CN1047223A - 改进的用胶囊包封方法及由其制造的产品 - Google Patents
改进的用胶囊包封方法及由其制造的产品 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种用微胶囊包封制剂以形成用微胶囊包封的产品的方法,其步骤是将有效量的制剂分散在含有溶解的薄壁形成材料的溶剂中以形成悬浮液,将悬浮液与有效量的连续操作介质结合以形成乳化液,该乳化液含有操作介质和含有制剂、溶剂和薄壁形成材料的微滴,迅速将乳化液加入到有效量的萃取介质中使从微滴中萃取溶剂以形成用微胶囊包封的产品。
Description
本发明涉及一种制造微胶囊、微球体、毫微胶囊、毫微球体的方法。本发明尤其涉及一种以乳化液为基础的用于制造微胶囊或微球体的方法,该微胶囊或微球体含有水溶性或油溶性制剂,尤其是高水溶性制剂。
微胶囊和微球体通常是粉末,粉末由直径2mm或小于2mm的,通常是直径500μm或小于500μm的球形颗粒构成。如果颗粒小于1μm,则它往往称作毫微胶囊或毫微球体。在很大程度上,微胶囊与毫微胶囊之间的差别是其尺寸,而其内部结构是几乎相同的。同样,微球体与毫微球体之间的差别是其尺寸,而其内部结构是几乎相同的。
微胶囊(或毫微胶囊)有其用胶囊包封的物质,本文下面称作制剂,该物质被集中在一种独特薄膜,通常是一种聚合薄膜内。这种薄膜可称为薄壁形成材料,而且通常是聚合材料。由于其内部结构,为可控释放使用而设计的可渗透微胶囊,以一恒速(零级释放速度)释放其制剂。另外,不可渗透的微胶囊可以用于破裂释放用途。在下文,术语微胶囊将包括毫微胶囊、微气囊(空心颗粒)、孔隙微气囊和一般颗粒,它们包含一个被一个独特的外部薄膜包围的中心核。
微球体的制剂分散于整个颗粒中;也就是说,内部结构是由制剂和赋形剂构成的基体,赋形剂一般是聚合赋形剂。通常可控释放的微球体以一下降速(第一级)释放其制剂。但是微球体可以设计成以接近零级速度释放其制剂。微球体由于其内部结构更坚实,所以比微胶囊更难破裂。在下文,术语微球体将包括毫微球体、微颗粒、毫微颗粒、微海绵体(多孔微球体)和一般颗粒,其内部结构含有由制剂和赋形剂构成的基体。
制造微胶囊和微球体的各种方法已在下列文献中描述。某些方法使用乳化液制造微球体,尤其是制造直径小于2mm的微球体。为了给出这些方法的一般例子,可以将一种聚合物溶解在一种合适的有机溶剂(聚合物溶剂)中,将一种制剂溶解或分散在这种聚合物溶液中,将所产生的聚合物/制剂混合物分散在水相(操作介质)中,以得到一种油微滴分散在该操作介质中的水包油型乳化液,并从微滴中去除溶剂而形成微球体。这些方法也可用油包水型乳化液和复合型乳化液预成形。
采纳这种基本途径的以乳化液为基础的方法的应用在一些美国专利中已有描述。例如,美国专利4384975描述了制造微球体的方法,它是通过形成一种乳化液,然后利用真空蒸馏逐渐从乳化液的微滴中去除聚合物溶剂。作为另一个例子,美国专利3891570描述了一种方法,在该方法中,通过在制备容器中加热或减压从乳化液的微滴中去除聚合物溶剂。在另一个例子即美国专利4389330中,利用真空蒸馏从乳化液的微滴中去除部分聚合物溶剂(最好是40-60%聚合物溶剂),然后萃取剩余的聚合物而凝固微滴。
正如其他以乳化液为基础的方法一样,上述这些方法的缺点是某些制剂可分离到操作介质中,也就是说,在聚合物溶剂去除步骤过程中,制剂迁移到微滴以外,这就导致差的胶囊包封效果。此外,上述所有方法只能生产微球体而不能生产微胶囊。
在美国专利3737337中公开的另一种以乳化液为基础的制备微球体的方法是,通过以可调的速率向乳化液中添加操作介质,从微滴中可控地萃取聚合物溶剂。但是,该专利的说法与本发明相差甚远,因为按照其描述,必须缓慢进行萃取否则不形成球形颗粒。同样,美国专利4652441公开了一种从水包油包水型乳化液中用胶囊包封水溶性制剂的方法,并且指出一种高粘度、保持药剂的物质必须包含在内部水相中,以便在聚合物溶剂蒸发期间在微滴内保持药剂。美国专利4652441的说法也违背了本发明,因为其建议在乳化液中不使用药剂保持物质就不可能有效地用胶囊包封水溶性制剂。
因此,本发明的一个目的是提供一种以乳化液为基础的用于制造带有制剂的微球体的方法,这些制剂具有在几分钟内进入到操作介质即乳化液的连续相中的高分离倾向。本发明的另一个目的是提供一种由乳化液中制造微胶囊和微球体的方法。本发明的又一个目的是提供一种制造含有制剂的微球体或微胶囊的方法,该制剂在操作介质中的溶解度大于每毫升10毫克。本发明的再一个目的是控制微胶囊或微球体赋形剂的薄壁孔隙度,其方法是控制溶剂从乳化液的微滴中的萃取速率。本发明的另一个目的是提供一种制造直径从小于1μm至大于2mm的微胶囊和微球体的方法。本发明的再一个目的是提供一种制造装有药剂的微球体和微胶囊的方法,这种微球体和微胶囊导致非聚结球形颗粒的自由流动的粉末,这种粉末适合于非肠道和其他途径给药。
