AU2012216499B2

AU2012216499B2 - Compositions and methods for the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disorders

Info

Publication number: AU2012216499B2
Application number: AU2012216499A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Audrey Goddard; Austin L Gurney
Original assignee: Genentech Inc
Current assignee: Genentech Inc
Priority date: 2001-10-19
Filing date: 2012-08-29
Publication date: 2015-05-28
Anticipated expiration: 2022-10-15
Also published as: AU2012216499A1

Abstract

The present invention is directed to compositions of matter useful for the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases in mammals and to methods of using those 5 compositions of matter for the same. N.\Mclboirnc\Cjas\Paelnt\52IX)-52999\P52614.AU. I\Speci\Spccificationdc 3-Jul-09

Description

AUSTRALIA Patents Act 1990 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Standard Patent Applicant(s): GENENTECH, INC. Invention Title: COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISORDERS The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method for performing it known to me/us: COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISORDERS Field of the Invention 5 The present invention is directed to compositions of matter useful for the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disorders ("IBD") in mammals and to methods of using those compositions of matter for the same. The entire disclosure in the complete specification of our Australian Patent Application No. 2002351505 is by this cross-reference incorporated into the present specification. 10 2. Background of the Invention All references, including any patents or patent applications, cited in this specification are hereby incorporated by reference. No admission is made that any reference constitutes prior art. The discussion of the references states what their authors assert, and the applicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinency of the cited documents. It will be clearly understood that, although 15 a number of prior art publications are referred to herein, this reference does not constitute an admission that any of these documents forms part of the common general knowledge in the art, in Australia or in any other country. The term inflammatory bowel disorder ("IBD") describes a group of chronic inflammatory disorders of unknown causes in which the intestine (bowel) becomes inflamed, often causing recurring 20 cramps or diarrhea. The prevalence of IBD in the US is estimated to be about 200 per 100,000 population. Patients with IBD can be divided into two major groups, those with ulcerative colitis ("UC") and those with Crohn's disease ("CD"). In patients with UC, there is an inflammatory reaction primarily involving the colonic mucosa. The inflammation is typically uniform and continuous with no intervening areas of normal 25 mucosa. Surface mucosal cells as well as crypt epithelium and submucosa are involved in an inflammatory reaction with neutrophil infiltration. Ultimately, this situation typically progresses to epithelial damage with loss of epithelial cells resulting in multiple ulcerations, fibrosis, dysplasia and longitudinal retraction of the colon. CD differs from UC in that the inflammation extends through all layers of the intestinal wall 30 and involves mesentery as well as lymph nodes. CD may affect any part of the alimentary canal from mouth to anus. The disease is often discontinuous, i.e., severely diseased segments of bowel are separated from apparently discase-free areas. In CD, the bowel wall also thickens which can lead to obstructions. In addition, fistulas and fissures are not uncommon. Clinically, IBD is characterized by diverse manifestations often resulting in a chronic, 35 unpredictable course. Bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain are often accompanied by fever and weight loss. Anemia is not uncommon, as is severe fatigue. Joint manifestations ranging from arthralgia to acute arthritis as well as abnormalities in liver function are commonly associated with IBD. Patients with la N:M b m\se\Pateicni\52(xx .5299\SAI'i'(,J \ Sl I\Se iSpe ie .i.oc 3.JbI)x IBD also have an increased risk of colon carcinomas compared to the general population. During acute "attacks" of IBD, work and other normal activity are usually impossible, and often a patient is hospitalized. Although the cause of IBD remains unknown, several factors such as genetic, infectious and 5 immunologic susceptibility have been implicated. IBD is much more common in Caucasians, especially those of Jewish descent. The chronic inflammatory nature of the condition has prompted an intense search for a possible infectious cause. Although agents have been found which stimulate acute inflammation, none has been found to cause the chronic inflammation associated with IBD. The hypothesis that IBD is an autoimmune disease is supported by the previously mentioned extraintestinal 10 manifestation of IBD as joint arthritis, and the known positive response to IBD by lb N \M c529 \P52614.AU I\SpeCIs\Spiication&oc 3.-0 treatment with therapeutic agents such as adrenal glucocorticoids, cyclosporine and azathioprine, which are known to suppress immune response. In addition, the GI tract, more than any other organ of the body, is continuously exposed to potential antigenic substances such as proteins from food, bacterial byproducts (LPS), etc. Once the diagnosis has been made, typically by endoscopy, the goals of therapy are to induce and maintain a remission. The least toxic agents which patients are typically treated with are the aminosalicylates. Sulfasalazine 5 (Azulfidine), typically administered four times a day, consists of an active molecule of aninosalicylate (5-ASA) which is linked by an azo bond to a sulfapyridine. Anaerobic bacteria in the colon split the azo bond to release active 5-ASA. However, at least 20% of patients cannot tolerate sulfapyridine because it is associated with significant side-effects such as reversible sperm abnormalities, dyspepsia or allergic reactions to the sulpha component. These side effects are reduced in patients taking olsalazine. However, neither sulfasalazine nor olsalazine are effective for 10 the treatment of small bowel inflammation. Other formulations of 5-ASA have been developed which are released in the small intestine (e.g. mesalamine and asacol). Normally it takes 6-8 weeks for 5-ASA therapy to show full efficacy. Patients who do not respond to 5-ASA therapy, or who have a more severe disease, are prescribed corticosteroids. However, this is a short term therapy and cannot be used as a maintenance therapy. Clinical remission is achieved with corticosteroids within 2-4 weeks, however the side effects are significant and include a 15 Cushing goldface, facial hair, severe mood swings and sleeplessness. The response to sulfasalazine and 5-aminosalicylate preparations is poor in Crohn'sdisease, fair to mild in early ulcerative colitis and poor in severe ulcerative colitis. If these agents fail, powerful immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporine, prednisone, 6-mercaptopurine or azathioprine (converted in the liver to 6-mercaptopurine) are typically tried. For Crohn's disease patients, the use of corticosteroids and other immunosuppressives must be carefully monitored because of the high 20 risk of intra-abdominal sepsis originating in the fistulas and abscesses common in this disease. Approximately 25% of IBD patients will require surgery (colectomy) during the course of the disease. Further, the risk of colon cancer is elevated (z 32X) in patients with severe ulcerative colitis, particularly if the disease has existed for several years. About 20-25% of patients with IBD eventually require surgery for removal of the colon because of massive bleeding, chronic debilitating illness, performation of the colon, or risk of 25 cancer. Surgery is also sometimes performed when other forms of medical treatment fail or when the side effects of steroids or other medications threaten the patient's health. As surgery is invasive and drastically life altering, it is not a highly desireable treatment regimen, and is typically the treatment of last resort. In addition to pharmaceutical medicine and surgery, nonconventional treatments for lBD such as nutritional therapy have also been attempted. For example, Flexical*, a semi-elemental formula, has been shown to be as 30 effective as the steroid prednisolone. Sanderson et al., Arch. Dis. Child. 51:123-7 (1987). However, semi-elemental formulas are relatively expensive and are typically unpalatable - thus their use has been restricted. Nutritional therapy incorporating whole proteins has also been attempted to alleviate the symptoms of IBD. Giafer et al., Lancet 335: 816-9 (1990). U.S.P. 5,461,033 describes the use of acidic casein isolated from bovine milk and TGF-02. Beattie et al., Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 8; 1-6 (1994) describes the use of casein in infant formula in children with 35 IBD. U.S.P. 5,952,295 describes the use of casein in an enteric formulation for the treatment of IBD. However, while nutrional therapy is non-toxic, it is only a palliative treatment and does not treat the underlying cause of the disease. 2 Despite these advances in mammalian IBD therapy, however, there is a great need for additional diagnostic and therapeutic agents capable of detecting and treating IBD in a mammal. Accordingly, it is an objective of the 5 present invention to identify polypeptides that are overexpressed on cells from IBD tissue as compared to on normal cells, and to use those polypeptides, and their encoding nucleic acids, to produce compositions of matter useful in the diagnostic detection and therapeutic 10 treatment of IBD in mammals. 3. Summary of the Invention The present invention provides compositions and methods for the diagnosis and treatment of IBD in mammals. 15 The present invention is based on the identification of compounds (i.e., proteins) that test positive in various assays that test modulation (e.g., promotion or inhibition) of certain biological activities. Such compounds are herein referred to as PRO polypeptides. 20 Accordingly, the compounds are believed to be useful drugs and/or drug components for the diagnosis and/or treatment (including prevention and amelioration) of disorders where such effects are desired. In addition, the compositions and methods of the invention provide for the diagnostic 25 monitoring of patients undergoing clinical evaluation for the treatment of IBD-related disorders, for monitoring the efficacy of compounds in clinical trials and for identifying subjects who may be predisposed to such IBD related disorders. 30 In a first aspect, the present invention provides an isolated nucleic acid having at least 80% nucleic acid sequence identity to: (a) a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO : 62); -3 3161665_1 (GHManers) P52614 AU.1 23/02/12 (b) a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO : 62), lacking its associated signal peptide; (c) a nucleotide sequence that encodes the s extracellular domain of the polypeptide shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO : 62, with its associated signal peptide; (d) a nucleotide sequence that encodes the extracellular domain of the polypeptide shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO : 62), lacking its associated signal peptide; 10 (e) the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 61 (SEQ ID NO : 61); (f) the full-length coding sequence of the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 61 (SEQ ID NO : 61); or 15 (g) the complement of (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) or (f). In a second aspect, the present invention provides an isolated nucleic acid comprising: (a) a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino 20 acid sequence shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO : 62); (b) a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO : 62), lacking its associated signal peptide; (c) a nucleotide sequence that encodes the 25 extracellular domain of the polypeptide shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO : 62), with its associated signal peptide; (d) a nucleotide sequence that encodes the extracellular domain of the polypeptide shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO : 62), lacking its associated signal peptide; 30 (e) the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 61 (SEQ ID NO : 61); (f) the full-length coding sequence of the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 61 (SEQ ID NO : 61); or 35 (g) the complement of (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) or (f). - 3a 3161665_ (GHMatter) P52614.AU. 23/02/12 In a third aspect, the present invention provides an isolated nucleic acid that hybridizes to: (a) a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 72 (SEQ ID NO : 72); 5 (b) a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO : 62), lacking its associated signal peptide; (c) a nucleotide sequence that encodes the extracellular domain of the polypeptide shown in Figure 62 10 (SEQ ID NO : 62, with its associated signal peptide; (d) a nucleotide sequence that encodes the extracellular domain of the polypeptide shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO : 62), lacking its associated signal peptide; (e) the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 61 (SEQ 15 ID NO : 61); (f) the full-length coding sequence of the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 61 (SEQ ID NO : 61); or (g) the complement of (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) or 20 (f). In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides an isolated polypeptide having at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to: (a) the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 62 (SEQ 25 ID NO : 62); (b) the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO : 62), lacking its associated signal peptide; (c) an amino acid sequence of the extracellular domain of the polypeptide shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO 30 62), with its associated signal peptide; (d) an amino acid sequence of the extracellular domain of the polypeptide shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO 62), lacking its associated signal peptide; (e) an amino acid sequence encoded by the 35 nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 61 (SEQ ID NO : 61); or - 3b 3161665 1 (GHMatten) P52614.AU I 23102/12 (f) an amino acid sequence encoded by the full length coding sequence of the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 61 (SEQ ID NO : 61). In a fifth aspect, the present invention provides an 5 isolated polypeptide comprising: (a) the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO : 62); (b) the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO : 62), lacking its associated signal peptide; 10 (c) an amino acid sequence of the extracellular domain of the polypeptide shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO 62), with its associated signal peptide; (d) an amino acid sequence of the extracellular domain of the polypeptide shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO 15 62), lacking its associated signal peptide; (e) an amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 61 (SEQ ID NO : 61); or (f) an amino acid sequence encoded by the full 20 length coding sequence of the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 61 (SEQ ID NO : 61). In a sixth aspect, the present invention provides an isolated antibody which binds to a polypeptide having at least 80t amino acid sequence identity to: 25 (a) the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO : 62); (b) the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO : 62), lacking its associated signal peptide; (c) an amino acid sequence of the extracellular 30 domain of the polypeptide shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO 62), with its associated signal peptide; (d) an amino acid sequence of the extracellular domain of the polypeptide shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO 62), lacking its associated signal peptide; 35 (e) an amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 61 (SEQ ID NO : 61); or - 3c 3161665_1 (GIHManes) PS2614AU.1 23/02/12 (f) an amino acid sequence encoded by the full length coding sequence of the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 61 (SEQ ID NO : 61). In a seventh aspect, the present invention provides s a method of therapeutically treating a mammal having an IBD comprising cells that express a polypeptide having at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to: (a) the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO : 62); or 10 (b) an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 61 (SEQ ID NO : 61); said method comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody that binds is to said polypeptide, thereby effectively treating said mammal. In an eighth aspect, the present invention provides a use of an antibody that binds to a polypeptide having at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to: 20 (a) the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO : 62); or (b) an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 61 (SEQ ID NO : 61); 25 in the preparation of a medicament for therapeutically treating a mammal having an IBD. In a ninth aspect, the present invention provides a method of determining the presence of a polypeptide in a sample suspected of containing said polypeptide, wherein 30 said polypeptide has at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to: (a) the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO : 62); or (b) an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide 35 sequence comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 61 (SEQ ID NO : 61); - 3d 3161665_1 (GHlatters) P52614.AU. 1 23/02/12 said method comprising exposing said sample to an antibody that binds to said polypeptide and determining binding of said antibody to said polypeptide in said sample. In a tenth aspect, the present invention provides a 5 method of diagnosing the presence of an IBD in a mammal, said method comprising detecting the level of expression of a gene encoding a polypeptide having at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to: (a) the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 62 (SEQ 10 ID NO : 62); or (b) an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 61 (SEQ ID NO : 61); in a test sample of tissue cells obtained from said mammal is and in a control sample of known normal cells of the same tissue origin, wherein a higher or lower level of expression of said polypeptide in the test sample, as compared to the control sample, is indicative of the presence of an IBD in the mammal from which the test 20 sample was obtained. In a eleventh aspect, the present invention provides a method of diagnosing the presence of an IBD in a mammal, said method comprising contacting a test sample of tissue cells obtained from said mammal with an antibody 25 that binds to a polypeptide having at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to: (a) the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 62 (SEQ ID NO : 62); or (b) an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide 30 sequence comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 61 (SEQ ID NO : 61); and (c) detecting the formation of a complex between said antibody and said polypeptide in the test sample, wherein the formation of a complex is indicative of the 35 presence of an IBD in said mammal. In one embodiment, the present invention provides - 3e 3161665_1 (GHManers) PS2614.AU.1 23/02/12 a composition comprising a PRO polypeptide, an agonist or antagonist thereof, or an anti-PRO antibody in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In one aspect, the composition comprises a therapeutically effective 5 amount of the polypeptide, agonist, antagonist or antibody. In another aspect, the composition comprises a further active ingredient. Preferably, the composition is sterile. The PRO polypeptide, agonist, antagonist or antibody may be administered in the form of a liquid io pharmaceutical formulation, which may be preserved to achieve extended storage stability. Preserved liquid pharmaceutical formulations might contain multiple doses of PRO polypeptide, agonist, antagonist or antibody, and might, therefore, be suitable for repeated use. In a 15 preferred embodiment, where the composition comprises an antibody, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody, an antibody fragment, a human antibody, a humanized antibody or a single-chain antibody. Antibodies of the present invention may optionally be conjugated to a growth 20 inhibitory agent or cytotoxic agent such as a toxin, including, for example, a maytansinoid or calicheamicin, an antibiotic, a radioactive isotope, a nucleotlytic enzyme, or the like. The antibodies of the present invention may optionally be produced in CHO cells or 25 bacterial cells and preferably induce death of a cell to which it binds. For diagnostic purposes, the antibodies of the present invention may be detectably labeled. In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a method for preparing such a composition useful 30 for the treatment of an IBD comprising admixing a therapeutically effective amount of a PRO polypeptide, agonist, antagonist or antibody with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In a still further aspect, the present invention 35 provides an article of manufacture comprising: (a) a composition of matter comprising a PRO - 3f 3161665 1 (GHMauers) P52614 AU 1 23/02/12 polypeptide or agonist or antagonist thereof; (b) a container containing said composition; and (c) a label affixed to said container, or a package insert included in said container referring to the use of 5 said PRO polypeptide or agonist or antagonist thereof in the treatment of an IBD, wherein the agonist or antagonist may be an antibody which binds to the PRO polypeptide. The composition may comprise a therapeutically effective - 3g 3161665_ 1 (GHMatters) P52614.AU. 1 23/02/12 amount of the PRO polypeptide or the agonist or antagonist thereof. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for identifying an agonist of a PRO polypeptide comprising: (a) contacting cells and a test compound to be screened under conditions suitable for the induction of a cellular response normally induced by a PRO polypeptide; and 5 (b) determining the induction of said cellular response to determine if the test compound is an effective agonist, wherein the induction of said cellular response is indicative of said testcompound being an effective agonist. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for identifying an agonist of a PRO polypeptide comprising: (a) contacting cells and a test compound to be screened under conditions suitable for the stimulation of cell 10 proliferation by a PRO polypeptide; and (b) measuring the proliferation of said cells to determine if the test compound is an effective agonist, wherein the stimulation of cell proliferation is indicative of said test compound being an effective agonist. In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for identifying a compound that inhibits the activity of a PRO polypeptide comprising contacting a test compound with a PRO polypeptide under conditions and 15 for a time sufficient to allow the test compound and polypeptide to interact and determining whether the activity of the PRO polypeptide is inhibited. In a specific preferred aspect, either the test compound or the PRO polypeptide is immobilized on a solid support. In another preferred aspect, the non-immobilized component carries a detectable label. In a preferred aspect, this method comprises the steps of: (a) contacting cells and a test compound to be screened in the presence of a PRO polypeptide under 20 conditions suitable for the induction of a cellular response normally induced by a PRO polypeptide; and (b) determining the induction of said cellular response to determine if the test compound is an effective antagonist. In another preferred aspect, this process comprises the steps of: (a) contacting cells and a test compound to be screened in the presence of a PRO polypeptide under 25 conditions suitable for the stimulation of cell proliferation by a PRO polypeptide; and (b) measuring the proliferation of the cells to determine if the test compound is an effective antagonist. In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for identifying a compound that inhibits the expression of a PRO polypeptide in cells that normally expresses the polypeptide, wherein the method comprises contacting the cells with a test compound and determining whether the expression of the PRO polypeptide is 30 inhibited. In a preferred aspect, this method comprises the steps of: (a) contacting cells and a test compound to be screened under conditions suitable for allowing expression of the PRO polypeptide; and (b) determining the inhibition of expression of said polypeptide. In a still further embodiment, the invention provides a compound that inhibits the expression of a PRO 35 polypeptide, such as a compound that is identified by the methods set forth above. Another aspect of the present invention is directed to an agonist or an antagonist of a PRO polypeptide which may optionally be identified by the methods described above. One type of antagonist of a PRO polypeptide that inhibits one or more of the functions or activities of the 4 PRO polypeptide is an antibody. Hence, in another aspect, the invention provides an isolated antibody that binds a PRO polypeptide. In a preferred aspect, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody, which preferably has non-human complementarity-determining-region (CDR) residues and human framework-region (FR) residues. The antibody may be labeled and may be immobilized on a solid support. In a further aspect, the antibody is an antibody fragment, a single-chain antibody, a human antibody or a humanized antibody. Preferably, the antibody specifically binds to 5 the polypeptide. Antibodies of the present invention may optionally be conjugated to a growth inhibitory agent or cytotoxic agent such as a toxin, including, for example, a maytansinoid or calicheamicin, an antibiotic, a radioactive isotope, a nucleotlytic enzyme, or the like. The antibodies of the present invention may optionally be produced in CHO cells or bacterial cells and preferably induce death of a cell to which it binds. For diagnostic purposes, the antibodies of the present invention may be detectably labeled. 0 In a still further aspect, the present invention provides a method for diagnosing a disease or susceptibility to a disease which is related to a mutation in a PRO polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid sequence comprising determining the presence or absence of said mutation in the PRO polypeptide nucleic acid sequence, wherein the presence or absence of said mutation is indicative of the presence of said disease or susceptibility to said disease. In a still further aspect, the invention provides a method of diagnosing an IBD in a mammal which [5 comprises analyzing the level of expression of a gene encoding a PRO polypeptide (a) in a test sample of tissue cells (e.g., colon cells) obtained from said mammal, and (b) in a control sample of known normal tissue cells of the same cell type, wherein a higher or lower expression level in the test sample as compared to the control sample is indicative of the presence of an IBD in said mammal. The expression of a gene encoding a PRO polypeptide may optionally be accomplished by measuring the level of mRNA or the polypeptide in the test sample as compared to 20 the control sample. In a still further aspect, the present invention provides a method of diagnosing an IBD in a mammal which comprises detecting the presence or absence of a PRO polypeptide in a test sample of tissue cells (e.g., colon cells) obtained from said mammal, wherein the presence or absence of said PRO polypeptide in said test sample is indicative of the presence of an IBD in said mammal. 25 In a still further embodiment, the invention provides a method of diagnosing an IBD in a mammal comprising (a) contacting an anti-PRO antibody with a test sample of tissue cells (e.g., colon cells) obtained from the mammal, and (b) detecting the formation of a complex between the antibody and the PRO polypeptide in the test sample, wherein the formation of said complex is indicative of the presence of a, IBD in the mammal. The detection may be qualitative or quantitative, and may be performed in comparison with monitoring the complex formation in 30 a control sample of known normal tissue cells of the same cell type. A larger or smaller quantity of complexes formed in the test sample indicates the presence of an IBD in the mammal from which the test tissue cells were obtained. The antibody preferably carries a detectable label. Complex formation can be monitored, for example, by light microscopy, flow cytometry, fluorimetry or other techniques known in the art. The test sample is usually obtained from an individual suspected to have an IBD. 35 In another embodiment. the invention provides a method for determining the presence of a PRO polypeptide in a sample comprising exposing a sample suspected of containing the PRO polypeptide to an anti-PRO antibody and determining binding of said antibody to a component of said sample. In a specific aspect, the sample comprises a cell suspected of containing the PRO polypeptide and the antibody binds to the cell. The antibody is preferably 5 detectably labeled and/or bound to a solid support. In further aspects, the invention provides an IBD diagnostic kit comprising an anti-PRO antibody and a carrier in suitable packaging. Preferably, such kit further comprises instructions for using said antibody to detect the presence of the PRO polypeptide. Preferably, the carrier is a buffer, for example. Preferably, the IBD is Crohn's disease or ulcerative cholitis. 5 In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treating an IBD in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of a PRO polypeptide. Preferably, the disorder is Crohn's disease or ulcerative cholitis. Preferably, the mammal is human, preferably one who is at risk of developing an IBD. In another preferred embodiment, the PRO polypeptide is administered in combination with a 0 chemotherapeutic agent, a growth inhibitory agent or a cytotoxic agent. In a further embodiment, the invention provides a method for treating an IBD in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of a PRO polypeptide agonist, antagonist or anti-PRO antibody. Preferably, the IBD is Crohn's disease or ulcerative cholitis. Also preferred is where the mammal is human, and where an effective amount of a chemotherapeutic agent, a growth inhibitory agent or a cytotoxic agent is 5 administered in conjunction with the agonist, antagonist or anti-PRO antibody. Yet another embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method of therapeutically treating a PRO polypeptide-expressing cell in a mammal with an IBD, wherein the method comprises administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody that binds to the PRO polypeptide, thereby resulting in the effective therapeutic treatment of the IBD. Optionally, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody, antibody fragment, chimeric 0 antibody, human antibody, humanized antibody or single-chain antibody. Antibodies employed in the methods of the present invention may optionally be conjugated to a growth inhibitory agent or cytotoxic agent such as a toxin, including, for example, a maytansinoid or calicheamicin, an antibiotic, a radioactive isotope, a nucleotlytic enzyme, or the like. The antibodies employed in the methods of the present invention may optionally be produced in CHO cells or bacterial cells. 25 In still further embodiments, the invention provides a method for treating an IBD in a mammal that suffers therefrom comprising administering to the mammal a nucleic acid molecule that codes for either (a) a PRO polypeptide, (b) an agonist of a PRO polypeptide or (c) an antagonist of a PRO polypeptide, wherein said agonist or antagonist may be an anti-PRO antibody. In a preferred embodiment, the mammal is human. In another preferred embodiment, the gene is administered via ex vivo gene therapy. In a further preferred embodiment, the gene is 30 comprised within a vector, more preferably an adenoviral, adeno-associated viral, lentiviral, or retroviral vector. In yet another aspect, the invention provides a recombinant retroviral particle comprising a retroviral vector consisting essentially of a promoter, nucleic acid encoding (a) a PRO polypeptide, (b) an agonist polypeptide of a PRO polypeptide, or (c) an antagonist polypeptide of a PRO polypeptide, and a signal sequence for cellular secretion of the polypeptide, wherein the retroviral vector is in association with retroviral structural proteins. Preferably, the 35 signal sequence is from a mammal, such as from a native PRO polypeptide. In a still further embodiment, the invention supplies an ex vivo producer cell comprising a nucleic acid construct that expresses retroviral structural proteins and also comprises a retroviral vector consisting essentially of a promoter, nucleic acid encoding (a) a PRO polypeptide, (b) an agonist polypeptide of a PRO polypeptide or (c) 6 an antagonist polypeptide of a PRO polypeptide, and a signal sequence for cellular secretion of the polypeptide, wherein said producer cell packages the retroviral vector in association with the structural proteins to produce recombinant retroviral particles. In other embodiments of the present invention, the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes a PRO polypeptide. 5 In one aspect, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97% or 98% nucleic acid sequence identity and alternatively at least about 99% nucleic acid sequence identity to (a) a DNA molecule encoding a PRO polypeptide having a full-length amino acid sequence as disclosed herein, an amino acid sequence lacking the signal peptide as disclosed herein, an extracellular domain of a transmembrane protein, with .0 or without the signal peptide, as disclosed herein or any other specifically defined fragment of the full-length amino acid sequence as disclosed herein, or (b) the complement of the DNA molecule of (a). In other aspects, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97% or 98% nucleic acid sequence identity and alternatively at least about 99% nucleic acid sequence identity to (a) a DNA 15 molecule comprising the coding sequence of a full-length PRO polypeptide cDNA as disclosed herein, the coding sequence of a PRO polypeptide lacking the signal peptide as disclosed herein, the coding sequence of an extracellular domain of a transmembrane PRO polypeptide, with or without the signal peptide, as disclosed herein or the coding sequence of any other specifically defined fragment of the full-length amino acid sequence as disclosed herein, or (b) the complement of the DNA molecule of (a). 20 In a further aspect, the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97% or 98% nucleic acid sequence identity and alternatively at least about 99% nucleic acid sequence identity to (a) a DNA molecule that encodes the same mature polypeptide encoded by any of the human protein cDNAs deposited with the ATCC as disclosed herein, or (b) the complement of the DNA molecule of (a). 25 Another aspect of the present invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a PRO polypeptide which is either transmembrane domain-deleted or transmembrane domain-inactivated, or is complementary to such encoding nucleotide sequence, wherein the transmembrane domain(s) of such polypeptide are disclosed herein. Therefore, soluble extracellular domains of the herein described PRO polypeptides are contemplated. 30 In other aspects, the present invention is directed to isolated nucleic acid molecules which hybridize to (a) a nucleotide sequence encoding a PRO polypeptide having a full-length amino acid sequence as disclosed herein, a PRO polypeptide amino acid sequence lacking the signal peptide as disclosed herein, an extracellular domain of a transmembrane PRO polypeptide, with or without the signal peptide, as disclosed herein or any other specifically defined fragment of a full-length PRO polypeptide amino acid sequence as disclosed herein, or (b) the complement 35 of the nucleotide sequence of (a). In this regard, an embodiment of the present invention is directed to fragments of a full-length PRO polypeptide coding sequence, or the complement thereof, as disclosed herein, that may find use as, for example, hybridization probes useful as, for example, diagnostic.probes,.antisense oligonucleotide probes, or for encoding fragments of a full-length PRO polypeptide that may optionally encode a polypeptide comprising 7 a binding site for an anti-PRO polypeptide antibody. Such nucleic acid fragments are usually at least about 5 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240,250,260, 270,280, 290,300, 310, 320,330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420,430,440,450,460,470,480, 490,500,510, 520,530,540, 5 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 610, 620,630, 640,650, 660, 670,680,690,700, 710,720,730,740,750,760, 770, 780,790,800,810,820,830,840,850,860,870,880,890, 900,910,920,930,940,950,960,970,980,990, or 1000 nucleotides in length, wherein in this context the term "about" means the referenced nucleotide sequence length plus or minus 10% of that referenced length. It is noted that novel fragments of a PRO polypeptide-encoding nucleotide sequence may be determined in a routine manner by aligning the PRO polypeptide-encoding nucleotide sequence 10 with other known nucleotide sequences using any of a number of well known sequence alignment programs and determining which PRO polypeptide-encoding nucleotide sequence fragment(s) are novel. All of such novel fragments of PRO polypeptide-encoding nucleotide sequences are contemplated herein. Also contemplated are the PRO polypeptide fragments encoded by these nucleotide molecule fragments, preferably those PRO polypeptide fragments that comprise a binding site for an anti-PRO antibody. [5 In another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated PRO polypeptide encoded by any of the isolated nucleic acid sequences hereinabove identified. In a certain aspect, the invention provides an isolated PRO polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97% or 98% amino acid sequence identity and alternatively at least about 99% amino acid sequence identity !0 to a PRO polypeptide having a full-length amino acid sequence as disclosed herein, an amino acid sequence lacking the signal peptide as disclosed herein, an extracellular domain of a transmembrane protein, with or without the signal peptide, as disclosed herein or any other specifically defined fragment of the full-length amino acid sequence as disclosed herein. In a further aspect, the invention provides an isolated PRO polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence 25 having at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97% or 98% amino acid sequence identityand alternatively at least about 99% amino acid sequence identity to an amino acid sequence encoded by any of the human protein cDNAs deposited with the ATCC as disclosed herein. In a specific aspect, the invention provides an isolated PRO polypeptide without the N-terminal signal 30 sequence and/or the initiating methionine and that is encoded by a nucleotide sequence that encodes such an amino acid sequence as hereinbefore described. Processes for producing the same are also herein described, wherein those processes comprise culturing a host cell comprising a vector which comprises the appropriate encoding nucleic acid molecule under conditions suitable for expression of the PRO polypeptide and recovering the PRO polypeptide from the cell culture. 35 Another aspect of the invention provides an isolated PRO polypeptide which is either transmembrane domain-deleted or transmembrane domain-inactivated. Processes for producing the same are also herein described, wherein those processes comprise culturing a host cell comprising a vector which comprises the appropriate 8 encoding nucleic acid molecule under conditions suitable for expression of the PRO polypeptide and recovering the PRO polypeptide from the cell culture. In yet another embodiment, the invention provides agonists and antagonists of a native PRO polypeptide as defined herein. In a particular embodiment, the agonist or antagonist is an anti-PRO antibody or a small molecule. In a further embodiment, the invention provides a method of identifying agonists or antagonists to a PRO 5 polypeptide which comprise contacting the PRO polypeptide with a candidate molecule and monitoring a biological activity mediated by said PRO polypeptide. Preferably, the PRO polypeptide is a native PRO polypeptide. In a still further embodiment, the invention provides a composition of matter comprising a PRO polypeptide, or an agonist or antagonist of a PRO polypeptide as herein described, or an anti-PRO antibody, in combination with a carrier. Optionally, the carrier is a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 0 Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to the use of a PRO polypeptide, or an agonist or antagonist thereof as hereinbefore described, or an anti-PRO antibody, for the preparation of a medicament useful in the treatment of a condition which is responsive to the PRO polypeptide, an agonist or antagonist thereof or an anti-PRO antibody. In additional embodiments of the present invention, the invention provides vectors comprising DNA 5 encoding any of the herein described polypeptides. Host cells comprising any such vector are also provided. By way of example, the host cells may be CHO cells, E. coli, yeast, or Baculovirus-infected insect cells. A process for producing any of the herein described polypeptides is further provided and comprises culturing host cells under conditions suitable for expression of the desired polypeptide and recovering the desired polypeptide from the cell culture. 0 In other embodiments, the invention provides chimeric molecules comprising any of the herein described polypeptides fused to a heterologous polypeptide or amino acid sequence. Example of such chimeric molecules comprise any of the herein described polypeptides fused to an epitope tag sequence or a Fc region of an immunoglobulin. In yet another embodiment, the invention provides an antibody which specifically binds to any of the above 25 or below described polypeptides. Optionally, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody, human antibody, humanized antibody, antibody fragment or single-chain antibody. In yet other embodiments, the invention provides oligonucleotide probes useful for isolating genomic and cDNA nucleotide sequences or as antisense probes, wherein those probes may be derived from any of the above or below described nucleotide sequences. 30 Further embodiments of the present invention will be evident to the skilled artisan upon a reading of the present specification. 4. Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) designated herein as "DNA32279". 35 Figure 2 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 shown in Figure 1. Figure 3 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:3) designated herein as "DNA33085".

