CN104258413A - 有效的偶联物和亲水性连接体 - Google Patents
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- A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
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- A61K31/537—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines spiro-condensed or forming part of bridged ring systems
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- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
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Abstract
用于将药物与细胞结合剂结合的连接体通过并入聚乙二醇间隔物被修饰为亲水性连接体。该细胞结合剂-药物偶联物在各种癌细胞类型中的效价或功效令人吃惊地增加数倍,包括在对治疗有抗性的细胞表面或癌细胞上表达低数量抗原的那些癌细胞类型。
Description
本申请是申请日为2009年4月30日、申请号为200980125295.2、发明名称为有效的偶联物和亲水性连接体的发明专利申请的分案申请
本申请要求2008年4月30日提交的美国临时申请号61/049,289的优先权。
技术领域
本发明涉及新的连接体,所述新的连接体以连接体有助于增加药物活性的方式将药物(例如细胞毒剂)连接至细胞结合剂(例如抗体)。特别地,本发明涉及新的亲水性连接体的应用,其中这样的连接体在多种癌细胞类型中增强了细胞结合剂-药物偶联物的效价或功效数倍,所述癌细胞类型包括在对治疗具有抗性的细胞表面或癌上表达少量抗原的那些。
背景技术
细胞毒性药物的抗体偶联物正被开发为靶向特异性治疗剂。针对多种癌细胞表面抗原的抗体已与抑制各种主要细胞靶点的不同细胞毒剂偶联,所述主要细胞靶点如微管(美登木素生物碱、阿里他汀类(auristatins)、紫杉烷:美国专利号5,208,020;5,416,064;6,333,410;6,441,163;6,340,701;6,372,738;6,436,931;6,596,757;7,276,497),DNA(加里刹霉素(calicheamicin)、阿霉素、CC-1065类似物;美国专利号5,475,092;5,585,499;5,846,545;6,534,660;6,756,397;6,630,579)。与这些细胞毒性药物的一些的抗体偶联物在临床中正在积极地研究用于癌症治疗(Richart,A.D.,和Tolcher,A.W.,2007,Nature ClinicalPractice,4,245-255)。
一般而言,抗体-细胞毒剂偶联物通过对抗体上的反应性部分进行初始修饰进行制备,所述抗体上的反应性部分如赖氨酸氨基或半胱氨酸基团(通过使用分子生物学方法在抗体上进行天然二硫键的还原或其它非天然半胱氨酸残基的改造产生的)。因此抗体首先用异双官能连接体试剂进行修饰,这样的试剂如之前描述的那些,示例为SPDB、SMCC和SIAB(美国专利号6,913,758和美国专利公布号20050169933),以将连接体与反应基如混合的吡啶基二硫、马来酰亚胺或卤代乙酰胺结合。抗体中结合的反应性连接体基团随后与含有反应性部分如硫羟基团的细胞毒剂偶联。另一偶联路线是通过含有硫羟反应基(如卤代乙酰胺或马来酰亚胺)的细胞毒剂衍生物与细胞结合剂上的硫羟基团的反应。通过还原天然二硫残基(R.Singh等,Anal.Biochem.,2002,304,147-156)或还原结合的二硫部分(经SPDP,琥珀酰亚胺基3-(2-吡啶基二硫基)丙酸酯,随后用二硫苏糖醇还原,D.G.Gilliland等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA.,1980,77,4539-4543),或通过并入另外的非天然半胱氨酸残基(J.B.Stimmel等,J.Biol.Chem.,2000,275,30445-30450),将硫羟基团引入细胞结合剂如抗体上,或者通过与2-亚氨基硫烷(iminothiolane)(R.Jue等,Biochemistry,1978,17,5399-5406)或者甲基3-巯基丙亚氨酸酯(mercaptopropionimidate ester)(T.P.King等,Biochemistry,1978,17,1499-1506)反应并入硫羟基团。
具有二硫键或硫醚键的抗体-细胞毒剂偶联物是细胞内切割的,这大概在溶酶体中进行,以将活性细胞毒剂递送至癌细胞内(H.K.Erickson等,2006,Cancer Research,66,4626-4433)。除了杀死靶细胞之外,具有可还原的二硫键的抗体-细胞毒剂偶联物还杀死体外抗原阴性细胞和抗原阳性细胞的混合种群中和体内异种移植物模型中的邻近的抗原阴性细胞,这暗示靶细胞释放的细胞毒剂增强对具有异源抗原表达的肿瘤中邻近的非抗原表达细胞的功效中的作用(Y.V.Kovtun等,Cancer Research,2006,66,3214-3221)。
尽管抗体-细胞毒性药物偶联物显示出体外杀死细胞的活性和体内抗癌活性,但是在很多情况下其效力被减小,尤其是当靶癌细胞上的抗原表达较低时,或者当靶细胞对治疗具有抗性时。这在临床情况中是很常见的情况,导致在患者中产生低至中度的抗癌活性。尝试克服抗性的可能方法是合成带有亲水性或疏脂性功能的新药物(见G.Szokacs等,Nature Reviews,5;219-235,2006)。但是,该方法是繁杂的,并且必须合成几种类似物,并且通常药物结构的修饰导致生物活性的损失。因此,需要不同的方法。
发明内容
通过设计新的连接体以使药物与细胞结合剂以连接体有助于增强药物活性的方式连接,本发明致力于解决抗性的问题。因此,本发明增强药物与细胞结合剂连接的方式,以使连接体设计提供对宽范围的肿瘤有活性的偶联物,特别是在低抗原表达或药物抗性的肿瘤中。
本发明基于这样的新发现:当传统的连接体(例如SMCC、SIAB等,在美国专利公布号20050169933中所描述的)通过并入聚乙二醇[PEGn,(-CH2CH2O)n)]分隔物被修饰为亲水性连接体,细胞结合剂-药物偶联物在多种癌细胞类型中的效价或功效令人惊奇地增加数倍,所述多种癌细胞类型包括在细胞表面上表达较低数量抗原的那些。
同样,这些含PEG的偶联物出乎意外地比前述的偶联物对治疗有抗性的细胞系更有效。
此外,在抗体偶联物的情况下,并入亲水性连接体允许每个抗体分子偶联上至15个药物分子,具有高产量并且没有聚集或沉淀。具有将上至15个药物分子与每个抗体分子连接的亲水性连接体的这些偶联物以高亲合力连接至靶抗原(与未修饰抗体的靶抗原类似)。
因此,本发明提供式(1)的化合物或式(1’)的具体化合物:
Z-X1-(-CH2-CH2-O-)n-Yp-D (1)
D-Yp-(-CH2-CH2-O-)n-X1-Z (1’)
其中:
Z表示能够与细胞结合剂形成酰胺或硫醚键的反应性官能团;
D表示药物;
X表示经硫醚键、酰胺键、氨基甲酸酯键或醚键与细胞结合剂连接的脂肪族、芳香族或杂环单元;
Y表示经选自硫醚键、酰胺键、氨基甲酸酯键、醚键、胺键、碳碳键和腙键的共价键与药物连接的脂肪族、芳香族或杂环单元;
L为0或1;
P为0或1;以及
n为1到2000的整数。
本发明的另一方面为式(2)的细胞结合剂药物偶联物或式(2’)的具体化合物:
CB-[X1-(-CH2-CH2-O-)n-Yp-D]m (2)
[D-Yp-(-CH2-CH2-O-)n-X1]m-CB (2’)
其中,CB表示细胞结合剂;
D表示药物;
X表示经硫醚键、酰胺键、氨基甲酸酯键或醚键与细胞结合剂连接的脂肪族、芳香族或杂环单元;
Y表示经选自硫醚键、酰胺键、氨基甲酸酯键、醚键、胺键、碳碳键和腙键的共价键与药物连接的脂肪族、芳香族或杂环单元;
l为0或1;
p为0或1;
m为2到15的整数;以及
n为1到2000的整数。
本发明的另一方面为式(3)化合物或式(3’)的具体化合物:
Z-X1-(-CH2-CH2O-)n-Y-D (3)
D-Y-(-CH2-CH2O-)n-X1-Z (3’)
其中:
Z表示能够与细胞结合剂形成酰胺或硫醚键的反应性官能团;
D表示药物;
X表示经硫醚键、酰胺键、氨基甲酸酯键或醚键与细胞结合剂连接的脂肪族、芳香族或杂环单元;
Y表示经二硫键与药物连接的脂肪族、非芳香族杂环或芳香族杂环单元;
l为0或1;以及
n为1到14的整数。
本发明的另一方面为式(4)的细胞结合剂药物偶联物或式(4’)的具体化合物:
CB-(X1-(-CH2-CH2O-)n-Y-D)m (4)
[D-Y-(-CH2-CH2O-)n-X1]m-CB (4’)
其中,CB表示细胞结合剂;
D表示药物;
X表示经硫醚键、酰胺键、氨基甲酸酯键或醚键与细胞结合剂连接的脂肪族、芳香族或杂环单元;
Y表示经二硫键与药物连接的脂肪族、芳香族或杂环单元;
l为0或1;以及
m为3至8的整数;以及
n为1至14的整数。
本发明的甚至进一步的方面是用一种治疗癌症的方法,所述癌症对用所述方法的治疗敏感,所述方法包括将有效剂量的含式(2)或(4)的偶联物的组合物肠胃外给予需要其的患者。
附图说明
图1显示本发明的代表性的含PEG的硫代琥珀酰亚胺基连接的偶联物的结构表示(mAb=单克隆抗体)。
图2显示本发明的代表性的含PEG的硫代乙酰胺基连接的偶联物的结构表示。
图3显示本发明的代表性的含PEG的二硫连接的化合物的结构表示。
图4显示本发明的含PEG的硫代琥珀酰亚胺基连接的偶联物的合成方案。
图5显示本发明的含PEG的硫代乙酰胺基连接的偶联物的合成方案。
图6显示本发明的含PEG的二硫连接的化合物的合成方案:a.)合成用于与细胞结合剂1步偶联的含PEG二硫连接的化合物;和b.)合成异双官能的含PEG二硫连接的交联化合物。
图7显示本发明的含PEG的硫代琥珀酰亚胺基连接的偶联物的偶联过程(一步偶联)。
图8显示本发明的含PEG的硫代琥珀酰亚胺基连接的偶联物的偶联过程(2步偶联)。
图9显示本发明的含PEG的硫醚连接的(硫代乙酰胺基连接的)偶联物的偶联过程(1步偶联)。
图10显示本发明的含PEG的硫醚连接的(硫代乙酰胺基连接的)偶联物的偶联过程(2步偶联)。
图11显示本发明的含PEG的二硫连接的偶联物的偶联过程(1步偶联)。
图12显示本发明的含PEG的二硫连接的偶联物的偶联过程(2步偶联)。
图13显示本发明的含PEG的巯基反应性硫代琥珀酰亚胺基连接的化合物的合成方案。
图14显示本发明的含PEG的硫代琥珀酰亚胺基连接的偶联物的偶联过程(1步偶联)。
图15显示本发明的含PEG的硫代琥珀酰亚胺基连接的偶联物的偶联过程(2步偶联)。
图16显示本发明的含PEG的巯基反应性硫代乙酰胺基连接的化合物的合成方案:a.)合成用于1步偶联的含PEG的巯基反应性硫代乙酰胺连接的化合物;和b.)合成用于2步偶联的异双官能的含PEG的巯基反应性交联化合物。
图17显示本发明的含PEG的硫代乙酰胺基连接的偶联物的偶联过程(1步偶联)。
图18显示本发明的含PEG的硫代乙酰胺基连接的偶联物的偶联过程(2步偶联)。