简要地说,本发明包括(1)在一种含有一种或多种溶解的薄壁形成材料或赋形剂(通常薄壁形成材料或赋形剂是一种溶解在聚合物溶剂中的聚合物)的溶剂中溶解或分散一种或多种制剂(液体或固体);(2)将制剂/聚合物-溶剂混合物(不连续相)分散到操作介质(连续相,最好用聚合物溶剂饱和)中形成一种乳化液;以及(3)立即将全部乳化液向大体积的操作介质或其他合适的萃取介质转移,以立即从乳化液的微滴中萃取溶剂而形成一种用微胶囊包封的产品,例如微胶囊或微球体。下面描述显示了这种技术独特性的主要特征。
这种用微胶囊包封技术的一个主要特征是聚合物溶剂从乳化液的微滴中的萃取速率。通过向操作介质中添加乳化液,同时借此很迅速地(在3分钟内)去除大部分聚合物溶剂,在操作介质中高溶性制剂可以与低溶性制剂一样好地用胶囊包封。
关于用微胶囊包封水溶性制剂的现有文献指出,水溶性制剂,尤其是如果需要大充填量,例如大于10%、而尤其大于30%,是不易通过以水包油型乳化液为基础的方法进行微胶囊包封的,因为制剂倾向于从有机微滴中迁移到含水操作介质中。对小乳化液微滴来说。由于其表面积增加,这种制剂的迁移是较大的。本发明与其他以乳化液为基础的方法相比的优点是,高水溶性制剂,例如水溶解度高达2克/毫升,可以以最高达80%的装料有效地用微胶囊包封。并且所产生的微球体或微胶囊是自由流动的球形颗粒粉末。根据操作条件,这些颗粒可以具有的直径范围为小于1μm至大于2mm。
为了按照本发明制造微胶囊或微球体,首先将一种合适的薄壁形成材料,例如一种聚合物溶解或分散在一种溶剂中。术语薄壁形成材料也是指独特的薄膜和赋形剂。用于溶解薄壁形成材料或赋形剂的溶剂可以选自各种普通有机溶剂,包括卤代脂族烃,例如二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷等;醇;芳烃,例如甲苯等;卤代芳烃;醚,例如甲基·叔丁基醚等;环醚,例如四氢呋喃等;乙酸乙酯;碳酸二乙酯;丙酮;环己烷;以及水。这些溶剂可以单独或结合使用。选择的溶剂必须是一种能溶解薄壁形成材料或赋形剂的物质,并且它最好对于被用胶囊包封的制剂和聚合物是化学惰性的。而且溶剂在萃取介质中必须有限定的溶解度。通常,限定的溶解度意指具有从约1份/100份至约25份/100份的溶解度。
合适的薄壁形成材料包括,但并不限定于:聚(二烯类),例如聚(丁二烯)等;聚(烯烃类),例如聚乙烯、聚丙烯等;聚(丙烯酸类),例如聚(丙烯酸)等;聚(异丁烯酸酯类),例如聚(异丁烯酸甲酯)、聚(异丁烯酸羟乙酯)等;聚(乙烯基醚类);聚(乙烯基醇类);聚(乙烯甲酮类);聚(乙烯基卤化物),例如聚(氯乙烯)等;聚(乙烯基腈类);聚(乙烯基酯类),例如聚(乙烯基乙酸酯)等;聚(乙烯基吡啶类),例如聚(2-乙烯基吡啶),聚(5-甲基-2-乙烯基吡啶)等;聚(苯乙烯类);聚(碳酸酯类);聚(酯类);聚(原酸酯类);聚(酯酰胺类);聚(酐类);聚(氨基甲酸乙酯类);聚(酰胺类);纤维素醚类,例如甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素等;纤维素酯类,例如乙酸纤维素、乙酸邻苯二甲酸纤维素、乙酸丁酸纤维素等;聚(糖类),蛋白质,明胶,淀粉,树胶,树脂等。这些材料可以单独使用,作为物理状态混合物(掺合),或作为共聚物使用。薄壁形成材料的最佳组合包括生物降解聚合物,例如聚(丙交酯)、聚(乙交酯)、聚(己内酯)、聚(羟丁酸酯),以及他们的共聚物,包括但并不限定于聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)、聚(丙交酯-共-己内酯)等。
然后将待胶囊包封的液体或固体制剂分散或溶解在含有溶解的薄壁形成材料和赋形剂的溶剂中。可以按照本技术用胶囊包封的生物制剂包括,但并不局限于:止痛药,例如扑热息痛、阿司匹灵等;麻醉剂,例如利度卡因盐酸盐、木卡因等;食欲抑制药,例如甲基苯乙胺硫酸盐、酒石酸苯二甲吗啉等;治风湿药,例如甲基脱氢皮质醇、异丁苯丙酸等;治喘药,例如硫酸叔丁喘宁、茶碱、麻黄素等;抗菌素,例如硫代异恶唑、青霉素G、氨必西林、先锋霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、庆大霉素、四环素、氯霉素、红霉素、氯林可霉素、异烟肼、利福平等;抗真菌素,例如两性霉素B、制霉菌素、酮哌恶咪唑等;抗病毒素,例如无环鸟苷、金刚烷胺等;抗癌药,例如环磷酰胺、氨甲喋呤、苯壬四烯酯等;抗凝血剂,例如肝素、华法令等;抗惊厥剂,例如苯妥英钠、苯甲二氮