Figure 4 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:4) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID 9 NO:3 shown in Figure 3. Figure 5 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:5) designated herein as "DNA33457". Figure 6 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:6) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 shown in Figure 5. Figure 7 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:7) designated herein as "DNA33461". 5 Figure 8 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:8) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 shown in Figure 7. Figure 9 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:9) designated herein as "DNA33785". Figure 10 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:10) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 shown in Figure 9. 0 Figure 11 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 11) designated herein as "DNA36725". Figure 12 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 12) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:11 shown in Figure 11. Figure 13 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 13) designated herein as "DNA40576". Figure 14A-B shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 14) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ 5 ID NO:13 shown in Figure 13. Figure 15 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:15) designated herein as "DNA51786". Figure 16 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 16) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:15 shown in Figure 15. Figure 17 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 17) designated herein as "DNA52594". o Figure 18 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 18) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:17 shown in Figure 17. Figure 19 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 19) designated herein as "DNA59776". Figure 20 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:20) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:19 shown in Figure 19. 25 Figure 21 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:21) designated herein as "DNA62377". Figure 22 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:22) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:21 shown in Figure 21. Figure 23 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:23) designated herein as "DNA64882". Figure 24 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:24) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID 30 NO:23 shown in Figure 23. Figure 25 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:25) designated herein as "DNA69553". Figure 26 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:26) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 shown in Figure 25. Figure 27 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:27) designated herein as "DNA77509". 35 Figure 28 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:28) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:27 shown in Figure 27. Figure 29 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:29) designated herein as "DNA775 12". Figure 30 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:30) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID 10 NO:29 shown in Figure 29. Figure 31 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:3 t) designated herein as "DNA81752". Figure 32 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:32) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:31 shown in Figure 31. Figure 33 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:33) designated herein as "DNA82305". 5 Figure 34 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:34) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:33 shown in Figure 33. Figure 35 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:35) designated herein as "DNA82352". Figure 36 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:36) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:35 shown in Figure 35. 0 Figure 37 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:37) designated herein as "DNA87994". Figure 38 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:38) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:37 shown in Figure 37. Figure 39A-B shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:39) designated herein as "DNA88417". Figure 40A-B shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:40) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ 5 ID NO:39 shown in Figure 39A-B. Figure 41 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:41) designated herein as "DNA88432". Figure 42A-B shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:42) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:41 shown in Figure 41. Figure 43 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:43) designated herein as "DNA92247". o Figure 44 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:44) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:43 shown in Figure 43. Figure 45 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:45) designated herein as "DNA95930". Figure 46 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:46) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:45 shown in Figure 45. .5 Figure 47 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:47) designated herein as "DNA9933 1. Figure 48 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:48) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:47 shown in Figure 47. Figure 49 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:49) designated herein as "DNA101222". Figure 50 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:50) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID 30 NO:49 shown in Figure 49. Figure 51 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:51) designated herein as "DNA102850". Figure 52 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:52) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:51 shown in Figure 51. Figure 53 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:53) designated herein as "DNA105792". 5 Figure 54 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:54) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:53 shown in Figure 53. Figure 55 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:55) designated herein as "DNA107429". Figure 56 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:56) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID 11 NO:55 shown in Figure 55. Figure 57 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:57) designated herein as "DNA145582". Figure 58 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:58) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:57 shown in Figure 57. Figure 59 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:59) designated herein as "DNA165608". 5 Figure 60 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:60) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:59 shown in Figure 59. Figure 61 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:61) designated herein as "'DNA166819". Figure 62 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:62) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:61 shown in Figure 61. 0 Figure 63 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:63) designated herein as "DNA168061". Figure 64 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:64) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:63 shown in Figure 63. Figure 65 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:65) designated herein as "DNA171372". Figure 66 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:66) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID 5 NO:65 shown in Figure 65. Figure 67 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:67) designated herein as "DNA188175". Figure 68 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:68) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:67 shown in Figure 67. Figure 69 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:69) designated herein as "DNA188182". o Figure 70 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:70) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:69 shown in Figure 69. Figure 71 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:71) designated herein as "DNA188200". Figure 72 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:72) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:71 shown in Figure 71. 25 Figure 73 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:73) designated herein as "DNA188203". Figure 74 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:74) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:73 shown in Figure 73. Figure 75 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:75) designated herein as "DNA188205". Figure 76 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:76) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID 30 NO:75 shown in Figure 75. Figure 77 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:77) designated herein as "DNA1 88244". Figure 78 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:78) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:77 shown in Figure 77. Figure 79 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:79) designated herein as "DNA188270". 35 Figure 80 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:80) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:79 shown in Figure 79. Figure 81.shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:81) designated herein as "DNA188277". Figure 82 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:82) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID 12 NO:81 shown in Figure 81. Figure 83 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:83) designated herein as "DNA188278". Figure 84 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:84) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:83 shown in Figure 83. Figure 85 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:85) designated herein as "DNA188287". 5 Figure 86 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:86) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:85 shown in Figure 85. Figure 87A-B shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:87) designated herein as "DNA188302". Figure 88A-B shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:88) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:87 shown in Figure 87A-B. o Figure 89 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:89) designated herein as "DNA188332". Figure 90 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:90) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:89 shown in Figure 89. Figure 91 shows a:nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:91) designated herein as "DNA188339". Figure 92 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:22) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID 5 NO:91 shown in Figure 91. Figure 93 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:93) designated herein as "DNA188340". Figure 94 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:94) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:93 shown in Figure 93. Figure 95 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:95) designated herein as "DNA188355". 0 Figure 96 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:96) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:95 shown in Figure 95. Figure 97 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:97) designated herein as "DNA188425". Figure 98 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:98) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:97 shown in Figure 97. 65 Figure 99 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:99) designated herein as "DNA188448". Figure 100 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 100) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:99 shown in Figure 99. Figure 101 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 101) designated herein as "DNA194566". Figure 102 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 102) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ 30 ID NO: 101 shown in Figure 101. Figure 103 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:103) designated herein as "DNA199788". Figure 104 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 104) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103 shown in Figure 103. Figure 105 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 105) designated herein as "DNA200227". 35 Figure 106 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:106) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 105 shown in Figure 105. Figure 107 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 107) designated. herein as "DNA27865". Figure 108 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 108) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ 13 ID NO: 107 shown in Figure 107. Figure 109 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 109) designated herein as "DNA33094". Figure 110 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 110) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 10 shown in Figure 110. Figure 111 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:1 11) designated herein as "DNA45416". 5 Figure 112 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 112) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:111 shown in Figure 111. Figure 113 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:113) designated herein as "DNA48328". Figure 114 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 114) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:113 shown in Figure 113. 3 Figure 115 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 115) designated herein as "DNA50960". Figure 116 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 116) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:105 shown in Figure 105. Figure 117 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 117) designated herein as "DNA80896". Figure 118 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 118) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ 5 ID NO:117 shown in Figure 117. Figure 119 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 119) designated herein as "DNA82319". Figure 120 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 120) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:119 shown in Figure 119. Figure 121 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:121) designated herein as "DNA82352". ) Figure 122 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:122) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:121 shown in Figure 121. Figure 123 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:123) designated herein as "DNA82363". Figure 124 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 124) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:123 shown in Figure 123. 5 Figure 125 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:125) designated herein as "DNA82368". Figure 126 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 126) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 125 shown in Figure 125. Figure 127 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:127) designated herein as "DNA83103". Figure 128 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 128) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ 0 ID NO: 127 shown in Figure 127. Figure 129 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:129) designated herein as "DNA83500". Figure 130 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 130) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:129 shown in Figure 129. Figure 131 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:131) designated herein as "DNA88002". 5 Figure 132 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 132) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 131 shown in Figure 131. Figure 133 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:133) designated herein as "DNA92282". Figure 134 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 134) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ 14 ID NO:133 shown in Figure 133. Figure 135 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 135) designated herein as "DNA96934". Figure 136 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 136) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:135 shown in Figure 135. Figure 137 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 137) designated herein as "DNA96943". 