CA1088236A - Water-reduced urethane coating compositions - Google Patents

Abstract

Abstract of the Disclosure A water-diluted, ungelled, non-sedimenting polyurethane and a process for preparing such a polyurethane in the presence of water is disclosed. The polyurethanes of the present invention are prepared by first dispersing an NCO-containing polymer in water, which is then chain extended with a material such as an organic diamine. Thermo-setting compositions can be made by adding curing agent to the chain extended material. Curing agents can also be incorporated into the polymer molecule either in the making of the partially reacted NCO-containing prepolymer or by further reaction with the partially reacted NCO-containing prepolymer. The water-dispersed polyurethanes of the present invention are excellent film formers, capable of making coatings with a wide spectrum of desirable properties. In addition, they can be added to other water-compatible compositions to improve flexibility, hardness, drying and other coating properties.

Description

`~" 1088Z36 This application is a divisional of S.N. 253,299, filed May 26, 1976, and is directed to a stable aqueous dispersion of a non-gelled poly-urethane wherein a partially reacted NCO-containing polymer containing salt groups and highly active hydrogens is reacted in the presence of water with a particular type of active hydrogen-containing compound. The parent application is directed to water-diluted ungelled non-sedimenting polyurethane compositions wherein a completely reacted NCO-containing polymer containing salt groups has been reacted in the presence of water with the particular type of active hydrogen-containing compound.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention: The present invention relates to poly-urethane resins, more particularly, to water-dispersed polyurethane resins which are film formers.

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1~88Z36 Brief Description o~ the Prior ~rt: Water-dispers~ble poly-urethanes are known in the art. ~or exa~ple, V.S. Patent 2,968,575 to ~allonee discloses emulsifying NC0-containing prepolymers in a solution of diamine and water with the aid of detergents and under the action of powerful shearing forces. ~ -A chain lengthening reaction takes place as water and diamine diffuse into the droplets of the emulsion and react with the isocyanate. The resultant poly-(urethane-urea) can then be further processed to form a coating. The process described in U.S. Patent 2,968,575 has the disadvantage associated with it that -in order to form the emulsion, a detergent must be used. The detergent usually finds its way into the resultant coating where it can seriously detract from the ~ `
coating's overall physical and chemical properties. Besides, insufficient shearing force often results in unstable products, and the material can usually not be produced in typical reaction kettles because o the high shearing forces needed.
~- There have also been suggestions in the prior art to prepare fully reacted polyurethanes in organic solvent with internally contained salt groups which permit the polyurethane to be dispersed in water. For example, U.S. Patent 3,479,310 to Dieterich et al discloses dispersing a ully chain extended, NC0-free polyurethane having internally contained ionic salt groups in water without the aid of detergent.
However, chain extended high moIecular weight polyurethanes are very difficult to disperse satisfactorily in wa-ter. The resultant dispersions are airly coarse and they require a hiph percentage of salt groups for stability.
These high percentages of salt groups normally result in coatings which are moisture sensitive. In addltion, because the high molecular weight polyurethanes ~ are generally quite high in viscosity, they require extensive thinning with ;~ organic solvent before they have a sufficiently low-viscosity for dispersion ~ ~ without high shearing forces. The excess solvent must later be removed by steam : ' .

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, 1~88236 distillation or the like. Polyurethane dispersion6 of the present invention, on the other hand, which are prepared by first dispersing a low molecular weight partially reacted NC0-containing prepolymer which contains acid salt groups in an aqueous medium followed by chain extending in the aqueous medium have a finely particulated dispersed phase. By chain extending in aqueous medium, we have found that only a relatively small percentage of salt groups is needed for satisfactory dispersion. In addition, the low molecular weight prepolymer materials have sufficiently low viscosities that they can be dispersed neat at room temperature or in the presence of small amounts of organic solvents.
Further chain extension in water does not require additional solvent. It is believed that by making polyurethanes this way, the molecules of polyurethanes are coiled.
The idea of chain extending an NC0 prepolymer with internally contained acid salt groups in water with an organic polyamine is generally expected to give gels due to the reaction of polyacids with polyamines. In fact, this method of making crosslinked polyurethanes was generally disclosed in Canadian Patent 837,174 to Witt et al. This reference disclose6 the preparation of aqueous disperslons of high~y crosslinked polyurethanes. The polyurethanes are prepared by dispersing an NC0-containing prepolymer which has internally contained acid salt groups in water~ The prepolymer is reacted in water with a polyamine to give a highly crosslinked product. Crosslinking can also occur by using polyvalent counter ions of the ionic groups in the polymer. The process and the products prepared from the Witt et al process differ from the present inventlon in that highly crosslinked polyurethanes are prepared rather than un-gelled, solvent-soluble polyurethanes of the present invention. Highly cross-- linked products are undesirable because they are not solvent-soluble and will not readily coalesce to form continuous films. For coating or adhesive usage, gel must be avoided. Witt et al do not teach how to make ungelled film-forming polyurethanes.

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10~8Z36 U.S. Patent 3,868,350 discloses sedimenting aqueous solutions of thermoplastic polyurea powders made by reacting polyurethanes which contain free NCO groups and ionic groups with primary and/or secondary sliphstic diamines and/or dicarboxylic acid-bis-hydrazides at an NH to NCO ratio of from 0.1 to 0.95 in the presence of water. This patent acknowledges the difficulties in conform-ing ungelled or uncrosslinked polyurethanes by further reaction of NCO-polymers with chain extenders in the presence of water. The means U.S. Patent 3,868,350 uses to form ungelled products is to react an NCO-polymer of a specified salt content with a stoichiometric deficit of a specified chain extender. The final polymer product must have specified urethane, urea and sait group contents.
Although the resultant products are ungelled, they suffer from numerous short-comings. The products are sedimenting and not stable dispersions. Further, since the products of U.S. Patent 3,868,350 are prepared with specified chain extender in a stoichiometric deficit, and since the products must have a specif.~ed urethane, urea and salt group content, products of only a limited range of physical and chemical properties can be produced. Also, there is no highly active hydrogen reaction site on the prepolymer such as OH, NH2 for further curing with melamine, epoxy or polyisocyana~e. Besides the sedimented product cannot be used to make coatings without intensive heating (e.g., powder coatings) or strong organic solvents to dissolve the powders. Thus, conventional coating techniques such as spraying, dipping, electrodepositing, electrostatic spraying cannot be employed. Thus, the products of U.S. Patent 3,868,350 are thermoplastic and no provision is made for making thermosetting products. The coatings of the present invention overcome many of the shortcomings of the prior art and in many instances give coatings of superior properties, such as better gloss, durability and adhesion.
Therefore, from the above, there are numerous shortcomings in the prior art relating to water-dispersed, non-gelled polyurethanes. It is surprising - . . : .

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that ungelled polyurethane dispersions can be prepared by the present invention.
Besides, the polyurethane disperslons of the present invention are also sur-prisingly superior to those of the prior art, overcoming many of their short-comings The polyurethane dispersions of the present invention are ungelled, solvent soluble materials which are excellent film formers. They can easily be prepared not requiring detergent, high shearing forces, high temperature or excessive amounts of organic solvent for a satisfactory dispersion. The poly-urethane dispersions of the present invention are stable or non-settling. By this is meant that after the di6persion is prepared, the dispersed phase remains in dispersion and will not form hard sediments. They usually cannot be filtered by regular means. The polyurethanes of the present invention, although prepared in water, can be deposited as a coating which, when cured, is insensitive to humidity and moisture, which is an unusual combination of properties. Cured coatings prepared with the polyurethane dispersions of the present invention can be made with outstanding elastomeric properties such as high tensile strength, good ultimate elongation, excellent impact resistance and hardness, in addition to excellent solvent and humidity resistance.
SUMMARY OF THE IN~ENTION
The present invention relates to a non-sedimenting aqueous dis-persion of an ungelled polyurethane which is dispersible in the absence ofemulsifier.
In a first embodiment of the invention, high molecular weight materials useful for forming thermoplastic coating compositions are obtained by reacting in the presence of water:
(A) a substantially completely reacted NCO-containing polymer having salt groups having monovalent counter-ions and having a salt group equivalent weight of 6000 or less and being substantialIy free of reactive active hydrogens, said NCO-containing polymer formed from:

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~.oss236 (l) an organic polyisocyanate, and -

(2) a highly sctive hydrogen-containing material;
said organic polyisocyanate, said active hydrogen-containing material containing a total of not more than one gram-mole of compounds having an average functionality of 3 or more per 500 grams - -of organic polyisocyanate and active hydrogen-containing material;
said NC0-containing polymer having an NC0/highly active hydrogen ~-equivalent weight of at least 4/3;
(B) an active hydrogen-containing compound having an active hydrogen functionality of 2 or less in whlch the active hydrogens are more reactive with the NC0 groups in water to form a polyurethane ~; with an intrinsic viscosity of less than 2.0 deciliters per gram.
In a second embodiment of the invention, reaction products which ; are useful in the formation of thermosetting coatings are obtained by reacting ~
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(A) a partially reacted NC0-contalning prepoly es containing salt groups and highly active hydrogen s-lected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, thio, primary and secondary amlne, the ; polymer having a highly active hydrogen equivalent weight of `-10,000 or less, (B~ an active~hydrogen-containing oompound having at least one~
hydrogen more reactive with NC0 groups than water to form a poly-urethane having an intrinsic viscosity oP less than 4.0 deciliters per gram.
The polyurethanes oP the second embodiment are further reacted wlth;a curing agent such as an amine-aldehyde condensate, a phe l-aldehyde `~
condensate, a polyisocyanate or an epoxy-containing material to form a thermoset product. AIternately, the polyurethanes can be Pormulated to contain internal curing agent groups in the polymer molecule itself.