图19显示本发明的含PEG的巯基反应性硫代醚连接的化合物的合成方案:a)合成用于1步偶联的含PEG的巯基反应性硫代乙酰胺基连接的化合物;和b.)合成用于2步偶联的同双官能的含PEG的巯基反应性交联化合物。
图20显示本发明的含PEG的硫代乙酰胺基连接的偶联物的偶联过程(1步偶联)。
图21显示本发明的含PEG的硫代乙酰胺基连接的偶联物的偶联过程(2步偶联)。
图22显示去糖基化HuAb-PEG4Mal-DM1偶联物(10.7DM1/Ab,平均)的质谱图(MS)。
图23显示HuAb-PEG4Mal-DM1偶联物(10.7DM1/Ab,平均)的体积排阻色谱(SEC)。
图24显示与未修饰的抗体相似的HuAb-PEG4Mal-DM1偶联物(10.7美登木素生物碱/抗体)的FACS结合。
图25显示抗EpCAM抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物对多耐药性的COLO205-MDR细胞的细胞毒性。
图26显示抗CanAg抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物对多耐药性的COLO205-MDR细胞的细胞毒性。
图27显示抗CD56抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物对Molp-8多发性骨髓瘤细胞的细胞毒性。
图28显示抗EpCAM抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物对HCT15细胞的细胞毒性。
图29显示抗EpCAM抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物对COLO 205mdr细胞的细胞毒性。
图30显示抗EpCAM抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物对HCT15异种移植物的体内抗肿瘤活性。
图31显示抗EpCAM抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物对COLO205mdr异种移植物的体内抗肿瘤活性。
图32显示抗EpCAM抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物对COLO 205异种移植物的体内抗肿瘤活性。
图33显示抗CanAg抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物对COLO 205mdr异种移植物的体内抗肿瘤活性。
图34显示具有上至17个D/A的抗CanAg抗体(huC242)-PEG24-Mal-DM1偶联物的结合。
图35显示具有4至17D/A的抗CanAg抗体(huC242)-PEG24-Mal-DM1偶联物对COLO 205细胞的体外效价。
图36显示具有4至17D/A的抗CanAg抗体(huC242)-PEG24-Mal-DM1偶联物对多耐药性(pgP+)的COLO205-MDR细胞的体外效价。
图37显示抗EGFR抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物对UO-31细胞的细胞毒性。
图38显示抗体-PEG4-Mal-DM1的血浆药物代谢动力学。
具体实施方式
本发明公开了这样的新发现:通过聚乙二醇或聚环氧乙烷连接体((-CH2CH2O)n)与药物例如细胞毒剂连接的细胞结合剂如抗体的偶联物,对靶癌细胞显示出比基于与传统具有典型脂肪族连接体和类似药物负载的细胞结合剂药物偶联物的比较所预期的大数倍的细胞毒性。重要的是,本发明所述的偶联物对于对用细胞毒性药物治疗具有低敏感性的多耐药性(mdr)的癌细胞是非常有力的或有效的。癌症治疗造成克服在用不同的化疗剂进行多轮治疗后经常遇到的耐药性机制的困难。一种称为多耐药性的在癌细胞中观察到的这类机制由ATP结合盒(ABC)转运蛋白引起的增强的药物输出造成(C.Drumond,B.I.Sikic,J.Clin.Oncology,1999,17,1061-1070,G,Szokacs等,Nature Reviews,5;219-234,2006)。克服这些耐药性机制的治疗,如通过癌细胞干扰或克服药物的这种流出将是非常有用的。针对多耐药性癌细胞,对细胞结合剂和细胞毒性药物的PEG连接的偶联物的细胞毒性进行评估以检测PEG连接体是否赋予针对这些抗性细胞的任何优势。在这些针对mdr细胞的分析中,与传统连接体衍生的非常低效偶联物相比,细胞结合剂和细胞毒性药物的PEG连接的偶联物显示出对mdr细胞的杀灭出乎意料地高效。另外,本发明的偶联物还在用多耐药性的肿瘤类细胞所建立的动物模式中显示出显著更高的抗肿瘤活性。
使用亲水的聚乙二醇或聚环氧乙烷连接体(PEG或PEO;(-CH2CH2O)n)还允许每个细胞结合剂分子并入相对大量的药物,在大于治疗应用期望的1mg/ml的浓度下具有大于90%的高蛋白单体水平。此外,具有一定范围的细胞毒性药物负载(与每个细胞结合剂连接的从较小值2到较大数字例如15个药物)的细胞结合剂的聚乙二醇(PEG)连接的偶联物对靶癌细胞显示出比基于偶联物增加的药物负载而在药物递送方面的化学计量增加所预期的显著增强的细胞毒性。细胞结合剂和具有PEG间隔物的药物的偶联物在本发明中被描述,与传统由类似药物负载制备的偶联物相比,其显示出对靶癌细胞的细胞毒性的超化学计量增加达到260-650倍的效力增强(参见例如图29)。
因此,在本发明的一个方面中,描述了具有聚乙二醇间隔物(-CH2CH2O)n和能与细胞结合剂反应的反应基的连接体的药物。
在该方面具体考虑的是式(1)的修饰化合物或式(1’)的具体化合物。
Z-X1-(-CH2-CH2-O-)n-Yp-D (1)
D-Yp-(-CH2-CH2-O-)n-X1-Z (1’)
其中:
Z表示能够与细胞结合剂结合形成酰胺或硫醚键的反应性官能团:
D表示药物;
X表示经硫醚键、酰胺键、氨基甲酸酯键或醚键与细胞结合剂连接的脂肪族、芳香族或杂环单元;
Y表示经选自硫醚键、酰胺键、氨基甲酸酯键、醚键、胺键、碳碳键和腙键的共价键与药物连接的脂肪族、芳香族或杂环单元;
l为0或1;
p为0或1;以及
n为1到2000的整数。
优选地,将Y连接至药物的共价键是硫醚键或酰胺键。
优选地n为1至100的整数。甚至更优选地,n为1至14的整数。在最优选的方面中,n为1至4的整数。
在本发明的第二方面,描述了具有聚乙二醇连接体(-CH2CH2O)n的细胞结合剂与药物的新的偶联物。这些偶联物比具有传统连接体和等同药物负载的偶联物对癌细胞更有效力。
在优选的方面具体考虑的是细胞结合剂与式(2)的药物或式(2’)的具体化合物的偶联物:
CB-[X1-(-CH2-CH2-O-)n-Yp-D]m (2)
[D-Yp-(-CH2-CH2-O-)n-X1]m-CB (2’)
其中:
CB表示细胞结合剂;
D表示药物;
X表示经硫醚键、酰胺键、氨基甲酸酯键或醚键与细胞结合剂连接的脂肪族、芳香族或杂环单元;
Y表示经选自硫醚键、酰胺键、氨基甲酸酯键、醚键、胺键、碳碳键和腙键的共价键与药物连接的脂肪族、芳香族或杂环单元;
l为0或1;
p为0或1;和
m为2到15的整数;以及
n为1到2000的整数。
优选地,共价键为硫醚键或酰胺键。
优选地,m为3至8的整数。
优选地,n为1至100的整数。甚至更优选地,n为1至14的整数。在最优选的方面中,n为1至4的整数。
本发明还基于新的发现:在抗体偶联物的情况中,其中抗体经二硫键连接至细胞毒性药物,在增强免疫连接物的效价或功效方面,在连接的药物的数目和聚乙二醇间隔物的长度之间存在重要的相关性。这种连接体设计的其它优点是,抗体-药物偶联物的期望的高单体比例和最小化的聚集。因此,在一个方面,本发明基于这样的重要发现:当用于二硫连接的偶联物的聚乙二醇间隔物由2至8个之间的乙烯氧基单元组成并且连接的药物的数目在3至8的范围内时,其赋予抗体-药物偶联物最高的生物学效价或功效,同时给予期望的高单体含量。
在优选的方面,描述了经二硫基(-S-S-)连接的细胞毒性药物,其具有带有能够与细胞结合剂反应的官能团的短的聚乙二醇间隔物((CH2CH2O)n=1-14)。
在该方面具体考虑的是式(3)的修饰的细胞毒性化合物或式(3’)的具体化合物:
Z-X1-(-CH2-CH2O-)n-Y-D (3)
D-Y-(-CH2-CH2O-)n-X1-Z (3’)
其中:
Z表示能够与细胞结合剂形成酰胺或硫醚键的反应性官能团;
D表示药物;
X表示经硫醚键、酰胺键、氨基甲酸酯键或醚键与细胞结合剂连接的脂肪族、芳香族或杂环单元;
Y表示经二硫键与药物连接的脂肪族、非芳香族杂环或芳香族杂环单元;
l为0或1;以及
n为1到14的整数。
优选地,n为2至8的整数。
在另一优选的方面,描述了经二硫基(-S-S-)连接的细胞结合剂和药物的偶联物,其具有带有窄范围的3-8个药物负载的聚乙二醇间隔物((CH2CH2O)n=1-14),其显示出对癌细胞相对高效力的生物学活性,并且具有期望的生物学性能:高偶联产率、高单体比和最小化的蛋白聚集。
在该方面具体考虑的是式(4)的细胞结合剂药物偶联物或式(4’)的具体化合物:
CB-(X1-(-CH2-CH2O-)n-Y-D)m (4)
[D-y-(-CH2-CH2O-)n--X1]m-CB (4’)
其中:
CB表示细胞结合剂;
D表示药物;
X表示经硫醚键、酰胺键、氨基甲酸酯键或醚键与细胞结合剂连接的脂肪族、芳香族或杂环单元;
Y表示经二硫键与药物连接的脂肪族、芳香族或杂环单元;
l为0或1;
m为3至8的整数;以及
n为1至14的整数。
优选地,m为3至6的整数。
同样,优选地,n为2至8的整数。
在本发明中,药物是亲脂性分子,当其与细胞结合剂如抗体偶联时,经常由于蛋白聚集或沉淀而导致产率损失。增加每个细胞结合剂的药物的数目通常导致更严重的蛋白聚集和沉淀,随后是差的单体百分比和低的产率。与具有传统连接体的典型偶联物行为相比,PEG连接体导致细胞结合剂与药物的偶联物在可用于治疗应用的1mg/ml或更高的高浓度下单体百分比(>90%单体)和产率(>70%)的期望增加。此外,这些偶联物在4℃下延长储存时是稳定的。
在所有的方面,“脂肪族单元”被定义为烷基、烯基或炔基。烷基是脂肪族烃基,其可以是直链的或支化的,优选地在链中或环中具有1至20个碳原子,优选地具有3至10个碳原子。更优选的烷基在链中具有1至12个碳原子。″支化"意指一个或多个低级烷基如甲基、乙基或丙基连接至直链烷基链。示例性的烷基包括甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、叔丁基、正戊基、3-戊基、辛基、壬基、癸基、环戊基和环己基。
烯基是含有碳碳双键的脂肪族烃基,其可以是直链的或支化的,优选地链中具有2至15个碳原子。更优选的烯基链中具有2至12个碳原子;更优选地在链中具有约2至4个碳原子。示例性的烯基包括乙烯基、丙烯基、正丁烯基、异丁烯基、3-甲基丁-2-烯基、正戊烯基、庚烯基、辛烯基、壬烯基、癸烯基。
炔基是含有碳碳叁键的脂肪族烃基,其可以是直链的或支化的,优选地链中具有2至15个碳原子。更优选的炔基链中具有2至12个碳原子;更优选地在链中具有约2至4个碳原子。示例性的炔基包括乙炔基、丙炔基、正丁炔基、2-丁炔基、3-甲基丁炔基、正戊炔基、庚炔基、辛炔基和癸炔基。
如本文所用,术语"芳香族单元"意指取代的或未取代的芳基,其由6至14个碳原子——优选6至10个碳原子——的芳香族单环或多环烃环系统组成。示例性的芳基包括苯基和萘基。取代基包括但不限于烷基、卤素、硝基、氨基、羟基和烷氧基。