等;抗抑郁药,例如甲异恶唑羧酸苄酰肼、氯哌氧
等;抗组胺药,例如盐酸苯海拉明、马来酸氯苯吡胺等;激素,例如胰岛素、孕激素、雌激素、类皮质激素、糖皮质激素、雄激素等;安定药,例如氯丙嗪、苯甲二氮
、盐酸氯丙嗪、利血平、盐酸利眠宁等;镇痉剂,例如颠茄生物碱、盐酸双环胺等,维生素和无机物,例如必需氨基酸、钙、铁、钾、锌、维生素B12等;心血管药,例如盐酸哌唑嗪、硝酸甘油、盐酸心得胺、盐酸肼苯哒嗪、盐酸戊脉安等;酶,例如乳糖酶、胰脂肪酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶等;肽和蛋白质,例如促黄体激素释放因子(LHRH)、生长激素抑制素、降钙素、生长激素、生长激素释放因子、血管紧张素、促卵泡激素(FSH)、EGF、抗利尿激素、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、人血清清蛋白、γ-球蛋白等;前列腺素;核酸;碳水化合物;脂肪;麻醉剂,例如吗啡、可待因等;精神治疗药;抗疟药;左旋多巴,利尿剂,例如呋喃苯胺酸、螺甾内脂等;抗溃疡药,例如盐酸糠硝烯二胺、盐酸甲氰咪胍等。
可以按照本发明用胶囊包封的免疫药包括白细胞介素、干扰素、菌落刺激因素、肿瘤坏死因子等;过敏原,例如猫皮屑、桦树花粉、室内尘埃螨、草花粉等;比如下列细菌生物的抗原:肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、酿脓链球菌、白喉棒状杆菌、单核细胞李斯特氏菌、炭疽杆菌、破伤风杆菌、肉毒梭状芽胞杆菌、产气荚膜梭状芽胞杆菌、脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌、淋病奈瑟氏菌、Streptococcus mutans、绿脓假单细胞菌、伤寒沙门氏菌、副流感嗜血杆菌、百日咳杆菌、土拉热弗朗西斯氏菌、鼠疫耶尔辛氏菌、霍乱弧菌、嗜肺性军团杆菌、结核分支杆菌、麻风分支杆菌、苍白密螺旋体、钩端螺旋体、包柔氏疏螺旋体、Campylobacter jejuni等;比如下列病毒的抗原:天花、A型和B型流感、呼吸含胞体、副流感、麻疹、荨麻诊(HIV)、水痘-带状疱疹、单纯性疱疹1和2、细胞巨化病毒、EB病素(Epstein-Barr)、轮状病毒、鼻病毒、腺病毒、乳头瘤素、脊髓灰质炎病毒、流行性腮腺炎、狂犬病、风疹、阿萨奇病素、马脑炎、日本马脑炎、黄热病、裂各热、淋巴细胞性脉胳丛脑膜炎、乙型肝炎等;比如下列真菌、原生动物和寄生生物的抗原:新型隐球菌、荚膜组织胞浆菌、白色念珠菌、热带念珠菌、星形诺卡氏菌、立氏立克次氏体、地方性斑疹伤寒立克次氏体、肺炎支原体、鹦鹉热衣原体、沙眼衣原体、恶性疟原虫、布氏锥虫、痢疾内变形虫、鼠弓形体、阴道毛滴虫、曼氏裂体吸虫等;这些抗原可以是完全被杀死的生物、肽、蛋白质、糖蛋白、碳水化合物,或其结合。
可以按照本方法用胶囊包封的非生物制剂的实例包括,但并不局限于:粘合剂、杀虫剂、香料、防污剂、染料、盐、油、油墨、化妆品、催化剂、洗涤剂、熟化剂、调料、食品、燃料、除草剂、金属、涂料、感光剂、生物杀伤剂、颜料、增塑剂、推进剂、溶剂、稳定剂、聚合物添加剂等等。
在把制剂加入薄壁材料/赋形剂溶剂中之后,将制剂/(薄壁材料-赋形剂)/溶剂混合分散胶体加入连续操作介质中而形成微滴。这种操作介质通常是水,不过当水用于溶解薄壁材料或赋形剂时,也可以使用有机溶剂和油。操作介质最好含有表面活性剂,以便能形成稳定乳化液并防止凝聚。可以用作表面活性剂的阳离子、阴离子和非离子化合物的例子包括,但并不局限于:聚(乙烯醇)、羧甲基纤维素、明胶、聚(乙烯吡咯烷酮)、吐温80、吐温20等等。操作介质中的表面活性剂的浓度应足以稳定乳化液。所存在的表面活性剂的浓度将影响微胶囊或微球体的最终尺寸。通常,根据所使用的表面活性剂、聚合物溶剂和操作介质,操作介质中的活性剂浓度是薄壁材料/赋形剂的0.1%至约20%。
在加入含有溶解的薄壁材料/赋形剂、它的溶剂和制剂之前,用相同的用于溶解该薄壁材料/赋形剂的溶剂饱和操作介质,以便在形成乳化液期间防止溶剂从微滴中的任何分离。然后当制剂/薄壁材料/溶剂的混合物加入操作介质中时,用例如均化器、螺旋浆式搅拌器或诸如此类的装置对操作介质进行机械搅拌。在本方法的这个步骤中没有溶剂从微滴中蒸发或去除。对形成乳化液的温度要求不是特别严格的,只是它必须在一个应防止溶剂沸腾、或防止操作介质胶化或凝固、或防止制剂或薄壁材料老化的范围内。形成乳化液所需要的时间是十分短的。通常根据使用的表面活性剂和操作介质的搅拌方法,乳化液可以在30秒至5分钟内形成。