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The polyurethanes of the first embodiment of the invention can also be made thermosetting in nature. For thermosetting polymers, the poly-urethanes are either blended with a suitable externsl or internal curing agent as described immediately above.
Detailed Description The polyurethanes of the present invention are extremely dis-persible in aqueous medium, much better than would be expected from the prior art such as U.S. Patent 3,479,310 to Dieterich et al mentioned above. By better dispersibility or improved dispersibility is meant the polyurethanes can be dispersed in water with relatively few acid salt groups and form a inely particulated dispersed phase. ~lthough not intending to be bound by any theory, the reasons we believe the products of the invention have improved dispersi-bility is first, the ~C0-containing prepolymer is of relatively low molecular weight; secondly, by dispersing the low molecular weight NC0-containing pre- -polymer in water, water competes with the chain extender for reaction with the NC0 groups. Although the chain extender is more reactive with the NC0 groups than water, water is believed in many instances to react to a minor degree to form urea linkages and salt of carbamic acid. The surprising good dispersibility and product properties are difficult to explain. We believe these reactions can be responsible. Determination that water participates in the reaction can be made by dispersing an NC0-containing prepolymer in a mixture oi chain extender and water or in water itself and then adding a chain extender to the dispersion. In either instance, when an equivalent amount of chain extender to NC0 prepolymer is used, the amount of chaln extender remaining at the completion of the chain extension reaction is an indication of side reactions of the NC0 prepolymer with water. The extent of the reaction with water will depend on how much more active the chain extender is with the NC0 groups than water, the relative amounts of water and chain extender present in the dispersion ,,, ,, , ~ :
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~088236 and the time the NC0 prepolymer is dispersed in water before a chain extenter is added.
While it is relatively easy to make gelled products such as dis-closed by the aforementioned Witt et al patent, the preparation of non-gelled products is difficult.
In the practice of the first embodiment of the invention, reaction conditions are controlled and reactants carefully selected so as to get an un-gelled pr~duct. Whether or not a reaction mixture will gel is difficult to determine beforehand. A method based on trial and error is the only way to determine whether or not a set of reactants under specific reaction conditions will gel. However, a few general guidelines can be given. As will be descrlbed in more detail later, the NC0-containing polymer is prepared by reacting an organic polyisocyanate and an active hydrogen-containing compound having an average of at least 2 active hydrogens, The prepolymer is then chain extended in water with another active hydrogen-containing compound such as an organic amine. In the preparation o~ the NC0-polymer, if an approximately 4:3 equi-valent ratio of polyisocyanate to active hydrogen-containing compound is used and the reaction permitted to go to completion, a very high molecular weight prepolymer which is difficult to disperse will result. I either or both of the reactants are trifunctional or o greater functionality, the product in most instances will be a gel and not be dispersible at all. However, i the reactants are difunctional or contain a considerable amount of monofunctional ingredients to reduce the average functionality o the system, and reaction conditions are controlled to limlt the molecular weight, a readily dispersible prepolymer will result. This product can then be chain extended to form a useul product. However, the functionality, amount o chain extender and reaction conditions must be carefully controlled. Chain extender having an aYerage functionality of greater than 2 would probably gel such a high molecular weight .

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However, gelling could probably be avoided if a sufficient excess of chain extender were used or if a sufficient amount of monofunctional c~ain extender or a chain extender with drastically diPferent reactive groups were used to reduce the average functionality of the chain extender. In most instances, the use of a monofunctional chain extender alone will cause no problems and would result in an ungelled product.
In the second embodiment of the invention, the NC0-prepolymer reaction is intercepted before ~ompletion, for example, at about 25 to 75 percent completion. This avoids gelling as well as forming unstable products. Inter-ception can be accomplished by merely dispersing the partially reacted NC0-containing polymer in a mixture of water and chain extender when the described degree of reaction has been obtained. Such a product will be ungelled and of low molecular weight containing both free isocyanate and highly active hydrogens.
The product can be chain extended with mono- and difunctional chain extenders to PoIm a useful ungelled product. Chain extending with trifunctional or higher functionality chain extenders is tricky. Gel formation depends on how far the prepolymer formation reaction has been completed, the average functionality of reactants used in making the prepolymer, as well as the functionality, amount and type of chain extender, solubilization counter ion used, and methods of each addition. Empirical determination on a laboratory scale should be used to determine the tendency of this highly complex reaction system to gel. The experimental conditions should be carefully Pollowed.
The polyurethane dispersions of the present invention are ungelled and dispersible in the absence oP added emulsiPier, By the term "ungelled~' or "non-gelled" is meant the dispersed resin is substantially free oP crosslinking and has an intrinsic viscosity when dissolved in a suitable sol~ent ~ithout depolymerization. The intrinsic viscosity oP such a product is an indication 8 ~

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of molecular weight. A gelled polyurethane, on the other hand, since it has an essentially infinitely high molecular weight, will have an intrinsic viscosity too high to measure.
The intrinsic viscosity of various resins are determined by art-recogni~ed methods. Thus, the intrinsic viscosity of the resins of the present invention may be determined by first acidifying the resin. The aqueous solvent is removed either by evaporation or decantation. The acidified resin ~olid is then dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone or other suitable solvent at a concentra-tion of from 8 to 30 percent. ~his solution i8 further thinned with dimethyl -formamide to 0.5 percent and 0.25 percent concentrations. The resins may then be passed through a capillary viscometer to de~ermine the reduced viscosities.
-The intrinisc viscosity of the resin will then be determined by the following equation:

[~] = ~ reduced]c=0 = [~ reduce~ 0 25 + [~4reduced]0.25 .,~

~redUced]o 50~ = 2 [~ reduced~0 25 - [A~ redUced~o.5o where ~] is intrinsic viscosity and ~ reduced~0 25 is the reduced viscosity of 0.25 percent concentrat on and ~4 reduced~ 0 50 is the reduced viscosity of 0.50 percent concentration. The general methods of determining reduced viscosities are described in the art such as Textbook of Polymer Science, Billmeyer, Interscience Publishers, New York, 1957, pages 79~81, The non-gelled polyurethane polymers of the present inVention have intrinsic viscosities lower than 4.0 deciliters per gram, and prefersbly - lower than 2.0 deciliters per gram, and most prefersbly, wlthin the range o~
0!1 to 1.5 deciliters per gram; the intrinsic viscosities being determined for .. , - , ''"'-~ :' ' ~ ' ' ,.. . ,, :
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anionic polymers on tlle acid form of the poly~er; for non-quaternized cationic polymers on the basic form of the polymer and for quaternlzed polymers on the ionic form of the polymer itself.
By the term dispersible in the absence of added emulsifier is meant that the polyurethane dispersion usually needs no externally added emulsifier or detergent to maintain its stability, although, of course, emulsifiers may be used if desired. When the salt group equivalent weight is high, then a small amount of emulsifier may be used, if desired. Polyurethane dispersions of the present invention are usually very stable in that once they are dispersed, they will not settle or flocculate. They are non~sedimenting and cannot be filtered by conventional techniques.
The organic polyisocyanate which is used ln the instant invention ~ -can be an aliphatic or an aromatic polyisocyanate ar mixture of the two. Ali-phatic polyisocyanates are preferred since it has been found that these provide better color stability in the resultant coating. ~lso, diisocyanates are pre--: .
ferred, although higher polyisocyanates can be used in place of or in combination with diisocyanates and/or monoisocyanates. ~s indicated above, the average functiohality of the reactants used in making the aqueously dispersed poly-urethanes is important in controlling the tendency of the polymer to gel. Where higher functionality polyisocyanates are used, some monofunctional isocyanate should be present to reduce the average functionality. Examples of suitable higher polyisocyanates are 1,2,4-benzene triisocyanate and polymethylene poly-phenyl isocyanate. Examples of suitable monoisocyanates are cyclohexyl isocyanate and phenyl isocyanate.
Examples of suitable aromatic diisocyanates are 4,4~-diphenyl-methane diisocyanate and tolylene diisocyanate. Examples of suitable aliphatic diisocyanates are straight chain aliphatic diisocyanates such as 1,6~hexamethylene ?
diisocyanate. ~lso, cycloaliphatlc diisocyanates can be employed and are actually : - . . : ~; : . ~ .

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preferred because of color 8tability and lmpartlng hardness to the product.
Exa~ples include isophorone diisocyanate and 4,4~-methylene-bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate). This particular polyisocyanate is preferred and is commercially available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company under the trademark HYLENE W ~
Thioisocyanates corresponding to the above-described can be employed as well as mixed compounds containing both an isocyanate and a thio-isocyanate group.
Any suitable organic compound containing highly active hydrogens ~ay be used for reaction with the organic polyisocyanate to form the partially reacted NCO-containing polymers of the present invention. Highly active hydro-gens include hydrogen atoms attached to oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur, and thus --useful compounds will include those having at least two of these groups selected from -OH, -SH, -NH and -NH2. The moieties attached to each group can be aliphatic, aromatic, cycloaliphatic or o a mixed type, not including carbonyl, phosphenyl or sulfonyl linkages.
Examples of such compounds include amines, which includes poly-amines, aminoalcohols, mercapto-terminated derivatives, and alcohols, which ~includes polyhydroxy materials (polyols) which are preferred because of the ease of reaction they exhibit with polyisocyanates. Alcohols and amines generally give no side reactions, giving higher yields of urethane (or urea) product with no by-product and the products are hydrolytically stable. ~lso, with regard to polyols, there are a wide variety of materials a~ailable which can be selected to give a wide spectrum of desired properties. In addition, the polyols have desirable reaction rates with polyisocyanates. Both saturated and unsaturated ac~ive hydrogen-containing compounds can be used, but saturated materials are preferred because of superior coating properties.
The amines which can be employed in the preparation of the urethanes of the invention can be primary or secondary diamines or polyamines ~ : ' 1C~8823~;

in which the radicals attached to the nitrogen atoms can be satursted or un-saturated, aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, aromatic-substltuted aliphatic, aliphat:Lc-substituted aromatic or heterocyclic. Mixed amines in which the radicals are different such as, for example, aromatic and aliphatic can be employed and other non-reactive groups can be present attached to the carbon atom, such as oxygen, sulfur, halogen or nitroso. Exemplary of suitable ali-phatic and alicyclic diamines are the following: 1,2-ethylene diamine, 1,2-propylene diamine, 1,8-menthane diamine, isophorone diamine, propane-2,2-cyclohexyl amine and methane-bi~-(4-cyclohexyl amine), and H2N- (CH2-CH-O)X-CH2-CN-NH2 where x = 1 to 10.
Aromatic diamines such as the phenylene diamines and the toluene diamines can be employed. Exemplary of the aforesaid amines are: o-phenylene diamine and p-tolylene diamine. N-alkyl and N-aryl derivatives of the above amines can be employed such as, for example, N,N'-dimethyl-o-phenylene diamine, N,N'-di-p-tolyl-m-phenylene diamine, and p-amino-diphenylamine.
Polynuclear aromatic diamines can be employed in which the aromatic rings are attached by means of a valence bond such as, for example, 4,41-biphenyl diamine, methylene dianiline and monochloromethylene dianiline.
The use of amines dissolved in ketones is sometimes desirable because of better control over reaction conditions.
Besides the amines mentioned above, hydrazines and hydrazides such as are described later in the specification can also be employed.
Aminoalcohols, mercapto-terminated derivatives, hydroxy acids and amino acids can also be émployed as the highly active hydrogen compounds, Examples are: monoethanolamine, aminopropionic acid, N-(hydroxyethyl) ethylene diamine, 4-hyd~oxyben~oic scid, p-aminophenol and dimethylol propionic acid.
When amino acids are used, additional basic material should also be preRent to release NC0-reactive amines from Zwitterion complexes.
The highly active hydrogen-containing compound can, if desired, contain functional moieties which are capable of further reaction to cure the product. Examples would be active hydrogen-containing compounds which contained acrylic unsaturation which would enable the coating to be cured by ultraviolet light with vinyl monomers. Various curing mechanisms will be described in more detail later.
The polyhydroxyl materials or polyols can be either low or high molecular weight materials and in general will have average hydroxyl values as determined by ASTM designation E-222-67, Method B, between about 1000 and lO, and preferably between about 500 and 50. The term "polyol" is meant to include ~aterials having an average of two or more hydroxyl groups per molecule.
The polyols include low ~olecular weight diols, triols and higher alcohols, low molecular weight amide-containing polyols and higher polymeric polyols such as polyester polyols, polyether polyols and hydroxy-containing acrylic interpolymers. ~ ;
The low molecular weight diols, triols and higher alcohols useful in the instant invention are known in the art. They have hydroxy values of 200 or above, usually within the range of 1500 to 200. Such materials include aliphatic polyols, particularly alkylene polyols containing from 2 to 18 carbon atoms. Examples include ethylene glycol and l,4-butanediol; cycloaliphatic polyols such as 1,2-cyclohexanediol and cyclohexane dimethanol.~ Examples of triols and higher alcohols include trimethylolpropane and pentaerythritol, ~lso useful are polyols containing ether linkages such as diethylene glycol and oxyalkylated glycerol.
Where flexible and elastomeric properties are desired, the partially ~eacted NC0-containing polymer should preferably contain at least a portion of a '.' ' ' ' ~