卤素包括氟、氯、溴和碘原子。氟和氯原子是优选的。
如本文所用,术语“杂环单元”指饱和的、部分不饱和的或不饱和的、非芳香族稳定的3至14个,优选地5至10个成员组成的单、双或多环——其中环的至少一个成员为杂原子,或者是芳香族的、优选地5至10个成员组成的、带有至少一个杂原子的单、双或多环。通常,杂原子包括但不限于:氧、氮、硫、硒和磷原子。优选的杂原子是氧、氮和硫。
优选的杂环单元包括但不限于:吡咯烷基、吡唑烷基、咪唑烷基、环氧乙烷基、四氢呋喃基、二氧戊环基、四氢吡喃基、二烷基、二氧戊环基、哌啶基、哌嗪基、吗啉基、吡喃基、咪唑啉基、吡咯啉基、吡唑啉基、噻唑烷基、四氢硫代吡喃基、二噻烷基、硫代吗啉基、二氢吡喃基、四氢吡喃基、二氢吡喃基、四氢吡啶基、二氢吡啶基、四氢氮茚基(tetrahydropyrinidinyl)、二氢硫代吡喃基、氮杂环庚烷基(azepanyl)、吡咯基、吡啶基、吡唑基、噻吩基、嘧啶基、吡嗪基、四唑基、吲哚基、喹啉基(quinolinyl)、嘌呤基、咪唑基、噻吩基、噻唑基、苯并噻唑基、呋喃基、苯并呋喃基、1,2,4-噻二唑基(thiadiazolyl)、异噻唑基、三唑基(triazoyl)、四唑基、异喹啉基、苯并噻吩基、异苯并呋喃基、吡唑基、咔唑基、苯并咪唑基和异唑基、吡啶基-N-氧化物,以及与苯基缩合得到的稠合系统。
X和Y表示的脂肪族、芳香族和杂环单元也可具有带电荷取代基。带电荷取代基可以是带负电荷的——其选自但不限于:羧酸根、磺酸根和磷酸根,或者是带正电荷的——选自叔胺基团或季胺基团。
如本文所用,表达“与细胞结合剂连接”指经由合适的连接基团或其前体与细胞结合剂连接的包含至少一种药物衍生物的偶联物分子。优选的连接基团为硫羟或二硫键或其前体。
如本文所用,给定基团的“前体”指通过任意去保护、化学改性或偶联反应可得到该官能团的任何基团。例如,前体可以是适当保护的官能团,其实例为硫酯或硫醚作为硫羟前体。
如本文所用,术语“反应性官能团”指胺-、硫羟-或羟基-反应性官能团。换句话说,反应性官能团可与细胞结合剂上存在的胺、巯基(硫羟)或羟基反应。例如,对于胺反应性官能团,该官能团可以是反应性羧酸酯(包括N-琥珀酰亚胺基酯、N-磺基琥珀酰亚胺基酯、N-苯邻二甲酰亚胺基酯、N-磺基苯邻二甲酰亚胺基酯、2-硝基苯基酯、4-硝基苯基酯、2,4-二硝基苯基酯、3-磺基-4-硝基苯基酯、3-羧基-4-硝基苯基酯、四氟苯基酯)、反应性磺酸衍生物或反应性硫酯以生成酰胺键;对于硫羟反应性官能团,该官能团可以是马来酰亚胺、卤代乙酰胺或乙烯砜以生成硫醚键;对于羟基反应性官能团,该官能团可以是反应性羧酸酯以生成酯键。
A.具有亲水性连接体的修饰的药物和修饰的细胞结合剂
连接体是能够以稳定共价方式将药物如美登木素生物碱连接至细胞结合剂的任何化学部分。在药物或细胞结合剂保持活性的条件下,连接体能够易于进行酸诱导切割、光诱导切割、肽酶诱导切割、酯酶诱导切割和二硫键切割,或对它们基本上耐受。图1、2和3示例性地提供本发明的偶联物的结构表示。
在药物和细胞结合剂间形成连接体的、包含亲水性PEG链的合适的交联剂是本领域熟知的或商业上可获得的(例如来自QuantaBiodesign,Powell,Ohio)。也可以使用本领域技术人员知晓的标准合成化学技术由本身商业上可获得的PEG合成合适的含PEG交联剂。通过本文所述的方法,药物可与双官能的含PEG交联剂反应以形成式(1)的化合物Z-X1-(-CH2-CH2-O-)n-Yp-D。例如,含硫羟的美登木素生物碱药物可与带有PEG间隔物的双马来酰亚胺基交联剂反应以生成经硫醚键与PEG间隔物连接的美登木素生物碱药物(参见例如图13)。然后,带有PEG间隔物和末端马来酰亚胺基的该修饰的美登木素生物碱可以与如图14所示的细胞结合剂反应以提供本发明的式(2)的细胞结合剂-药物偶联物。
可选地,细胞结合剂可以首先在带有胺反应基如N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯的双官能的含PEG的交联剂的一端进行反应,以生成通过酰胺键与连接体共价连接的修饰的细胞结合剂(参见例如图15)。在下一步中,美登木素生物碱与PEG间隔物另一端上的马来酰亚胺基取代基进行反应,以生成本发明的细胞结合剂-药物偶联物。
图16和17以示例的方式显示PEG交联剂的合成及其与美登木素生物碱通过硫代乙酰胺基键的反应。马来酰亚胺基取代基然后被并入PEG以能够经硫醚键与细胞结合剂的反应。可选地,如图18所示,细胞结合剂首先通过硫醚键与PEG交联剂连接。该修饰的细胞结合剂然后与美登木素生物碱药物反应以生成偶联物。同双官能PEG交联剂的合成示于例如图19中,其中PEG间隔物的两端都包括碘乙酰胺基部分,碘乙酰胺基部分能够使细胞毒性药物和细胞结合剂经硫醚键连接以生成含亲水性PEG间隔物的偶联物。提供本发明的偶联物的偶联过程示于例如图20和21中。
本领域的技术人员将认识到其它具有不同反应基的含PEG的交联剂可通过本文所述的方法容易地合成。例如,具有羟基的药物,如19-去甲基美登木素生物碱(美国专利号4,361,650)可与碘-乙酰-PEG连接体(图5)在碱如碳酸钾的存在下反应以经醚键与美登木素生物碱连接。类似地,含胺的美登木素生物碱(如美国专利号7,301,019中所述的进行合成)可与碘乙酰PEG(图5所示)在碱如吡啶或三乙胺的存在下反应以提供经胺键与PEG连接的美登木素生物碱。为了经由酰胺键将药物与PEG连接,羧基-PEG(示于图5)可与含胺的美登木素生物碱在缩合剂如二环己基碳二亚胺的存在下反应,以提供酰胺键合的PEG-美登木素生物碱。为了经由氨基甲酸酯键将药物与PEG间隔物连接,PEG首先与双光气反应以提供PEG氯甲酸酯,其然后与含胺的美登木素生物碱在碱如三乙胺的存在下反应以生成氨基甲酸酯连接的PEG-美登木素生物碱。
合适的连接体的实例包括具有用于与细胞结合剂反应的N-琥珀酰亚胺基酯或N-磺基琥珀酰亚胺基酯部分以及用于与药物反应的基于马来酰亚胺基或卤乙酰基的部分的连接体。PEG间隔物可以通过本文所述的方法被并入本领域已知的任何交联剂中。能够与PEG间隔物结合的包含马来酰亚胺基部分的交联剂包括但不限于:N-琥珀酰亚胺基4-(马来酰亚胺基甲基)环己烷羧酸酯(SMCC)、N-琥珀酰亚胺基-4-(N-马来酰亚胺基甲基)-环己烷-1-羧基-(6-酰氨基己酸酯)——其是SMCC的“长链”类似物(LC-SMCC)、κ-马来酰亚胺基十一烷酸N-琥珀酰亚胺基酯(KMUA)、γ-马来酰亚胺基丁酸N-琥珀酰亚胺基酯(GMBS)、ε-马来酰亚胺基己酸N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯(EMCS)、间-马来酰亚胺基苯甲酰基-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯(MBS)、N-(α-马来酰亚胺基乙酰氧基)-琥珀酰亚胺酯(AMAS)、琥珀酰亚胺基-6-(β-马来酰亚胺基丙酰胺基)己酸酯(SMPH)、N-琥珀酰亚胺基4-(对-马来酰亚胺基苯基)-丁酸酯(SMPB)和N-(对-马来酰亚胺基苯基)异氰酸酯(PMPI)。含有卤代乙酰基部分的交联剂包括N-琥珀酰亚胺基-4-(碘乙酰)-氨基苯甲酸酯(SIAB)、N-琥珀酰亚胺基碘乙酸酯(SIA)、N-琥珀酰亚胺基溴乙酸酯(SBA)和N-琥珀酰亚胺基3-(溴乙酰胺基)丙酸酯(SBAP)。
其它不含硫原子的交联剂也可以被用在本发明的方法中。这种连接体可以衍生自基于二元羧酸的部分。合适的基于二元羧酸的部分包括但不限于:以下所示的通式的α,ω-二羧酸:
HOOC-A’p-E’q-(CH2CH2O)nG’r-COOH
其中A’是任选的具有2到20个碳原子的直链或支化的烷基、烯基或炔基,E’是任选的具有3到10个碳原子的环烷基或环烯基,G’是任选的具有6到10个碳原子的取代或未取代的芳香基,或取代或未取代的杂环基,其中杂原子选自N、O或S,并且其中p、q和r每个均为0或1,条件是p、q和r不同时全为0,n是1到2000的整数。
本文公开的连接体的许多在美国专利公布号20050169933中详细描述。
在本发明的另一方面,通过将双官能交联剂与细胞结合剂反应来修饰细胞结合剂,因此产生连接体分子与细胞结合剂的共价连接。如本文所用,“双官能交联剂”是将细胞结合剂与药物如本文所述的药物共价连接的任何化学部分。在本发明优选的方面中,一部分连接部分由药物提供。在这方面,药物包含这样的连接部分:其为用于将细胞结合剂与药物连接的较大连接体分子的一部分。例如,为了形成美登木素生物碱DM1,美登素的C-3羟基处的侧链被修饰以具有自由的巯基(SH)。该硫羟酸化形式的美登素可与修饰的细胞结合剂反应以形成偶联物。因此,最终的连接体由两组分组成,其中一个组分由交联剂提供,而另一个组分由DM1的侧链提供。
在本发明的另一方面,药物经二硫键与细胞结合剂连接。连接体分子包括能够与细胞结合剂反应的反应性化学基团。用于与细胞结合剂反应的优选的反应性化学基团为N-琥珀酰亚胺基酯和N-磺基琥珀酰亚胺基酯。另外,连接体分子包括反应性化学基团,优选为能够与药物反应形成二硫键的二硫代吡啶基。特别优选的连接体分子包括例如,N-琥珀酰亚胺基3-(2-吡啶基二硫基)丙酸酯(SPDP)(参见例如,Carlsson等,Biochem.J.,173:723-737(1978))、N-琥珀酰亚胺基4-(2-吡啶基二硫基)丁酸酯(SPDB)(参见例如,美国专利号4,563,304)、N-琥珀酰亚胺基4-(2-吡啶基二硫基)戊酸酯(SPP)(参见例如,CAS登记号341498-08-6)以及其它反应性交联剂如美国专利号6,913,748中描述的那些,其以其整体通过引用并入本文。
可选地,如在美国专利号6,441,163B1中所述,药物可以首先被修饰以引入适合于与细胞结合剂反应的反应性酯。包含活化的连接体部分的这些药物与细胞结合剂的反应提供生产细胞结合剂药物偶联物的另一种方法。为了连接siRNA’s,siRNA可以通过常用于寡核苷酸修饰的方法与本发明的交联剂连接(参加例如,美国专利公布号20050107325和20070213292)。因此,其3’或5’-亚磷酰胺(phosphoramidite)形式的siRNA与带有羟基官能团的交联剂的一端反应以在siRNA和交联剂之间生成酯键。类似地,siRNA亚磷酰胺与带有末端氨基的交联剂的反应使得交联剂与siRNA通过胺连接。
B.细胞结合剂
在本发明中使用的细胞结合剂是与癌细胞上的靶抗原特异性结合的蛋白质(例如免疫球蛋白和非免疫球蛋白蛋白)。这些细胞结合剂包括以下:
-抗体,其包括:
-表面重塑抗体(美国专利号5,639,641);
-人源化或完全人抗体(人源化或完全人抗体选自但不限于:huMy9-6、huB4、huC242、huN901、DS6、CD38、IGF-IR、CNTO95、B-B4、曲妥单抗(trastuzumab)、比伐单抗(bivatuzumab)、西罗珠单抗(sibrotuzumab)、帕妥珠单抗(pertuzumab)和利妥昔单抗(rituximab)(参见例如,美国专利号5,639,641、5,665,357和7,342,110;美国临时专利申请号60/424,332;国际专利申请WO 02/16,401;美国专利公布号20060045877;美国专利公布号20060127407;美国专利公布号20050118183;Pedersen等,(1994)J.Mol.Biol.235,959-973;Roguska等,(1994)Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,Vol91,969-973;Colomer等,Cancer Invest.,19:49-56(2001);Heider等,Eur.J.Cancer,31A:2385-2391(1995);Welt等,J.Clin.Oncol.,12:1193-1203(1994);以及Maloney等,Blood,90:2188-2195(1997));和