5 Figure 138 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:138) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 137 shown in Figure 137. Figure 139 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 139) designated herein as "DNA97005". Figure 140 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 140) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:139 shown in Figure 139. o Figure 141 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 141) designated herein as "DNA98553". Figure 142 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:142) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 141 shown in Figure 141. Figure 143 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 143) designated herein as "DNA102845". Figure 144 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 144) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ 5 ID NO: 143 shown in Figure 143. Figure 145 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:145) designated herein as "DNA108715". Figure 146 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 146) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 145 shown in Figure 145. Figure 147 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 147) designated herein as "DNA108735". o Figure 148 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 148) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:147 shown in Figure 147. Figure 149 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 149) designated herein as "DNA164455". Figure 150 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:150) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 149 shown in Figure 149. 25 Figure 151 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:151) designated herein as "DNA188178". Figure 152 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 152) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 151 shown in Figure 151. Figure 153 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 153) designated herein as "DNA188271". Figure 154 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 154) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ 30 ID NO: 153 shown in Figure 153. Figure 155 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 155) designated herein as "DNA188338". Figure 156 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 156) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:155 shown in Figure 155. Figure 157 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 157) designated herein as "DNA188342". 15 Figure 158 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 158) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 157 shown in Figure 157. Figure 159 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:159) designated herein as "DNA188427". Figure 160A-B shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 160) derived from the coding sequence of 15 SEQ ID NO:159 shown in Figure 159. Figure 161 shows a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 161) designated herein as "DNA 195011". Figure 162 shows the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 162) derived from the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:161 shown in Figure 161. 5 5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 5.1. Definitions In the claims which follow and in the description of the invention, except where the context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary implication, the word "comprise" or variations 10 such as "comprises" or "comprising" is used in an inclusive sense, i.e. to specify the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the presence or addition of further features in various embodiments of the invention. The term "inflammatory bowel disorder" or "IBD" as used herein, refers to any chronic disorder in which any portion of the intestine (bowel) becomes inflamed and/or ulcerated. Examples of 15 IBD include, but are not limited to, Crohn's Disease and ulcerative colitis. The terms "PRO polypeptide" and "PRO" as used herein and when immediately followed by a numerical designation refer to various polypeptides, wherein the complete designation (ie., PRO/number) refers to specific polypeptide sequences as described herein. The terms "PRO/number polypeptide" and "PRO/number" wherein the term "number" is provided as an actual numerical 20 designation as used herein encompass native sequence polypeptides and polypeptide variants (which are further defined herein). The PRO polypeptides described herein may be isolated from a variety of sources, such as from human tissue types or from another source, or prepared by recombinant or synthetic methods. A "native sequence PRO polypeptide" comprises a polypeptide having the same amino acid 25 sequence as the corresponding PRO polypeptide derived from nature. Such native sequence PRO polypeptides can be isolated from nature or can be produced by recombinant or synthetic means. The term "native sequence PRO polypeptide" specifically encompasses naturally-occurring truncated or secreted forms of the specific PRO polypeptide (e.g., an extracellular domain sequence), naturally occurring variant forms (e.g., alternatively spliced forms) and naturally-occurring allelic variants of the 30 polypeptide. In certain embodiments of the invention, the native sequence PRO polypeptides disclosed herein are mature or full-length native sequence polypeptides comprising the full-length amino acids sequences shown in the accompanying figures. Start and stop codons (if indicated) are shown in bold font and underlined in the figures. Nucleic acid residues indicated as "N" in the accompanying figures are any nucleic acid residue. However, while the PRO polypeptides disclosed in the accompanying 35 figures are shown to begin with methionine residues designated herein as amino acid position I in the figures, it is conceivable and possible that other methionine residues located either upstream or downstream from the amino acid position I in the figures may be employed as the starting amino acid 16 N.\Melboume\cases\Patent\S2000-52999\PS2614 AU\Specis\Specificationdoc 2-Nov-07 residue for the PRO polypeptides. The PRO polypeptide "extracellular domain" or "ECD" refers to a form of the PRO polypeptide which is essentially free of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Ordinarily, a PRO polypeptide ECD will have less than 1% of such transmembrane and/or cytoplasmic domains and 5 preferably, will have less than 0.5% of such domains. It will be understood that any transmembrane domains identified for the PRO polypeptides of the present invention are identified pursuant to criteria routinely employed in the art for identifying that type of hydrophobic domain. The exact boundaries of a transmenmbrane domain may vary but most likely by no more than about 5 amino acids at either end of the domain as initially identified herein. Optionally, therefore, an extracellular domain of a PRO 10 polypeptide may contain from about 5 or fewer ammno acids on either side of the transmembrane 16a N:\Melbourne\Cases\Patent\52000-52999\P52614 A U\Specis\Specification doc 2-Nov-07 domain/extracellular domain boundary as identified in the Examples or specification and such polypeptides, with or without the associated signal peptide, and nucleic acid encoding them, are contemplated by the present invention. The approximate location of the "signal peptides" of the various PRO polypeptides disclosed herein may be shown in the present specification and/or the accompanying figures. It is noted, however, that the C-terminal boundary of a signal peptide may vary, but most likely by no more than about 5 amino acids on either side of the 5 signal peptide C-terminal boundary as initially identified herein, wherein the C-terminal boundary of the signal peptide may be identified pursuant to criteria routinely employed in the art for identifying that type of amino acid sequence element (e.g., Nielsen et al., Prot. Eng. 10:1-6 (1997) and von Heinje et al., Nucl. Acids. Res. 14:4683-4690 (1986)). Moreover, it is also recognized that, in some cases, cleavage of a signal sequence from a secreted polypeptide is not entirely uniform, resulting in more than one secreted species. These mature polypeptides, where .0 the signal peptide is cleaved within no more than about 5 amino acids on either side of the C-terminal boundary of the signal peptide as identified herein, and the polynucleotides encoding them, are contemplated by the present invention. "PRO polypeptide variant" means a PRO polypeptide, preferably an active PRO polypeptide, as defined herein having at least about 80% amino acid sequence identity with a full-length native sequence PRO polypeptide 5 sequence as disclosed herein, a PRO polypeptide sequence lacking the signal peptide as disclosed herein, an extracellular domain of a PRO polypeptide, with or without the signal peptide, as disclosed herein or any other fragment of a full-length PRO polypeptide sequence as disclosed herein (such as those encoded by a nucleic acid that represents only a portion of the complete coding sequence for a full-length PRO polypeptide). Such PRO polypeptide variants include, for instance, PRO polypeptides wherein one or more amino acid residues are added, '0 or deleted, at the - or C-terminus of the full-length native amino acid sequence. Ordinarily, a PRO polypeptide variant will have at least about80% amino acid sequence identity, alternatively at least about 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% amino acid sequence identity, to a full-length native sequence PRO polypeptide sequence as disclosed herein, aPRO polypeptide sequence lacking the signal peptide as disclosed herein, an extracellular domain of a PRO polypeptide, with or without the 25 signal peptide, as disclosed herein or any other specifically defined fragment of a full-length PRO polypeptide sequence as disclosed herein. Ordinarily, PRO variant polypeptides are at least about 10 amino acids in length, alternatively at least about 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80,90,100,110,120, 130,140,150,160,170,180, 190, 200,210, 220,230, 240, 250,260, 270,280,290,300,310,320,330, 340,350, 360, 370,380,390, 400,410,420,430, 440, 450,460, 470,480, 490, 500, 510,520, 530, 540,550, 560, 570,580, 590, 600 amino acids in length, or more. 30 "Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity" with respect to the PRO polypeptide sequences identified herein is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the specific PRO polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in 35 various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full 17 length of the sequences being compared. For purposes herein, however, % amino acid sequence identity values are generated using the sequence comparison computer program ALIGN-2, wherein the complete source code for the ALIGN-2 program is provided in Table 1 below. The ALIGN-2 sequence comparison computer program was authored by Genentech, Inc. and the source code shown in Table I below has been filed with user documentation in the U.S. Copyright Office, Washington D.C., 20559, where it is registered under U.S. Copyright Registration No. 5 TXU510087. The ALIGN-2 program is publicly available through Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California or may be compiled from the source code provided in Table 1 below. The ALIGN-2 program should be compiled for use on a UNIX operating system, preferably digital UNIX V4.OD. All sequence comparison parameters are set by the ALIGN-2 program and do not vary. In situations where ALIGN-2 is employed for amino acid sequence comparisons, the % amino acid ) sequence identity of a given amino acid sequence A to, with, or against a given amino acid sequence B (which can alternatively be phrased as a given amino acid sequence A that has or comprises a certain % amino acid sequence identity to, with, or against a given amino acid sequence B) is calculated as follows: 100 times the fraction X/Y 5 where X is the number of amino acid residues scored as identical matches by the sequence alignment program ALIGN-2 in that program's alignment of A and B, and where Y is the total number of amino acid residues in B. It will be appreciated that where the length of amino acid sequence A is not equal to the length of amino acid sequence B, the % amino acid sequence identity of A to B will not equal the % amino acid sequence identity of B to A. As D) examples of % amino acid sequence identity calculations using this method, Tables 2 and 3 demonstrate how to calculate the % amino acid sequence identity of the amino acid sequence designated "Comparison Protein" to the amino acid sequence designated "PRO", wherein "PRO" represents the amino acid sequence of a hypothetical PRO polypeptide of interest, "Comparison Protein" represents the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide against which the "PRO" polypeptide of interest is being compared, and "X, "Y" and "Z" each represent different hypothetical 25 amino acid residues. Unless specifically stated otherwise, all % amino acid sequence identity values used herein are obtained as described in the immediately preceding paragraph using the ALIGN-2 computer program. "PRO variant polynucleotide" or "PRO variant nucleic acid sequence" means a nucleic acid molecule which encodes a PRO polypeptide, preferably an active PRO polypeptide, as defined herein and which has at least about 80% nucleic acid sequence identity with a nucleotide acid sequence encoding a full-length native sequence PRO 30 polypeptide sequence as disclosed herein, a full-length native sequence PRO polypeptide sequence lacking the signal peptide as disclosed herein, an extracellular domain of a PRO polypeptide, with or without the signal peptide, as disclosed herein or any other fragment of a full-length PRO polypeptide sequence as disclosed herein (such as those encoded by a nucleic acid that represents only a portion of the complete coding sequence for a full-length PRO polypeptide). Ordinarily, a PRO variant polynucleotide will have at least about 80% nucleic acid sequence identity, 35 alternatively at least about 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%,93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% nucleic acid sequence identity with a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length native sequence PRO polypeptide sequence as disclosed herein, a full-length native sequence PRO polypeptide sequence 18 lacking the signal peptide as disclosed herein, an extracellular domain of a PRO polypeptide, with or without the signal sequence, as disclosed herein or any other fragment of a full-length PRO polypeptide sequence as disclosed herein. Variants do not encompass the native nucleotide sequence. Ordinarily, PRO variant polynucleotides are at least about 5 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about6,7, 8,9, 10,11, 12, 13, 14,15,16, 17, 18, 19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,35,40,45,50,55,60, 5 65, 70,75, 80, 85, 90,95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190,195, 200, 210,220,230,240,250,260,270, 280,290, 300,310,320,330,340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390,400, 410,420,430,440,450,460,470,480,490,500,510,520, 530,540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 610, 620,630, 640, 650,660, 670,680,690,700,710,720,730, 740, 750, 760,770,780, 790, 800, 810,820, 830, 840, 850, 860, 870,880,890,900,910,920,930,940,950,960,970,980,990, or 1000 nucleotides in length, wherein in this context [0 the term "about" means the referenced nucleotide sequence length plus or minus 10% of that referenced length. "Percent (%) nucleic acid sequence identity" with respect to PRO-encoding nucleic acid sequences identified herein is defined as the percentage of nucleotides in a candidate sequence that are identical with the nucleotides in the PRO nucleic acid sequence of interest, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent .5 nucleic acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. For purposes herein, however, % nucleic acid sequence identity values are generated using the sequence comparison computer program ALIGN-2, wherein the complete source code for the ALIGN-2 program is provided in Table 1 below. The ALIGN-2 sequence comparison