10~823~;
higher molecular wei~ht polymeric polyol. Such a polymeric polyol should be predominantly linear (that is, absence of trifunctional or higher functionality ingredlents) to avoid gelling of the resultant polymeric product and should have a hydroxyl value of 200 or less, preferably within the range of about 150 to 30.
The most suitable polymeric polyols include polyalkylene ether polyols include thio ethers, polyester polyols including polyhydroxy polyester-amides and hydroxyl-containing polycaprolactones and hydroxy-containing acrylic interpolymers.
Any suitable polyalkylene ether polyol ~ay be used including those which have the following structural formula:

R ¦ 0 ( ~1) 0 m where the substituent R is hydrogen or lower alkyl including mixed substituents, and n is typically from 2 to 6 and m is from 2 to 100 or even higher. Included are poly(oxytetramethylene~ glycols, polyCoxyethylene) glycols, polypropylene glycols and the reaction product of ethylene glycol with a mixture of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide.
Polyester polyols can also be used as a polymeric polyol component in the practice of the invention. The polyester polyols can be prepared by the polyesteriflcation oP organic polycarboxylic acids or anhydrides thereoE with organic polyols. Usually, the polycarboxylic acids and polyols are aliphatic or aromatic dibasic acids and diols.
It is preferred that the polyester include an aliphatic dicar-boxylic acid as at least part oP the acid component.

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polycaprolactone-type polyester can also be employed. These products are formed from the reaction of a cyclic lactone such as epsilon-caprolactone with a polyol or a hydroxy acid. Such products are described in U.S. Patent 3,16g,945 to ~ostettler, the portion of this patent relating to the description of poly-caprolactone polyols being incorporated by reference. Although not disclosed in the aforementioned patent, the product of cyclic lactone with an acid-containing polyol can also be used. The reaction of urea and caprolactone such as described in U.S. Patent 3,832,333 to Chang et al can also be used.
In addition to the higher molecular weight polyether and poly-ester polyols, hydroxy-containing acrylic interpolymers can also be employed.
The higher polymeric polyol component is preferably combined with the low molecular weight polyol described above. It has been found that by blending high and low molecular weight polyols, optimum properties can be obtained in the resultant NCO-containing prepolymer. Preferably, the polymeric polyol is the ma~or component, being present in an amount of about 25 to 95 percent by weight based on total weight of the polyol used to prepare the NCO
containing prepolymer, the remainder being low molecular weight polyol. As has been mentioned above the overall OH functionality per unit weight of polyol used in preparing the prepolymer is important in attaining a resinous and not a gelled product.
In order to make oxidative, curable materials and coatings wlth hydrophobic properties, drying oils or semi-drying oils can be incorporated into the prepolymer. Examples of such oils include linseed oil, soya oil, safflower oil, perilla oil, tung oil, tall oil esters, dehydrated castor oil, and the like.
~hen oils are incorporated into the polymer, higher amounts of water-solubilizing groups may be necessary to achieve satisfactory dispersion.
The partially reacted NCO~containing polymer also contains salt groups such as acid salt groups selected from the class consisting of ~0503~

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-OP0~3~ CO ~, S02 ~, PO ~ and P03~3. The NCO-polymer can be p~epared with re-actants containing the acid salt group or, as is more normally the case, can be prepared wlth free acid groups which can be subsequently neutralized after polymer formation. Suitable materials for introducing acid groups into the partially reacted NCO-containing polymer are materials which contain at least one active hydrogen atom reactive with ixocyanate groups or at least one iso-cyanate group, and at least one group capable of salt formation. Preferably, the acid group is in the active hydrogen material because isocyanates containing acid groups are not stable.
Specific examples of compounds which contain active hydrogens and acid groups capable of salt formation are hydroxy and mercapto carboxylic acids.
Examples include dimethylol propionic acid, glycollic acid, thioglycollic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, dihydroxy malic acid, tartaric acid, dihydroxy tartaric acid, and 2,6~dihydroxy benzoic acid, diglycollic acid and thiodiglycollic acid.
Other examples of compounds which contain acti~e hydrogens and acid groups are aminocarboxylic acids, aminohydroxy carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, hydroxy sulfonic acids and aminosulfonic acids. Examples include oxaluric acid, anilido acetic acid, glycine, alpha,-alanine,6-amino caproic acid, reaction product of ethanolamine and acrylic acid, hydroxy ethyl propionic acid, 2-hydroxy ethane sulfonic acid and sulphanilic acid. As mentioned above, the amino acids must be used in the presence of a base such as KOH or a tertiary amine. Other examples include bis-hydroxymethylphosphinic acld, trimethylol propane mono-phosphate and monosulfate, hydroxyethyl aminomethylphosphonic acid.
Suitable salt forming agents for acid group-containing compounds include inorganic and organic bases such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia and tertiary amlnes.
Besides acid salt groups which are anionic, the partially reacted NCO-containing polymer can contain cationic salt groups which can be selected from the class consisting o~

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and mixed groups. The prepolymer can be prepared with reactants containing the cationic salt groups, or as is more normally the case, prepolymers containing suitable precursors can be converted to the cationic salt by adding a quaterniz-ing or neutralizing agent to the prepolymer. Suitable materials for introducing cationic groups into the partially reacted NCO-containing prepoly~er are materials which contain at least one active hydrogen atom reacted with isocyanate groups, or at least one isocyanate group and at least one group capable o~ cationic salt formation.
Examples of classes of materials which can be used are the following: compou~s which have acid neutralized primary or secondary amino groups, basic tertiary amino groups, tertiary phosphino groups which can be neutralized with acid or quaternized with quaternizing agent; compounds which contain halogen atoms capable of quaternizing reactions; compounds which contain epoxy groups which are reactive with amines and phosphines to form acid salts or quaternary groups, and which are reacted with sulfides to form acid salts or ternary sulfonium groups.
Specific examples of compounds which have actiVe hydrogens and basic tertiary amino groups are aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic and hetero-cyclic amino alcohols, diols and triols. Examples include N,N-dimethyl-ethanol amine and methyl diethanolamine. Other specific examples are amines, diamlnes, triamines and amides such as N,N-dimethyl ethylenediamine and alpha-aminopyridine and N~aminopropyl-ethylene imine. The above materials can be converted into cationic salt groups with inorganic and organic acids such as hydrochloric acid and acetic acid. Another way to convert into cationic groups i9 by using alkylating agents such as CH31.
Speciic examples of compounds which contain active hydrogen and ; ' ' - ~ ' ~
''- ' .~ ' ' ' 1C~88236 halogen atoms capable of quaternizing ~eactions are 2-chloroethanol and 3-bromopropanol.
Examples of compounds which contain isocyanates and halogens capable of quaternizing reactions are chlorohexyl isocyanate, N-t4-methyl-

3-isocyanato-phenyl)-o-beta-bromoethylcarbamate.
The compounds described i~mediately above containing halogen atoms capable of quaternizing reactions may be quaternizet with tertiary amines and phosphines or ternated with sulfides. Quaternary ammonium and phosphonlum or ternary sulfonium salts are ~hen formed. The following are specific examples:trimethylamine and dimethylsulfide.
Besides using ionic solubilizing groups as described above, non ionic solubilizing groups can also be incorporated into the polymer. Non-ionic groups remain in the polymer structure even after coating has been applied, and introduce hydrophilicity into the coating which severely detracts from the moisture resistance of the coating. Ionic groups, on the other hand, such as amine salts of carboxylic acids can be decompo~ed after the coating has been applied such as by baking and are therefore not present to affect the hydro-philicity of the resultant coating. Also, ionic groups, particularly anionic groups which are preferred, are more effective in dispersing the prepolymer.
~s with the ionic solubilizing groups, non-ionic solubilizing groups can be incorporated into the prepolymer through the isocyanate or throughthe active hydrogen component of the prepolymer~ Examples of non-ionic water solubili~ing groups are ethylene oxide moieties which should constitute not morethan 50 percent by weight of the prepolymer and which can be incorporated into the prepolymer using polyethylene glycols or NCO-terminated urethane modified polyethylene glycols. Other examples of water-solubilizing groups are amide or .
urea group containing polyols such as are described above.
The partially reacted NCO containing polymer may contain both ,. . , : . . ..................................... :
.' `' ,' 10~8236 anionic and ca~ionic groups. Preferably, the anionic groups wi~l predominate.
Both anionic and cationic groups may be introduced into the polymer chain by using reactants which have both anionic and cationic groups (Zwitterions).
Examples of such reactants would be hydroxy containing ethylene diamine.
One advantage o having both anionic and cationic groups in the polymer molecule is that they can cooperate with one another to form a chleating resin for complexing metal ions. As mentioned above, the anionic group should predominate and this can be achieved by selection of the appropriate reactants and controlling the pH of the dispersion. By predominate is meant that the anionic groups constitute at least 60 mole percent of the ionic groups.
The partially reacted NCO~containing polymer can be prepared by techniques well known in the art. For example, the polyisocyanate is usually first charged to a suitable reaction vessel, followed by the active hydrogen component, and the mixture may then be heated if necessary until isocyanate has reacted with the active hydrogens to the desired extent.
In practicing the first embodiment of the present invention, the organic polyisocyanate is employed in an amount sufficient to react with the desired amount of active hydrogen-containing components so as to produce a sub-stantially completely reacted NCO-containing prepolymer. The equivalent ratio of organic polyisocyanate to active hydrogen-containing compound should be at least 4:3 and is usually within the range of about 7 to 1.5:1, preferably within the range of 6 to 1.8:1. To make a high molecular weight thermoplastic material, that is, 10,000 or more, reaction should be complete so that substantially all of the active hydrogen material is used up and the resulting NCO polymer is substantially free of highly active hydrogen. By the expression "substantially free of active hydrogen" is meant the resultant NCO polymer is substantially free of active hydrogen associated with the materials charged to the reaction mixture for the purposes of reacting with isocyanates to ~orm uFethanes3 thiourethanes -- 19 -- . .