-抗体的表位结合片段如sFv、Fab、Fab’和F(ab’)2(Parham,J.Immunol.131:2895-2902(1983);Spring等,J.Immunol.113:470-478(1974);Nisonoff等,Arch.Biochem.Biophys.89:230-244(1960))。
其它细胞结合剂包括其它细胞结合蛋白和多肽,其示例为但不限于:
-锚蛋白重复蛋白(DARPins;Zahnd等,J.Biol.Chem.,281,46,35167-35175,(2006);Binz,H.K.,Amstutz,P.&Pluckthun,A.(2005)Nature Biotechnology,23,1257-1268)或锚蛋白样重复蛋白或合成肽,其例如在美国专利公布号20070238667;美国专利号7,101,675;WO/2007/147213和WO/2007/062466中描述;
-干扰素(例如α、β、γ);
-淋巴因子如IL-2、IL-3、IL-4、IL-6;
-激素如胰岛素、TRH(促甲状腺激素释放激素)、MSH(黑素细胞刺激素)、类固醇激素如雄激素和雌激素;和
-生长因子和集落刺激因子如EGF、TGF-α、IGF-1、G-CSF、M-CSF和GM-CSF(Burgess,Immunology Today 5:155-158(1984))。
当细胞结合剂为抗体时,其结合至为多肽并且可以是跨膜分子(例如受体)或配体如生长因子的抗原。示例性的抗原包括诸如肾素的分子;生长激素,包括人生长激素和胎牛生长激素;生长激素释放因子;甲状旁腺激素;甲状腺刺激激素;脂蛋白;α-1-抗胰蛋白酶;胰岛素A-链;胰岛素B-链;胰岛素原;促卵泡激素;降钙素;黄体生成素;胰高血糖素;凝血因子如因子vmc、因子IX、组织因子(TF)和vonWillebrands因子;抗凝血因子如蛋白C;心房钠尿肽;肺表面活性剂;纤溶酶原激活物诸如尿激酶或人尿或组织型纤溶酶原激活物(t-PA);铃蟾肽;凝血酶;造血生长因子;肿瘤坏死因子-α和-β;脑啡肽酶;RANTES(对通常T-细胞表达和分泌的活化的调节);人巨噬细胞炎性蛋白(MIP-1-α);血清白蛋白,诸如人血清白蛋白;苗勒(Muellerian)抑制物质;松弛素A-链;松弛索B-链;前松弛素;鼠促性腺激素相关肽;微生物蛋白,诸如β-内酰胺酶;DNase;IgE;细胞毒性T-淋巴细胞相关抗原(CTLA),诸如CTLA-4;抑制素;激活蛋白;血管内皮生长因子(VEGF);激素或生长因子的受体:蛋白A或D;类风湿因子;神经营养因子,诸如骨衍生神经营养因子(BDNF)、神经营养蛋白-3、-4、-5或-6(NT-3、NT4、NT-5或NT-6)或神经生长因子诸如NGF-β;血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF);成纤维细胞生长因子诸如aFGF和bFGF;表皮生长因子(EGF);转化生长因子(TGF),诸如TGF-α和TGF-β,包括TGF-β1、TGF-β2、TGF-β3、TGF-β4或TGF-β5;胰岛素样生长因子-I和-II(IGF-I和IGF-II);des(1-3)-IGF-I(脑IGF-I)、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白、EpCAM、GD3、FLT3、PSMA、PSCA、MUC1、MUC16、STEAP、CEA、TENB2、EphA受体、EphB受体、叶酸受体、FOLR1、间皮素(mesothelin)、cripto、αvβ6、整联蛋白、VEGF、VEGFR、运铁蛋白受体、IRTA1、IRTA2、IRTA3、IRTA4、IRTA5;CD蛋白,诸如CD2、CD3、CD4、CD5、CD6、CD8、CD11、CD14、CD19、CD20、CD21、CD22、CD23、CD25、CD26、CD28、CD30、CD33、CD36、CD37、CD38、CD40、CD44、CD52、CD55、CD56、CD59、CD70、CD79、CD80、CD81、CD103、CD105、CD134、CD137、CD138、CD152;红细胞生成素;骨诱导因子;免疫毒素;骨形态发生蛋白(BMP);干扰素,诸如干扰素-α、-β和-γ;集落刺激因子(CSFs),例如M-CSF、GM-CSF和G-CSF;白细胞介素(ILs),例如,IL-1到IL-10;超氧化物岐化酶;T-细胞受体;表面膜蛋白;衰变加速因子;病毒抗原,诸如,例如HIV包膜蛋白的一部分;转运蛋白;归巢受体;地址素;调节蛋白;整联蛋白,诸如CD11a、CD11b、CD11c、CD18、ICAM、VLA-4和VCAM;肿瘤相关抗原诸如HER2、HER3或HER4受体;以及以上列出任一多肽的片段,抗体模拟Adnectins(美国申请20070082365),或在美国专利公开号20080171040或美国专利公开号20080305044中公开的结合一种或多种肿瘤相关的抗原或细胞表面受体的抗体,它们通过引用整体并入。
另外,GM-CSF——其与骨髓细胞结合——可被用作急性骨髓白血病的患病细胞的细胞结合剂。IL-2——其与活性的T细胞结合——可被用于防止移植体移植排斥,用于治疗和预防移植物抗宿主疾病,以及用于治疗急性T细胞白血病。与黑素细胞结合的MSH可被用于治疗黑素瘤。叶酸可被用于靶向在卵巢癌和其它肿瘤上表达的叶酸受体。表皮生长因子可被用于靶向鳞状细胞癌,如肺以及头和颈。促生长素抑制素可被用于靶向成神经细胞瘤和其它肿瘤类型。
乳腺癌和睾丸癌可以用作为细胞结合剂的雌激素(或雌激素类似物)或雄激素(或雄激素类似物)分别成功地靶向。
本发明包括的抗体的优选的抗原包括:CD蛋白,诸如CD2、CD3、CD4、CD5、CD6、CD8、CD11、CD14、CD18、CD19、CD20、CD21、CD22、CD 25、CD26、CD28、CD30、CD33、CD36、CD37、CD38、CD40、CD44、CD52、CD55、CD56、CD70、CD79、CD80、CD81、CD103、CD105、CD134、CD137、CD138和CD152;ErbB受体家族的成员,诸如EGF受体、HER2、HER3或HER4受体;细胞黏着分子,诸如LFA-1、Mac1、p150.95、VLA-4、ICAM-1、VCAM、EpCAM、α4/β7整联蛋白和αv/β3整联蛋白,包括其α或β亚类(例如抗-CD11a、抗-CD18或抗-CD11b抗体);生长因子,诸如VEGF;组织因子(TF);TGF-β;α干扰素(α-IFN);白细胞介素,诸如IL-8;IgE;血型抗原Apo2、死亡受体;flk2/flt3受体;肥胖(OB)受体;mpl受体;CTLA-4;蛋白C等。本文最优选的标靶是IGF-IR、CanAg、EphA2、MUC1、MUC16、VEGF、TF、CD19、CD20、CD22、CD33、CD37、CD38、CD40、CD44、CD56、CD138、CA6、Her2/neu、EpCAM、CRIPTO(在大部分人乳腺癌细胞中产生的升高水平的蛋白质)、darpins、αv/β3整联蛋白、αv/β5整联蛋白、αv/β6整联蛋白、TGF-β、CD11a、CD18、Apo2和C242,或在美国专利公开号20080171040或美国专利公开号20080305044中公开的结合一种或多种肿瘤相关的抗原或细胞表面受体的抗体,它们通过整体引用并入。
本发明包括的抗体的优选的抗原还包括CD蛋白,诸如CD3、CD4、CD8、CD19、CD20、CD34、CD37、CD38、CD46、CD56和CD138;ErbB受体家族的成员,诸如EGF受体、HER2、HER3或HER4受体;细胞黏着分子,诸如LFA-1、Mac1、p150.95、VLA-4、ICAM-1、VCAM、EpCAM、α4/β7整联蛋白和αv/β3整联蛋白,包括其α或β亚类(例如抗-CD11a、抗-CD18或抗-CD11b抗体);生长因子,诸如VEGF;组织因子(TF);TGF-β;α干扰素(α-IFN);白细胞介素,诸如IL-8;IgE;血型抗原Apo2、死亡受体;flk2/flt3受体;肥胖(OB)受体;mpl受体;CTLA-4;蛋白C等。本文最优选的标靶是IGF-IR、CanAg、EGF-R、EphA2、MUC1、MUC16、VEGF、TF、CD19、CD20、CD22、CD33、CD37、CD38、CD40、CD44、CD56、CD138、CA6、Her2/neu、CRIPTO(在大部分人乳腺癌细胞中产生的升高水平的蛋白质)、αv/β3整联蛋白、αv/β5整联蛋白、TGF-β、CD11a、CD18、Apo2、EpCAM和C242
单克隆抗体技术允许以单克隆抗体的形式生产特异性细胞结合剂。本领域尤其熟知的是通过用目的抗原如完整靶细胞、从靶细胞中分离出的抗原、全病毒、灭活的全病毒和病毒蛋白如病毒包被蛋白免疫小鼠、大鼠、仓鼠或任何其它哺乳动物生产单克隆抗体的技术。也可使用敏化人体细胞。另一种产生单克隆抗体的方法是使用sFv(单链可变区),特别是人sFv的噬菌体库(参见例如,Griffiths等,美国专利号5,885,793;McCafferty等,WO 92/01047;Liming等,WO 99/06587)。
合适的细胞结合剂的选择是取决于待靶向的特定细胞群体的选择事项,但一般而言,优选单克隆抗体和其表位结合片段——如果可以得到合适的话。
例如,单克隆单体My9是鼠的IgG2a抗体,其对急性骨髓白血病(AML)细胞上发现的CD33抗原有特异性(Roy等,Blood 77:2404-2412(1991)),并且可被用于治疗AML患者。类似地,单克隆抗体抗B4是鼠的IgG1,其与B细胞上的CD19抗原结合(Nadler等,J.Immunol.131:244-250(1983)),并且如果靶细胞是B细胞或在如非-霍奇金淋巴瘤或慢性淋巴母细胞白血病中表达这种抗原的患病细胞,那么可以使用所述抗体。抗体N901是鼠的单克隆IgG1抗体,其与在小细胞肺癌细胞和其它原神经内分泌起源的肿瘤细胞上发现的CD56结合(Roy等J.Nat.CancerInst.88:1136-1145(1996));huC242是与CanAg抗原结合的抗体;曲妥单抗是与HER2/neu结合的抗体;和抗EGF受体抗体与EGF受体结合。
C.药物
本发明中所用的药物是能够与细胞结合剂连接的细胞毒性药物。合适的药物的实例包括美登木素生物碱、DNA结合药物如CC-1065及其类似物、加里刹霉素、阿霉素及其类似物、长春花生物碱、自念珠藻环肽(cryptophycin)、多拉司他汀(dolastatin)、阿里他汀(auristatin)及其类似物、tubulysin、埃博霉素(epothilone)、紫杉烷类(taxoids)和siRNA。
