1:3 configuration well, whole recovery project mainly comprises 2 dry gas Injection Wells (gas injection well also can double as and refine well), 6 mouthfuls of dusty gas refine wells.It is take hollow cable rig and double-jacket tube auger stem rig that various gang of wells arranges facility, arranges and installs stainless steel well casing well sieve.The degree of depth arranging well according to soil contamination grade is 18 meters.In addition, for grasping the Parameters variation such as the temperature tested in the treatment region soil layer of site, special 6 groups of formation temperature meters and other measuring instruments installed, are distributed in the well sieve external position of the surrounding in present treatment district and the center of contaminated area.
2, ground prepares
(1) special gas injection well head is installed;
(2) lift the main equipments such as gaseous mixture generator, high pressure positive blower, dedicated transformer, and prepare high-low pressure cable etc.;
(3) note gaseous mixture ground dedicated pipeline is connected;
(4) diesel oil, machine oil, corrosion inhibiter, surfactant, expansion-resisting agent and oil displacement agent etc. are prepared;
(5) operation area provides clear water water source, prepares clear water 20m every day
3;
(6) 400 type cementing trucks 1,10m
32, pond (operation preparation).
3, gas injection construction
Gaseous mixture injection parameter: inject gaseous mixture volume: 23.0 × 10
4m
3, injection pressure: 15MPa, gas injection temperature: first gas injection temperature 220 DEG C, injection rate: 500N m
3/ h, gas injection time: 1-2d.
Carry out slug design and inject high-temperature gas mixture; Injection gas front injects a small amount of preprocessing solution, high temperature antiexpansion, surfactant carry out pretreatment to optimize maximum gas injection pressure, gas injection speed, steam quality and pretreatment tolerance.
(1) swollen liquid and listerine is prevented by 400 type cementing truck squeezing pretreatment fluids, activity before gas injection;
(2) slowly gas injection, ejects sleeve pipe water outlet, closes sleeve gate when sleeve pipe starts to return out foam;
(3) slowly improve gas injection rate, make gas injection pressure slowly increase, observation well head and surface line seal situation, if gas leakage rectification in time.Control gas injection pressure and be no more than 20MPa.
Record gas injection temperature drives the impact of dirty effect on pyrolysis, experimental result is in table 1.
Table 1
| Embodiment | Gas injection temperature (DEG C) | Drive dirty effect |
| 1 | 150 | DDT (DDT) pollutes clearance 16.34% |
| 2 | 200 | DDT (DDT) pollutes clearance 32.19% |
| 3 | 300 | DDT (DDT) pollutes clearance 92.67% |
| 4 | 400 | DDT (DDT) pollutes clearance 97.28% |
Record gas injection rate drives the impact of dirty effect on pyrolysis, experimental result is in table 2.
Table 2
| Embodiment | Gas injection rate (m 3) | Drive dirty effect |
| 1 | 8.0×10 4 | Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pollutes clearance 74.28% |
| 2 | 13.0×10 4 | Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pollutes clearance 83.26% |
| 3 | 18.0×10 4 | Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pollutes clearance 90.79% |
| 4 | 23.0×10 4 | Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pollutes clearance 95.31% |
4, stewing well and open flow collect dirty gas
After having noted gas, closing well is boiled in a covered pot over a slow fire well and is observed pressure change, and wellhead temperature changes, when pressure drop is to (specifically according to on-site actual situations adjustment) during 2MPa, and dress 5mm valve open flow.
The well time drives dirty effect impact on pyrolysis boiled in a covered pot over a slow fire in record, and experimental result is in table 3.
Table 3
| Embodiment | Stewing well time (h) | Drive dirty effect |
| 1 | 12 | DDT (DDT) pollutes clearance 58.26% |
| 2 | 24 | DDT (DDT) pollutes clearance 70.13% |
| 3 | 36 | DDT (DDT) pollutes clearance 91.69% |
| 4 | 48 | DDT (DDT) pollutes clearance 97.32% |
5, dirty gas collection work is adopted
(1) special gas injection well head is dismantled;
(2) seating nipple and air exhaust rod column combination in insert pump is entered under;
(3) dirty gas well mouth is adopted in installation;
(4) drive a well collection process, and record experimental data.