r . . .
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108823~

and ureas, that is, -OH, -SH, ~1, and -NH2. Not included within the expression highly active hydrogens are urethane, thiourethane and urea hytrogens formed in the NCO polymer forming reaction, or any hydrogens associated with salt formation (e.g., acid groups). The determination that the product is substantially free of highly active hydrogen is made when reaction is complete and the fully reacted product has an essentially constant NCO equivalènt.
For high molecular weight thermoplastic prepolymers, the use of all low molecular weight active hydrogen-containing compounds is often undesirable if non-crystalline polymers are desired. Thus, some high molecular weight activehydrogen compounds should be included in the prepolymer in order to make non-crystalline coatings.
In practicing the second embodiment of the invention, the organic polyisocyanate is employed in an amount sufficient to react with the desired amount of the active hydrogen-containing component so as to produce a partially reacted NCO-containing polymer which contains highly active hydrogens, that is, a hydrogen selected from the groups consisting of hydroxyl, thio, pri~ary and secondary amine. The equivalent ratio of organic polyisocyanate to active hydrogen-containing compound is usually within the range of 7 to 0.5:1, preferably within the range of 6 to 0.7~
The highly active hydrogen equivalent weight is defined as the weight of the partially reacted NCO polymer per reactive act*e hydrogen and .
should be 10,000 or less, usually between 150 to 8,000. The active hydrogen equivalent weight can be determined by first determining an NCO equivalent on ~ -the partially reacted product; reacting further until an essentially constant NCO equivalent is obtained indicating complete reaction. The difference between the t~o is an indication of the highly active hydrogens and can be used to calculate the highly active hydrogen equivalent weight. If on further reaction the product gels before obtaining an essentially constant equivalent weight, .
~ 20 ~

: . : ' . :.
.
, . . . .: , .~.' .

10~8Z36 then a known amount of monoisocyanate should be used to avoid gelling, the NC0 equivalent corrected for the additional isocyanate and the highly active equi-valent weight calculated as described above. If deslred, catalyst such as dibuty]Ltin dilaurate, stannous octoate and the like csn be employed to accelerate the reaction. Reaction can take from several minutes to several days, depending on the desired degree of reaction, the reactivity of the reactants, temperature, presence or absence of catalyst, and the like.
Usually a solvent is employed to facilitate reaction and control of the viscosity of the prepolymer. The viscosity of the prepolymer is extremely important in obtaining a stable dispersion with a finely particulated dispersed phase. The viscosity of the prepolymer can be reduced by heating the neat polymer melt or by dissolving the polymer in a suitable solvent. Dissolution of the polymer in organic solvent is preferred because it is an easier way to control polymer viscosity.
Suitable solvents for the prepolymer are those which are un-reactive towards NC0 groups. Such solvents are organic solvents such as ketones, tertiary alcohols, ethers, esters, hydrocarbons and chlorocarbons. Suitable solvents for the final polymer product which are reactive towards ~C0 groups may be added right before the prepolymer is dispersed, during dispersion or after dispersion. The solvents for the final polymer product should be water-soluble if they are added after dispersion, and examples include ketones and alcohols. ~ater-insoluble materials such as chlorocarbons or hydrocarbons should not be added to the resin after it is dispersed.
For air drying systems, or the low temperature bake systems, a high boiling solvent, that is, one which boils above 125C., is preferably used at least in part to provide film coalescence, although low boiling solvents, that is, those boiling below 100C., may be used with such systems for processing advantages such as rapid drying. ~ith high temperature baking systems, the _ 21 -.

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1/~88Z36 temperature itself is sufficient to provide film coalescence snd high boiling solvents are often not necessary, although, of course, they can be used along with low boiling solvents for processing advantages such as stabilizing the dispersion When a solvent is employed, it should be present in an amount sufficient to reduce the viscosity of the prepolymer to the required level, at a `
moderate temperature, i.e., up to 150C., to effect adequate dispersion, and yetpreferably not be present in an amount so great that subsequent removal of the solvent would be needed. Generally, the solvent should be used in an amount of up to 60 percent, and preferably about 3 to 40 percent by weight, based on total ~;
weight of the solvent and NC0-containing prepolymer.
The ratio of active hydrogen compounds to one another will vary, depending upon the nature of the solubilizing groups and the properties desired in the final coating. For elastomeric coatings, a high molecular weight poly- i `
ester or a polyether polyol should be present in the prepolymer formulation and constitute at least 20 percent by weight of the NC0-polymer based on total ~eight of the NC0-polymer reactants. Preferably, about 25 to 80 percent by weight of the polymeric polyol should be employed in order to get optimum elastomeric `
properties.
To obtain somewhat harder elastomeric coatings, the NC0-polymer formulation can be varied by the incorporation of a low molecular weight actiVe hydrogen-containing compound such as a polyol into the formulation. In general, the low molecular weight, active hydrogen-containing compound will be present in amounts up to 50 percent by weight, preferably about 2 to 35 percent by weight based on total weight of the NC0-polymer reactants. ~hen the low molecular weight active hydrogen-containing compound is needed for water solubility, such as is the case with NC0-polymers containing non-ionic water solubilizing groups,;~ low molecular weight, active hydrogen.containing compounds should be employed, ~ .. ... . . . . ..... . . . . . . . .

.
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:,, . . - . , ... : . .
.. . .. . .. . .. . . . ...

108823~;
that is, from about 2 to 35 percent by weight based on total weight o~ the NC0-polymer reactants.
In the case where drying or semi-drying oil is incorporated into the composition, the amount used will depend once again on many factors such as the degree of flexibility desired in the final coating and the nature of the other reactants, as well as the degree and rate of air curing. In general, the drying oil should be used in amounts up to 50 percent by weight, usually about S to 40 percent by weight based on total weight of the NC0-polymer reactants where an air drying coating composition is desired. ~e have found that becsuse of their hydrophobicity, oil-containing polyurethanes may sometimes require a somewhat higher percentage of acid salt groups than comparable polyurethanes free of such oils.
The amount of salt groups contained in the polymer depend on the product desired, the amount of other solubilizing groups present, the molecular weight of the product, as well as the hydrophoblc groups present The percentage of salt groups in the prepolymer can be expressed -~
as the salt group equivalent weight which is defined as the weight of the NC0-polymer per salt group and which can be determined by dividing the weight of the NC0-polymer in grams by the number of salt groups present in the prepolymer.
In the first embodiment of the invention, the salt group equivalent weight of the NC0-polymer should be 6000 and less, preferably 200 to 5000. In the second embodiment of the invention, the salt group equivalent weigbt of the partially reacted NC0-prepolymer should be 10S000 and less, preferably 200 to 6000, in order to form stable dispersions.
The salt equivalent weight can be controlled by controlling the amount of salt-forming groups which are incorporated into the polymer and/or controlling the degree of salt ~ormation of the polymer which contains salt~
~orming groups. Either method of controlling the salt equivalent weight has been found to be satisfactory.

.... - . ., . . ~ :

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': - : . : . ., . :~ , , :

- 10~8236 It should be mentioned at this point the importance in salt fonmation of controlling the valency o~ the counter ion formed. The counter ion is the ionic group not covalently bound to the polymer which results from the formation of ionic groups in the NC0-containing polymer. For example, when a sulfonic acid-containing prepolymer is neutralized with a diamine, a diamine counter ion results. Since the counter ion is a divalent, it can crosslink polymer chains resulting in gelling of the resin, provided, of course, the pH
of the dispersion is suitable. Therefore, salt formers having essentially mono-valent counter ions should be e~ployed. ~ monovalent counter ion for the purposes of this invention is one which exhibits a valency of one towasds the polymer ln the dispersion. Such counter ions can be actually monovalent species such as monoamine cation, Under certain circumstances, potentially polyvalent counter ions can also be monovalent towards the polymer in aqueous dispersion.
Examples of potentially polyvalent counter ions which behave as monovalent counter ions towards the polymer are materials such as ethylene diamine which has the potential of being a divalant counter ion because of the two amine groups.
However, when it is used to neutrali~e a carboxylic acid-containing prepolymer, it is protonated itself which affects the PKa of the second amine group, making it more difficult to protonate and requiring a stronger acid than the carboxylic acid groups of the polymer. Thus, ethylene diamine behaves as a monovalent counter ion to the carboxylic acid-containing prepolymer. As mentioned above, with sulfonic acid-containing prepolymers, ethylene diamine would usually behave as a divalent counter ion. Another example of where a normally polyvalent counter ion could be made to behave as a monovalent counter ion is by controlling the pH of the dispersion or by using a large excess o~ counter ion.
To form a finely divided, stable dispersion, the NC0-containing prepolymer should be within the viscosity range of 50 to 10,000, and preferably from 100 to 5,0Q0 centipoises. Polymers within this viscosity range are easy _ 24 -. . .

. ~
~' 1088236 `

to disperse, requiring only mild agitation. Folyme~s with ~lsco5ities higher than 10,000 centipoises are difficult to disperse even with high shear agitation equipment becaùse large or very coarse dispersions are formed which are usually coarse and sedimenting.
The amount of aqueous medium employed in the formulations of the disperslons of the present invention is important. When too little amount of aqueous medium is employed, mixtures are obtained which are often too thick to handle easily while, on the other hand, dispersions which are too dilute are uneconomical to handle due to their excessive volume. In general, the aqeuous medium will amount to 15 to 80 percent by weight, preferably about 20 to 70 percent by weight, based on total weight of the polymer and the aqeuous medium.
~ater is a necessary ingredient of the aqueous medium, being present in an amount of at least 30 and preferably at least 45 percent by weight based on tot~l weight of the aqueous medium with a cosolvent constituting the remainder of the medium.
The term ~'dispersion~' as used within the context of the present invention, is believed to be a two-phase, translucent, aqueoùs polyurethane system in which the polyurethane is the dispersed or continuous phases. In most instances, the polyurethane is dispersed and when thinned with water to form a one percent solids dispersion, the average particle size diameter is less than 10 and pre-ferably less than 5, and most preferably 1 micron or less as determined by lighttransmission. The particles may be spherical or elongated or invisible by microscopic investigation. The dispersions are generally only stable if the particle size does not exceed 5 microns. Small particle size dispersions are advantageous because they are non-sedimenting and have a high surface energy associated with them. This results in a strong driving force for coalescing and in coatings having surprisingly fast drying times. However, dispersions having particle sizes greater than 5 microns can also be prepared. ~lthough these larger particle size dispersions will settle out, they can be filtered to .~ .

