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CN104098408B - 一种叶菜类蔬菜的栽培方法 - Google Patents

一种叶菜类蔬菜的栽培方法 Download PDF

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CN104098408B
CN104098408B CN201410370087.1A CN201410370087A CN104098408B CN 104098408 B CN104098408 B CN 104098408B CN 201410370087 A CN201410370087 A CN 201410370087A CN 104098408 B CN104098408 B CN 104098408B
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周晓兰
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Abstract

本发明提供一种叶菜类栽培方法,包括以下步骤:(1)移栽育成的叶菜蔬菜幼苗,(2)施肥:在移栽时,以及开始收获到收获末期中间对土壤各施用一次有机肥;由以下重量组分的原料制备而成:蔬菜残株堆肥产物60~80份、竹炭灰10~20份、贝壳粉3~4份、木醋液8~15份,腐植酸5~15份,微量元素2~10份,海藻粉末10~15份,蓖麻粕10~15份,木质素8-12份、硅藻土10~15、钙基膨润土16~25。能够提高蔬菜干物质积累量,叶绿素含量,保持土壤肥力及微生物环境平衡,是一种健康、安全、环保的栽培方法。

Description

一种叶菜类蔬菜的栽培方法
技术领域
本发明涉及栽培技术,特别是一种叶菜类蔬菜的栽培方法。
背景技术
随着我国改革开放和经济发展,我国畜牧业得到迅猛发展,大大改善和丰富了市民的“菜篮子”,提高了人民群众的生活水平。未经任何处理的畜禽粪尿废水直接流入河流、湖泊,导致大量的氮、磷流失,造成水体污染及富营养化,破坏了自然生态环境;而把粪便等固体废弃物随意堆放,不仅占用了大量的土地,而且在堆放中还会产生大量的恶臭物质和硝酸盐而污染大气和地下水,雨天则因污水四溢,常引起附近居民的极大不满。畜禽粪便与其它工业污染物不同,其中含有丰富的肥源。畜禽粪便除含有丰富的有机物质外,还含有农作物所需的大量营养元素如:氮、磷、钾等,施用到农田后,对于提高土壤肥力,改善土壤结构,增强土壤持续生产能力具有重要的作用。然而,新鲜鸭粪中,也含有大量未完全消化的易生物降解的有机污染物,直接施用将会造成二次污染,并会引起植物根部腐烂等烧苗现象,必须要经过腐殖化,才能施用于农田。采用高效率技术手段对畜禽粪便进行处理和利用,是亟需解决的一个问题。
叶类蔬菜包括白菜类、绿叶菜类、葱韭类、芽莱类等几大类。白菜类中包括大白菜、结球甘蓝等,绿叶菜类中包括菠菜、芹菜、油菜、香菜(芫荽)、生菜、空心菜(蕹菜)、木耳菜、荠菜、苋菜、茼蒿、乌塌菜、茴香等,葱韭类中包括的韭菜、蒜苗等,芽菜类中的豌豆苗、菊苣芽、荞麦芽、萝卜芽、佛手瓜嫩梢等;无公害蔬菜已成为国内人民的强烈要求,无公害蔬菜必须控制好的五大要素:空气、水质、土壤、肥料和农药;有机肥的应用于叶类蔬菜是生产无公害蔬菜的必要条件。肥料的正确使用,是生产无公害叶类蔬菜的关键环节之一。农业部近期颁布实施的国家农业行业标准,对生产绿色蔬菜的肥料使用准则也做了明确的规定,要求施肥原则要以有机肥为主,保持或增加土壤肥力及土壤微生物活性,同时所使用的肥料不应对菜园环境和蔬菜品质产生不良影响。
发明内容
本发明根据上述领域的需求,提供一种叶菜类蔬菜的栽培方法,能够提高蔬菜干物质积累量,叶绿素含量,保持土壤肥力及微生物环境平衡,是一种适合于健康、安全、环保的农业用肥。技术方案如下:
一种叶菜类蔬菜的栽培方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)移栽育成的叶菜蔬菜幼苗,
(2)施肥:在移栽时,以及开始收获到收获末期中间对土壤各施用一次有机肥;
其特征在于:所述有机肥由以下重量组分的原料制备而成:蔬菜残株堆肥产物60~80份、竹炭灰10~20份、贝壳粉3~4份、木醋液8~15份,腐植酸5~15份,微量元素2~10份,海藻粉末10~15份,蓖麻粕10~15份,木质素8-12份、硅藻土10~15、钙基膨润土16~25;
所述微量元素由农用稀土、硼砂、硫酸铜、硫酸锰和七水硫酸锌按重量比例2:1:1:1:1组成。
所述海藻粉末指褐藻干燥后制成的粉末。
所述原料重量组分为:蔬菜残株80份、竹炭灰15份、贝壳粉4份、木醋液12份,腐植酸12份,微量元素7份,海藻粉末15份,蓖麻粕13份,木质素10份、硅藻土10份、钙基膨润土20份。
有机肥的制备方法为:
1)将蔬菜残株粉碎至0.5cm-1.2cm长度,
2)按比例加入竹炭灰、贝壳粉、腐植酸,微量元素,海藻粉末蓖麻粕、木质素、硅藻土10~15、钙基膨润土搅拌均匀后,调节C/N比至25、加入木醋液后,用水调节含水量为60%,调整pH值至6.2;
3)按蔬菜残株重量的1%加入堆肥接种剂,活菌数≥2×109cfu/g,堆成剁压实,每7天翻堆一次,至堆体中心点温度降至30℃以下,蔬菜残株粉碎物颜色变深得到有机肥。
本发明的提供的叶菜蔬菜栽培方法,特点在于采用了一种独家研制的有机肥,其中的蔬菜残株保存有大量微量元素、粗纤维、蛋白质等养分;竹炭灰、贝壳粉、微量元素用于提供蔬菜所需的钙,镁、铁及微量元素;木醋液、腐植酸、海藻粉末、蓖麻粕、木质素、硅藻土、钙基膨润土在保持土壤肥力,维持微生物平衡以减少土壤病害、土壤疏松透气,缓释养分方面起协同作用。本发明提供的有机肥非常适合于现代有机农业秉持的健康、安全、环保、营养等理念。而成本也并没有太高。
相同的栽培管理条件下,其育出的蔬菜苗在根系活力、叶绿素含量,全株干重、叶片数及产量方面都优于现有常规育苗基质。蔬菜收获后的土壤无板结,病害等现象,微生物环境良好。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步的详细说明。
原料:如无特别说明,本发明采用的原料均为可采购的常规原料。
有机肥配方1:蔬菜残株60份、竹炭灰10份、贝壳粉3份、木醋液15份,腐植酸5份,微量元素2份,海藻粉末10份,蓖麻粕15份,木质素8份、硅藻土15份、钙基膨润土16份;
有机肥配方2:蔬菜残株80份、竹炭灰15份、贝壳粉4份、木醋液12份,腐植酸12份,微量元素7份,海藻粉末15份,蓖麻粕13份,木质素10份、硅藻土10份、钙基膨润土20份
有机肥配方3:蔬菜残株70份、竹炭灰20份、贝壳粉4份、木醋液8份,腐植酸15份,微量元素10份,海藻粉末12份,蓖麻粕10份,木质素12份、硅藻土12份、钙基膨润土25份;
以上配方指,微量元素:用农用稀土、硼砂、硫酸铜、硫酸锰和七水硫酸锌按重量比例2:1:1:1:1组成。
有机肥制备方法
1)将蔬菜残株粉碎至0.5cm-1.2cm长度,
2)按比例加入竹炭灰、贝壳粉、腐植酸,微量元素,海藻粉末蓖麻粕、木质素、硅藻土10~15、钙基膨润土搅拌均匀后,调节C/N比至25、加入木醋液后,用水调节含水量为60%,调整pH值至6.2;
3)按蔬菜残株重量的1%加入堆肥接种剂,活菌数≥2×109cfu/g,堆成剁压实,每7天翻堆一次,至堆体中心点温度降至30℃以下,蔬菜残株粉碎物颜色变深得到有机肥1号,2号,3号。
实施例2.本发明的育苗基质对芹菜幼苗生长发育的作用
试验品种为:文图拉,种子购于中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所种子门市部。
对照肥为:花多多1号(N-P2O5-K2O=20-20-20)、花多多8号(N-P2O5-K2O=20-10-20),水溶性速效肥购自北京大汉农业科技有限公司。
4月初,芹菜种子经浸种、消毒后进行变温(20℃/10℃,12h/12h)催芽。4月2日,选择发芽整齐一致的种子播入田间。
试验地块上:移植前在土壤1~5cm深度拌入本发明所制得的有机肥,比例为有机肥和土壤重量比为1:6~10;
开始收割到收割结束期中间,在根部薄施(约0.2~0.5cm厚)一层有机肥;
对照地块按说明书施用花多多1号和8号。
苗期其他管理同常规。
6月份进行测定:每处理随机选取芹菜幼苗10株,3次重复,调查幼苗叶片数、全株干重。叶片数、全株干重分别比对照增加了25%、28%,达到了差异显著水平
根系活力测定采用氯化三苯基四氮唑法(TTC):幼苗根系活力比对照提高了30%。
产量增加的幅度较大,比对照增加了20%。