乳化液一形成,含有有机微滴的全部操作介质就尽可能迅速地转移到萃取介质中,以使大于20%至30%的溶剂立即(即在3分钟内)从微滴中去除。通常水被作为萃取介质使用,但也可使用其他溶剂或油。另外,在操作介质中也可加入盐,以调节其离子强度或pH值。对所使用的萃取介质的量的要求是稍微严格的,因为必须有足够的介质存在,以使溶剂几乎立即从微滴中萃取出来。因此,萃取介质的体积将取决于用于溶解薄壁材料的溶剂及其在萃取介质中的溶解度。通常,萃取介质的体积应至少是溶解从微滴中出来的全部溶剂所需要的体积,最好是10倍或更大的体积。
在全部或几乎全部溶剂从微滴中萃取出之后(通常在15至30分钟内),通过离心、过滤或诸如此类的方法收集固化的微胶囊或微球体。本方法的一个优点是它可以是不连续的或连续的过程。
对本发明已进行了一般描述,现在将描述某些影响最终产物的结构和性能的工艺参数。通常,当固态化合物和在某些情况下液态物质用微胶囊包封时,所得到的结果产物是微球体。通常,当液态物质用胶囊包封时,结合在微滴内的液体形成一种微胶囊产品。如果从微胶囊产品中除去液体,例如通过真空干燥,可以得到微气囊。
本发明的一个优点是固态制剂可以用包含显示零级或接近零级释放动力学的微胶囊的最终产物进行胶囊包封。这是通过用胶囊包封高水溶性制剂来实现的;尤其在形成乳化液时,高水溶性制剂将水吸引到微滴中,该微滴与薄壁形成材料结合并在整个微滴中防止其沉淀成为基体。显然,为了得到微胶囊,正在用胶囊包封的固体制剂必须具有足够的水溶性,以将水吸引到微滴中。如果活性制剂不具有适当的溶解度,当制剂与高水溶性辅助化合物,例如糖或盐用胶囊共同包封时,可以导致形成微胶囊。而仅仅用胶囊包封糖和盐并接着从微胶囊中除去糖或盐,则可以得到微气囊。
由于水溶性制剂例如肽和蛋白质不能渗透通过疏水的薄壁形成材料例如丙交酯/乙交酯共聚物,所以必须在微胶囊或微球体的薄膜中形成空隙,以允许这些制剂扩散出来而用于控制释放用途。有几个因素会影响所得到的孔隙度。被胶囊包封的制剂的数量影响到微球体的孔隙度。显然,装料较多的微球体(即大于约20%(重量),而最好在20%-80%(重量)之间)将比含有较小量制剂(即低于约20%(重量))的微球体有更多孔隙,因为整个微球体中存在着更多的药剂区域。制剂与可以混入微球体中的薄壁形成材料的比例可以低到0.1%至高到80%。显然,具体制剂所能达到的填充量将在某种程度上取决于制剂的物理性质和对微球体组成所预期的用途。
用于溶解薄壁形成材料的溶剂也会影响薄膜的孔隙度。由例如乙酸乙酯的溶剂制成的微球体或微胶囊比由三氯甲烷制成的微球体或微胶囊有更多孔隙。这是因为水在以乙酸乙酯中比在三氯甲烷中有更高的溶解度。更具体地说,在乳化步骤,因为操作介质被溶剂饱和,没有溶剂从微滴中分离出来。然而,水在本方法的乳化步骤中可以溶入微滴的溶剂中。通过选择合适的溶剂或共溶剂,可以控制溶入微滴中的连续操作介质的量,这个量将影响薄膜的最终孔隙度和微球体或微胶囊的内部结构。
另一个影响薄膜孔隙度的因素是薄壁形成材料/赋形剂在溶剂中的原始浓度。溶剂中的薄壁材料的浓度高比薄壁材料/赋形剂浓度低时形成的孔隙度低。另外,因为溶液的粘度较高,溶剂中的薄壁材料/赋形剂浓度高可改进水溶性化合物的胶囊包封效果。通常,根据薄壁材料/赋形剂的物理/化学性质,例如薄壁形成材料的分子量及所使用的溶剂,溶剂中薄壁形成材料/赋形剂的浓度范围从约3%至约40%。
对本发明已进行了一般描述,现参照一些具体实施例可以进一步理解,在此提供这些实施例仅仅是为了描述本发明,除非另有说明,不应作为对本发明的限定。
实施例1
使用下述方法用含水操作介质把氯化胆碱用胶囊包封在聚苯乙烯中。氯化胆碱在水中的溶解度大于3克/毫升。
首先,在9.0g二氯甲烷中溶解1.0g聚苯乙烯(6850型,DOW化学公司)来制备聚合物溶液。然后,将1.0g氯化胆碱溶解在250μL去离子水中。将聚苯乙烯溶液转移到100-x20mm试管中。当聚苯乙烯溶液被涡动时,将氯化胆碱溶液滴加到试管中。用Brinkmann Polytron(10型,PTA-10S探头,给定速度为5,Brinkmann仪器公司,Westbury,NY)均匀化,使氯化胆碱均匀地分散在聚苯乙烯溶液中。
在100mL树脂锅中安装有truebore搅拌器和1.5英寸Teflon涡轮叶片。然后,用0.8g二氯甲烷饱和50mL4%(重量)的含水聚乙烯醇(PVA)并转移到树脂锅中。将聚苯乙烯/氯化胆碱悬浮液直接倒入PVA操作介质中。在转移时,以约550rpm搅拌PVA溶液。在树脂锅中将得到的水包油型乳化液搅拌1分钟后,将树脂锅中的东西全部立即转移到装在4L量杯中的3.5L去离子水中,用2英寸不锈钢叶轮以约750rpm搅拌。将得到的微球体在去离子水中搅拌约25分钟,用直径8英寸网眼45微米的不锈钢筛子收集,用4L去离子水漂洗,并在真空室中在室温干燥48小时。