.
,- . : . .

- 10~8236 produ~e solvent-free ~sible ~aterialY. The term l'dispersion" is also intended to cover homogeneous aqueous solutions which appear optically clear.
It should be pointed out st this point in the specification that where the term "polyurethane" has been used in the specification and claims, it is intended to cover not only polycondensates of polyisocyanates and polyols, but also the condensates of polyisocyanates with any active hydrogen-contsining material mentioned above. Thus, the term "polyurethanel' is defined as any polymer containing two or more urethane groups and is also intended to cover polyureas as well as polythiourethanes.

Usually after the salt form of the NC0-polymer has been dispersed, a chain extender is added to the dispersion fairly quic~ly. The prepolymer reacts with water at a slow rate depending upon the reaction mixture. The time after the prepolymer has been added to water and before chain extender is added -will determine how much of the water reacts with the prepolymer. The temperature of the dispersion will also play an effect in how much reaction occurs. Change in temperature and time will result in different products. In order to get -reproducible results, the time, temperature and amount of chain extender should be ri8idly controlled. The time and temperature is important to determine what type of final product is desired. Chain extenders build molecular weight of the dispersed prepolymer, whereas chain terminators react with the NC0 groups and prevent them from further reacting with-water and gelling the resultant resin.
For purposes of this invention, the term "chain extender" is meant to cover both chain extenders whlch build molecular weight and also chain terminators. The chain extender can be defined as an active hydrogen-containlng compound ha~ing at least one hydrogen ~ore reactive with NC0 groups than water. Examples of suitable classes of chain extenders are ammonia, primary and secondary organic amines, preferably diamines, hydrazine, substltuted hydrazlnes and hydra~ine`
reaction products and certain organic polyols. The chain extenders are preferably . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. :. ~ . ~ . . :;

-108823~

water-soluble, although water-dispersible materials may be used. Water-soluble chain extenders are preferred, because if the prepolymer i8 only msrginally dispersible, a water-soluble chain extender will enhance the water dispersibility of the final polymer product. Organlc diamines are often the preferred chain extenders because they usually build the highest molecular weight without gelling the resin, provided, of course, the ratio of amino groups to isocyanate groups must be properly controlled. The amount of chaln extender depends on its functionality, on the NCO content of the prepolymer and on the extent of reaction.
In the first embodiment of the invention, the ratio of actiVe hydrogen groups in the chain extender to NCO groups in the prepolymer should be less than 2:1, preferably within the range of 1.0 to 1.75:1. In the second embodiment of the invention, the ratio of actiVe hydrogen groups in the chain -extender to NCO groups in the prepolymer should be within the range of about 0.2 to 3:1, preferably from 0.50 to 2:1. -Special note should be made of chain extenders which also intro-duce functional groups into the final polymer structure so as to make the final ^~
polymer further reactive with materials such as curing agents or the like.
Examples of such chain extenders would be alkanol amines such as N-aminoethyl-ethanolamines, ethanolamine and diethanolamine. Materials of this type introduce hydroxyl functionality into the final polymer product. Examples of other materials which would introduce functionality into the final polymer product would be carboxylic acid-contalning amines such as lysine or lysine hydrochloride and glutamic acid. Use of carboxyl-containing chain extenders can also be used in instances where acid salt-containing prepolymer is only marginally dispersible.
In this instance, the carboxyl-containing amine chain extender could be neutra-lized and when used to chain extend the prepolymer, would enhance the dispersibility of the final polymer product.
Examples of suitable chain extenders other than those mentioned . .
_ 27 - ~

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', .

108823~
specifically above are the following: ethylene diamine, butylene diamine, tolylene diamine and 3,3'-dichlorobenzidene. A180 materials such as hydrszine, substituted hydrazines such as, for example, dimethyl hydrazine, 1,6-hexamethylene-bis-hydrazine and carbodihydrazide; hydrazides of dicarboxylic acids and sulfonic acids such as adipic acid mono- or dihydrazide and isophthalic acid dihydrazide;
hydrazides made by reacting lactones with hydrazine such as ~amma-hydroxybutyric hydrazide and bis-semi-carbazide.
When the polyurethane is in the dispersed phase, the inal chain extended polymer dispersed in water should have a viscosity of about 10 to 50,000, and preferably from about 20 to 20,000 centipoises at 50C. or less in order to be easily handled and should have a solids content of about 20 to 80 percent. The dispersion should be stable and can be essentially emulsifier free.
The particle size of the dispersed phase is less than 5 and preferably less than 1 micron, and the particles may be spherical or elongated. Further, the dispersed, chain extended resin should be non-gelled, having an intrinsic viscosity of less than 4.0, preferably less than 2.0 and most preferably from about 0.1 to 1.5 deciliters per gram; the intrinsic viscosity being determined on the acid form of the prepolymer rather than the acid salt.
Crosslinking or curing agents may be added to-the dispersion, these agents bringing about chemical crosslinking after a film is deposited either at room temperature or elevated temperature, depending upon the coating system. The crosslinking a8ent can be used with both low molecular weight and high molecular weight products to produce better products. Examples of suitable curing agents would be aminoplast resins, formaldehyde, phenolic resins, alkoxy~
silanes, organic polyisocyanates which include free, as well as masked and blocked isocyanates, and epoxy-containing organic materials. Water-soluble crosslinking agents such as the aminoplast, formaldehgde and phenolics are simply added to the finished dispersionj whereas more hydrophobic materials ....... - - - .. , -, , . . ~ , .

,~' ~ , . . .
'" ~ . ' 108823~

such as some organic isocyanates and some epoxy-containing orgsnic materials are preferably dissolved or emulsified in 8 solvent which is compatible with water.
They should be compatible wlth the aqueous polyurethane without separating lnto two layers when mixed.
The curing agents described above are examples of external curing agents which form one component of a two-component system with the chain extended - polymer forming the other component. These two-component systems come in the form of one or two-package systems depending on the reactivity of the curing agent at room temperature. For.example, aminoplast curing agent~ which are usually unreactive at room temperature may be blended with the polyurethane dispersion of the invention to form stable one-package systems. On the other hand, some epoxy curing agents and all free NCO-type curing agents, because of eheir high reactivity at room temperature, must be used with the polyurethane dispersions of the invention in a two-package system.
Besides two-component systems, a one-component system in which the curing agent is part of the chain extended polymer can also be employed.
Internal curing agents can be incorporated into the polymer molecule either in the prepolymer preparation or chain extension stages by the use of active hydrogen-containing materials which also contain groups capable of curing the resin. Usually these groups are latent curing agents and are activated by heat, W light, electron beam radiation, microwave radiation and the like. Coatings prepared from the aqueous dispersions of the present invention are particularly suited for microwave radiation curing, since both water and the polar nature of the polymer increase the efficiency in absorbing the incident radiation. This has proven especially effective in curing these coatings with a non-absorbing transparent substrate such as when the coatings are applied on glass bottles.
Examples of other systems capable of internal curing would be chain extended polyurethanes of the present inYention containing ~-alkoxymethyl _ 29 _ ... . .
' ' ' ~ : ~ ., - . ' ` ' moieties or blocked isocyanate moleties. Examples of such products would be chain extended polyurethanes of the present invention prepsred wlth hydroxy-containing acrylic polymers made in part from N-alkoxymethyl acrylamides and/or ethylenically unsaturated blocked isocyanates. Other examples include the reaction products of active hydrogen-containing alkoxysilanes such as N-(2-aminoethyl)'-3-amino-propyltriethoxysilane.
The chain extended polyurethanes containing pendent or internal ethylenically unsaturated groups can be cured by exposure to W radiation and/or reaction with free radical initiators, for example, benzoyl peroxide. Examples of pendent ethylenically unsaturated groups include acrylates, methacrylates `'5 and allyl compounds. These are usually incorporated into the polymer by reaction of NCO reactive groups, for example, N-tert-butylaminoethyl"methacrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate and diallyl amine. Examples of lnternal ethylenlcally un-saturated groups would include polyester polyols in which maleic anhydride is part or ~11 of the acid moiety. These types of materials can be cured by micro-wave radiatlon and heat. ~lso, lnfrared or microwave radlation can be used to remove water and then ultraviolet or electron beam radiation used to cure.
Curing can be accomplished with or without the presence of other vinyl monomers such as hydroxyethyl acrylate or ethylene glycol diacrylate wlth or without the presence of polymercaptans such as dithioethylene glycol.
The amount of curing agent used would depend primarily on the final properties desired in the cured polymer film. In general, at least about one percent and preferably about 5 1o 75 percent by weight of a curing agent or ' ``
agents should be used, the percentage by weight being based on total weight of the polymer and curing agent.
Curing conditions can vary widely depending primarily on the curing agent used as weIl as the particular components of the composition. For heat curing, catalyst can be used to permit cure at lower temperatures and for . .

,. ~ , , - , ..

108823~;

shorter periods of tlme. In general, the cure schedule can be ~rom as short as one minute to as long as several hours and from temperatures such as room temperature or 23C. to elevated temperatureR as hlgh as 300C.
In addition to the components mentioned above, the compositions ordinarily contain optional ingredients, including any of the various pigments ordinarily utilized in coatings. In addition, various fillers, plasticlzers, anti-oxidants, flow control agents, surfactants snd other such formulating additives can be employed. Although the products of the invention can be dispersed without the aid of conventional surfactants or emulsifying agents, it may be desirable in certain instances to add a surfactant or emulsifying agent to the dispersion for the purpose of effecting the final properties of the coating composition.
In addition to the components mentioned above, the compositions ordinarily contain optional ingredients, including any of the various pigments ordinarily utilized in coatings of this general class. In addition, various fillers, plasticizers, anti-oxidants, flow control agents, surfactants, and other such formulating additives can be employed in many instances.
The compositions herein can be applied by any conventional method, ~-including brushing, dipping, flow coating, electrodeposition, electrostatic spraying, and the like, but they are most often applied by air spraying. The usual spray techniques and equipment are utilized. The coatings of the present invention can be applied over virtually any substrate, including wood, metals, glass, cloth, plastics, foam and the like, as well as over various primers.
Example I

A poly(urethane-urea) lacquer was prepared as follows: ~ poly-ester diol, poly(epsilon-caprolactone), made from ring opening epsilon-capro-lactone with dimethylol propionic acid was prepared as follows: 1206 parts by weight of dimethylol propionic acid and 10,260 parts by weight of epsilon-:. :

:

. ~

1~88Z3~

caprolactone were charged to a suitable reaction vessel. The mixture was heatedand the temperature was initially permitted to increase to 160C. over a period of 40 minutes, after which time the reaction mixture was cooled to prevent any further increase in temperature. The temperature was maintained between 158-160C. for an additional two hours. The resulting poly(epsilon-caprolactone) diol had an acid value of 41.9 and an OH value oP 87.5.
The poly(epsilon-caprolactone) diol was then reacted with neo-pentyl glycol and 4,4'-methylene-bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate), commercially available from E. I. duPont de Nemours as HYIENE W, to form an NCO-containing prepolymer as follows: 1025 parts by weight of the poly(epsllon-caprolactone) diol prepared as described above was charged to a suitable reaction vessel along with 21 parts by weight of neopentyl glycol, 346 parts by weight of HYLENE W, and 7 parts by weight of dibutyltin dilaurate urethane forming catalyst, and 344 parts by weight oP N-methyl pyrrolidone solvent. The reaction mixture was heated to 83C. under a nitrogen atmosphere over a 4-1/2 hour period.
The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature. The resulting product had an NCO equivalent of 2090 and cbntained 80.9 percent by weight total solids.
The carboxylic acid-containing, NCO-containing polymer prepared as described immediately above was first neutralized, then dispersed in water and subsequently chaln extended as follows: 6.7 parts by weight of triethylene diamine was added to 105 parts by weight oP the prepolymer with stirring to neutralize the carboxylic acid groups (100 percent of theoretical neutralization).
Then, 115 parts by weight of deionized water was added 910wly with stirring to disperse the neutralized prepolymer. The dispersion was very viscous. Four and 1/5 (4.2) parts by weight of 1,8-menthane diamine, a water-dispersible chain extendeF, was then slowly added to the reaction mixture, followed by the addition of another 140 parts by weight of deionized water to thin the reaction mixture.

- . ' ",. . .: ~ ~ ., . :. -: :
:. -- . :

The resultant chain extended poly(urethane-urea) resin was a non-gel]ed product as evidenced by its solubility ln hot (50C.) N-methyl pyrroliclone. The resin was essentially free of NC0 groups as determined by an infraredl scan; and in the aqueous phase a thixotropic dispersion.
Example II
A poly(urethane-urea) lacquer was prepared as generally described above in Example I with the exception that 1.45 parts by weight of an 85 percent aqueous solution of hydrazine hydrate, a water-soluble chain extender, was used rather than the 1,8-menthane diamine. The resultant poly(urethane-urea) was non-gelled and essentially free of unreacted NC0 groups as determined by an infrared scan. The product was a thixotropic dispersion.
Example III
In a manner similar to Example I, an aqueous dispersion of a polyurethane lacquer was prepared with the exception that a 1000 molecular weight poly(l,4-butanediol adipate) was used as the polyester diol instead of the poly(epsilon-caprolactone) diol. The charge for making the partially -;~
reacted NC0-containing polymer was as follows:
Charge Parts by Weight poly(l,4-butanediol adipate) 700 dimethylol propionic acid 47 neopentyl glycol 15 dibutyltin dilaurate, catalyst 0.7 N-methyl pyrrolidone, solvent 329 The resultant NC0-containing prepolymer was 80.3 percent by weight total solids and had an NC0 equivalent of 1050.
~ The carboxylic acid-containing, NC0-containing poIymer was neutralized, dispersed and chain extended as described in Example I, that is, : .

~, ', ' .; '', ',~, ' ',:'~,; ' :
~' , , 1~88236 105 parts by weight of the prepolymer was neutralized with 5.0 parts by weight of triethylene diamine ~100 percent of theoretical neutr~lization) and th~
neutralized product dispersed in 85 parts by weight of deionized water. The dispersed prepolymer was chain extended with 8.25 parts by weight of 1,8-menthane diamine to form a non-gelled poly(urethane-urea) essentially free of NC0 groups.
The resin was well dispersed in water forming a stable thixotropic dispersion.
Example IV
In a manner similar to Example III above~ an aqueous dispersion of a poly(urethane-urea) lacquer was prepared. The charge for making the NC0-containing polymer was as follows:
Charge Parts by Weight poly(l,4-butanediol adipate) 300 dimethylol pripionic acid 40 neopentyl glycol 25 dibutyltin dilaurate, catalyst 0.3 N-methyl pyrrolidone, solvent 292 The prepolymer solution contained 69.3 percent by weight total solids and had an NC0 equivalent of 1380.
The carboxylic acid-containing partially reacted NC0-containing polymer was neutralized, dispersed and chain extended as generally described in Example III with the exception that only about 80 percent of the total theoretical neutralization was achieved as compared to the 100 percent total theoretical neutraliæation of Example III. This partial neutralization was accomplished by neutralizing 94.5 parts by weight of the NC0-containing prepolymer (COOH equi-valent of 3240) with 2.6 parts by weight of triethylene diamine. The neutralized product was dispersed by adding 85 parts by weight of water, the prepolymer being very fluid with moderate cloudiness. The dispersed prepoly=er was chain extended - 34 _ .
::
: ~:
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1088~36 by adding 5.9 parts by weight o~ 1,8-menthane diamine dropwise oVer a three-minute period. The resulting poly(urethane-urea) was non-gelled, essentially free of unreacted NC0, producing an off-white stable dispersion of high viscosity but readily flowable.
ample V
A poly(urethane-urea) lacquer was prepared as generally described in Example IV with the exception that the acid-containing NC0-containing pre-polymer was neutralized to 100 percent of theoretical neutralization equivalent with triethylene diamine and hydrazine was used as the chain extender. The procedure for neutralizing and chain extending was as follows: 94.5 parts by weight of the prepolymer was charged to a flask and heated to 60C.; 3.3 parts by weight of triethylene diamine was added to the heated prepolymer to neutralize it (100 percent of theoretical); 174 parts by weight of deionized water was then added to the neutralized prepolymer to disperse it, after which 2.06 parts by weight of hydrazine hydrate was added to the dispersed prepolymer to chain extend it. The resultant poly(urethane-urea) was non-gelled, essentially free of unreacted NC0 groups and produced a slightly cloudy stable dispersion which was very fluid. The resin dispersion contained 25 percent total solids and had a Brookfield viscosity of 35 centipoises at 100 rpm~s.
Example VI
A poly(urethane-urea) lacquer was prepared as generally described in Example V with the exception that the dispersion was achieved by adding the acid-containlng, NC0-containing prepolymer to a water-amine solution to sub- ?
sequently neutralize the dispersed prepolymer rather than adding water to the amine acid salt of the prepolymer as descrlbed in working Example V. The procedure for dispersion was as follows: To a suitable flask was charged 66.2 parts by weight of triethylene diamine and 2130 parts by weight of deionized water.
The`charge was stirred to form a solution. To this amine solution was charged .: :
- :. .
... : . . . . . .. : :~

~. : .; . : .

1870 parts by weight of the acid-containing, NC0-containing prepolymer solution of Example V to neutralize (100 percent theoretical neutralization) a~d disperse the prepolymer. The prepolymer was at a temperature of 90C. and the amine solution was at a temperature of 24C. Addition was complete after 5 minutes and durlng addition, the prepolymer remained very fluid in the amine-water mixture. To the neutralized, dispersed prepoly~er was added a mixture of 42.3 parts by weight of an 85 percent aqueous solution of hydrazine hydrate (chain extender) and 42 parts by weight of deionized water. At the beginning of .
addition, the temperature of the dispersed, neutralized prepolymer was 45C.
and after addition of the chain extende~, the temperature was 53C. Addition was complete in about 5 minutes. The reaction mixture was then cooled and filtered through a coarse filter and no resin particles filtered of. The resulting poly(urethane-urea) dispersion was stable and contained a total solids content of 33.6 and had a Brookfield viscosity of 102 centipoises at lO0 rpm's.
The poly(urethane-urea) resin was non-gelled and essentially free of unreacted NC0 groups. The poly(urethane-urea) dispersion was then deposited as a film on a polypropylene sheet by drawing down with a 3-mil drawbar~ The coatings were cured for 20 minutes at 104C. The coatings had a tensile strength of 6000 pounds per square inch and an ultimate elongation of 380 percent.
Example ~II
A poly(urethane-urea) lacquer was prepared as generally described in Example VI with the exception that lysine hydrochloride was used as the chaln extender instead of hydrazine. The procedure or makin~ the lacquer was as follows: To an aqueous solution containing 295 parts by weight of deionized water and 10.4 parts by weight of triethylene diamine was added 260 parts by weight of the acid-containing, NC0-containing prepolymer described in Example VI. The prepolymer was at a temperature of 50 C. and was added to the amine solution at a temperature of 25C. ~ddition was complete in about three minutes, . .. - . - - :. :

: : .
, :' " , .

iO~8;~3~i resulting in a clear neutralized (100 percent of theoretical) prepolymer disperslion. The reaction mixture was heated to 46C. in about 10 minutes, heating was discontinued and a mixture of 91 parts by weight of lysine hydro-chloricle and 260 parts by weight of deionized water was added to the mixture.
Addition was compl~te in about five minutes. The resultant chain extended poly (urethane-urea) dispersion was slightly cloudy. The pH of the dispersion was 6.9. An additional 5.7 grams of triethylene diamine was added to the dispersion to raise the pH to 8Ø The dispersion was stable and had a total solids contentof 31.9 and a Brookfield viscos-ity of 44 centipoises at 100 rpm~s. The chain extended resin was non-gelled and essentially free of unreacted NCO groups.
~xample VIII
~n acid-containing, NC0-containing prepolymer as described in ~xample III was prepared. Eight hundred (800) parts by weight of thls pre-polymer was then added to a mixture of 30 parts by weight of triethylene dlamine, 884 parts by weight of deionized water and 68.4 parts by weight of diethanolamine to neutralize and disperse the prepolymer. The diethanol-amine chain terminated the prepolymer and introduced free hydroxyl groups into the polymer which would then be free to react with curing agents.
The resultant dispersion was stable, contained 38.5 parts by weight total solids, had a pH of 8.40 and a Brookfield viscosity of 1080 centi-poises at 100 rpm~s. The resin was non-gelled and essentially free of NC0 and had an acid value of 15.2. The polyturethane-urea) was blended with 25 percent by weight (total solids) of an aminoplast resin ~metholated melamine-formaldehyde condensate) sold commercially by Rohm and Haas as MM83 . Coatings deposited from such a blend and cured for 30 minutes at 121C. were hard, glossy and solvent and impact-resistant.