优选的美登木素生物碱是在美国专利号5,208,020、5,416,064、6,333,410、6,441,163、6,716,821、RE39,151和7,276,497中描述的那些。优选的CC-1065类似物是在美国专利号5,475,092、5,595,499、5,846,545、6,534,660、6,586,618、6,756,397和7,049,316中描述的那些。优选的阿霉素及其类似物是在美国专利号6,630,579中描述的那些。优选的紫杉烷类是在美国专利号6,340,701、6,372,738、6,436,931、6,596,757、6,706,708、7,008,942、7,217,819和7,276,499中描述的那些。加里刹霉素在美国专利号5,714,586和5,739,116中描述。
长春花生物碱化合物、多拉司他汀化合物和自念珠藻环肽化合物在WO01/24763中详细描述。阿里他汀包括阿里他汀E、阿里他汀EB(AEB)、阿里他汀EFP(AEFP)、单甲基阿里他汀E(MMAE),并在美国专利号5,635,483、Int.J.Oncol.15:367-72(1999);Molecular CancerTherapeutics,vol.3,No.8,pp.921-932(2004);美国专利申请号11/134826、美国专利公布号20060074008、2006022925中描述。Tubulysin化合物在美国专利公布号20050249740中描述。自念珠藻环肽化合物在美国专利号6,680,311和6,747,021中描述。埃博霉素在美国专利号6,956,036和6,989,450中描述。
siRNA在美国专利公布号20070275465、20070213292、20070185050、20070161595、20070054279、20060287260、20060035254、20060008822、20050288244、20050176667中详细描述。
类似物和衍生物
细胞毒剂领域的技术人员将容易理解本文描述的每一种细胞毒剂可以以得到的化合物仍然保持起初化合物的特异性和/或活性的方式修饰。技术人员也将理解,多种这些化合物可以替代本文描述的细胞毒剂使用。因此,本发明的细胞毒剂包括本文描述化合物的类似物和衍生物。
细胞结合剂可以通过前述方法(美国专利号6,013,748、6,441,1631和6,716,821;美国专利公布号20050169933;以及WO2006/034488A2)与细胞毒性药物偶联。
D.治疗应用
本发明的细胞结合剂药物偶联物(如免疫连接物)也可与化疗剂结合使用。这样的化疗剂在美国专利号7,303,749中描述。
本发明的细胞结合剂药物偶联物(如免疫连接物)可被体外、体内和/或离体给药,以治疗患者和/或调节选择的细胞群体的生长,其包括例如肺癌、血癌、血浆癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌、前列腺癌、肾癌、胰腺癌、脑癌、骨癌、卵巢癌、睾丸癌和淋巴器官癌;自身免疫性疾病,如系统性红斑狼疮、类风湿关节炎和多发性硬化症;移植排斥,如肾移植排斥、肝移植排斥、肺移植排斥、心脏移植排斥和骨髓移植排斥;移植物抗宿主疾病;病毒感染,如CMV感染、HIV感染和AIDS;和寄生虫感染,如贾第虫病、阿米巴病、血吸虫病等。优选地,本发明的免疫连接物和化疗剂在体外、体内和/或离体给药,以治疗患者的癌症和/或调节癌细胞的生长,其包括例如血癌、血浆癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌、前列腺癌、肾癌、胰腺癌、脑癌、骨癌、卵巢癌、睾丸癌和淋巴器官癌;更优选为肺癌、结肠癌、前列腺癌、血浆癌、血癌或结肠癌。在最优选的方面,癌是多发性骨髓瘤。
“调节选择的细胞群体的生长”包括:抑制选择的细胞群体(如多发性骨髓瘤细胞群体,诸如MOLP-8细胞、OPM2细胞、H929细胞等)的增殖分裂产生更多的细胞;例如与未处理细胞相比,减小细胞分裂的增长速度;杀死选择的细胞群体;和/或阻止选择细胞群体(如癌细胞)转移。选择的细胞群体的生长可体外、体内或离体调节。
在本发明的方法中,细胞结合剂药物偶联物(如免疫连接物)可以体外、体内或离体给药。众所周知,细胞结合剂药物偶联物(如免疫连接物)可与合适的药物学上可接受的载体、稀释剂和/或赋形剂一起使用,并可被本领域的技术人员确定作为临床表现根据(clinicalsituation warrant)。合适的载体、稀释剂和/或赋形剂的实例包括:(1)pH约6.5的Dulbecco磷酸盐缓冲盐水,其将包含约1mg/ml到25mg/ml的人血清白蛋白,(2)0.9%盐水(0.9%w/v NaCl),和(3)5%(w/v)的葡萄糖。
本文所述的化合物和组合物可以以适当的形式给药,优选为肠胃外给药,更优选为静脉内给药。对于肠胃外给药,化合物或组合物可以是水性或非水性的无菌溶液、悬浮液或乳液。丙二醇、植物油和可注射的有机酯如油酸乙酯可被用作溶剂或载体。组合物还可包含助剂、乳化剂或分散剂。
组合物也可以是能够溶解或分散在无菌水或任何其它可注射的无菌介质中的无菌固体组合物的形式。
本文所述的细胞结合剂药物偶联物(如免疫连接物)的“治疗有效量”指调节选择的细胞群体的生长和/或治疗患者的疾病的剂量方案,并且依据多种因素进行选择,包括患者的年龄、体重、性别、饮食和医疗条件、疾病的严重程度、给药途径和药理学考虑因素,所述药理学考虑因素诸如使用的具体化合物的活性、功效、药物动力学和毒理学曲线。“治疗有效量”还可以参考标准药典,如Physicians DeskReference 2004确定。患者优选是动物,更优选是哺乳动物,最优选是人。患者可以是男性或女性,可以是婴儿、儿童或成人。
合适的细胞结合剂药物偶联物(如免疫连接物)的适合的给药方案实例如下。偶联物可每天给药,约5天,或作为i.v.、每天弹丸法(bolus)约5天,或者作为连续输液约5天。
可选地,偶联物可每周给药一次持续六周或更长。作为另一选择,偶联物可被每两周或三周给药一次。弹丸剂量以约50到约400ml的生理盐水给予,其中可加入5到10ml的人血清白蛋白。连续输液以每24小时期间约250到约500ml生理盐水给药,其中可加入约25到约50ml人血清白蛋白。剂量将是每人约10pg到约1000mg/kg,i.v.(约100ng至约100mg/kg的范围)。
在治疗后的大约一周到大约四周,患者可接受第二个治疗过程。关于给药途径、赋形物、稀释剂、剂量和时间的具体临床方案可由技术人员依照临床表现根据进行确定。
化合物和偶联物(如免疫连接物)还可被用于生产用于治疗或减轻病症的严重性的药物,所述病症如以细胞异常生长(如癌细胞)为特征。
本发明也提供药物试剂盒,其包括一个或多个容器,所述容器填充有本发明的药物化合物和/或组合物的一种或多种成分——包括一种或多种免疫连接物和一种或多种化疗剂。这种试剂盒还可以包括,例如,其它化合物和/或组合物,用于施用该化合物和/或组合物的设备(一种或多种),和书面说明书,其形式由管理药物或生物学产品的制造、使用或销售的政府机构规定。
癌症治疗及其剂量、给药途径和推荐的使用量是本领域已知的,并且在例如文献Physician′s Desk Reference(PDR)中描述。PDR公开了在不同癌症的治疗中已经使用的药物的剂量。治疗有效的这些前述化疗剂的给药方案和剂量将取决于被治疗的具体癌症、疾病的程度和本领域医师熟悉的其它因素,并且可以由医师来决定。例如,2006版的Physician′s Desk Reference公开了泰索帝(Taxotere)(见2947页)是微管蛋白解聚的抑制剂;阿霉素(见786页)、盐酸多柔比星脂质体(Doxil)(见3302页)和奥沙利铂(oxaliplatin)(见2908页)是DNA相互作用剂,伊立替康(Irinotecal)(见2602页)是拓扑异构酶I抑制剂,爱必妥(Erbitux)(见937页)和特罗凯(Tarceva)(见2470页)与表皮生长因子受体相互作用。PDR的内容通过引用以其整体明确并入本文。本领域技术人员能够使用一种或多种以下参数查阅PDR,以确定可以依据本发明的教导使用的化疗剂和偶联物的给药方案和剂量。这些参数包括:
1.综合指数
a)通过制造商
b)产品(通过公司名称或商标药物名称)
c)分类索引(例如,“抗组胺剂”、“DNA烷基化剂”、紫杉烷等)
d)总的/化学的索引(无商标的普通药物名称)
2.药物的彩色图像
3.产品信息,与FDA标签一致
a)化学信息
b)功能/作用
c)适应症&禁忌征候
d)试验研究、副作用、警告
前述参考文献、专利申请和专利每一篇的整体内容,通过引用以其整体——非限制性地包括说明书、权利要求和摘要以及任意图、表或其附图——明确并入本文。
实施例
不被任何特定方面所束缚,描述具有与细胞结合剂偶联的不同反应性连接体的聚乙二醇((CH2CH2O)n)连接的药物的合成方法。这些偶联方法包括抗体与药物如美登木素生物碱经聚乙二醇连接体通过在N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)反应基处的反应连接的一步偶联。
还描述的是合成具有与抗体偶联的不同反应性连接体的、含二硫基的聚乙二醇((CH2CH2O)n)连接的药物的方法。这些偶联方法包括抗体与药物如美登木素生物碱用具有二硫基的聚乙二醇((CH2CH2O)n)连接体经N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)反应基处的反应连接的一步偶联。
仅为示例的下列实施例并非意图限制本发明。
实施例I
通过含有传统脂肪族碳间隔物的二硫连接体,使抗体以每抗体分
子连接数个美登木素生物碱分子进行偶联:
在将抗体与美登木素生物碱DM4或DM1数个分子偶联的两步法中,人源化抗体首先用商业上可得的含胺反应性N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺基(NHS基)和硫羟反应性2-比啶基二硫基(-SSPy基)的异双官能连接体(SPDB)修饰,以将数个连接体分子并入抗体分子中(如W.C.Widdison等,J.Med.Chem.,2006,49,4392-4408中所述)。在将反应连接体并入抗体分子中后,在第二反应步骤中,具有反应性硫羟基团的美登木素生物碱DM4或DM1被加入到连接体修饰的抗体上,以通过二硫键使美登木素生物碱与抗体偶联。在具体的实例中,在pH值为6.5-8的水性缓冲溶液中、室温下,使用10-15倍摩尔过量的商业上可获得的带有-(CH2)-n烷基的异双官能连接体(如SPDB、SPP、SPDP),修饰浓度为5-10mg/ml的人源化抗体0.25-3小时,然后通过凝胶过滤(使用例如Sephadex G25色谱)纯化,以高产率(一般为80-90%的产率)获得用平均每个抗体分子8-12个连接体基团修饰的抗体。在将过量1,4-二硫苏糖醇(DTT)试剂加入到少量的连接体修饰的抗体样品的等分试剂中之后,基于2-硫代吡啶酮在343nm处的吸光度(ε343nm=8080M-1cm-1),通过测量释放的2-硫代吡啶酮来评估连接的基团。在测量抗体上连接的反应基之后,浓度为2.5mg/ml的连接体修饰的抗体与过量美登木素生物碱DM4(对反应性连接体,1.7倍摩尔过量的DM4硫羟)在pH值6.5下偶联。但是,在抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联反应期间观察到沉淀,并且在通过凝胶过滤纯化抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物之后,获得低产率的抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物(~38-60%产率)。