最终的微球体产品是直径约45至250微米并含有40至45%(重量)氯化胆碱的自由流动的球形颗粒。
实施例2
将0.75g50∶50聚(DL-丙交酯-共-乙交酯)(DL-PLG)溶解在4.25g二氯甲烷中制备15%(重量)聚合物溶液。然后将30mg甲醛水溶液化的葡萄球菌肠毒素B(SEB)溶解在110μL去离子水中。将该有机聚合物溶液转移到16×100mm试管中,然后将SEB类毒素溶液滴入聚合物溶液中,同时用涡动搅拌器搅拌后者。然后用Polytron均匀器使该混合物变均匀,以保证SEB类毒素均匀地分散到DL-PLG溶液中。
在分离容器中,将300mL1.5%(重量)的用二氯甲烷饱和的含水羧甲基纤维素平衡到19.0+/-1.0℃。将装有乳化器网的Silverson实验室混合器的标准头安置到羧甲基纤维素溶液的表面之下。混合器的搅拌速率约为4200rpm。
将SEB类毒素/DL-PLG混合物以微滴形式分散到羧甲基纤维素水溶液中。将得到的水包油型乳化液搅拌约3分钟,之后将乳化液全部立即转移到盛在玻璃烧杯中的3.5L去离子水中并用2英寸不锈钢叶轮以约500rpm搅拌。将得到的微球体在净化水中搅拌约20分钟,用0.22μm过滤器收集,并在真空室中干燥48小时。
得到的微球体产品是在聚(DL-丙交酯-共-乙交酯)中含有2.7%(重量)的SEB类毒素的约1至10μm的球形颗粒。
实施例3
将约2.5g聚(DL-丙交酯)(DL-PL)溶解到适量的二氯甲烷中来制备11.1%(重量)聚合物溶液。当聚合物完全溶解后,添加预定量的睾丸激素丙酸酯并使之溶解。然后将聚合物/药溶液倒入盛有400g5.0%(重量)PVA的1L树脂锅中。用由Fisher Stedi-快速马达驱动的2.5英寸Teflon叶轮以约750rpm搅拌PVA。在添加聚合物/药溶液之前还用7mL二氯甲烷饱和PVA。将得到的乳化液搅拌7分钟,然后将树脂锅内的东西全部立即转移到12.0L的搅拌着的去离子水中。将微球体在去离子水中搅拌约30分钟,然后用按顺序安排的45μm和212μm不锈钢网眼钢筛收集。用另外的去离子水漂洗微球体,并使之空气干燥。
用20.6%(重量)聚合物溶液制造一批类似的睾丸激素丙酸酯微球体。这两批微球体在玻璃试管中的释放速度如下所示,实验表明可用聚合物溶液浓度来控制微球体的释放性质。也就是说,聚合物浓度愈高,微球体释放愈慢。
聚合物溶液 核充填量, 在下述时间的
浓度,%(重量) %(重量)睾丸激素 体外释放率,%
丙酸酯
1h 1d 2d 3d 6d 8d
11.1 39.5 8.2 29.3 38.5 45.2 59.3 70.7
20.6 40.2 2.0 9.0 13.3 16.7 22.8 30.2
实施例4
将0.5g量的苯壬四烯酯[(总-E)-9-(4-甲氧基-2,3,6-三甲基)苯基-3,7-二甲基-2,4,6,8-nona-tetraenoic酸,乙酯]和0.33g的50∶50DL-PLG溶解在12.4g二氯甲烷中。(由于苯壬四烯酯的光敏性,该方法的所有步骤均在黑暗中进行。)将该有机溶液以微滴分散到300g10%(重量)含水聚(乙烯醇)中。在玻璃容器内将该有机溶液添加到快速搅拌着的含水聚(乙烯醇)中得到乳化液。使用Silverson Heavy Duty实验室混合器搅拌该乳化液。
将在聚(乙烯醇)溶液中的有机微滴搅拌5分钟形成稳定的水包油型乳化液后,将该乳化液转移到4L搅拌着的去离子水中。将得到的微球体在去离子水中搅拌30分钟,用离心法从聚(乙烯醇)中分离,并用冷冻干燥收集。
最终产品是在聚(DL-丙交酯-共-乙交酯)中含40%(重量)苯壬四烯酯的直径0.5至5μm自由流动的颗粒。
实施例5
将1.0g50∶50DL-PLG溶解在7.3g二氯甲烷中制备12%(重量)聚合物溶液。然后将0.4g量的微粒化的头孢唑啉钠分散在聚合物溶液中。将头孢唑啉/聚合物混合物以微滴分散到100g6%(重量)的用2.4g二氯甲烷饱和的含水聚(乙烯醇)中。将头孢唑啉/聚合物混合物添加到含水聚(乙烯醇)溶液中,同时在树脂锅中以约1000rpm搅拌PVA来获得乳化液。用由Fisher Stedi-快速马达驱动的Teflon涡轮叶片搅拌核乳化液。随着搅拌乳化液,水进入微滴(如在显微镜下观察到的)并聚结。形成稳定的水包油型乳化液后,将树脂锅中的东西全部立即转移到以600rpm搅拌着的3.5L的水中,以便从微胶囊中萃取出二氯甲烷。萃取完成后,使微胶囊沉降。用筛收集微胶囊,然后用至少3L水洗涤。将微胶囊置于真空中在室温下干燥至少24小时。
得到的微胶囊产品是被外层DL-PLG薄膜包封的头孢唑啉钠为中心核的球形颗粒。
实施例6
