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CN104603564B - 用于冷凝富含二氧化碳的气体流的方法和设备 - Google Patents

用于冷凝富含二氧化碳的气体流的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN104603564B
CN104603564B CN201380013804.9A CN201380013804A CN104603564B CN 104603564 B CN104603564 B CN 104603564B CN 201380013804 A CN201380013804 A CN 201380013804A CN 104603564 B CN104603564 B CN 104603564B
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A·达德
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于冷凝富含二氧化碳的气体流的方法，其中水流通过与富含二氧化碳的流进行热交换而被加热，该富含二氧化碳的流至少部分地冷凝，所述被加热的水流被送至用于压缩富含二氧化碳的流或从中获得富含二氧化碳的流的流体的至少一个压缩机(3，21)，以便至少部分地冷却所述压缩机的至少一个级。

Description

用于冷凝富含二氧化碳的气体流的方法和设备
技术领域
本发明涉及用于冷凝富含二氧化碳的气体流的一种方法和一种设备。富含二氧化碳的流包含至少60％的二氧化碳，或甚至至少90％的二氧化碳。
这些百分比，如同本文中关于纯度的所有百分比，都是摩尔百分数。
背景技术
在US-A-2011/0265477中已知使用可能添加有乙二醇的水来冷却富含二氧化碳的流的压缩机的冷却回路。
富含二氧化碳的气体流被纯化后，通常必须使其冷凝以便可以泵送至管线。
在图1中，压缩机3压缩压力为1bar(巴)的包含二氧化碳的流体1。压缩机通过水回路5、5A保持低温。被压缩的流体7在纯化单元9中被纯化并由分离装置——在该情况下为低温蒸馏塔15——分离。流体在交换器13中被冷却，在底部再沸器17中至少部分地冷凝并且作为供料送至塔15。富含轻的组分的塔顶气体22在涡轮机24中膨胀。底部液体19在交换器13中气化以形成富含二氧化碳的气体流，该气体流在压缩机21中被压缩。该压缩机由水回路23、23A冷却。处于60bar的气体流通过与水流31热交换而冷凝以形成液体29，该液体在泵33中以大于110bar的压力被泵送以形成加压液体产品35。
由M.Vollenweider撰写、由Dunod在1958年出版的书籍“Fabrication etApplications Industrielles de CO2[CO2的生产和工业应用]”教导了如何使用共有的水回路来冷却待冷凝的二氧化碳和冷却待冷凝的二氧化碳的压缩机。其中，第30页的图111-1示出了两个独立的水流：用于冷凝二氧化碳的水不再随后用于冷却压缩机。该图中的方法对应于权利要求1的前序部分。
经常需要冷凝富含二氧化碳的气态流，使得该气态流被过冷以用作制冷循环，如图2所示。
在这种情况下，制冷循环使用富含二氧化碳的流作为其循环气体。该闭回路包括由水流冷却的冷凝器27。富含二氧化碳的气体在其中液化以形成流29，该流29由分离器37分成四股流。所述四股流中的每一股通过阀V1、V2、V3、V4膨胀并在热交换器13中气化。压力最低的流在压缩机121中被压缩，另一股在压缩机221中被压缩，并且所述四股流中的三股在被压缩机21压缩之前结合。第四股流在中间水平被引入压缩机21，整个流被送至冷凝器27。
另一富含二氧化碳的气体1被送至压缩机3，在交换器13中冷却、部分地冷凝并随后送至第一相分离器39。出自第一相分离器39的液体43膨胀并被送至蒸馏塔15的顶部。用于第一相分离器的气体在交换器13中被冷却，然后被送至第二相分离器41。所形成的液体45膨胀并送至塔15的顶部。气体43在交换器13中被加热，通过两个涡轮机45、48膨胀，然后作为流49离开。来自塔的底部的液体19在交换器13中被冷却以形成处于7bar和-50℃的液体。因此用于该液化的低温由制冷循环提供。
塔15的塔顶气体47被加热并送至压缩机3的中间位置。
富含二氧化碳的气体流25的冷凝温度限定了富含二氧化碳的流在压缩机中需要被压缩到的压力。该温度越低，所需的压缩能量越少，并且压缩机更经济。
最简单的方案是使富含二氧化碳的流利用水来冷凝，注意使用尽可能低温的水。该水可以例如来自通过蒸发冷却塔冷却的半开放回路。通过在利用水来冷凝富含二氧化碳的流的交换器中给定最小热途径，水的升温越少，富含二氧化碳的流的冷凝温度越低，并且因此，在低于临界压力冷凝的情况下其压力越低(见图4和5)。
因此，真正需要的益处是增加通过发生冷凝的交换器的水流，因为这将对应地降低水的出口温度并因此降低富含二氧化碳的流的冷凝温度。然而，这将增加水的网络和与其相关的成本：泵送能量；诸如泵、管道、蒸发冷却塔、风扇等的设备的成本。的确，投资成本和一些运行成本正比于水流的流率，而不是(或仅在非常有限的范围内)正比于水的网络中待去除的能量。因此，在某些环境中，优选的是增加压缩机制冷剂中水的升温使其超过通常采用的10℃。这在制冷使用非蒸发冷却塔来实现的项目中是特别正确的。