根据在252nm和280nm处的吸光度测量并且使用美登木素生物碱和抗体在252nm和280nm处的消光系数,来确定每个抗体分子上连接的美登木素生物碱的数目。除了在约1-1.5mg/ml下沉淀和抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物的低产率之外,每抗体中结合的美登木素生物碱的数目显著低于(每抗体分子上平均约5.2-5.5个美登木素生物碱分子)基于并入每抗体分子中的最初反应连接体基团的更大的平均数目(每抗体分子上平均约8-12个美登木素生物碱分子)所预期的,这说明较多的带有美登木素生物碱的抗体偶联物被沉淀。在另一实例中,人源化抗体首先用SPDB异双官能连接体修饰以在每个抗体分子中并入11个吡啶基二硫基团,在用1.7倍摩尔过量的DM4美登木素生物碱硫羟进行第二反应之后,其在反应化合物中显示出明显的沉淀,这导致抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物<30%的非常差的收率。一般而言,使用商业上可获得的具有脂肪族间隔物的异双官能连接体如SPDB或SPDP,对于抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物浓度为1mg/ml或更高时,很难以高偶联产率在每个抗体上并入高于4或5个美登木素生物碱分子。该观察到的沉淀和具有SPDB-或SPDP-衍生的连接体的抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物的低产率在抗体的初始SPDB-或SPDP-连接体修饰后(在与美登木素生物碱偶联前)未被发现,这说明抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物的聚集和沉淀大概由于连接疏水分子而引起。
实施例II
通过含有亲水性聚环氧乙烷间隔物(PEG
n
或(-CH
2
-CH
2
-O)
n=1-14
)的
二硫连接体,使抗体以每抗体分子连接数个美登木素生物碱分子进行
偶联:
为研究亲水性间隔物如聚环氧乙烷(PEGn或(-CH2-CH2-O)n=1-14)是否能够大体阻止带有大数目的美登木素生物碱分子(每个抗体平均>4个)的抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物的聚集和沉淀,几种新的异双官能和单官能美登木素生物碱衍生物被制备,其能够通过直接改性或二步反应与抗体偶联,所述二步反应包括在赖氨酸残基处进行抗体的初始衍生化,然后使美登木素生物碱反应(参见例如图3、6、11和12)。
合成15-(2-吡啶基二硫基)-4,7,10,13-四氧杂十五烷酸
在10mL的圆底烧瓶中的5.0mL的1,2-甲氧基乙烷中制备2,2’-二硫代联吡啶(aldrithiol-2)(1.17g,5.31mm0l)溶液。向反应烧瓶中加入溶解在1.0mL的1,2-二甲氧基乙烷中的3-(2-硫代四甘醇)丙酸(QuantaBiodesign,490mg,1.73mmol)溶液。反应在搅拌下进行3.5小时,通过二氧化硅层析用在二氯甲烷中5%的甲醇洗提来纯化产物。真空中除去溶剂,产生432mg期望的产物(64%的产率)。
合成PySS-PEG4-NHS[15-(2-吡啶基二硫基)-4,7,10,13-四氧杂十五烷酸-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯]
10mL的圆底烧瓶装有15-(2-吡啶基二硫基)-4,7,10,13-四氧杂十五烷酸(431mg,1.10mmol)、5.0mL的二氯甲烷和搅拌棒。N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(3.6mg,0.31mmol)和盐酸1-[3-(二甲基氨基)丙基]-3-乙基碳二亚胺(6.8mg,0.036mmol)被加入反应容器,反应在搅拌下、室温下进行2小时。通过二氧化硅层析用在二氯甲烷中7%的1,2-二甲氧基乙烷洗提来纯化产物。真空中除去溶剂,产生206mg期望的产物(38%的产率)。MS:m/z:发现:511.1(M+Na)+,计算:511.2。
合成15-(DM4-二硫基)-4,7,10,13-四氧杂十五烷酸
在0.75mL的1,2-二甲氧基乙烷中制备N2’-脱乙酰基-N2’-(4-巯基-4-甲基-1-氧代戊基)美登素(DM4,18.6mg,0.0239mmol)和15-(2-吡啶基二硫基)-4,7,10,13-四氧杂十五烷酸(14.0mg,0.0358mmol)的溶液。4-甲基吗啉(6.0mg,0.0597mmol)被加入反应容器,反应在搅拌下、室温下进行24小时。反应完成后,粗制反应混合物被真空干燥并进行使用,而未进一步纯化(图6)。
合成15-(DM4-二硫基)-4,7,10,13-四氧杂十五烷酸-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯(DM4-SPEG4-NHS)
粗制的15-(DM4-二硫基)-4,7,10,13-四氧杂十五烷酸被溶解在2.0mL二氯甲烷中,并与N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(3.6mg,0.31mmol)和盐酸1-[3-(二甲基氨基)丙基]-3-乙基碳二亚胺(6.8mg,0.036mmol)结合。溶液被搅拌2.5小时,通过二氧化硅层析用在二氯甲烷中4%的甲醇洗提来纯化产物。真空中除去溶剂,产生15.0mg期望的产物(54%的产率)。MS:m/z:发现:1179.3(M+Na)+,计算:1179.4(图6)。
使用含有亲水性聚环氧乙烷间隔物(PEGn或(-CH2-CH2-O)n=1-14)的二硫连接体,使抗体连接每抗体分子大数目的美登木素生物碱分子的二步偶联:
当新的异双官能试剂与亲水性间隔物如聚环氧乙烷(PEGn或(-CH2-CH2-O)n=1-14)被用于修饰抗体,然后与DM4硫醇偶联时,进行新的观察。带有亲水性PEGn间隔物的抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物的偶联混合物没有显示出任何的沉淀,并始终给出高偶联物产率(>70%)以及非常高的单体部分(>90%)。作为例子,在数倍摩尔过量于抗体浓度下,在PH为8的缓冲液中,用PySS-PEG4-NHS试剂对浓度为8mg/ml的人源化抗体修饰,在30℃进行1小时,然后凝胶过滤进行纯化。每抗体分子连接的二硫代吡啶基被评估为约4-16个,该评估通过等分试样的2-硫代吡啶酮的释放试验进行,其中使用过量的二硫苏糖醇(dithiothereitol),基于1.4倍摩尔过量的DM4美登木素生物碱硫醇被加入每个二硫代吡啶基-PEGn-连接体修饰的抗体溶液中用于偶联步骤一一在pH为6.5下25℃下过夜,然后通过凝胶过滤纯化偶联物(图12)。对带有不同初始连接体并入物的不同偶联混合物来说,最终每抗体并入的美登木素生物碱值的范围为每抗体分子平均3至9个美登木素生物碱,没有观察到沉淀,产率>70%,和非常高的单体部分(>90%单体,基于使用20%异丙醇或0.4M高氯酸纳的体积排阻TSK-GEL G3000HPLC)。通过HiSep混合模式层析(Mixed-Mode chromatography)(HiSep柱,Supelco),确定最终的偶联物中未偶联的药物为少于0.6%,这表示美登木素生物碱与抗体共价连接。在另一实例中,在数倍摩尔过量于抗体的浓度下,在pH为6.5的缓冲液中,用PySS-PEG4-NHS试剂对浓度为8mg/ml的人源化抗体进行修饰,在25℃下进行1.5小时,然后通过凝胶过滤纯化。抗体样品上的具有二硫代吡啶基-PEGn的连接体基团被评估为每抗体分子6-18个,其然后与1.3-1.7倍摩尔过量的DM4美登木素生物碱硫醇在pH6.5、25℃下反应过夜,然后通过凝胶过滤纯化。没有观察到沉淀,最终的约1-2mg/ml的抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物样品显示高的单体部分(>90%),这表示没有聚集、每抗体约3.1至7.1的大数目的共价连接的美登木素生物碱分子,以及很少的未偶联的美登木素生物碱(<1.7%的未偶联美登木素生物碱,用HiSep层析评估)。在4℃下储存后直至分析的最长时间(1.5个月),每抗体高药物负载的偶联物是稳定的。
使用含有亲水性聚环氧乙烷间隔物(PEGn或(-CH2-CH2-O)n=1-14)的二硫连接体,使抗体连接每抗体分子大数目的美登木素生物碱分子的一步偶联:
在一步偶联方法中,通过在pH为8的缓冲液中,在30℃下,偶联4mg/ml浓度的人源化抗体和10-20倍摩尔过量的DM4-SPEG4-NHS试剂2小时,生成具有含亲水性聚环氧乙烷间隔物(PEGn或(-CH2-CH2-O)n=1-14)的二硫连接体的抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物,随后用凝胶过滤纯化以获得浓度为1.4mg/ml的、每抗体分子偶联6.6个美登木素生物碱(82%单体)的抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物(图11)。因此,2步法和1步法都被用于使用含亲水聚环氧乙烷间隔物(PEGn或(-CH2-CH2-O)n=1-14)的二硫连接体,获得每抗体分子大数目的连接的美登木素生物碱。
实施例III
通过含有亲水性聚环氧乙烷间隔物(PEG
n
或(-CH
2
-CH
2
-O)
n=1-14
)的
硫醚连接体,使抗体以每抗体分子连接数个美登木素生物碱分子进行
偶联:
为直接修饰抗体的赖氨酸残基,带有传统的脂肪族连接体如衍生自SPP的烷基连接体的美登木素生物碱的N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯(在W.C.Widdison等,J.Med.Chem.,2006,49,4392-4408中描述)被初始用于在1步法中偶联抗体。尝试将5mg/ml的人源化抗体与作为测试试剂的8倍摩尔过量的DM1-SPP-NHS试剂在pH为8的缓冲液中、在30℃下偶联2小时(随后凝胶过滤并渗析),这导致明显的沉淀和聚集,以致最终的偶联物仅有61%的单体,每抗体约3.3个连接的美登木素生物碱。与之相反,在相似条件下使用DM1-Mal-PEG4-NHS试剂得到的1.1mg/ml的偶联物,其中每抗体5.4个连接的美登木素生物碱分子,在最终的偶联物中没有沉淀(图7或9)。类似地,DM1-Mal-PEG2-NHS试剂被用于获得每抗体分子经硫醚键连接的大数目的偶联美登木素生物碱。在另一实例中,4mg/ml的鼠科IgG1抗体与10和20倍摩尔过量的DM1-Mal-PEG4-NHS试剂在pH 8的缓冲液中、30℃下偶联2小时,随后凝胶过滤以获得浓度为约1mg/ml的抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物,其中每抗体分子4.1和7.8个共价偶联的美登木素生物碱分子(98%单体),具有不能检出水平的未偶联药物(HiSep HPLC试验)。在另一实例中,人源化抗体与过量DM1-Mal-PEG4-NHS试剂偶联以获得每抗体平均10.7个连接的美登木素生物碱分子(99%单体;1.1mg/ml浓度)。PEG4-连接的硫醚偶联物还可以使用图8和图10中列出的二步偶联过程由抗体制备。因此,通过使用亲水性连接体如PEGn或(-CH2-CH2-O)n,大数目的美登木素生物碱分子可以被并入每个抗体分子(参见例如图1、2、4、5、7、8、9、10、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20和21)。