将3g50∶50DL-PLG溶解在17g二氯甲烷中制备15%(重量)聚合物溶液。然后将0.4gLHRH分散到聚合物溶液中,同时用Polytron均匀器搅拌后者。将LHRH/DL-PLG混合物以微滴分散在200g5%(重量)聚(乙烯醇)(PVA)中,预先将3.6g二氯甲烷添加到PVA中使其饱和。将LHRH/DL-PLG混合物添加到盛在树脂锅中并以1060rpm搅拌着的PVA操作介质中而获得乳化液。用由Fisher Stedi-快速马达驱动的Teflon涡轮叶片搅拌该乳化液。
形成稳定的水包油型乳化液后,将乳化液全部立即转移到7L搅拌着的去离子水中,以萃取二氯甲烷。将得到的微球体在水浴中硬化15分钟,用45和150微米筛收集。用约2L去离子水洗涤以去除剩余PVA,空气干燥48小时。
最终产品是直径45至150μm含有用胶囊包封在DL-PLG中的8.2%(重量)LHRH的自由流动粉末。
实施例7
将1g乙基纤维素(高级品、标准乙氧基含量、粘度20、DOW化学公司,Midland,Michigan)溶解到11.5g二氯甲烷中制备8%(重量)的乙基纤维素溶液。然后,将0.5g甘露糖醇溶解到3mL去离子水中。将乙基纤维素溶液转移到100-x20mm试管中。用涡流混合器搅拌该乙基纤维素溶液,同时将甘露糖醇溶液滴加到试管中。然后用Brinkmann Polytron(10型,PTA-10S探头,给定速度5,Brinkmann仪器公司,Westbury,NY)将溶液均匀化。
把300mL5%(重量)(PVA)水溶液装在16-OZ.广口瓶中。用4.8g二氯甲烷饱和该溶液。在整个过程中,PVA溶液保持在19℃。使用Silverson实验室混合乳化器(L2R型,装有中型乳化器筛,Silverson机械有限公司,Waterside,Chesham,Buckinghamshire,England)以4000rpm搅拌PVA溶液。用10mm孔径漏斗将乙基纤维素/甘露糖醇溶液添加到搅拌着的PVA中。4分钟后将瓶中物全部立即转移到以约750rpm搅拌着的3L去离子水中。将二氯甲烷和甘露糖醇一起萃取到水中得到微气囊。将微气囊搅拌1小时保证除去所有的甘露糖醇和二氯甲烷。然后收集微气囊。
最终的微气囊产品是直径1至10微米内部空心的球形颗粒。
实施例8
将0.5g52∶48聚(DL-丙交酯-共-乙交酯)(DL-PLG)(比浓对数粘度0.73dL/g,在30℃用Cannon粘度计在六氟异丙醇中聚合物浓度0.5g/dL测量的)溶解到3.7g二氯甲烷中制备11.9%(重量)聚合物溶液。然后,把0.125g含1份(重量)与多元醇聚合物共轭的白细胞介素-2(PEG-IL-2)和20份(重量)人血清清蛋白的混合物放入16×75mm试管中。将DL-PLG溶液添加到试管中,将混合物均匀化三次30秒钟,在均匀化时间隔为15秒钟。均匀化用Brinkman Polytron(10型,PTA-10S探头,给定速度6)进行。
在200mL树脂锅中安装truebore搅拌器和1.5英寸Teflon涡轮叶片。然后用2.4g二氯甲烷饱和150mL6%(重量)含水聚(乙烯醇)并转移到树脂锅中。将均匀化的有机混合物以微滴分散到聚(乙烯醇)中。将有机混合物添加到聚(乙烯醇)溶液表面之下获得悬浮液。在转移期间,以约1000rpm搅拌聚(乙烯醇)。在树脂锅中搅拌悬浮液5分钟结果形成稳定的水包油型乳化液。
制备出稳定的水包油型乳化液后,将树脂锅内的东西迅速转移到盛在12L量杯中的10L去离子水中,并用2英寸不锈钢叶轮以800rpm搅拌。将得到的微球体在去离子水中搅拌约15分钟,用直径8英寸45μm不锈钢筛收集,用4L去离子水漂洗,在真空室中在室温下干燥48小时。最终产品是直径45至200μm。在聚(DL-丙交酯-共-乙交酯)中含15.6%(重量)-PEG-IL-2/HSA混合物的自由流动颗粒。
Claims (68)
1、一种用微胶囊包封制剂形成用微胶囊包封的产品的方法,包括下述步骤:
a)将有效量的制剂分散在含有溶解的薄壁形成材料的溶剂中以形成悬浮液;
b)将悬浮液同有效量的连续操作介质结合形成乳化液,乳化液含有操作介质和含有制剂、溶剂和薄壁形成材料的微滴;以及
c)迅速将乳化液添加到有效量的萃取介质中使从微滴中萃取溶剂,以形成用微胶囊包封的产品。
2、权利要求1的方法,其中添加步骤包括在3分钟内将乳化液添加到萃取介质中。
3、权利要求1的方法,其中添加步骤包括在形成乳化液后立即将乳化液添加到萃取介质中。
4、权利要求1的方法,其中分散步骤包括将制剂溶解在溶剂中。
5、权利要求1的方法,其中溶剂是与操作介质不混溶的。
6、权利要求1的方法,其中溶剂在萃取介质中的溶解度为约1份/100份至25份/100份。
7、权利要求1的方法,其中操作介质是水。
8、权利要求1的方法,其中操作介质是一种有机溶剂。