* Trademark Example IX
An NC0-containing, acid-containing prepolymer such as described in Example III was prepared with the exception that toluene diisocyanate (TDI) was substituted for HYLENE W. The charge was as follows:
Charge Parts by Weight poly(1,4-butanediol adipate) 1400 dimethylol propionic acid 187.6 neopentyl glycol 116.5 N-methyl pyrrolidone 882 toluene diisocyanate (TDI) 974.4 The prepoly~er was prepared by slowly adding the TDI to the mixture of the other ingredients in the charge at a temperature of 40C. and under a nitrogen blanket. Cooling was provided to keep the temperature below 70C. during addition. After the TDI addition was complete, the reaction mixture was heated to 90C. and held at this temperature for 2-1/2 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature.
Seventeen hundred eighty (1780) parts of the NCO-containing, acid-containing prepolymer prepared as described above was added at a temperature of 92C. to 62.4 parts by weight of dimethyl ethanolamine and 1865 parts by weight of deionized water and 50.4 parts by weight of ethylene diamine to disperse, ; neutralize and chain extend the prepolymer in essentially one operation. The resultant dispersion was very viscous and only slightly cloudy with a few resin particles present. The dispersion was further thinned with 650 parts by welght of deionized water to form a 33.5 percent total solids solution. The dispersion had a pH of 9.5 and a Brookfield viscosity of 200 centipoises at 100 rpm~s.
When deposited and dried, the resultant poly(urethane-urea) coating was-hard and had greater than 300 percent ultimate elongation.

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Example X
An NCO-containing, acld-containing prepolymer was prepared as described in Example III. Two hundred forty-six (246) parts by weight of this prepolymer was brought to a temperature of 8~C. and then charged to a lined paint can containing a mixture of 4.5 parts by weight of a~manium hydroxide (29.8 percent by weight ammonia) sufficient for 95 percent by weight of the total theoretical neutralization, 22.3 parts by weight of deionized water and 5 parts by weight of an 85 percent by weight aqueous solution of hydrazine hydrate. Upon addition of the.prepolymer, the viscosity of the mixture increased rapidly. An additional 120 parts by weight of deionized water was added to reduce the viscosity. The resin finely dispersed, had a pH of 7.8 and contained 31 percent by weight total solids. The dispersion was stable and had a Brookfield viscosity of 1520 centipoises at 100 rpm's. The resin was non-gelled and essentially free of unreacted NCO.
Example XI
A poly(urethane-urea) lacquer similar to Example X was prepared with the exception that lithium hydroxide was used to neutralize NCO-containing, acid-containing prepolymer. ~eutralization was accomplished by heating 126 parts by weight of the prepolymer to 93C. and'charging the prepolymer with mixing to a solution containing 1.4 parts by weight of LiOH H20 (sufficient for 95 percent of the total theoretical neutralization) dissolved in 140.5 parts by weight of deionized water. The dispersed, neutralized resin was very fluid and clear. The resin was chain extended by adding dropwise 2.9 parts by weight of an 85 percent by weight aqueous solution'of hydrazine hydrate and 3.0 parts by weight of deionized water to the dispersed and neutralized prepolymer. The dispersion maintained its fluidi~y and was practically clear. The dispersion was stable, had a pH of 8.15 and cantained 33.3 percent by welght total solids - and had a Brookfield'viscosity of 680 centipoises at 100 rpm~s. The poly ',.' '. , ' : :: , iO88236 (urethane-urea) resin was essentially free oP unreacted NC0 and was non-gelled.
The resin produced highly flexible, tough coatings when applied and dried at room temperature.
Example XII
An acid-containlng, NC0-containing prepolymer was prepared from the following charge:
Charge Parts by Weight poly(oxytetramethylene) glycol 98 dimethylol propionic acid 13.4 neopentyl glycol 8.3 toluene diisocyanate (TDI) 69.6 N-methyl pyrrolidone 64 The above reactants were charged to a glass reaction vessel with mixing which produced a very exothermic reaction. The reaction mixture was permitted to stand at room temperature for 1/2 hour and then placed in an oven at 93C. for 1-1/2 hours.
A second reactor (a lined paint can) was charged with a solution of 11.2 parts by weight of triethylene diamine dissolved in 232 parts by weight of deionized water and a second solution of 7.05 parts by weight of an 85 percent aqueous solution of hydrazine hydrate and 7 parts by weight of deionized water.
The prepolymer was removed from the oven and charged to the second reactor (containing the triethylene diamine and hydrazine hydrate solution) slowly with stirring. The resin viscosity increased significantly and an additional 100 parts by weight of water was added to thin the viscosity.
Eventually, a dispersion was obtained which was stable and clear and contained 33.5 percent by weight total solids. The dispersion had a pH of 8.0 and had a viscosity of 230 centipoises at 100 rpm's. The resin itself was non-gelled and contained essentially no unreacted NC0 groups.

- 40 ~

Example XIII
A high acid value prepolymer was prepared from the following charge:
Charge Parts by Weight poly(1,4-butanediol adipate)1000 dimethylol propionic acid 402 dibutyltin dilaurate 1.38 N-methyl pyrrolidone 920 The above reactants were charged to a glass reaction ves6el and heated to 90C. under a nitrogen blanket. The temperature was held for 3 houss and then the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature To a second reac~ion vessel was charged 112 parts by weight of ~```
triethylene diamine and 1495 parts by weight of deionized water. The water-and amine were agitated to form a solution. Fifteen hundred thirty-five (1535) -parts by weight of the acid-containing prepolymer at a temperature of 90 C.
was added slowly to the amine-water solution to disperse and neutralize the resin. After addition of the resin, the resultant dispersion was of low viscosity and very clear. To the dispersed resin was added a solution of 29.4 -parts by weight of an 85 percent aqueous solution of hydrazine hydrate and 30 additional parts by weight of deionized water to chain extend the resin.
The viscosity appeared to increase at which time an additional 460 parts by , .
weight of deionized water was added. The viscosity of the re~in appeared high ~ and the resin was clear. The dispersion had a pH of 7.6, a Brookfield ~iscosity ; of 20,000 centipoises at 100 rpm~s, a total solids content of 31.1 percent and an acid value of 17.7. The resin was non-gelled and essentially free of un-. .
~ ~eacted NC0. ~-.

- 41 ~

One thousand (1000) parts by welght of the above-described dispersion was then heated to 60C. and then 7.2 parts by weight of N-hydroxy-ethyl ethylene imine was charged to the resin. The temperature W85 maintained at 60C. for two hours and then the reaction mixture slowly cooled to room temperature.
The ethylene imine modificatlon should improve the adhesive characteristics of the dispersion and also the pigment dispersibility. The resultant dispersion had a total solids content of 33.4 percent, a pH of 8.2, and a Brookfield viscosity of 2-2,800 centipoises at 100 rpm's.
Example XI~
An acid-containing, NCO-containing prepolymer was prepared from thè following charge:
Charge Parts by Weight poly(ePsilon-caprolactone) diol704 (molecular weight = 704) dibutyltin dilaurate 0.6 N-methyl pyrrolidone - 410 The materials were charged to a glass reaction vessel and heated at 90C. for three hours.
This prepolymer (164 parts) was then combined with a hydroxy-containing acrylic polymer (described below) and HYLENE W in the following charge ratio and heated at 94C. for one hour.
Charge Parts by Weight prepolymer 164 acrylic polyol 76 HYLENE W 52.4 The poly(epsilon-caprolactone) diol was prepared as described :; . : ~ ' ' , ' ~ . .
, ::, .
~' ' - .

~088Z36 in Example III, that is, from ring opening epsilon-caprolactone with dimethylol propionic acid in a 1/5 molar ratio.
The acrylic polyol was prepared by adding a mixture of 120 parts acrylic acid, 40 parts of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 1840 parts by weight of ethyl acrylate, 12 parts by weight of azobisisobutyronitrile (VAZ0) and 200 parts by weight of N-methyl pyrrolidone slowly to 600 parts by weight of N-methyl pyrrolidone in a suitable reactor under a nitrogen atmosphere. Addition was ~omplete after three hours and was followed by the addition of a mixture o 60 parts by weight of N-methyl pyrrolidone and 3 parts by weight of VAZ0 .
The temperature during addition being maintained at 120C. This was followed by the further addition of 3.6 parts o bisperoxyisopropylcarbonate (BPIC).
The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature. The resultant acrylic polyol had an acid ~alue of 32.1, a percent total solids of 69.4 percent and a hydroxyl number of 8.4.
- The acid-containing prepolymer was added to a lined paint can containing an aqueous solution of 12.5 parts by weight of triethylene diamine Csufficient for 80 percent total theoretical neutralization), 14.6 parts by -~
weight of an 85 percent by weight aqueous solution of hydrazine hydrate and - ~ `
340 parts by weight of deionized water. The prepolymer dispersed and during addition of the prepolymer, the viscosity of the dispersion increased readily.
An additional 150 parts by weight of deionized water was added to thin the viscosity. The resultant dlspersion was of~-white in color.
The dispersion was placed on a steel panel and drawn down with a 3~mil draw bar. The coating was cured for 20 minutes at 93C. and the resultant cured coating had a Sward hardness o 32. The acetone resistance of ~; the resultant coating, however, was quite poor.
Forty C40) grams of a dispersion was then combined with 1,3 parts ~ .
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by weight of CYMEL 370 curing agent which is a melamine-formaldehyde resin commercially available from American Cyanamid. The resin plus curing agent W88 then deposited on a steel substrate and drawn down with a 3-mil drsw bar. The coating was cured for 30 minutes at 80C. The acetone resistance of the cured coating was fair and the Sward hardness was 22.
Example XV
~n NCO-containing, acid-containing prepolymer was prepared from the following charge:
Charge . Parts by Weight poly(ePsilon-caprolactone) diol 256 fatty acid ester of pentaerythritol 110 dibutyltin dilaurate 0,27 N-methyl pyrrolidone 180 The poly(epsilon-caprolactone) diol was made from ring opening epsilon-caprolactone with dimethylol propionic acid as generally described in Example I in a ljlO molar ratio.
The fatty acid ester is made by charging 717 parts by weight of pentaerythritol, 2695 parts by weight of safflower fatty acid and 122 parts by weight of xylene to a 5-liter flask and heating to reflux until an acid value of less than 5 is obtained.
The above charge was heated to 90C. under a nitrogen blanket for about 3-1/2 hours to form the prepolymer.
Three hundred sixty (360) parts by weight of the prepolymer was then charged to a lined paint can containing an aqueous solution of 7.8 parts by weight of triethylene diamine (sufficient for 70 percent of the total theoretical neutralizationj dissolved in 410 parts by weight of deionized water.