The pollutant evaporating into gaseous state recycles along with vapours refines more than ground.Produce a large amount of condensed water after steam injection soil layer in addition, part pollutant is slightly soluble in water, and these condensed waters are extracted on ground by two mouthfuls of pumped wells and process.
Collect gas recovery 210m
3/ h, analyze the composition of harmful substance in soil and be slightly soluble in the part pollutant of condensed water, experimental result is in table 4.
Table 4
| Embodiment | Harmful substance in soil | Harmful substance in condensed water |
| 1 | DDT (DDT) | DDT concentration is 7.36mg/L |
| 2 | Methyl methacrylate (MMA) | Methyl methacrylate concentration 0.55mg/L |
| 3 | Acephatemet (Methamidophos) | Acephatemet concentration is 4.15mg/L |
| 4 | Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) | Polychlorinated biphenyls concentration is 2.37mg/L |
Above embodiment is only used for method detailed of the present invention is described, the present invention is not limited to above-mentioned method detailed, does not namely mean that the present invention must rely on above-mentioned method detailed and could implement.Person of ordinary skill in the field should understand, any improvement in the present invention, to equivalence replacement and the interpolation of auxiliary element, the concrete way choice etc. of each raw material of product of the present invention, all drops within protection scope of the present invention and open scope.
Claims (10)
1. high temperature dry gas injection soil drives a dirty method, it is characterized in that, comprises the steps:
(1) high temperature mixing dry gas is prepared with high-temperature gas mixture body gas injection device;
(2) high temperature mixing dry gas prepared by step (1) is injected in the dry gas Injection Well goed deep in contaminated soil;
(3) regulate and inject the temperature of dry gas Injection Well high temperature mixing dry gas and the time of staying at dry gas Injection Well, heat energy is spread in soil layer carry out gaseous mixture to boil in a covered pot over a slow fire well;
(4) gaseous mixture is boiled in a covered pot over a slow fire after well terminates, and utilizes dusty gas to refine well and the gaseous contaminant of catalyse pyrolysis is refined to more than ground is recycled by dusty gas retracting device; The condensed water produced after high temperature mixing dry gas injects carries pollutant pumped well and is evacuated to process on the ground.
2. a kind of high temperature dry gas injection soil according to claim 1 drives dirty method, it is characterized in that, oxygen in described step (1) in high-temperature gas mixture body gas injection device air makes oxidant, make incendiary agent with diesel oil, under high pressure burn, produce the high-temperature fuel gas of 2000 DEG C, pass into again water with it blending carry out heat exchange, water is absorbed heat vaporize, combustion gas heat release is lowered the temperature, make the high temperature mixing dry gas of preparation keep driving the temperature of dirty technological requirement.
3. a kind of high temperature dry gas injection soil according to claim 1 and 2 drives dirty method, and it is characterized in that, described high temperature mixing dry gas is the mist of water vapour, nitrogen, carbon dioxide.
4. a kind of high temperature dry gas injection soil according to claim 1 and 2 drives dirty method, and it is characterized in that, the ratio of described water vapour, nitrogen, carbon dioxide gas mixture is (6 ~ 4): (5 ~ 3): (2 ~ 1).
5. a kind of high temperature dry gas injection soil according to claim 1 and 2 drives dirty method, and it is characterized in that, the temperature of described high temperature mixing dry gas is 150 ~ 400 DEG C, and the mass dryness fraction of described high temperature mixing dry gas is more than 0.95;
Preferably, the generation of described high temperature mixing dry gas is 500 ~ 1000m
3/ h.
6. a kind of high temperature dry gas injection soil according to claim 1 drives dirty method, it is characterized in that, the concrete steps of described step (2) are: insert in contaminated soil by dry gas Injection Well, high temperature mixing dry gas prepared by step (1) is sprayed from spout with velocity of sound, remake supersonic expansion, after thermodynamic equilibrium, inject dry gas Injection Well.