computer program was authored by Genentech, Inc. and the source code !0 shown in Table 1 below has been filed with user documentation in the U.S. Copyright Office, Washington D.C., 20559, where it is registered under U.S. Copyright Registration No. TXU510087. The ALIGN-2 program is publicly available through Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California or may be compiled from the source code provided in Table I below. The ALIGN-2 program should be compiled for use on a UNIX operating system, preferably digital UNIX V4.OD. All sequence comparison parameters are set by the ALIGN-2 program and do not 25 vary. In situations where ALIGN-2 is employed for nucleic acid sequence comparisons, the % nucleic acid sequence identity of a given nucleic acid sequence C to, with, or against a given nucleic acid sequence D (which can alternatively be phrased as a given nucleic acid sequence C that has or comprises a certain % nucleic acid sequence identity to, with, or against a given nucleic acid sequence D) is calculated as follows: 30 100 times the fraction W/Z where W is the number of nucleotides scored as identical matches by the sequence alignment program ALIGN-2 in that program's alignment of C and D, and where Z is the total number of nucleotides in D. It will be appreciated 35 that where the length of nucleic acid sequence C is not equal to the length of nucleic acid sequence D, the % nucleic acid sequence identity of C to D will not equal the % nucleic acid sequence identity of D to C. As examples of % nucleic acid sequence identity calculations,Tables4and 5, demonstrate how to calculate the% nucleic acid sequence 19 identity of the nucleic acid sequence designated "Comparison DNA" to the nucleic acid sequence designated "PRO DNA", wherein "PRO-DNA" represents a hypothetical PRO-encoding nucleic acid sequence of interest, "Comparison DNA" represents the nucleotide sequence of a nucleic acid molecule against which the "PRO-DNA" nucleic acid molecule of interest is being compared, and "N", "L" and "V" each represent different hypothetical nucleotides. Unless specifically stated otherwise, all % nucleic acid sequence identity values used herein are 5 obtained as described in the immediately preceding paragraph using the ALIGN-2 computer program. In other embodiments, PRO variant polynucleotides are nucleic acid molecules that encode a PRO polypeptide and which are capable of hybridizing, preferably under stringent hybridization and wash conditions, to nucleotide sequences encoding a full-length PRO polypeptide as disclosed herein. PRO variant polypeptides may be those that are encoded by a PRO variant polynucleotide. 0 "Isolated," when used to describe the various polypeptides disclosed herein, means polypeptide that has been identified and separated and/or recovered from a component of its natural environment. Contaminant components of its natural environment are materials that would typically interfere with diagnostic or therapeutic uses for the polypeptide, and may include enzymes, hormones, and other proteinaceous or non-proteinaceous solutes. In preferred embodiments, the polypeptide will be purified (1) to a degree sufficient to obtain at least 15 residues of 5 N-terminal or internal amino acid sequence by use of a spinning cup sequenator, or (2) to homogeneity by SDS PAGE under non-reducing or reducing conditions using Coomassie blue or, preferably, silver stain. Isolated polypeptide includes polypeptide in situ within recombinant cells, since at least one component of the PRO polypeptide natural environment will not be present. Ordinarily, however, isolated polypeptide will be prepared by at least one purification step. D An "isolated" PRO polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid or other polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule that is identified and separated from at least one contaminant nucleic acid molecule with which it is ordinarily associated in the natural source of the polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid. An isolated polypeptide encoding nucleic acid molecule is other than in the form or setting in which it is found in nature. Isolated polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid molecules therefore are distinguished from the specific polypeptide-encoding !5 nucleic acid molecule as it exists in natural cells. However, an isolated polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid molecule includes polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid molecules contained in cells that ordinarily express the polypeptide where, for example, the nucleic acid molecule is in a chromosomal location different from that of natural cells. The term "control sequences" refers to DNA sequences necessary for the expression of an operably linked coding sequence in a particular host organism. The control sequences that are suitable for prokaryotes, for example, 0 include a promoter, optionally an operator sequence, and a ribosome binding site. Eukaryotic cells are known to utilize promoters, polyadenylation signals, and enhancers. Nucleic acid is "operably linked" when it is placed into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence. For example, DNA for a presequence or secretory leader is operably linked to DNA for a polypeptide if it is expressed as a preprotein that participates in the secretion of the polypeptide; a promoter or enhancer is operably 5 linked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to facilitate translation. Generally, "operably linked" means that the DNA sequences being linked are contiguous, and, in the case of a secretory leader, contiguous and in reading 20 phase. However, enhancers do not have to be contiguous. Linking is accomplished by ligation at convenient restriction sites. If such sites do not exist, the synthetic oligonucleotide adaptors or linkers are used in accordance with conventional practice. "Stringency" of hybridization reactions is readily determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art, and generally is an empirical calculation dependent upon probe length, washing temperature, and salt concentration. In 5 general, longer probes require higher temperatures for proper annealing, while shorter probes need lower temperatures. Hybridization generally depends on the ability of denatured DNA to reanneal when complementary strands are present in an environment below their melting temperature. The higher the degree of desired homology between the probe and hybridizable sequence, the higher the relative temperature which can be used. As a result, it follows that higher relative temperatures would tend to make the reaction conditions more stringent, while lower 10 temperatures less so. For additional details and explanation of stringency of hybridization reactions, see Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley Interscience Publishers, (1995). "Stringent conditions" or "high stringency conditions", as defined herein, may be identified by those that: (1) employ low ionic strength and high temperature for washing, for example 0.015 M sodium chloride/0.0015 M sodium citrate/0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 50*C; (2) employ during hybridization a denaturing agent, such as 15 formamide, for example, 50% (v/v) formamide with 0.1% bovine serum albumin/0.1% Ficoll/0.1% polyvinylpyrrolidone/50mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.5 with 750 mM sodium chloride, 75 mM sodium citrate at 42*C; or (3) employ 50% formamide, 5 x SSC (0.75 M NaCl, 0.075 M sodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.8), 0.1% sodium pyrophosphate, 5 x Denhardt's solution, sonicated salmon sperm DNA (50 pg/ml), 0.1% SDS, and 10% dextran sulfate at 42*C, with washes at 42*C in 0.2 x SSC (sodium chloride/sodium citrate) and 20 50% formamide at 55*C, followed by a high-stringency wash consisting of 0.1 x SSC containing EDTA at 55 0 C. "Moderately stringent conditions" may be identified as described by Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1989, and include the use of washing solution and hybridization conditions (e.g., temperature, ionic strength and %SDS) less stringent that those described above. An example of moderately stringent conditions is overnight incubation at 37"C in a solution comprising: 20% 25 formamide, 5 x SSC (150 mM NaCl, 15 mM trisodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.6), 5 x Denhardt's solution, 10% dextran sulfate, and 20 mg/ml denatured sheared salmon sperm DNA, followed by washing the filters in I x SSC at about 37-50*C. The skilled artisan will recognize how to adjust the temperature, ionic strength, etc. as necessary to accommodate factors such as probe length and the like. The term "epitope tagged" when used herein refers to a chimeric polypeptide comprising a PRO polypeptide 30 or anti-PRO antibody fused to a "tag polypeptide". The tag polypeptide has enough residues to provide an epitope against which an antibody can be made, yet is short enough such that it does not interfere with activity of the polypeptide to which it is fused. The tag polypeptide preferably also is fairly unique so that the antibody does not substantially cross-react with other epitopes. Suitable tag polypeptides generally have at least six amino acid residues and usually between about 8 and 50 amino acid residues (preferably, between about 10 and 20 amino acid residues). 35 "Active" or "activity" for the purposes herein refers to form(s) of a PRO polypeptide which retain a biological and/or an immunological activity of native or naturally-occurring PRO, wherein "biological" activity refers to a biological function (either inhibitory or stimulatory) caused by a native or naturally-occurring PRO other 21 than the ability to induce the production of an antibody against an antigenic epitope possessed by a native or naturally-occurring PRO and an "immunological" activity refers to the ability to induce the production of an antibody against an antigenic epitope possessed by a native or naturally-occurring PRO. "Biological activity" in the context of a molecule that antagonizes a PRO polypeptide that can be identified by the screening assays disclosed herein (e.g., an organic or inorganic small molecule, peptide, etc.) is used to refer 5 to the ability of such molecules to bind or complex with the PRO polypeptide identified herein, or otherwise interfere with the interaction of the PRO polypeptide with other cellular proteins or otherwise inhibits the transcription or translation of the PRO polypeptide. The term "antagonist" is used in the broadest sense, and includes any molecule that partially or fully blocks, inhibits, or neutralizes a biological activity of a native PRO polypeptide disclosed herein. In a similar manner, the 10 term "agonist" is used in the broadest sense and includes any molecule that mimics a biological activity of a native PRO polypeptide disclosed herein. Suitable agonist or antagonist molecules specifically include agonist or antagonist antibodies or antibody fragments, fragments or amino acid sequence variants of native PRO polypeptides, peptides, antisense oligonucleotides, small organic molecules, etc. Methods for identifying agonists or antagonists of a PRO polypeptide may comprise contacting a PRO polypeptide with a candidate agonist or antagonist molecule and 15 measuring a detectable change in one or more biological activities normally associated with the PRO polypeptide. "Treating" or "treatment" or "alleviation" refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) the targeted pathologic condition or disorder. Those in need of treatment include those already with the disorder as well as those prone to have the disorder or those in whom the disorder is to be prevented. The disorder may result from any cause. !0 "Chronic" administration refers to administration of the agent(s) in a continuous mode as opposed to an acute mode, so as to maintain the initial therapeutic effect (activity) for an extended period of time. "Intermittent" administration is treatment that is not consecutively done without interruption, but rather is cyclic in nature. "Mammal" for purposes of the treatment of, alleviating the symptoms of or diagnosis of a cancer refers to 25 any animal classified as a mammal, including humans, domestic and farm animals, and zoo, sports, or pet animals, such as dogs, cats, cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, goats, rabbits, etc. Preferably, the mammal is human. Administration "in combination with" one or more further therapeutic agents includes simultaneous (concurrent) and consecutive administration in any order. "Carriers" as used herein include pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers which are 30 nontoxic to the cell or mammal being exposed thereto at the dosages and concentrations employed. Often the physiologically acceptable carrier is an aqueous pH buffered solution. Examples of physiologically acceptable carriers include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptide; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, 35 asparagine, arginine or lysine;monosaccharides,disaccharides, and othercarbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugar alcohols such as mannitol or. sorbitol; salt-forming counterions such as sodium; and/or nonionic surfactants such as TWEEN@, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and PLURONICS@. 22 By "solid phase" is meant a non-aqueous matrix to which the antibody of the present invention can adhere. Examples of solid phases encompassed herein include those formed partially or entirely of glass (e.g., controlled pore glass), polysaccharides (e.g., agarose), polyacrylamides, polystyrene, polyvinyl alcohol and silicones. In certain embodiments, depending on the context, the solid phase can comprise the well of an assay plate; in others it is a purification column (e.g., an affinity chromatography column). This term also includes a discontinuous solid phase 5 of discrete particles, such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 4,275,149. A "liposome" is a small vesicle composed of various types of lipids, phospholipids and/or surfactant which is useful for delivery of a drug (such as a PRO polypeptide or antibody thereto) to a mammal. The components of the liposome are commonly arranged in a bilayer formation, similar to the lipid arrangement of biological membranes. 