合成DM 1-Mal-PEG2-NHS
N2’-脱乙酰基-N2’-(3-巯基-1-氧代丙基)-美登素(DM1,13.4mg,0.0182mmol)的溶液被在0.70mL的THF中制备,琥珀酰亚胺基-[(N-马来酰亚胺基丙酰胺基)-二甘醇]酯(NHS-PEG2-马来酰亚胺,QuantaBiodesign,11.6mg,0.0273mmol)被加入1.5mL的水性磷酸钾缓冲液(50mM,pH 6)和THF的2∶1(v/v)的混合物中。反应在搅拌下、室温下进行1小时,TLC分析表明反应完全。通过二氧化硅层析用二氯甲烷中8%乙醇洗提来纯化粗制反应混合物;真空中除去溶剂,得到6.0mg(28%产率)期望的产物。MS:m/z发现:1185.3(M+Na)+,计算:1184.4(图4)。
合成DM1-Mal-PEG4-NHS
N2’-脱乙酰基-N2’-(3-巯基-1-氧代丙基)-美登素(DM1,28.1mg,0.0381mmol)的溶液在0.50mL的THF中制备,琥珀酰亚胺基-[(N-马来酰亚胺基丙酰胺基)-四甘醇]酯(NHS-PEG4-马来酰亚胺,QuantaBiodesign,39.1mg,0.0762mmol)被加入1.5mL的水性磷酸钾缓冲液(50mM,pH 6)和THF的2∶1(v/v)的混合物中。反应在搅拌下、室温下进行1小时,TLC分析表明反应完全。通过二氧化硅层析用二氯甲烷中6%乙醇洗提来纯化粗制反应混合物;真空中除去溶剂,得到9.6mg(20%产率)期望的产物。MS:m/z:发现:1273.5(M+Na)+,计算:1273.5(图4)。
实施例IV
高美登木素生物碱负载抗体种类的质谱分析:
为分析具有亲水PEG连接体的高美登木素生物碱负载抗体种类,选择每抗体平均10.7个DM1的非常高美登木素生物碱负载的Ab-PEG4-Mal-DM1偶联物。该偶联物被去糖基化,然后通过ESI-TOFMS分析(图22)。质谱显示标注有不同数量的连接的美登木素生物碱的抗体的许多种类,所述美登木素生物碱的范围为每抗体4-15个药物,最多的是每抗体约8-9个药物。该分布是正态的,这表明对于高药物负载种类没有选择性消失,这与最终偶联物的高溶解度是一致的。每抗体平均10.7个DM1的高美登木素生物碱负载Ab-PEG4-Mal-DM1偶联物的尺寸排阻色谱HPLC显示了出人意料大量的单体,>99%(图23)。
实施例V
高美登木素生物碱负载抗体种类的FACS结合与未修饰抗体的
FACS结合相似:
将几种抗体的高美登木素生物碱负载偶联物的结合与对不同靶点的未修饰抗体如EpCAM、CanAg和CD56通过流式细胞术进行比较。简单而言,将抗原-阳性细胞与偶联物或未修饰抗体在4℃下进行温育,然后与第二抗体-FITC偶联物在4℃下进行温育,用甲醛(1%在PBS中)固定并用流式细胞术分析。对于所有评估的偶联物来说,在偶联物的结合和未修饰抗体的结合之间没有观察到明显的差异。一个实例示于图24中,其中10.7个美登木素生物碱负载Ab-PEG4-Mal-DM1偶联物以与未修饰抗体相似的高亲合力结合至抗原-阳性细胞。
实施例VI
具有包含聚环氧乙烯间隔物(PEG
n
或(-CH
2
-CH
2
-O)
n
)的硫醚和二
硫连接体的抗体的美登木素生物碱偶联物的体外细胞毒性评估:
一般而言,在癌细胞与偶联物一起连续温育4-5天之后,使用WST-8细胞生存力试验,评估具有包含PEGn间隔物的硫醚和二硫连接体的抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物的细胞毒性作用。在96孔板的含有胎牛血清的常规生长培养基中,抗原-表达癌细胞(每个孔约1000-5000个细胞)与不同浓度的抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物温育约5天。然后加入WST-8试剂,约2-5小时之后在450nm下测量板的吸光度。存活分数对偶联物浓度作图以确定偶联物的IC50值(50%的细胞杀死浓度)。
图25显示对于PEG4连接的硫醚偶联物(Ab-PEG4-Mal-DM1),具有增加的药物负载的抗EpCAM Ab-美登木素生物碱偶联物的效价增加,这也显示,对于EpCAM抗原-阳性COLO205-多耐药性细胞(COLO205-MDR细胞),与每抗体约4个美登木素生物碱的相似药物负载的硫醚连接的SMCC-DM1和二硫连接的SPDB-DM4偶联物相比,具有较高的效价。硫醚连接的抗EpCAM Ab-PEG4-Mal-DM1偶联物在4.1和7.8个美登木素生物碱负载下的效价是新的,并且潜在地非常有望用于治疗应用。
图26显示抗CanAg Ab-美登木素生物碱偶联物对CanAg抗原-阳性COLO205-MDR细胞的细胞毒性活性。同样,与带有类似美登木素生物碱负载的硫醚连接的Ab-SMCC-DM1偶联物相比,硫醚连接的Ab-PEG4-Mal-DM1和Ab-PEG2-Mal-DM1偶联物再一次显示出较高的效价。
图27显示带有含PEG的硫醚和二硫连接体的抗CD56抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物对CD56-表达Molp-8多发性骨髓瘤细胞的细胞毒性活性。与具有3.8个药物的偶联物(IC50=1.9nM)相比,每抗体7.7个药物的硫醚连接的PEG4偶联物(Ab-PEG4Mal-DM1)在细胞毒性效价方面显示出乎意料的100倍的增加(IC50值为0.019nM)。
图28显示对于EpCAM-阳性多耐药性HCT15细胞,与每抗体约4个美登木素生物碱的相似药物负载的传统硫醚连接的SMCC-DM1相比,抗EpCAM Ab-美登木素生物碱偶联物负载PEG4连接的硫醚偶联物(Ab-PEG4-Mal-DM1)的效价增加。硫醚连接的抗EpCAMAb-PEG4-Mal-DM1偶联物的高效价是新发现,并潜在地非常有希望用于治疗应用。图29显示对于EpCAM-阳性多耐药性COLO 205细胞,与每抗体约4个美登木素生物碱的相似药物负载的传统硫醚连接的SMCC-DM1相比,抗EpCAM Ab-美登木素生物碱偶联物负载PEG4连接的硫醚偶联物(Ab-PEG4-Mal-DM1)的效价增加。硫醚连接的抗EpCAM Ab-PEG4-Mal-DM1偶联物的效价增加是新发现,并潜在地非常有希望用于治疗应用。图37显示对于EGFR-阳性UO-31人肾癌细胞,与带有3.7个美登木素生物碱/Ab的非亲水性SMCC-DM1偶联物相比,带有亲水性硫醚连接的PEG4连接体的抗EGFR Ab-美登木素生物碱偶联物(Ab-PEG4-Mal-DM1)的细胞毒性的效价增加。PEG4-Mal-DM1的效价大于带有传统连接体的SMCC-DM1偶联物的大约10倍。
实施例VII
体内药物代谢动力学:
将含有亲水性PEG4连接体和带有6.7D/A(美登木素生物碱/抗体)的人源化抗CD56抗体(Ab)-PEG4-Mal-DM1偶联物的血浆药物代谢动力学与含有传统脂肪族碳链连接体和带有4D/A的Ab-SMCC-DM1偶联物的血浆药物代谢动力学进行比较(图38A)。CD1小鼠被单次静脉内弹丸注射5mg/kg的偶联物(抗体基剂量;3个小鼠每组)。在上至4周的几个时间点收集血浆样品。使用ELISA分析血浆样品的抗体浓度和偶联物浓度。对于抗体ELISA,血浆样品被加入含有包被的固定的山羊抗人IgG(H+L)抗体的微量滴定板,清洗并使用辣根过氧化物酶-耦联的山羊抗人IgG(Fcγ)抗体检测。对于偶联物浓度,血浆样品被加入含有包被的固定的山羊抗人IgG(H+L)抗体的微量滴定板,清洗,并使用生物素化的抗美登素抗体和碱性磷酸酶-偶联的链霉抗生物素进行检测。抗体浓度和偶联物浓度的ELISA结果都表明带有亲水性PEG4连接体、具有高的6.7DM1/Ab负载的Ab-PEG4-Mal-DM1偶联物在4周的研究期间能够很好地保留在血浆中。
图38A显示使用带有高美登木素生物碱负载(6.7DM1/Ab)的PEG4连接体的抗体-美登木素生物碱偶联物相较于带有4DM1/Ab的标准连接体偶联物的体内药物代谢动力学。即使使用高的美登木素生物碱负载,带有6.7个美登木素生物碱/Ab的PEG4连接的硫醚偶联物(Ab-PEG4-Mal-DM1)比标准的偶联物的半衰期长。在另一实例中,在CD-1小鼠中以10-12mg/kg i.v.的剂量,将带有3H-标记DM1(在3.3美登木素生物碱/Ab处)的人源化C242Ab-PEG4-Mal-3H-DM1偶联物的血浆药物代谢动力学与未偶联抗体以及含有传统的脂肪族碳链连接体和带有相似的4.2D/A负载的Ab-SMCC-3H-DM1偶联物进行比较(图38B)。如通过抗体浓度(ELISA;图38B)和偶联物浓度(3H-标记计算)所测得的,在4周期间,与具有类似美登木素生物碱负载的传统SMCC-连接体偶联物相比,Ab-PEG4-Mal-3H-DM1偶联物显示出更高的血浆浓度。PEG4-Mal连接的偶联物的半衰期为16天,与之相比,SMCC连接的偶联物的半衰期为12.6天,因此,PEG4-Mal连接的偶联物比SMCC偶联物有大幅度提高(图38B)。重要地,10mg/kg i.v.剂量的带有3.3D/A的Ab-PEG4-Mal-DM1偶联物的曲线下的面积(AUC)(AUC=38790h.μg/mL)与类似12mg/kg i.v.剂量的未偶联的抗体的AUC(AUC=38798h.μg/mL)相似,但远远好于10mg/kg i.v.剂量的带有4.2D/A的Ab-SMCC-DM1偶联物在CD-1小鼠中的AUC(AUC=25910h.μg/mL)(图38B)。
实施例VIII
对于抗结肠癌(HCT15)异种移植物,比较抗EpCAM-美登木素生物
碱偶联物、muB38.1-MCC-DM1和muB38.1-PEG4-mal-DM1偶联物的
体内抗肿瘤活性
muB38.1-MCC-DM1和muB38.1-PEG4-mal-DM1偶联物的抗肿瘤作用在人结肠癌的异种移植物模型HCT15中进行评估,HCT15显示出过量表达P-糖蛋白并对多种药物具有抗性。在SCID小鼠右肩下的区域中皮下注射HCT15细胞(每动物1×107个细胞)。当肿瘤体积达到大小约140mm3时(肿瘤细胞接种后9天),小鼠按照肿瘤体积随机分成三个组(每组5个动物),每组用单次i.v.弹丸注射muB38.1-MCC-DM1(20mg偶联物蛋白/kg)、muB38.1-PEG4-mal-DM1(20mg偶联物蛋白/kg)或者磷酸盐缓冲液盐水(载体对照)进行处理。通过每周两次测量肿瘤大小来监测肿瘤的生长。用下式计算肿瘤大小:长×宽×高×1/2。
肿瘤体积的平均改变在例如图30中示出。在PBS对照组中,细胞接种后20天后,肿瘤达到600mm3的肿瘤体积。用muB38.1-MCC-DM1处理使得肿瘤的生长延缓15天。用muB38.1-PEG4-mal-DM1处理显示出更好的抗肿瘤效果,五只动物中的两只具有完全的肿瘤退行,其持续44天,三只动物肿瘤生长延缓32天。
因此,本发明的偶联物muB38.1-PEG4-mal-DM1比muB38.1-MCC-DM1在人结肠癌异种移植物模型上明显更有效。
实施例IX
对于抗结肠癌的异种移植物(COLO205-MDR),比较抗EpCAM-美
登木素生物碱偶联物(muB38.1-MCC-DM1和muB38.1-PEG4-mal-DM1)