Claims (4)

1.一种叶菜类蔬菜的栽培方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)移栽育成的叶菜蔬菜幼苗,
(2)施肥:在移栽时,以及开始收获到收获末期中间对土壤各施用一次有机肥;
其特征在于:所述有机肥由以下重量组分的原料制备而成:蔬菜残株堆肥产物60~80份、竹炭灰10~20份、贝壳粉3~4份、木醋液8~15份,腐植酸5~15份,微量元素2~10份,海藻粉末10~15份,蓖麻粕10~15份,木质素8-12份、硅藻土10~15、钙基膨润土16~25;
所述微量元素由农用稀土、硼砂、硫酸铜、硫酸锰和七水硫酸锌按重量比例2:1:1:1:1组成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的栽培方法,所述蔬菜残株堆肥产物指将蔬菜残株粉碎物的C/N比调整为25,含水量调为60%,按蔬菜残株总重量的0.5%加入活菌数≥2×109cfu/g的堆肥接种剂,经堆肥发酵过程制得的产物,所述蔬菜残株指被采摘结束后遗弃于田间的蔬菜残余植株或组织。
3.根据权利要求1~2任一所述的栽培方法,所述海藻粉末指褐藻干燥后制成的粉末。
4.根据权利要求1~2任一所述的栽培方法,所述有机肥的制备方法如下:
1)将蔬菜残株粉碎至0.5cm-1.2cm长度;
2)按比例加入竹炭灰、贝壳粉、腐植酸,微量元素,海藻粉末蓖麻粕、木质素、硅藻土、钙基膨润土搅拌均匀后,调节碳/氮比至25、加入木醋液后,用水调节含水量为60%,调整pH值至6.2;
3)按蔬菜残株重量的1%加入堆肥接种剂,活菌数≥2×109cfu/g,堆成剁压实,每7天翻堆一次,至堆体中心点温度降至30℃以下,蔬菜残株粉碎物颜色变深得到有机肥。
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CN108633691A (zh) * 2018-06-20 2018-10-12 保山市斛皇铁皮石斛有限公司 一种蔬菜种植用有机矿物质营养土
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