10 A "small molecule" is defined herein to have a molecular weight below about 500 Daltons. The term "PRO polypeptide receptor" as used herein refers to a cellular receptor for a PRO polypeptide as well as variants thereof that retain the ability to bind a PRO polypeptide. An "effective amount" of a polypeptide or antibody disclosed herein or an agonist or antagonist thereof is an amount sufficient to carry out a specifically stated purpose. An "effective amount" may be determined 15 empirically and in a routine manner, in relation to the stated purpose. The term "therapeutically effective amount"of an active agent such as a PRO. polypeptide or agonist or antagonist thereto or an anti-PRO antibody, refers to an amount effective in the treatment of an IBD in a mammal and can be determined empirically. A "growth inhibitory amount" of an anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide is an amount capable of !0 inhibiting the growth of a cell either in vitro or in vivo, and may be determined empirically and in a routine manner. A "cytotoxic amount" of an anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide is an amount capable of causing the destruction of a cell either in vitro or in vivo, and may be determined empirically and in a routine manner. The term "antibody" is used in the broadest sense and specifically covers, for example, single anti-PRO monoclonal antibodies (including agonist, antagonist, and neutralizing antibodies), anti-PRO antibody compositions 25 with polyepitopic specificity, polyclonal antibodies, single chain anti-PRO antibodies, and fragments of anti-PRO antibodies (see below) as long as they exhibit the desired biological or immunological activity. The term "immunoglobulin" (Ig) is used interchangeable with antibody herein. An "isolated antibody" is one which has been identified and separated and/or recovered from a component of its natural environment. Contaminant components of its natural environment are materials which would interfere 30 with diagnostic or therapeutic uses for the antibody, and may include enzymes, hormones, and other proteinaceous or nonproteinaceous solutes. In preferred embodiments, the antibody will be purified (1) to greater than 95% by weight of antibody as determined by the Lowry method, and most preferably more than 99% by weight, (2) to a degree sufficient to obtain at least 15 residues of N-terminal or internal amino acid sequence by use of a spinning cup sequenator, or (3) to homogeneity by SDS-PAGE under reducing or nonreducing conditions using Coomassie 35 blue or, preferably, silver stain. Isolated antibody includes the antibody in situ within recombinant cells since at least one component of the antibody's natural environment will not be present Ordinarily, however, isolated antibody will be prepared by at least one purification step. 23 The basic 4-chain antibody unit is a heterotetrameric glycoprotein composed of two identical light (L) chains and two identical heavy (H) chains (an IgM antibody consists of 5 of the basic heterotetramer unit along with an additional polypeptide called J chain, and therefore contain 10 antigen binding sites, while secreted IgA antibodies can polymerize to form polyvalent assemblages comprising 2-5 of the basic 4-chain units along with J chain). In the case of IgGs, the 4-chain unit is generally about 150,000 daltons. Each L chain is linked to a H chain by one 5 covalent disulfide bond, while the two H chains are linked to each other by one or more disulfide bonds depending on the H chain isotype. Each H and L chain also has regularly spaced intrachain disulfide bridges. Each H chain has at the N-terminus, a variable domain (VH) followed by three constantdomains (C,) for each of the a and y chains and four CH domains for p. and e isotypes. Each L chain has at the N-terminus, a variable domain (Y) followed by a constant domain (CL) at its other end. The VL is aligned with the VH and the CL is aligned with the first constant 0 domain of the heavy chain (CHI). Particular amino acid residues are believed to form an interface between the light chain and heavy chain variable domains. The pairing of a VH and VL together forms a single antigen-binding site. For the structure and properties of the different classes of antibodies, see, e.g., Basic and Clinical Immunologv, 8th edition, Daniel P. Stites, Abba I. Terr and Tristram G. Parslow (eds.), Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT, 1994, page 71 and Chapter 6. .5 The L chain from any vertebrate species can be assigned to one of two clearly distinct types, called kappa and lambda, based on the amino acid sequences of their constant domains. Depending on the amino acid sequence of the constant domain of their heavy chains (C,), immunoglobulins can be assigned to different classes or isotypes. There are five classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, having heavy chains designated a, 8, e, y, and p, respectively. The y and a classes are further divided into subclasses on the basis of relatively minor .0 differences in CH sequence and function, e.g., humans express the following subclasses: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgAl, and IgA2. The term "variable" refers to the fact that certain segments of the variable domains differ extensively in sequence among antibodies. The V domain mediates antigen binding and define specificity of a particular antibody for its particular antigen. However, the variability is not evenly distributed across the 110-amino acid span of the 25 variable domains. Instead, the V regions consist of relatively invariant stretches called framework regions (FRs) of 15-30 amino acids separated by shorter regions of extreme variability called "hypervariable regions" that are each 9-12 amino acids long. The variable domains of native heavy and light chains each comprise four FRs, largely adopting a p-sheet configuration, connected by three hypervariable regions, which form loops connecting, and in some cases forming part of, the 1-sheet structure. The hypervariable regions in each chain are held together in close 30 proximity by the FRs and, with the hypervariable regions from the other chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen-binding site of antibodies (see Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. (1991)). The constant domains are not involved directly in binding an antibody to an antigen, but exhibit various effector functions, such as participation of the antibody in antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). 35 The term "hypervariable region" when used herein refers to the amino acid residues of an antibody which are responsible for antigen-binding. The hypervariable region generally comprises amino acid residues from a "complementarity determining region" or "CDR" (e.g. around aboutresidues 24-34 (LI), 50-56(L2) and 89-97 (L3) 24 in the VL, and around about 1-35 (H1), 50-65 (H2) and 95-102 (H3) in the VH; Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. (1991)) and/or those residues from a "hypervariable loop" (e.g. residues 26-32 (L1), 50-52 (L2) and 91-96 (L3) in the VL, and 26-32 (HI), 53-55 (H2) and 96-101 (H3) in the Vn; Chothia and LeskJ. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917 (1987)). The term "monoclonal antibody" as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a population of 5 substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directed against a single antigenic site. Furthermore, in contrast to polyclonal antibody preparations which include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody is directed against a single determinant on the antigen. In addition to their specificity, the monoclonal antibodies are [0 advantageous in that they may be synthesized uncontaminated by other antibodies. The modifier "monoclonal" is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method. For example, the monoclonal antibodies useful in the present invention may be prepared by the hybridoma methodology first described by Kohler et al., Nature, 256:495 (1975), or may be made using recombinant DNA methods in bacterial, eukaryotic animal or plant cells (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567). The "monoclonal antibodies" may also be isolated from phage 5 antibody libraries using the techniques described in Clackson et al., Nature, 352:624-628 (1991) and Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol., 222:581-597 (1991), for example. The monoclonal antibodies herein include "chimeric" antibodies in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or ,0 homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species or belongingto anotherantibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity (see U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567; and Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81:6851-6855 (1984)). Chimeric antibodies of interest herein include "primatized" antibodies comprising variable domain antigen-binding sequences derived from a non-human primate (e.g. Old World Monkey, Ape etc), and human constant region sequences. 25 An "intact" antibody is one which comprises an antigen-binding site as well as.a CL and at least heavy chain constant domains, CH1, CH 2 and CH 3 . The constant domains may be native sequence constant domainsdg. human native sequence constant domains) or amino acid sequence variant thereof. Preferably, the intact antibody has one or more effector functions. "Antibody fragments" comprise a portion of an intact antibody, preferably the antigen binding or variable 30 region of the intact antibody. Examples of antibody fragments include Fab, Fab', F(ab') 2, and Fv fragments; diabodies; linear antibodies (see U.S. PatentNo. 5,641,870, Example 2; Zapata et al., Protein Eng. 8(10): 1057-1062 [1995]); single-chain antibody molecules; and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments. Papain digestion of antibodies produces two identical antigen-binding fragments, called "Fab" fragments, and a residual "Fc" fragment, a designation reflecting the ability to crystallize readily. The Fab fragment consists 35 of an entire L chain along with the variable region domain of the H chain (VH), and the first constant domain of one heavy chain (CHI). Each Fab fragment is monovalent with respect to antigen binding, i.e., it has a single antigen binding site. Pepsin treatment of an antibody yields a single large F(ab') 2 fragment which roughly corresponds to 25 two disulfide linked Fab fragments having divalent antigen-binding activity and is still capable of cross-linking antigen. Fab' fragments differ from Fab fragments by having additional few residues at the carboxy terminus of the CHI domain including one or more cysteines from the antibody hinge region. Fab'-SH is the designation herein for Fab' in which the cysteine residue(s) of the constant domains bear a free thiol group. F(ab') 2 antibody fragments originally were produced as pairs of Fab' fragments which have hinge cysteines between them. Other chemical 5 couplings of antibody fragments are also known. The Fc fragment comprises the carboxy-terminal portions of both H chains held together by disulfides. The effector functions of antibodies are determined by sequences in the Fc region, which region is also the part recognized by Fc receptors (FcR) found on certain types of cells. "Fv" is the minimum antibody fragment which contains a complete antigen-recognition and -binding site. 0 This fragment consists of a dimer of one heavy- and one light-chain variable region domain in tight, non-covalent association. From the folding of these two domains emanate six hypervariable loops (3 loops each from the H and L chain) that contribute the amino acid residues for antigen binding and confer antigen binding specificity to the antibody. However, even a single variable domain (or half of an Fv comprising only three CDRs specific for an antigen) has the ability to recognize and bind antigen, although at a lower affinity than the entire binding site. 5 "Single-chain Fv" also abbreviated as "sFv" or "scFv" are antibody fragments that comprise the V. and VL antibody domains connected into a single polypeptide chain. Preferably, the sFv polypeptide further comprises a polypeptide linker between the VH and VL domains which enables the sFv to form the desired structure for antigen binding. For a review of sFv, see Pluckthun inThe Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies, vol. 113, Rosenburg and Moore eds., Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 269-315 (1994); Borrebaeck 1995, infra. o The term "diabodies" refers to small antibody fragments prepared by constructing sFv fragments (see preceding paragraph) with short linkers (about 5-10 residues) between the VH and VL domains such that inter-chain but not intra-chain pairing of the V domains is achieved, resulting in a bivalent fragment, i.e., fragment having two antigen-binding sites. Bispecific diabodies are heterodimers of two "crossover" sFv fragments in which the yand VL domains of the two antibodies are present on different polypeptide chains. Diabodies are described more fully 25 in, for example, EP 404,097; WO 93/11161; and Hollinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:6444-6448 (1993). "Humanized" forms of non-human (e.g., rodent) antibodies are chimeric antibodies that contain minimal sequence derived from the non-human antibody. For the most part, humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues from a hypervariable region of the recipient are replaced by residues from a hypervariable region of a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat, rabbit or non 30 human primate having the desired antibody specificity, affinity, and capability. In some instances, framework region (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human residues. Furthermore, humanized antibodies may comprise residues that are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody. These modifications are made to further refine antibody performance. In general, the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the 35 hypervariable loops correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FRs are those of a human immunoglobulin sequence. The humanized antibody optionally also will comprise atleast a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin. For further details, see Jones 26 et al., Nature 321:522-525(1986); Riechmann et al., Nature 332:323-329 (1988); and Presta, Curr. Op. Struct. Biol. 2:593-596 (1992). A "species-dependent antibody," e.g., a mammalian anti-human IgE antibody, is an antibody which has a stronger binding affinity for an antigen from a first mammalian species than it has for a homologue of that antigen from a second mammalian species. Normally, the species-dependent antibody "bind specifically" to a human antigen 5 (i.e., has a binding affinity (Kd) value of no more than about I x 104 M, preferably no more than about 1 x 108 and most preferably no more than about 1 x 10- M) but has a binding affinity for a homologue of the antigen from a second non-human mammalian species which is at least about 50 fold, or at least about 500 fold, or at least about 1000 fold, weaker than its binding affinity for the human antigen. The species-dependent antibody can be of any of the various types of antibodies as defined above, but preferably is a humanized or human antibody. 10 An antibody "which binds" an antigen of interest is one that binds the antigen with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting a cell expressing the antigen, and does not significantly cross-react with other proteins. In such embodiments, the extent of binding of the antibody to a "non-target" protein will be less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody to its particular target protein as determined by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis or radioirnmunoprecipitation (RIA). An antibody .5 that "specifically binds to" or is "specific for" a particular polypeptide or an epitope on a particular polypeptide is one that binds to that particular polypeptide or epitope on a particular polypeptide without substantially binding to any other polypeptide or polypeptide epitope. An "antibody that inhibits the growth of cells expressing a PRO polypeptide" or a "growth inhibitory" antibody is one which binds to and results in measurable growth inhibition of cells expressing or overexpressing the 0 appropriate PRO polypeptide. Preferred growth inhibitory anti-PRO antibodies inhibit growth of PRO-expressing cells by greater than 20%, preferably from about 20% to about 50%, and even more preferably, by greater than 50% (e.g., from about 50% to about 100%) as compared to the appropriate control, the control typically being cells not treated with the antibody being tested. Growth inhibition can be measured at an antibody concentration of about 0.1 to 30 pig/mil or about 0.5 nM to 200 nM in cell culture, where the growth inhibition is determined 1-10 days after 25 exposure of the cells to the antibody. An antibody which "induces apoptosis" is one which induces programmed cell death as determined by binding of annexin V, fragmentation of DNA, cell shrinkage, dilation of endoplasmic reticulum, cell fragmentation, and/or formation of membrane vesicles (called apoptotic bodies). The cell is usually one which overexpresses a PRO polypeptide. Preferably the cell is a tumor cell, e.g., a prostate, breast, ovarian, stomach, endometrial, lung, kidney, 30 colon, bladder cell. Various methods are available for evaluating the cellular events associated with apoptosis. For example, phosphatidyl seine (PS) translocation can be measured by annexin binding; DNA fragmentation can be evaluated through DNA laddering; and nuclear/chromatin condensation along with DNA fragmentation can be evaluated by any increase in hypodiploid cells. Preferably, the antibody which induces apoptosis is one which results in about 2 to 50 fold, preferably about 5 to 50 fold, and most preferably about 10 to 50 fold, induction of annexin 35 binding relative to untreated cell in an annexin binding assay. Antibody "effector functions" refer to those biological activities attributable to the Fc region (a native sequence Fc region or amino acid sequence variant Fc region) of an antibody, and vary with the antibody isotype. 