7. a kind of high temperature dry gas injection soil according to claim 1 drives dirty method, it is characterized in that, the temperature injecting dry gas Injection Well high temperature mixing dry gas in described step (3) is 150 ~ 400 DEG C, and the described time of staying in dry gas Injection Well is 4 ~ 48h.
8. a kind of high temperature dry gas injection soil according to claim 1 drives dirty method, and it is characterized in that, the number ratio that described dry gas Injection Well and described dusty gas refine well is 1:3;
Preferably, the double dusty gas that does of dry gas Injection Well refines well.
9. a kind of high temperature dry gas injection soil according to claim 1 drives dirty method, and it is characterized in that, the degree of depth that described dry gas Injection Well, dusty gas refine well is 3 ~ 18m.
10. one kind realizes the system that a kind of high temperature dry gas injection soil as claimed in claim 1 drives dirty method, it is characterized in that, described system comprises dusty gas retracting device (1), dusty gas refines well (2), high-temperature gas mixture body gas injection device (3), dry gas Injection Well (4), pumped well (5); Described high-temperature gas mixture body gas injection device (3) have employed refractory ceramics and the embedded cooling water pipeline of alloy material group technology;
High temperature mixing dry gas is prepared with high-temperature gas mixture body gas injection device; The high temperature mixing dry gas of preparation is injected in the dry gas Injection Well goed deep in contaminated soil; Regulate and inject the temperature of dry gas Injection Well high temperature mixing dry gas and the time of staying at dry gas Injection Well, heat energy is spread in soil layer carry out gaseous mixture to boil in a covered pot over a slow fire well; Gaseous mixture is boiled in a covered pot over a slow fire after well terminates, and utilizes dusty gas to refine well and the gaseous contaminant of catalyse pyrolysis is refined to more than ground is recycled by dusty gas retracting device; The condensed water produced after high temperature mixing dry gas injects carries pollutant pumped well and is evacuated to process on the ground.
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| CN105290097A (en) * | 2015-11-09 | 2016-02-03 | 北京建工环境修复股份有限公司 | In-situ soil heating device and in-situ soil heating decontamination device with same |
| CN106984643A (en) * | 2017-04-19 | 2017-07-28 | 中国石油天然气集团公司 | A kind of restorative procedure and device of gas station's contaminated site |
| CN110125156A (en) * | 2018-02-08 | 2019-08-16 | 天津大学 | A kind of method of carbon dioxide filling technique processing heavy metal in soil pollution |
| CN108339842A (en) * | 2018-02-11 | 2018-07-31 | 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 | A kind of soil vapor extraction system and method for combining injection with hot-air based on water vapour |
| CN108405591A (en) * | 2018-05-11 | 2018-08-17 | 广西博世科环保科技股份有限公司 | The system and method that room temperature desorbs greenhouse treatment effeciency is improved using high temperature soil waste heat |
| CN110695071A (en) * | 2019-09-04 | 2020-01-17 | 中国地质大学（北京） | In-situ heat injection system and process for composite organic pollution site |
| CN110695071B (en) * | 2019-09-04 | 2024-09-13 | 中国地质大学（北京） | In-situ heat injection system and process for composite organic pollution site |
| CN114054489A (en) * | 2020-07-30 | 2022-02-18 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Method for removing organic pollutants in formation by in-situ generation of multi-element thermal fluid |
| CN112483725A (en) * | 2020-11-25 | 2021-03-12 | 韶关市住宅建筑工程有限公司 | Efficient and accurate municipal pipe jacking construction method |
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Address after: 215400 Taicang Economic Development Zone, Jiangsu, Qingdao West Road, No. 38, No. Applicant after: Taicang Hao Heng Nano Technology Co., Ltd. Address before: 215400 Taicang Economic Development Zone, Jiangsu, Qingdao West Road, No. 38, No. Applicant before: Granary hundred promise nanosecond science and technology Co., Ltd |
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Application publication date: 20150805 |