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The resin dispersed and the viscos1ty increased as the resin was added. An additional 100 parts by weight of water was added to thin the vlscosity. The resultant dispersion was slightly cloudy.
To the dispersion was added dropwise a solution of 7.5 parts by weight of an 85 percent by weight aqueous solution of hydrazine hydrate and an additional 7.5 parts by weight of deionized water. Upon the initlal sddition of the bydrazine hydrate, the visc05ity decreased and then began to increase.
An additional 50 parts by weight of water was added to thin the viscosity. The resultant dispersion had a total solids content of 30 percent by weight and a Brookfield viscosity of 3850 centipoises at lO0 rpm~s. The pH of the dispersion was 7.9. The resin was non-gelled and free of unreacted NC0.
The above procedure for neutralization and dispersion was repeated with the exception that only 4.5 parts by weight of triethylene diamine was used (sufficient for 40 percent by weight of the neutrali~ation). The resultant dispersion had a much lower viscosity, having a Brookfield viscosity of 130 centipoises at 100 rpm's. The resin had a total solids content of 34.5 percent, appeared to be stable and off-white in color. The pH of the dispersion was 7.8.
Example XVI
~ self-curing, poly(urethane-urea) lacquer, containing blocked~
isocyanate groups, was prepared as follows: 300 parts by weight of an NC0-containing, acid-containing prepolymer prepared as described in Example III and heated to 50C. was charged to a solution of 10.4 parts by weight of triethylene dlamine and 295 parts by weight of deionized water to neutralize and disperse the prepolymer. The resultant dispersion was practically clear. To the dis-- persion which was at a temperature of 46C was added 22.1 parts by weight of methyl ethyl ketoxime to block residual NC0 groups. The resultant dispersion had a pH of 8.0, percent total solids of 37 and a Brookfield viscosity of about 530 centipoises at 100 rpm's. The resin was non-gelled snd free of unreacted NC0.

:. :
~. ,.

When the resin was applied to a steel panel and baked 30 minutes at 121C., a cured solvent-resistant coating resulted.
Example XVII
Four hundred ten (410) parts by weight of an acid-containing~
N00-containing prepolymer prepared as described in Example III was neutralized and dispersed by adding it to a solution of 15.5 parts by weight of triethylene diamine and 418 parts by weight of deionized water at a temperature of 80 to 90C. with stirring.
To the neutralized dispersion was added 37 parts by weight of N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and 37 parts by weight of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone dropwise to the resin dispersion. ~n additional 130 parts by weight of deioni~ed water was added to thin the dispersion.
The viscosity of the final dispersion was 460 centipoises at 100 rpm's and the dispersion appeared to have small particles of resin. The dispersion had a total solids content of 31.7 parts by weight and a pH of 8.20.
The chain extender introduces alkoxy silane groups into the polymer which can react with other similar groups on the polymer to give a resultant crosslinked coating. A crosslinked coating resulted when a coated panel was heated for 30 minutes at 121C.
Example XVIII
The resin of Example~VI was applied at a 3-mil width thickness over a glass plate. The coated plate was then placed in an 800 watt microwave oven and the coating irradiated for a total of 5 minutes on a 30-second cycle (30 seconds on, 30 seconds off). At the end of this time~ the coating was hard and had good solvent resistance.
Example X~X
An electrodeposition bath based on the resin of Example VI was pFepared ~rom the following:

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Ingredient Parts by Weight resin (Example VI) 100 ;~
TiO2 14 2-ethylhexanol 17 water 240 Using this bath at a temperature of 80F. (27C.), untreated aluminum panels were electrodeposited at 250 volts to produce films of 0.8 mil thickness. ~t 150 volts under similar conditions, films of 0.4 mil thickness were obtained.
After baking the coated panels for 20 minutes at 200F. (93C.), very hard, smooth, semi-glossy coatings were obtained. In a similar manner, phosphated treated steel panels rinsed with chromic acid gave similar results.
Example XX ~-A cationic poly(urethane-urea) lacquer was prepared as follows~
400 parts by weight of a 1000 molecular weight poly(l,4-butanediol adipate) was charged to a suitable reaction vessel along with 85.7 parts by weigbt of methyl diethanolamine, 0.44 parts by weight of dibutyltin dilaurate urethane-orming catalyst, 3.88 parts by weight of N-methyl pyrrolidone solvent and 419 parts by weight of HYLENE W. The reaction mixture was heated to 95C. under a nitrogen atmosphere for a 4-1/2 hour period. The reaction mixture was then ~ ~
cooled to room temperature and the NC0-polymer which was formed was quaternized ~ -with 100.8 parts by weight of dimethyl sulfate. The quaternizing agent was atded to the reaction mixture ln a dropwise fashion. After quaternizing the NCO-containing polymer, it was thinned by combining it wlth 280 parts by welght of N-methyl`pyrrolidone. The thinned NC0-containing polymer was dispersed and chain extended by charging it to a solution of 24 parts by weight of hydrazine hydrate dissolved in 1245 parts by weight of deionized water. The mixture dis-persed very well, increasing in ViScosity halfway through addition such that an additional 2500 parts by weight of water were added during the addition to reduce ~ 47 ': ' : : ~ : : :' ~- .::, . . .

~8823G

the viscosity. The final dispersion had a solids content o~ 19.8 percent, a pH of 6.75, a Brookfield viscosity at 23C. (1000 rpm~s) of 4200 centipoises.
The re~in was essentially free of NC0 groups as determined by an infraret scan.
Example XXI
An acid-containing, partially reacted NC0-containing prepolymer was prepared from the following charge:
Charge Parts by Weight PCP-0230 . 1200 Ester Diol 204 100 dimethylol propionic acid324 dibutyltin dilaurate 2.8 m-pyrol 1546 -PCP-0230 is a poly~epsilon-caprolactone) diol of 1200 molecular weight, com-mercially available from Union Carbide Corporation. FORMREZ L4-55 i6 1000 - molecular weight 1,6-hexanediol adipate, commercially a~railable from ~itco Chemical Corp. Ester Diol 204 is an ester of neopentyl glycol and hydroxypivalic acid, commercially available from Union Carbide Corp.
.
The above charge was heated to 78C., followed by addition of 88 parts by weight of trimethylol propane. The temperature was raised to about 100C. in 1/2 hour, followed by the addition of 132 parts by weight o PCP-0301 (a polycaprolactone triol having a molecular weight o about 300 and commercially available from Union Carbide Corporation). The reaction mixture was maintained at a temperature between 90 and 100C. for about one hour until the viscosity of the resin increased to 5Z.7 seconds (Gardner-Holdt). Then, 10 parts by weight of the resin and 5 parts by weight of N-methyl pyrrolidone were added to a solution of dimethylethanolamine and hydrazine hydrate to disperse, neutralize *Trademark . " - . ' ' '.,;. ~, .

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and chain extend the prepolymer. After the addition of the hydroxyl-containing, NCO-con~taining, acid-containing prepolymer was complete, hydroxyethyl ethylene imine was added and reacted with some of the free carboxyl groups at 80C. for one hour to improve the compatibility and the adhesion of the resin.
The hydroxyl-containing prepolymer of Example XXI was combined ~ith 25 percent by weight of a metholated melamine-formaldehyde curing agent (CYMEL 370 from American Cyanamid). The resin plus curing agent was then spray applied on a steel substrate and when cured for 30 minutes at 250F. (121C.) formed a hard, glossy elastomeric coating of 1.5 mil thickness. The Sward hardness was 26 and the Gardner reverse impact was 160 inch-pounds.
Example XXII
A hydroxyl-containing cationic resin was prepared by reacting a quaternary ammonium polyol with a polyisocyanate. The charge for making the quaternary ammonium polyol was as follows~
Charge Parts by Wei&ht phenyl glycidyl ether 116 dimethyl ethanolamine 89 90 percent aqueous formic acid solution 51 The dimethyl ethanolamine and formic acid were mixed and exo-thermed at 120C. for about 30 minutes. The mixture was cooled to 100C. and the phenyl glycidyl ether added. The mixture was exothermed at 150C. for about 20 minutes, and then cooled to room temperature. The quaternary ammonium diol had an OH value of 244.
The cationic resin was prepared from th~ following charge:
Charge Parts by Weight quaternary ammonium polyol 135.3 1000 molecular weight 1,4-butanediol adipate 275.0 polyethylene glycol, molecular weight 2001 27.5 ~ 49 --: :

~''. . . ~ ' ' ' , Charge Parts by Weight HYLENE W 375.5 N-methyl pyrrolidone 530 CARBOW~X 200 commercially available from Union Carbide Corporation.
The ingredients in the above charge were mixed together and heated to 60C. for one hour to form a partially reacted NC0-containing polymer.
The reaction mixture was then cooled, added to 960 parts by weight of deionlzed water containing 2.6 parts by weight of hydrazine hydrate to chain extend the partially reacted NC0-containing polymer. When stirred, the chain extended material gave a very fine dispersion of low viscosity.
Fifty (50) parts by weight of the aqueous polyurethane dispersion of Example XXII was cured with 6 parts by weight of C~MEL 370. The mixture was drawn down with a 3-mil drawbar on a steel panel and cured at 125C. for 30 minutes to produce a flexible, impact-resistant film having a Sward hardness of 12.

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Claims (13)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE PROPERTY OR
PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. A stable aqueous dispersion which is emulsifiable in the absence of added emulsifier of a non-gelled polyurethane dispersible in the absence of added emulsifier formed by reacting in an aqueous medium in which water is the principal ingredient:
(A) a partially reacted NCO-containing polymer containing salt groups and highly active hydrogens selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, thiol, primary and secondary amine, said partially reacted NCO-containing polymer having reactive hydrogen equivalent weight of 150 to 10,000, (B) an active hydrogen-containing compound having at least one hydrogen more reactive with NCO groups than water to form a polyurethane having an intrinsic viscosity of less than 4.0 deciliters per gram.

2. The product of claim 1 in which the salt groups are acid salt groups.

3. The product of claim 1 in which the salt groups are cationic in character.

4. The product of claim 1 in which (B) is primary or secondary polyamine.

5. The product of claim 1 in which (B) is hydrazine, a substituted hydrazine or a hydrazine reaction product.

6. The product of claim 1 in which (B) is an alkanolamine.

7. The product of claim 1 in which the polyurethane contains unsaturated fatty acid moieties.

8. The product of claim 1 which contains curing groups in the polymer molecule.

9. The product of claim 8 in which the curing groups are selected from the class consisting of N-alkoxymethyl moieties, blocked isocyanate moieties, masked isocyanate moieties, alkoxysilane moieties, epoxy moieties and moieties containing ethylenic unsaturation.

10. The product of claim 1 which has as a separate component an external curing agent.

11. The composition of claim 10 in which the reactive active hydrogens are hydroxyl groups and the curing agent is selected from the class consisting of aminoplasts, polyisocyanates, or phenolic resins.

12. The composition of claim 1 wherein the ratio of active hydrogen groups of (B) to NCO groups of (A) is within the range of about 0.2 to 3:1.

13. The composition of claim 12 wherein the ratio is within the range of 0.50 to 2:1.