27 Examples of antibody effector functions include: C lq binding and complement dependent cytotoxicity; Fc receptor binding; antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC); phagocytosis; down regulation of cell surface receptors (e.g., B cell receptor); and B cell activation. "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity" or "ADCC" refers to a form of cytotoxicity in which secreted Ig bound onto Fc receptors (FcRs) present on certain cytotoxic cells (e.g., Natural Killer (NK) cells, 5 neutrophils, and macrophages) enable these cytotoxic effector cells to bind specifically to an antigen-bearing target cell and subsequently kill the target cell with cytotoxins. The antibodies "arm" the cytotoxic cells and are absolutely required for such killing. The primary cells for mediating ADCC, NK cells, express Fc yRIII only, whereas monocytes express FcyRI, FcyRII and FcyRIII. FcR expression on hematopoietic cells is summarized in Table 3 on page 464 of Ravetch and Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9:457-92(1991). To assess ADCC activity of a molecule 0 of interest, an in vitro ADCC assay, such as that described in US Patent No. 5,500,362 or 5,821,337 may be performed. Useful effector cells for such assays include peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and Natural Killer (NK) cells. Alternatively, or additionally, ADCC activity of the molecule of interest may be assessed in vivo, e.g., in a animal model such as that disclosed in Clynes et al. (USA) 95:652-656 (1998). "Fc receptor" or "FcR" describes a receptor that binds to the Fc region of an antibody. The preferred FcR 5 is a native sequence human FcR. Moreover, a preferred FcR is one which binds an IgG antibody (a gamma receptor) and includes receptors of the FcyRI, FcyRIl and FcyRIII subclasses, including allelic variants and alternatively spliced forms of these receptors. FcyRII receptors include FcyRIIA (an "activating receptor") and Fc yRIIB (an "inhibiting receptor"), which have similar amino acid sequences that differ primarily in the cytoplasmic domains thereof. Activating receptor FcyRIIA contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in its El cytoplasmic domain. Inhibiting receptor Fc yRIIB contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) in its cytoplasmic domain. (see review M. in Dadron, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15:203-234 (1997)). FcRs are reviewed in Ravetch and Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9:457-492 (1991); Capel et al., Immunomethods 4:25-34 (1994); and de Haas et al., J. Lab. Clin. Med. 126:330-41 (1995). OtherFcRs, including those to be identified in the future, are encompassed by the term "FcR" herein. The term also includes the neonatal receptor, FcRn, which is !5 responsible for the transfer of maternal IgGs to the fetus (Guyer et al., J. Immunol. 117:587 (1976) and Kim et al., J. Immunol. 24:249 (1994)). "Human effector cells" are leukocytes which express one or more FcRs and perform effector functions. Preferably, the cells express at least FcyRII and perform ADCC effector function. Examples of human leukocytes which mediate ADCC include peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, 0 cytotoxic T cells and neutrophils; with PBMCs and NK cells being preferred. The effector cells may be isolated from a native source, e.g., from blood. "Complement dependent cytotoxicity" or "CDC" refers to the lysis of a target cell in the presence of complement. Activation of the classical complement pathway is initiated by the binding of the first component of the complement system (Clq) to antibodies (of the appropriate subclass) which are bound to their cognate antigen. 5 To assess complement activation, a CDC assay, e.g., as described in Gazzano-Santoro et al., J. Immunol. Methods 202:163 (1996), may be performed. The terms "cancer" and "cancerous" refer to or describe the physiological condition in mammals that is 28 typically characterized by unregulated cell growth. Examples of cancer include, but are not limited to, carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, and leukemia or lymphoid malignancies. More particular examples of such cancers include squamous cell cancer (e.g., epithelial squamous cell cancer), lung cancer including small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma of the lung and squamous carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the peritoneum, hepatocellular cancer, gastric or stomach cancer including gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, 5 glioblastoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, cancer of the urinary tract, hepatoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial or uterine carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, kidney or renal cancer, prostate cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma, anal carcinoma, penile carcinoma, melanoma, multiple myeloma and B-cell lymphoma, brain, as well as head and neck cancer, and associated metastases. .0 "Tumor", as used herein, refers to all neoplastic cell growth and proliferation, whether malignant or benign, and all pre-cancerous and cancerous cells and tissues. An antibody which "induces cell death" is one which causes a viable cell to become nonviable. The cell is one which expresses a PRO polypeptide, preferably a cell that overexpresses a PRO polypeptide as compared to a normal cell of the same tissue type. Cell death in vitro may be determined in the absence of complement and .5 immune effector cells to distinguish cell death induced by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Thus, the assay for cell death may be performed using heat inactivated serum (i.e., in the absence of complement) and in the absence of immune effector cells. To determine whether the antibody is able to induce cell death, loss of membrane integrity as evaluated by uptake of propidium iodide (PI), trypan blue (see Moore et al. Cytotechnology 17:1-11 (1995)) or 7AAD can be assessed relative to .0 untreated cells. Preferred cell death-inducing antibodies are those which induce PI uptake in the PI uptake assay in BT474 cells. A "PRO-expressing cell" is a cell which expresses an endogenous or transfected PRO polypeptide on the cell surface. A "PRO-expressing IBD" is an IBD comprising cells that have a PRO polypeptide present on the cell surface. A "PRO-expressing IBD" produces sufficient levels of PRO polypeptide on the surface of cells thereof, 25 such that an anti-PRO antibody can bind thereto and have a therapeutic effect with respect to the IBD. A, IBD which "overexpresses" a PRO polypeptide is one which has significantly higher levels of PRO polypeptide at the cell surface thereof, compared to a non-IBD cell of the same tissue type. Such overexpression may be caused by gene amplification or by increased transcription or translation. PRO polypeptide overexpression may be determined in a diagnostic or prognostic assay by evaluating increased levels of the PRO protein present on the surface of a cell 30 (e.g., via an immunohistochemistry assay using anti-PRO antibodies prepared against an isolated PRO polypeptide which may be prepared using recombinant DNA technology from an isolated nucleic acid encoding the PRO polypeptide; FACS analysis, etc.). Alternatively, or additionally, one may measure levels of PRO polypeptide encoding nucleic acid or mRNA in the cell, e.g., via fluorescent in situ hybridization using a nucleic acid based probe corresponding to a PRO-encoding nucleic acid or the complement thereof; (FISH; see W098/45479 published 35 October, 1998), Southern blotting, Northern blotting, or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, such as real time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR). One may also study PRO polypeptide overexpression by measuring shed antigen in a biological fluid such as serum, e.g, using antibody-based assays (see also, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,933,294 issued 29 June 12, 1990; W091/05264 published April 18, 1991; U.S. Patent 5,401,638 issued March 28, 1995; and Sias et al., J. Immunol. Methods 132:73-80 (1990)). Aside from the above assays, various in vivo assays are available to the skilled practitioner. For example, one may expose cells within the body of the patient to an antibody which is optionally labeled with a detectable label, e.g., a radioactive isotope, and binding of the antibody to cells in the patient can be evaluated, e.g., by external scanning for radioactivity or by analyzing a biopsy taken from a patient 5 previously exposed to the antibody. As used herein, the term "irumunoadhesin" designates antibody-like molecules which combine the binding specificity of a heterologous protein (an "adhesin") with the effector functions of immunoglobulin constant domains. Structurally, the immunoadhesins comprise a fusion of an amino acid sequence with the desired binding specificity which is other than the antigen recognition and binding site of an antibody (i.e., is "heterologous"), and an 0 immunoglobulin constant domain sequence. The adhesin part of an immunoadhesin molecule typically is a contiguous amino acid sequence comprising at least the binding site of a receptor or a ligand. The immunoglobulin constant domain sequence in the immunoadhesin may be obtained from any immunoglobulin, such as IgG-1, IgG-2, IgG-3, or IgG-4 subtypes, IgA (including IgA-I and IgA-2), IgE, IgD or IgM. The word "label" when used herein refers to a detectable compound or composition which is conjugated 5 directly or indirectly to the antibody so as to generate a "labeled" antibody. The label may be detectable by itself (e.g. radioisotope labels or fluorescent labels) or, in the case of an enzymatic label, may catalyze chemical alteration of a substrate compound or composition which is detectable. The term "cytotoxic agent" as used herein refers to a substance that inhibits or prevents the function of cells and/or causes destruction of cells. The term is intended to include radioactive isotopes (e.g., At , 3, 1 , Y 16 188 153 212 32 o Re , Re , Smi , Bi , P and radioactive isotopes of Lu), chemotherapeutic agents e.g. methotrexate, adriamicin, vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide), doxorubicin, melphalan, mitomycin C, chlorambucil, daunorubicin or other intercalating agents, enzymes and fragments thereof such as nucleolytic enzymes, antibiotics, and toxins such as small molecule toxins or enzymatically active toxins of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, including fragments and/or variants thereof, and the various antitumor or anticancer agents disclosed below. Other Z5 cytotoxic agents are described below. A tumoricidal agent causes destruction of tumor cells. A "growth inhibitory agent" when used herein refers to a compound or composition which inhibits growth of a cell either in vitro or in vivo. Thus, the growth inhibitory agent may be one which significantly reduces the percentage of PRO-expressing cells in S phase. Examples of growth inhibitory agents include agents that block cell cycle progression (at a place other than S phase), such as agents that induce G I arrest and M-phase arrest. Classical 0O M-phase blockers include the vincas (vincristine and vinblastine), taxanes, and topoisomerase II inhibitors such as doxorubicin, epirubicin, daunorubicin, etoposide, and bleomycin. Those agents that arrest G1 also spill over into S-phase arrest, for example, DNA alkylating agents such as tamoxifen, prednisone, dacarbazine, mechlorethamine, cisplatin, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and ara-C. Further information can be found in The Molecular Basis of Cancer, Mendelsohn and Israel, eds., Chapter 1, entitled "Cell cycle regulation, oncogenes, and antineoplastic drugs" 5 by Murakami et al. (WB Saunders: Philadelphia, 1995), especially p. 13. The taxanes (paclitaxel and docetaxel) are anticancer drugs both derived from the yew tree. Docetaxel (TAXOTERE@, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer), derived from the European yew, is a semisynthetic analogue of paclitaxel (TAXOL@, Bristol-Myers Squibb). Paclitaxel and 30 docetaxel promote the assembly of microtubules from tubulin dimers and stabilize microtubules by preventing depolymerization, which results in the inhibition of mitosis in cells. "Doxorubicin" is an anthracycline antibiotic. The full chemical name of doxorubicin is (8S-cis)- 10-((3 amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-a-L-lyxo-hexapyranosyl)oxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,8,11-trihydroxy-8-(hydroxyacetyl)-1 methoxy-5,12-naphthacenedione. 5 The term "cytokine" is a generic term for proteins released by one cell population which act on another cell as intercellular mediators. Examples of such cytolines are lymphokines, monokines, and traditional polypeptide hormones. Included among the cytokines are growth hormone such as human growth hormone, N-methionyl human growth hormone, and bovine growth hormone; parathyroid hormone; thyroxine; insulin; proinsulin; relaxin; prorelaxin; glycoprotein hormones such as follicle stimulating hormone.(FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), 10 and luteinizing hormone (LH); hepatic growth factor; fibroblast growth factor; prolactin; placental lactogen; tumor necrosis factor-a and -P; mullerian-inhibiting substance; mouse gonadotropin-associated peptide; inhibin; activin; vascular endothelial growth factor; integrin; thrombopoietin (TPO); nerve growth factors such as NGF-P; platelet growth factor; transforming growth factors (TGFs) such as TGF-a and TGF- ; insulin-like growth factor-I and -1I; erythropoietin (EPO); osteoinductive factors; interferons such as interferon -a, -P, and -y; colony stimulating factors 15 (CSFs) such as macrophage-CSF (M-CSF); granulocyte-macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF); and granulocyte-CSF (G CSF); interleukins (ILs) such as IL-1, IL- la, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-11, IL-12; a tumor necrosis factor such as TNF-a or TNF-B; and other polypeptide factors including LIF and kit ligand (KL). As used herein, the term cytokine includes proteins from natural sources or from recombinant cell culture and biologically active equivalents of the native sequence cytokines. 20 The term "package insert" is used to refer to instructions customarily included in commercial packages of therapeutic products, that contain information aboutthe indications, usage, dosage, administration, contraindications and/or warnings concerning the use of such therapeutic products. 