的体内抗肿瘤活性
muB38.1-MCC-DM1和muB38.1-PEG4-mal-DM1偶联物的抗肿瘤作用在人结肠癌的异种移植物模型COLO205-MDR中进行评估,COLO205-MDR被工程化以过量表达P-糖蛋白。在SCID小鼠右肩下的区域中皮下注射COLO205-MDR细胞(每动物1×107个细胞)。当肿瘤体积达到大小约170mm3时(肿瘤细胞接种后8天),小鼠按照肿瘤体积随机分成三个组(每组6个动物),每组用单次i.v.弹丸注射muB38.1-MCC-DM1(20mg偶联物蛋白/kg)、muB38.1-PEG4-mal-DM1(抗体计量20mg/kg)或者磷酸盐缓冲液盐水(载体对照)进行处理。通过每周两次测量肿瘤大小来监测肿瘤的生长。用下式计算肿瘤大小:长×宽×高×1/2。
肿瘤体积的平均改变在例如图31中示出。在PBS对照组,在38天中肿瘤生长到约1000mm3。用muB38.1-MCC-DM1处理使得肿瘤生长延缓14天。用muB38.1-PEG4-mal-DM1处理具有显著的抗肿瘤效果,在所有的六只动物中导致完全的肿瘤退行(图31)。
类似的实验也针对COLO 205异种移植物进行。再一次,用B38.1-PEG4-mal-DM1处理更加有效,导致完全的肿瘤退行,而标准SMCC偶联物仅显示适度的肿瘤生长延迟(图32)。
用人源化抗CanAg抗体的偶联物获得类似的结果(图33)。
因此,本发明的偶联物,muB38.1-PEG4-mal-DM1比由用以前所述的连接体制备的偶联物muB38.1-MCC-DM1在该人结肠癌模型中显著地更加有效。
实施例X
评估PEG的长度:
用PEG4、PEG8、PEG12、PEG24连接体和不同数量的并入每个抗体的DMx制备几种Ab-PEGn-Mal-DMx偶联物。图34证明具有很高的17.1D/A负载的Ab-PEG24-Mal-DM1偶联物显示出与为修饰抗体相似的与抗原表达的癌细胞的结合(通过流式细胞术以相对平均荧光RMF单位测量的结合)。同样,通过细胞结合流式细胞术,带有4到8D/A的Ab-PEG24-Mal-DM1偶联物和Ab-PEG12-Mal-DM1偶联物显示出与未修饰抗体类似的结合。用PEG4、PEG8、PEG12、PEG24连接体制备的Ab-PEGn-Mal-DMx偶联物对于抗原阳性细胞在细胞毒性方面是有效的。图35显示在温育5天后具有4到17D/A的抗CanAg抗体(huC242)-PEGn-Mal-DM1偶联物杀死CanAg抗原阳性COLO205细胞,其有效的IC50为约0.1-0.5nM。Pgp表达的多抗药性COLO205-MDR细胞被带有4到17D/A的huC242-PEGn-Mal-DM1偶联物以有效方式杀死,其IC50为约0.05至0.5nM(图36)。具有高的17.1D/A的PEG24-Ma1-DM1偶联物比具有4D/A的PEG24-Mal-DM1偶联物在细胞毒性方面更有效(图34、36)。
Claims (17)
1.式(1)或(1’)化合物:
Z-X1-(-CH2-CH2-O-)n-Yp-D (1)
D-Yp-(-CH2-CH2-O-)n-X1-Z (1’)
其中:
Z表示能够与细胞结合剂形成酰胺键或硫醚键的反应性官能团;
D表示药物;
X表示经硫醚键、酰胺键、氨基甲酸酯键或醚键与所述细胞结合剂连接的脂肪族、芳香族或杂环单元;
Y表示经选自硫醚键、酰胺键、氨基甲酸酯键、醚键、胺键、碳碳键和腙键的共价键与所述药物连接的脂肪族、芳香族或杂环单元;
1为0或1;
p为0或1;以及
n为1到2000的整数。
2.式(2)或(2’)的细胞结合剂细胞毒性药物偶联物:
CB-[X1-(-CH2-CH2-O-)n-Yp-D]m (2)
[D-Yp-(-CH2-CH2-O-)n-X1]m-CB (2’)
其中:
CB表示细胞结合剂;
D表示药物;
X表示经硫醚键、酰胺键、氨基甲酸酯键或醚键与所述细胞结合剂连接的脂肪族、芳香族或杂环单元;
Y表示经选自硫醚键、酰胺键、氨基甲酸酯键、醚键、胺键、碳碳键和腙键的共价键与所述药物连接的脂肪族、芳香族或杂环单元;
l为0或1;
p为0或1:
m为2到15的整数;以及
n为1到2000的整数。
3.式(3)或(3’)化合物:
Z-X,-(-CH2-CH2O-)n-Y-D (3)
D-Y-(-CH2-CH2O-)n-Xi-Z (3′)
其中:
Z表示能够与细胞结合剂形成酰胺键或硫醚键的反应性官能团;
D表示药物;
X表示经硫醚键、酰胺键、氨基甲酸酯键或醚键与所述细胞结合剂连接的脂肪族、芳香族或杂环单元;
Y表示经二硫键与所述药物连接的脂肪族、非芳香族杂环或芳香族杂环单元;
l为0或1;以及
n为1到14的整数。
4.式(4)或(4’)的细胞结合剂细胞毒性药物偶联物:
CB-(X1-(-CH2-CH2O-)n-Y-D)m (4)
[D-Y-(-CH2-CH2O-)n-X1]m-CB (4’)
其中:
CB表示细胞结合剂;
D表示药物;
X表示经硫醚键、酰胺键、氨基甲酸酯键或醚键与所述细胞结合剂连接的脂肪族、芳香族或杂环单元;
Y表示经二硫键与所述药物连接的脂肪族、芳香族或杂环单元;
l为0或1;以及
m为3至8的整数;以及
n为1至14的整数。
5.根据权利要求2或4所述的偶联物,其中所述细胞结合剂是抗体、单链抗体、优先与靶细胞结合的抗体片段、单克隆抗体、单链单克隆抗体、单克隆抗体、双特异性抗体、与靶细胞特异性结合的片段、抗体模拟型adnectins、DARPin、淋巴因子、细胞因子、激素、生长因子、酶或营养转运分子。
6.根据权利要求2或4所述的偶联物,其中所述细胞结合剂是表面重塑单克隆抗体、表面重塑单链单克隆抗体或优先与靶细胞结合的表面重塑单克隆抗体片段。
7.根据权利要求2或4所述的偶联物,其中所述细胞结合剂是人源化单克隆抗体、人源化单链单克隆抗体或优先与靶细胞结合的人源化单克隆抗体片段。
8.根据权利要求5所述的偶联物,其中所述抗体是嵌合抗体、嵌合抗体片段、结构域抗体或其结构域抗体片段。
9.根据权利要求5所述的偶联物,其中所述抗体是MY9、抗B4、EpCAM、CD2、CD3、CD4、CD5、CD6、CD11、CD19、CD20、CD22、CD26、CD30、CD33、CD37、CD38、CD40、CD44、CD56、CD79、CD105、CD138、EphA受体、EphB受体、EGFR、EGFRvIII、HER2、HER3、间皮素、cripto、αvβ3整联蛋白、αvβ5整联蛋白、αvβ6整联蛋白或C242。
10.根据权利要求5所述的偶联物,其中所述抗体是选自My9-6、B4、C242、N901、DS6、EphA2受体、CD38、IGF-IR、CNTO 95、B-B4、曲妥单抗、帕妥珠单抗、比伐单抗、西罗珠单抗或利妥昔单抗的人源化抗体、人抗体或表面重塑抗体。
11.根据权利要求2或4所述的偶联物,其中所述细胞结合剂与选自以下的靶细胞结合:肿瘤细胞;病毒感染细胞、微生物感染细胞、寄生虫感染细胞、自身免疫细胞、活化细胞、骨髓细胞、活化T-细胞、B细胞或黑素细胞;表达IGF-IR、CanAg、EGFR、MUC1、MUC16、VEGF、TF、MY9、抗B4、EpCAM、CD2、CD3、CD4、CD5、CD6、CD11、CD11a、CD18、CD19、CD20、CD22、CD26、CD30、CD33、CD37、CD38、CD40、CD44、CD56、CD70、CD79、CD105、CD138、EphA受体、EphB受体、EGFRvIII、HER2/neu、HER3、间皮素、cripto、αvβ3整联蛋白、αvβ5整联蛋白、αvβ6整联蛋白、Apo2和C242抗原的一种或多种的细胞;或者表达胰岛素生长因子受体、表皮生长因子受体和叶酸受体的细胞。
12.根据权利要求11所述的偶联物,其中所述肿瘤细胞选自乳腺癌细胞、前列腺癌细胞、卵巢癌细胞、结肠癌细胞、胃癌细胞、鳞状细胞癌细胞、小细胞肺癌细胞和睾丸癌细胞。
13.一种药物组合物,包括有效量的权利要求2或4所述的药物-细胞结合剂偶联物、其药学上可接受的盐或溶剂化物,和药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂。
14.一种治疗疾病的方法,所述疾病对用所述方法的治疗敏感,所述方法包括将有效剂量的权利要求2或4所述的偶联物经肠胃外给予有需要的患者。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述疾病选自肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病、移植排斥、移植物抗宿主疾病、病毒感染和寄生虫感染。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述肿瘤选自肺癌、血癌、血浆癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌、前列腺癌、肾癌、胰腺癌、脑癌、骨癌、卵巢癌、睾丸癌及淋巴器官癌的一种或多种。
17.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述肿瘤表达以下的一种或多种:IGF-IR、FOLR1、CanAg、EGFR、EphA2、MUC1、MUC16、VEGF、TF、MY9、抗B4、EpCAM、CD2、CD3、CD4、CD5、CD6、CD11、CD 11a、CD18、CD19、CD20、CD22、CD26、CD30、CD33、CD37、CD38、CD40、CD44、CD56、CD70、CD79、CD105、CD138、EphA、EphB、EGFRvIII、HER2/neu、HER3、间皮素、cripto、αvβ3整联蛋白、αvβ5整联蛋白、αvβ6整联蛋白、Apo2和C242抗原。
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ZA201007806B (en) | 2013-01-30 |
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NZ588851A (en) | 2013-05-31 |
AU2009243009A1 (en) | 2009-11-05 |
RU2487877C2 (ru) | 2013-07-20 |
US20100129314A1 (en) | 2010-05-27 |
MX2010011808A (es) | 2011-03-04 |
AU2009243009B2 (en) | 2014-09-11 |
CN102083461B (zh) | 2014-09-17 |
WO2009134952A2 (en) | 2009-11-05 |
WO2009134952A3 (en) | 2010-01-07 |
WO2009134976A1 (en) | 2009-11-05 |
EP2276506A4 (en) | 2014-05-07 |
IL208937A0 (en) | 2011-01-31 |
CA2722109A1 (en) | 2009-11-05 |
US9150649B2 (en) | 2015-10-06 |
US20160114052A1 (en) | 2016-04-28 |
KR20100137585A (ko) | 2010-12-30 |
EP2276506A1 (en) | 2011-01-26 |
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