发明内容
本发明的一个主题是用于冷凝富含二氧化碳的气体流的方法，其中水流通过与至少部分冷凝的富含二氧化碳的流进行热交换而被加热，其特征在于，将所述被加热的流送至
i)富含二氧化碳的流的至少一个压缩机和/或
ii)从中获得富含二氧化碳的流的流体的至少一个压缩机，
以便至少部分地冷却这个(这些)压缩机的至少一个级。
根据其它可选方面：
-在冷却压缩机时被加热的水流被冷却并至少部分返回以冷却待冷凝的富含二氧化碳的流，
-在压缩机中被压缩的流体通过蒸馏和/或通过胺洗涤和/或通过渗透和/或通过吸附进行处理以形成富含二氧化碳的流，
-通过二氧化碳的冷凝而被加热的水处于第一温度，并且在大致等于第一温度的温度下被送至压缩机，
-通过二氧化碳的冷凝而被加热的水被分成两部分，一部分被送至富含二氧化碳的流的压缩机，富含二氧化碳的流然后被冷凝，另一部分被送至从中获得富含二氧化碳的流的流体的压缩机。
本发明的另一个主题是一种用于冷凝富含二氧化碳的气态流的设备，该设备包括冷凝器、用于将富含二氧化碳的气态流送至冷凝器的管道、用于从冷凝器提取至少部分冷凝的富含二氧化碳的流的管道、用于将水流送至冷凝器的管道和用于从冷凝器提取被加热的水的流的管道，以及富含二氧化碳的气态流的或者将要从中获得该气态流的流体的至少一个压缩机，其特征在于，冷却该压缩机的装置被连接至用于提取被加热的水的流的管道，使得冷却装置接收至少一部分被加热的水流。
根据本发明的其它方面，该设备包括：
-用于分离流体以形成富含二氧化碳的流的装置，流体压缩机连接至这些装置并且这些装置也(可能经由至少一个其它压缩机)连接到冷凝器，
-用于分离流体的装置包括通过冷凝和/或通过蒸馏工作的分离装置、胺洗涤装置或通过渗透或吸附工作的分离装置，
-水回路，该水回路允许在压缩机中加热的水被传送至冷却装置和从所述冷却装置传送至冷凝器，
-流体压缩机和富含二氧化碳的气态流的压缩机，所述两个压缩机具有与冷凝器串联连接和在两个压缩机之间并联连接的冷却装置，
-冷凝器与压缩机通过用于提取被加热的水的流的管道串联连接。
本发明在于，在水回路上、在富含二氧化碳的气体流的冷凝器的下游以串联方式设置工艺水的至少一个其它消耗装置，水的温度对于该消耗装置不是临界的(图3)。因此，冷却压缩机的水的温度上升几度将不会对单元的性能产生任何重大影响。
然而，优选的是，使在冷箱和任何制冷单元的上游的冷却器中的水保持尽可能低温，所述冷却器自身可以定位在冷箱前面或干燥单元前面。
具体实施方式
下面将参照图3至5更详细地描述本发明。
图3与图1的不同之处在于用于冷却压缩机3和21的水与冷凝器27的水来自相同的冷却回路，并且在用于冷却压缩机之前已经用于冷凝富含二氧化碳的气体。
因此，水31被分为两部分31A、31B。将部分31A送至压缩机21以使其冷却并将因而被加热的水送至冷却装置53。将部分31B送至旨在用于蒸馏的流体的压缩机3并将因而被加热的水送至冷却装置53，该冷却装置可以是冷却塔。来自冷却装置53的冷却水51再次被送至冷凝器31。
分离装置11可以是通过冷却和冷凝工作或通过胺洗涤或通过渗透或吸附工作的分离装置。
流体1优选为包含至少50％的二氧化碳的气体。
因此，水被送至并联的两个压缩机。还可以设想的是，将水送至这两个压缩机中的仅一个。还可以设想的是，将水送至现场的其它消耗装置(空气分离装置的压缩机、沸腾器上的冷却器或任何其它消耗装置)。
数值示例示出了本发明的优点：
因此，对于富含二氧化碳的流的相同的冷凝量，冷却水的流率从根据现有技术的5200m3/h下降到根据本发明的3095m3/h。压缩机的比能增加，因为冷却水更热(冷凝CO2从132.2到133.3kWh/t)，但如果考虑到循环冷却水所需要的能量，现场所需要的总能量将减少。
本发明的另一个优点是增加通过富含二氧化碳的流的冷凝器的水的流率变得更经济。虽然通过并联网络这样做并不经济——因为冷凝温度的下降(因此压缩能量的下降)必须完全弥补流率的增加和因此增加了相关设备的成本——串联网路变得可以设想，其中通过冷凝器增加流率具有数个积极成果：
■降低冷凝温度；
■降低其它设备中的冷却水的温度并因此减少用于设备其余部分的压缩能。
与此相反，富含二氧化碳的流的冷凝器需要设置其尺寸用于较大流量的水，但是这与在较低温度下冷凝的益处相比较无疑是次要的。
根据本发明的另一个方面，设备的其余部分适于符合为冷凝器选择的水的流率。因此，其它冷却器中的发热增加，水网络较小，具有较大的冷却器，因为热途径(LMTDs)在水相对于被冷却的气体升温更多时降低。在上面给出的示例中，现场消耗的水的流量将下降至1860m3/h，而不是3100m3/h，压缩能量将增加的稍微更多，因为水更热(28.84℃而不是28.15℃)。
图4示出了当气体在其临界压力附近冷凝时富含二氧化碳的流的冷凝器中的热交换的图；因此，可以看到冷凝整平。交换的热量显示在纵轴，温度显示在横轴。ΔT表示水的温度上升，ΔTa表示在中间点处的冷凝交换器中的途径温度，ΔTb表示冷端的途径温度。
与图4相反，图5示出了超临界冷凝的相同的图，超临界冷凝就是没有整平的原因。准冷凝对应于密度的显著变化。
还可以通过图2的图实现本发明。在该情况下，水会在冷凝器27中被加热。然后该加热的水将用于冷却压缩机3、21、121、221中的至少一个或现场任何其它的冷却水消耗装置。