9、权利要求1的方法,其中操作介质是一种油。
10、权利要求1的方法,其中操作介质含有一种表面活性剂。
11、权利要求10的方法,其中表面活性剂在操作介质中占约0.1至20%(重量)。
12、权利要求1的方法,进一步包括步骤:在将分散剂添加到连续操作介质中这一步骤之前,用溶剂饱和操作介质。
13、权利要求1的方法,进一步包括步骤:防止溶剂从微滴中蒸发。
14、权利要求1的方法,其中萃取介质是水。
15、权利要求1的方法,其中萃取介质是一种有机溶剂。
16、权利要求1的方法,其中萃取介质是一种油。
17、权利要求1的方法,进一步包括步骤:将有效量的盐溶解于萃取介质中以调整其离子强度。
18、权利要求1的方法,进一步包括步骤:添加酸或碱控制萃取介质的pH值。
19、权利要求1的方法,进一步包括步骤:从萃取介质中分离用微胶囊包封的产品。
20、权利要求1的方法,其中制剂是高水溶性化合物。
21、权利要求1的方法,其中制剂在连续操作介质中的溶解度大于10毫克/毫升。
22、权利要求1的方法,其中制剂在萃取介质中的溶解度大于10毫克/毫升。
23、权利要求1的方法,其中在悬浮液中制剂与薄壁形成材料的比是高的,以提供高孔隙度的用微胶囊包封的产品。
24、权利要求1的方法,其中在悬浮液中制剂与薄壁形成材料的百分比大于20%(重量)。
25、权利要求1的方法,其中在悬浮液中制剂与薄壁形成材料的百分比为约20至约80%(重量)。
26、权利要求1的方法,其中在悬浮液中制剂与薄壁形成材料的百分比是低的,以提供低孔隙度的用微胶囊包封的产品。
27、权利要求1的方法,其中在悬浮液中制剂与薄壁形成材料的百分比小于20%(重量)。
28、权利要求1的方法,其中连续操作介质在溶剂中是高溶性的,以提供高孔隙度的用微胶囊包封的产品。
29、权利要求1的方法,其中连续操作介质在溶剂中的溶解度约2%至约25%,以提供高孔隙度的用微胶囊包封的产品。
30、权利要求1的方法,其中连续操作介质在溶剂中是低溶性的,以提供低孔隙度的用微胶囊包封的产品。
31、权利要求1的方法,其中连续操作介质在溶剂中的溶解度小于约2%。
32、权利要求1的方法,其中溶剂选自乙酸乙酯、碳酸二乙酯、三氯甲烷和氯代甲烷,连续操作介质是水。
33、权利要求1的方法,其中制剂在连续操作介质中有足够的溶解度,使在形成乳化液时把连续操作介质吸引到微滴中。
34、权利要求1的方法,其中制剂在连续操作介质中的溶解度大于100mg/mL。
35、权利要求1的方法,其中制剂在萃取介质中的溶解度大于100mg/mL。
36、权利要求1的方法,进一步包括步骤:在步骤b)之前,将高水溶性辅助化合物同制剂混合,以使该混合物在连续操作介质中有足够的溶解度,把连续操作介质吸引到微滴中。
37、权利要求36的方法,其中辅助化合物在连续操作介质中的溶解度大于100mg/mL。
38、权利要求36的方法,其中辅助化合物在萃取介质中的溶解度大于100mg/mL。
39、权利要求36的方法,其中辅助化合物在连续操作介质中的溶解度大于1g/mL。
40、权利要求36的方法,其中辅助化合物在萃取介质中的溶解度大于1g/mL。
41、权利要求1的方法,其中制剂是固体化合物,并且用微胶囊包封的产品是微球体。
42、权利要求1的方法,其中制剂是液体,并且用微胶囊包封的产品是微胶囊。
43、权利要求1的方法,其中制剂是固体化合物,并且用微胶囊包封的产品是微胶囊。
44、权利要求41的方法,其中微球体呈现一级释放动力学。
45、权利要求42的方法,其中微胶囊呈现零级释放动力学。
46、权利要求43的方法,其中微胶囊呈现零级释放动力学。
47、权利要求1的方法,其中在悬浮液中薄壁形成材料与溶剂的百分比为约3%至40%(重量)。
48、权利要求1的方法,其中当把溶剂从微滴中萃取时或在其之后,从用微胶囊包封的产品中除去制剂以使得到微气囊。
49、权利要求48的方法,其中制剂是在连续操作介质中溶解度超过1g/mL的固体。
50、权利要求48的方法,其中制剂是在萃取介质中溶解度超过1g/mL的固体。
51、权利要求48的方法,其中制剂是液体。
52、权利要求51的方法,其中液体是溶解在水中的甘露糖醇。
53、权利要求1的方法,其中薄壁形成材料在溶剂中以高浓度存在,以提供低孔隙度和低制剂释放率的用微胶囊包封的产品。
54、权利要求1的方法,其中薄壁形成材料在溶剂中以低浓度存在,以提供高孔隙度和高制剂释放率的用微胶囊包封的产品。
55、一种制备具有高孔隙度微胶囊包封薄壁的用微胶囊包封的产品的方法,包括下述步骤:
a)将制剂分散到含有溶解的薄壁形成材料的溶剂中以形成悬浮液,制剂与薄壁形成材料的百分比大于约20%(重量);
b)将悬浮液与有效量的连续操作介质结合以形成乳化液,该乳化液含有操作介质和含有制剂、溶剂和薄壁形成材料的微滴;以及
c)步骤b)之后迅速将乳化液加入到有效量的萃取介质中,使从微滴中萃取溶剂以形成用微胶囊包封的产品。
56、权利要求55的方法,其中连续操作介质在溶剂中是高溶性的。
57、权利要求56的方法,其中连续操作介质在溶剂中的溶解度为约2%至约25%。
58、权利要求55的方法,其中在悬浮液中制剂与薄壁形成材料的百分比为约20%至约80%(重量)。
59、一种制备具有低孔隙度微胶囊包封薄壁的用微胶囊包封的产品的方法,包括下述步骤:
a)将制剂分散到含有溶解的薄壁形成材料的溶剂中以形成悬浮液,制剂与薄壁形成材料的百分比小于约20%(重量);
b)将悬浮液与有效量的连续操作介质结合以形成乳化液,该乳化液含有操作介质和含有制剂、溶剂和薄壁形成材料的微滴;以及
c)步骤b)之后迅速将乳化液加入到有效量的萃取介质中,使从微滴中萃取溶剂以形成用微胶囊包封的产品。
60、权利要求59的方法,其中连续操作介质在溶剂中是低溶性的。
61、权利要求60的方法,其中连续操作介质在溶剂中的溶解度小于约2%。
62、一种制备具有高孔隙度微胶囊包封薄壁的用微胶囊包封的产品的方法,包括下述步骤:
a)将有效量的制剂分散到含有溶解的薄壁形成材料的溶剂中以形成悬浮液;
b)将悬浮液与有效量的连续操作介质结合以形成乳化液,该乳化液含有操作介质和含有制剂、溶剂和薄壁形成材料的微滴,连续操作介质在溶剂中的溶解度为约2%至约25%;以及
c)步骤b)之后迅速将乳化液加入到有效量的萃取介质中,使从微滴中萃取溶剂以形成用微胶囊包封的产品。
63、一种制备具有低孔隙度微胶囊包封薄壁的用微胶囊包封的产品的方法,包括下述步骤:
a)将有效量的制剂分散到含有溶解的薄壁形成材料的溶剂中以形成悬浮液;
b)将悬浮液与有效量的连续操作介质结合以形成乳化液,该乳化液含有操作介质和含有制剂、溶剂和薄壁形成材料的微滴,连续操作介质在溶剂中的溶解度小于约2%;以及
c)步骤b)之后迅速将乳化液加入到有效量的萃取介质中,使从微滴中萃取溶剂以形成用微胶囊包封的产品。
64、按照权利要求1的方法生产的用微胶囊包封的产品。
65、按照权利要求55的方法生产的用微胶囊包封的产品。
66、按照权利要求59的方法生产的用微胶囊包封的产品。
67、按照权利要求62的方法生产的用微胶囊包封的产品。
68、按照权利要求63的方法生产的用微胶囊包封的产品。
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- 1990-05-02 EP EP90908830A patent/EP0471036B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 1990-05-04 CN CN90104260A patent/CN1047223A/zh active Pending
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1991
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Cited By (5)
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CN101309746B (zh) * | 2005-08-22 | 2011-03-30 | 塔格拉生物科技有限公司 | 单层和多层微胶囊的制备方法 |
CN100385063C (zh) * | 2006-04-25 | 2008-04-30 | 中原工学院 | 具有持久抗菌芳香效果的纺织品纳米后整理试剂及其制作工艺 |
CN102985175A (zh) * | 2009-12-22 | 2013-03-20 | 赢创德固赛有限公司 | 用于制备微粒的基于乳液的工艺以及供所述工艺使用的工作头组件 |
CN102985175B (zh) * | 2009-12-22 | 2016-03-09 | 赢创有限公司 | 用于制备微粒的基于乳液的工艺以及供所述工艺使用的工作头组件 |
WO2017085508A1 (en) | 2015-11-19 | 2017-05-26 | Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" | A method for the preparation of particles with controlled shape and/or size |
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