Claims (11)

1.一种用于冷凝富含二氧化碳的气体流的方法，在该方法中，水流(31A，31B)通过与富含二氧化碳的流进行热交换而被加热，所述富含二氧化碳的流至少部分地冷凝，其特征在于，将所述被加热的流传送至
i)富含二氧化碳的流的至少一个第一压缩机(21)和
ii)从中获得富含二氧化碳的流的流体的至少一个第二压缩机(3)，以便至少部分地冷却第一和第二压缩机的至少一个级。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，在冷却所述第一和第二压缩机(3，21)时被加热的水流(31A，31B)被冷却并至少部分返回以冷却待冷凝的富含二氧化碳的流。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，在所述第二压缩机(3)中被压缩的流体通过蒸馏和/或通过胺洗涤和/或通过渗透和/或通过吸附进行处理以形成富含二氧化碳的流。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，通过二氧化碳的冷凝而被加热的水流(31A，31B)处于第一温度并且在大致等于第一温度的温度下被送至所述第一和第二压缩机(3，21)。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，通过二氧化碳的冷凝而被加热的水被分成两部分，一部分被送至富含二氧化碳的流的第一压缩机(21)，富含二氧化碳的流然后被冷凝，另一部分被送至从中获得富含二氧化碳的流的流体的第二压缩机(3)。
6.一种用于冷凝富含二氧化碳的气态流的设备，包括冷凝器(27)、用于将富含二氧化碳的气态流送至所述冷凝器的管道、用于从所述冷凝器提取至少部分冷凝的富含二氧化碳的流的管道、用于将水流送至所述冷凝器的管道和用于从所述冷凝器提取被加热的水的流的管道，以及富含二氧化碳的气态流的第一压缩机(21)和将要从中获得该气态流的流体的第二压缩机(3)，其特征在于，冷却这些压缩机的装置连接至用于提取被加热的水的流的管道，使得冷却装置接收至少一部分被加热的水流。
7.根据权利要求6所述的设备，所述设备包括用于分离流体以形成富含二氧化碳的流的装置(15)，第二压缩机(3)连接至这些装置，并且这些装置还可能经由至少一个其它压缩机连接到冷凝器。
8.根据权利要求7所述的设备，其中，用于分离流体的装置包括通过冷凝和/或通过蒸馏工作的分离装置(15)、胺洗涤装置或通过渗透或通过吸附工作的分离装置。
9.根据权利要求6或7所述的设备，所述设备包括允许在第一和/或第二压缩机(3，21)中被加热的水被传送至冷却装置(53)和从所述冷却装置传送至冷凝器的水回路。
10.根据权利要求6至8中任一项所述的设备，所述第一压缩机和第二压缩机具有与所述冷凝器(27)串联连接和在两个压缩机之间并联连接的冷却装置。
11.根据权利要求6至8中任一项所述的设备，其中，所述冷凝器(27)与第一和/或第二压缩机(3，21)通过用于提取被加热的水的流的管道串联连接。
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