31 Table 1 /* * * C-C increased from 12 to 15 * Z is average of EQ 5 * B is average of ND * match with stop is _M; stop-stop = 0; J (joker) match = 0 */ #define _M -8 1* value of a match with a stop */ 0 int _day[26][26]={ /* A B CD EFG H IJK LMNO PQ R ST U V W XY Z*/ /* A {2,0,-2,0,0,-4,1,-1,-1,0,-1,-2,-1, 0_M, 1, 0,-2,1 1, 0,0,-6,0,-3, 0}, /* B */ {0, 3,-4, 3, 2,-5, 0, 1,-2, 0, 0,-3,-2, 2-M,-1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,-2,-5, 0,-3, 1}, /* C */ {-2,-4,15,-5,-5,-4,-3,-3,-2, 0,-5,-6,-5,-4,M,-3,-5,-4, 0,-2, 0,-2,-8, 0, 0,-5}, 5 /* D */ {0, 3,-5, 4, 3,-6, 1, 1,-2,0, 0,-4,-3, 2,M,-1, 2,-1,0, 0,0,-2,-7, 0,-4, 2}, /* E */ {0, 2,-5,3,4,-5,0,1,-2,0,0,-3,-2, 1_M,-1, 2,-1,0,0,0,-2,-7,0,-4,3), /* F */ {-4,-5,-4,-6,-5, 9,-5,-2, 1, 0,-5, 2, 0,-4,_M,-5,-5,-4,-3,-3, 0,-1, 0, 0, 7,-5}, /* G */ {1, 0,-3, 1, 0,-5, 5,-2,-3, 0,-2,-4,-3, 0,_M,-1,-1,-3, 1, 0, 0,-1,-7, 0,-5, 01, /* H */ {-1, 1,-3, 1, 1,-2,-2, 6,-2, 0, 0,-2,-2, 2,_M, 0, 3, 2,-1,-1, 0,-2,-3, 0, 0, 2), o /* I* {-1,-2,-2,-2,-2,1,-3,-2.5,0,-2,2, 2,-2_M,-2,-2-2,-1, 0,0,4,-5,0,-1,-2), /** { 0, 0, 0, 00, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,0_M, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, /* K */ {-1, 0,-5, 0, 0,-5,-2, 0,-2, 0, 5,-3, 0, 1,_M,-1, 1, 3,0,0, 0,-2,-3, 0,-4, 0, /* L */ {-2,-3,-6,-4,-3, 2,-4,-2, 2, 0,-3, 6, 4,-3,_M,-3,-2,-3,-3,-1, 0, 2,-2, 0,-1,-2}, /* M */ {-1,-2,-5,-3,-2, 0,-3,-2, 2, 0,0, 4, 6,-2,_M,-2,-1,0,-2,-1, 0, 2,-4, 0,-2,-1}, 5 /* N */ {0, 2,-4, 2, 1,4, 0, 2,-2, 0, 1,-3,-2, 2,_M,-1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0,-2,-4, 0,-2, 1}, /*O*/ {_M,M M,M,_M,_M,_M,M,M,_M,M,M ,_M,_M, 0_M,_M.M,_M, _M ,_M,_M,_M,_M /*P*/ { 1,-1,-3,-1,-1,-5,-1, 0,-2, 0,-1,-3,-2,-1,_M, 6, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0,-1,-6, 0,-5, 0}, /* Q *1 { 0, 1,-5, 2, 2,-5,-1, 3,-2, 0, 1,-2,-1, 1,_M, 0, 4, 1,-1,-1, 0,-2,-5, 0,4, 31, /* R */ {-2, 0,-4,-1,-1,-4,-3, 2,-2, 0, 3,-3, 0, 0,_M, 0, 1, 6,0,-1, 0,-2, 2,0,-4, 01, O /* S 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,-3, 1,-1,-1, 0, 0,-3,-2, 1,_M, 1,-1, 0, 2, 1, 0,-1,-2, 0,-3, 0}, /* T {1, 0,-2,0,0,-3, 0,1,0,0,0,-,-, 0M, 0,-1,-1, 1, 3,0,0,-5,0,-3, 0}, /**/ { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 00, 0,M, 0, 0, 0, 0, ,0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, /* V */ (0,-2,-2,-2,-2,-1,-,-2,4,0,-2,2,2,-2,_M,-1,-2,-2,-1, 0,0, 4,-6, 0,-2,-2), /* W */ {-6,-5,-8,-7,-7, 0,-7,-3,-5, 0,-3,-2,-4,-4,_M,-6,-5, 2,-2,-5, 0,-6,17, 0, 0,-6}, 5 /* x * {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,0,0,0, 0, 0, 0, 0,_M, ,0, 0, ,0,0, 0,0,0, 0, 0), /* Y */ {-3,-3, 0,4,-4, 7,-5, 0,-I, 0,-4,-1,-2,-2,_M,-5,-4,-4,-3,-3, 0,-2, 0, 0,10,-4}, /* Z */ {0, 1,-5, 2, 3,-5, 0, 2,-2, 0, 0,-2,-1, 1,_M, 0, 3, 0,0,0, 0,-2,-6, 0,-4,4} }; 5 0 5 32 Table 1 (cont') /* */ #include <stdio.h> #include <ctype.h> 5 #define MAXJMP 16 1* max jumps in a diag */ #define MAXGAP 24 /* don't continue to penalize gaps larger than this */ #define JMPS 1024 /* max jmps in an path */ #define MX 4 /* save if there's at least MX-1 bases since last jmp */ .0 #define DMAT 3 /* value of matching bases */ #define DMIS 0 /* penalty for mismatched bases */ #define DINSO 8 /* penalty for a gap */ #define DINS1 1 /* penalty per base */ .5 #define PINSO 8 /* penalty for a gap */ #define PINS1 4 /* penalty per residue */ structjmp { short n[MAXJMP]; /* size of jmp (neg for dely) */ .0 unsigned short x[MAXJMP]; /* base no. of jmp in seq x */ /* limits seq to 2^16 -1*/ struct diag ( int score; /* score at last jmp */ 5 long offset; /* offset of prev block */ short ijmp; P current jmp index */ structjmp jp; /* list of jmps */ 1; 0 struct path( int spc; /* number of leading spaces */ short n[JMPS]; /* size of jmp (gap) */ int x[JMPS]; /* loc of imp (last elem before gap) */ 5 char *ofile; /* output file name */ char *namex[2]; /* seq names: getseqs() */ char *prog; /* prog name for err msgs */ char *seqx[2]; /* seqs: getseqs() */ .0 . int dmax; /* best diag: nw()*/ int dmax0; /* final diag */ int dna; /* set if dna: main()*/ int endgaps; /* set if penalizing end gaps *1 int gapx, gapy; /* total gaps in seqs */ 45 int lenO, lenl; /* seq lens */ int ngapx, ngapy; /* total size of gaps */ int smax; /* max score: nw() */ int *xbm; /* bitmap for matching */ long offset; /* current offset in jmp file *J 50 struct diag *dx; /* holds diagonals */ struct path pp{2]; /* holds path for seqs */ char *calloc(), *malloco, *index(, *strcpy(; char *getseq(), *gcaloc(; 55 60 33 Table 1 (cont') /* Needleman-Wunsch alignment program * usage: progs file file2 * where fileI and file2 are two dna or two protein sequences. 5 * The sequences can be in upper- or lower-case an may contain ambiguity * Any lines beginning with ';', '>' or'<' are ignored * Max file length is 65535 (limited by unsigned short x in the jmp struct) * A sequence with 1/3 or more of its elements ACGTU is assumed to be DNA * Output is in the file "align.out" ) * * The program may create a tmp file in /tmp to hold info about traceback. * Original version developed under BSD 4.3 on a vax 8650 */ #include "nw.h" 5 #include "day.h" static _dbval[26]=( 1,14,2,13,0,0,4,11,0,0,12,0,3,15,0,0,0,5,6,8,8,7,9,0,10,0 ) static _pbval[26]={ 1, 2(1<<('D'-'A'))I(1<<('N'-'A')), 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, OxFFFFFFF, 1<<10, 1<<11, 1<<12, 1<<13, 1<<14, 1<<15, 1<<16, 1<<17, 1<<18, 1<<19, 1<<20, 1<<21, l<<22, 1<<23, 1<<24, 1<<25|(1<<('E'-'A'))I(<<('Q'-'A')) }; main(ac, av) main int ac; char *av[]; { prog = av[0]; if (ac!= 3){ fprintf(stder-r,"usage: %s file file2\n", prog); fprintf(stderr,"where file and file2 are two dna or two protein sequences.\n"); fprintf(stderr,"The sequences can be in upper- or lower-case\n"); fprintf(stderr,"Any lines beginning with ';' or'<' are ignored\n"); fprintf(stderr,"Output is in the file \align.out\'\n"); exit(1); namex[0] = av[1]; namex[1] = av[2]; seqx[0] = getseq(namex[0], &len0); seqx[1]= getseq(namex[l], &lenl); 5 xbm = (dna)? dbval : pbval; endgaps = 0; /* I to penalize endgaps */ ofile = "align.out"; /* output file */ 0 nw(); /* fill in the matrix, get the possible jmps */ readjmpso; /* get the actual jmps */ print; /* print stats, alignment */ cleanup(0); J* unlink any tmp files */ 34 Table 1 (cont') /* do the alignment, return best score: main() * dna: values in Fitch and Smith, PNAS, 80, 1382-1386, 1983 * pro: PAM 250 values * When scores are equal, we prefer mismatches to any gap, prefer 5 * a new gap to extending an ongoing gap, and prefer a gap in seqx * to a gap in seq y. *1 nw() nw I .0 char *px, *py; /* seqs and ptrs */ int *ndely, *dely; /* keep track of dely */ int ndelx, delx; /* keep track of delx */ int *tmp; /* for swapping rowO, rowl */ int mis; /* score for each type */ .5 int insO, insl; /* insertion penalties */ register id; /* diagonal index */ register ij; /* jmp index */ register *colo, *coll; /* score for curr, last row */ register xx, yy; /* index into seqs *1 10 dx = (struct diag *)g-calloc("to get diags", lenO+enl+l, sizeof(struct diag)); ndely = int *)g-calloc("to get ndely", lenl+1, sizeof(int)); dely = (int *)g-calloc("to get dely", lenl+1, sizeof(int)); 5 colO = (int *)gcalloc("to get colO", lenI+1, sizeof(int)); coll = (int *)gcalloc("to get coli", lenl+1, sizeof(int)); insO = (dna)? DINSO : PINSO; insI = (dna)? DINS1 : PINSI; 0 smax=-10000; if (endgaps) { for (colO[O] = dely[O] = -insO, yy = 1; yy <= lenl; yy++){ colO[yy] = dely[yy] = colO[yy-1] - ins I; ndely[yy = yy} colO[O] = 0; 1* Waterman Bull Math Biol 84*/ } else for (yy = 1; yy <= lenI; yy++) 0 dely[yy] = -insO; /* fill in match matrix */ for (px = seqx[0], xx = 1; xx <= lenO; px++, xx++){ 45 /* initialize first entry in col */ if (endgaps) { if(xx= 1) coll[0] = delx = -(ins0+insl); 50 else coll[0] = delx = colO[0] - insl; ndelx = xx; } else { 55 col1[0]=0; delx = -insO; ndeIx =0; 60 35 Table 1 (cont') ... DW for (py = seqx[l], yy = 1; yy <= lenl; py++, yy++){ mis = colO[yy-1); if (dna) mis += (xbm[*px-'A']&xbm[*py-'A'])? DMAT: DMIS; else mis += _day(*px-'A'][*py-'A']; /* update penalty for del in x seq; * favor new del over ongong del * ignore MAXGAP if weighting endgaps */ if (endgaps |ndely[yy] <MAXGAP){ if (colO[yy] - insO >= dely[yy]){ dely[yy] = colO[yy] - (insO+ins 1); ndely[yy] = 1; }else { dely[yy] -= ins1; ndely[yy]++; } }else { if (colO[yy] - (insO+insl) >= dely[yy]){ dely[yy] = colO[yy] - (insO+ins1); ndely[yy] = 1; } else ndely[yy]++; } /* update penalty for del in y seq; * favor new del over ongong del */ if (endgaps |ndelx <MAXGAP){ if (coll[yy-1] - insO >= deix){ delx = col1[yy-1] - (insO+insl); ndelx= 1; }else { delx -= ins 1; ndelx++; } }else{ if (coll[yy-1] - (ins0+insl) >= delx){ delx = coll[yy-1] - (insO+insl); ndelx= 1; } else 5 ndelx++; /* pick the maximum score; we're favoring * mis over any del and delx over dely )*/ 5 36 Table 1 (cont') id =xx -yy +lenl - 1; if (mis >= deix && mids >= dely[Iyy]) col [yy] =mi-s; 5 else if (deix >= dely[yy]) { colljyyj deix; ij = dxfid].ijmp; if (dx[idj.jp.n[O] && (Idna Il(ndelx >= MAXJMP && xx > dx~id].jpx[ij]+MIX) m1ris > dxid.score+DINSO)) 0 dx[id].ijmp44; if (4-+ij >-- MAXJMP) I mritejmps(id); ij dxtid].ijmp =0; dx~id].offset =offset; 5 offset += sizeof(structjmp) + sizeof(offset); dxfidj~jp.n[Uij= ndelx; dx[id].jp.x[ij] = xx; 0 dxid].score = ex else{ col [yy] = dely[yy]; ij = dx[idl.ijmp; 5 if (dx[id].jp.n[O] && (!dna 11 (ndelyryy] >= MAXJMP && xx > dxtid].ip.x~ij]+MX) IImis > dxtid].score+DINSO)){ dxfidJ.ijmp++; if (-i-4ij >= MAXJMP){ writejmps(id); o ij = dxtid].ijmnp = 0; dx~id].offset = offset; offset += sizeof(struct jmp) + sizeof(offset); 5 dx[id].jp.n[ij] = -ndelyljyy]; dx[id) .jp-x [ij] = xx; dx[id]-score = dely~yy]; if (xx =lenO && yy <lenI){I o /* last Col if (endgaps) coll[yy] - insG+insl*(enl-yy); if (colII~yy] > smax) { 15 smax =coll~yy]; dmax =id; 50 if (endgaps && xx < lenO) coil [yy- 1 - ins0.iinsl *(len0-xx); if (CollI yy-lI] > smax) { smax = CalI [yy-l)I dmax =id; 551 tmp = Colo; Colo = coil; Col tmp; (void) free((char *)ndely); (void) free((char *)dely); 50 (void) free((char *)Colo); (void) free((char *)call);} 37 Table 1 (cont') /* * print() -- only routine visible outside this module 5 * static: * getmat( ) -- trace back best path, count matches: print() * pr-align() - print alignment of described in array p[]: print() * dumpblock() -- dump a block of lines with numbers, stars: pralign() * nums() - put out a number line: dumpblock() ) * putline() - put out a line (name, [num], seq, [num]): dumpblock() * stars() - -put a line of stars: dumpblock() * stripname() - strip any path and prefix from a seqname */ 5 #include "nw.h" #define SPC 3 #define PLINE 256 /* maximum output line */ #define P_SPC 3 /* space between name or num and seq */ extern _day[26][26]; int olen; /* set output line length */ FILE *fx; 1* output file */ 5 print() print { int lx, ly, firstgap, lastgap; /* overlap */ if ((fx = fopen(ofile, "w")) == 0) { fprintf(stderr,"%s: can't write %s\n", prog, ofile); cleanup(1); I fprintf(fx, "<first sequence: %s (length = %d)\n", namex[0], lenO); fprintf(fx, "<second sequence: %s (length = %d)\n", namex[l], lenl); olen= 60; lx = lenO; ly = lenI; firstgap =lastgap =0; if (dmax < leni - 1) { /* leading gap in x */ pp[O].spc = firstgap = lenI - dmax - 1; ly -= pp[0].spc; } else if (dmax > len1 - 1) { /* leading gap in y */ pp[1].spc = firstgap = dmax - (lenl - 1); 5 1x -= pp[1].spc; } if (dmaxO < lenO - 1) { /* trailing gap in x */ lastgap = lenO - dmax0 -1; 0 lx -= lastgap; else if (dOax0> lenO - 1) ( /} trailing gap in y lastgap = dmax0 - (lenO - 1); ly -= lastgap; } 5 getmat(lx, ly, firstgap, lastgap); pr._align(; 0 38 Table 1 (cont') /* * trace back the best path, count matches )*/ static 5 getmat(lx, ly, firstgap, lastgap) getrnat int lx, ly; /* "core" (minus endgaps) */ int firstgap, lastgap; /* leading trailing overlap */ { int un, 1o, il, sizo, sizi; 0 char outx[32]; double pct, register nO, nI; register char *p0, *pl; 5 /* get total matches, score */ iO=il =siz0=sizl =0; pO = seqx[O] + pp[l1.spc; pl = seqx[l] + pp[0].spc; D nO= pp[1].spc+1; nl = pp[0].spc + 1; nra = 0; while ( *pO && *pl ) { 5 if (siz0){ p1++; n1++; sizo--; } else if (sizl){ p0++; nO++; sizi--; } ) else{ if (xbm[*p0-'A']&xbm[*pl-'A']) nm++; if (nO++ = pp[O].x[iO]) sizO = pp[O].n[iO++]; if (nl++== pp[l].x[il]) sizi = pp[1].nfil++]; p0++; p1++; 5 } /* pct homology: * if penalizing endgaps, base is the shorter seq * else, knock off overhangs and take shorter core 0 */ if (endgaps) lx = (lenO < lenI)? lenO: lenI; else lx = (x < ly)? lx : ly; 5 pct = 100.*(double)nm/(double)lx; fprintf(fx, "\n"); fprintf(fx, "<%d match%s in an overlap of %d: %.2f percent similarity\n", nm, (nm = 1)? "" : "es", lx, pct); 0 39 Table 1 (cont') fprintf(fx, "<gaps in first sequence: %d", gapx); ...getmat if (gapx) { (void) sprintf(outx, " (%d %s%s)", 5 ngapx, (dna)? "base":"residue", (ngapx 1)? "":"s"); fprintf(fx,"%s", outx); fprintf(fx, ", gaps in second sequence: %d", gapy); if (gapy) { (void) sprintf(outx, " (%d %s%s)", ngapy, (dna)? "base":"residue", (ngapy = 1)? "":"s"); fprintf(fx,"%s", outx); } if (dna) 5 fprintf(fx, "\n<score: %d (match = %d, mismatch = %d, gap penalty = %d + %d per base)\n", smax, DMAT, DMIS, DINSO, DINS1); else fprintf(fx, "\n<score: %d (Dayhoff PAM 250 matrix, gap penalty = %d + %d per residue)\n", smax, PINSO, PINS 1); if (endgaps) fprintf(fx, "<endgaps penalized, left endgap: %d %s%s, right endgap: %d %s%s\n", 5 firstgap, (dna)? "base" : "residue", (firstgap == 1)? " "s", lastgap, (dna)? "base" "residue", (lastgap = 1)? "s"); else fprintf(fx, "<endgaps not penalized\n"); } static nm; /* matches in core -- for checking */ static - Imax; /* lengths of stripped file names */ static ij[2]; /* jmp index for a path */ static ' nc[2]; /* number at start of current line */ 5 static ni[2]; I* current elem number - for gapping */ static siz[2]; static char *ps[2]; /* ptr to current element */ static char *po[ 2 ]; /* ptr to next output char slot */ static char out[2][PLINE]; /* output line */ 3 static char star[PLINE]; /* set by stars() */ /* * print alignment of described in struct path pp[] */ 15 static pr-align() pr..align int nn; /* char count */ int more; 0 register i; for (i= 0, Imax = 0; i <2; i++) { nn = stripname(namex[il); if (nn > Imax) 5 Imax=nn; nc[i]= 1; ni[i] =1; siz[i] =ij[i] = 0; 0 ps[i] =seqx[i]; po[i] =out[i]; } 5 40 Table 1 (cont') for (nn nm = 0, more = 1; more; ) { ...pralign for (i =more = 0; i < 2; i++){ /* * do we have more of this sequence? 5 */ if (!*ps[i]) continue; more++; 0 if (pp[i].spc) { /* leading space */ *po[i]++= ' '; pp[i].spc--; 5 else if (siz[i]) { /* in a gap*/ *pofi]++= '-; siz[i]-; } else { /* we're putting a seq element 0 */ *po1i] = *ps[i]; if (islower(*ps[i])) *ps[i] = toupper(*ps[i]); poli]++; 5 psli]++; * are we at next gap for this seq? */ if (ni[i] = pp[i].x[ij(i]]) { /* * we need to merge all gaps * at this location */ 5 siz[i] = pp[il.nlij[i]++]; while (ni[i] = pp[il.xtij[i]]) siz[i] += pp[i].n[ij[i]++]; } I ni[i]++; } if (++nn = olen |!more && nn){ dumpblock(; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) 5 poi] = out[i]; nn=0; 0 * dump a block of lines, including numbers, stars: pr align() static 5 dumpblock() dumpblock { register i; for (i = 0; i <2; i++) 0 *poli]-- ='\; 41 Table 1 count' ) ...dumpblock (void) putc('\n', fx); for (i= 0; i < 2; i++) { 5 if (*out[i] && (*out[i] ' '||*(po[i]) != ' if (i = 0) nums(i); if (i== 0 && *out[1]) stars(; putline(i); if (i 0 && *out[1]) fprintf(fx, star); if(i= 1) nums(i); /* * put out a number line: dumpblock() */ static nums(ix) numis int ix; /* index in out[] holding seq line */ 5 { char nline[PLINE]; register i, j; register char *pn, *px, *py; for (pn = line, i =0; i < lmax+P..SPC; i++, pn++) *pn = for (i= nctix], py = out(ix]; *py; py++, pn++){ if (*py =' '||1*py = '' els * pn =' '; S else { if (i%10 = 0 1 (i = I && ncfix] 1)) { j = (i < 0)? -i : i; for (px = pn; j; j /= 10, px--) *px = j%10 + '0'; ) if (i < 0) *px =-' } else *pn =' nc[ix]= i; 0 for (pn = nine; *pn; pn++) (void) putc(*pn, fx); (void) putc('\n', fx); } 5 /* * put out a line (name, [num], seq, [num]): dumpblock() */ static putline(ix) putline 0 int ix; 42 Table I (cont') ...putline int i; register char *px; for (px = namex[ix], i = 0; *px && *px ':'; px++, i++) (void) putc(*px, fx); for (; i <lmax+P_.SPC; i++) (void) putc(' ', fx); /* these count from 1: * ni[] is current element (from 1) * nc[] is number at start of current line */ 5 for (px =outlix]; *px; px++) (void) putc(*px&0x7F, fx); (void) putc('\n', fx); } /* * put a line of stars (seqs always in out(O), out[1]): dumpblock() */ static 5 stars() stars { int i; register char *pO, *pl, cx, *px; if (!*out[O]| (*out[O]== ' ' && *(pO[O]) ' !*out[1]|| (*out[1]==' ' && *(po[1])= ') return; px = star, for (i = lmax+P_SPC; i; i--) *px++= ' '; for (p0 = out[O], p1 = out[1]; *pO && *pl; p0++, p1++){ if (isalpha(*pO) && isalpha(*pl)) { if (xbm[*p0-'A']&xbm*pl-'A']D cx='*' nm++; else if (!dna && _day[*p0-'A'][*pl-'A'] > 0) 5ex= else cx= } else o -x= *px++= cx; *px= '\'; 5 \' 0 43 Table (cont') /* * strip path or prefix from pn, return len: pr-align() */ static stripname(pn) stripname char *pn; /* file name (may be path) */ { register char *px, *py; py=0; for (px = pn; *px; px++) if (*px == '/') py=px+ 1; if (py) (void) strcpy(pn, py); return(strien(pn)); } 5 ) 5 44 Table 1 (cont') /* * cleanup( ) -- cleanup any tmp file * getseq() - read in seq, set dna, len, maxlen * calloc() - calloc() with error checkin 5 * readjmps() - get the good jmps, from tmp file if necessary * writejmps() -- write a filled array of jmps to a tmp file: nw() */ #include "nw.h" #include <sys/file.h> t0 char *jname = "/tmp/homgXXXXXX"; /* tmp file for jmps */ FILE *fi; int cleanup(; /* cleanup tmp file */ 15 long Iseeko; /* * remove any tmp file if we blow */ 0 cleanup(i) cleanup int i; I if (fj) 5exit(i); (void) unlink(iname); } /* * read, return ptr to seq, set dna, len, maxlen * skip lines starting with ';', '<', or'>' * seq in upper or lower case */ char * getseq(file, len) getseq 5 char *file; /* file name */ int *len; /* seq len */ { char line[1024], *pseq; register char *px, *py; 0 int natgc, den; FILE *fp; if ((fp = fopen(file,"r")) = 0){ fprintf(stderr,"%s: can't read %s\n", prog, file); 45 exit(1); } den = natgc =0; while (fgets(line, 1024, fp)) { if (*line = ';' *line '<'*line 50 continue; for (px = line; *px != '\n'; px++) if (isupper(*px)|| islower(*px)) tlen++; } 55 if ((pseq =malloc((unsigned)(tlen+6))) = 0){ fprintf(stderr,"%s: malloc() failed to get %d bytes for %s\n", prog, tlen+6, file); exit(1); } 60 pseq[0] = pseq[l] = pseq[2] = pseq[3] ='\'; 45 Table 1 (cont') ...getseq py=pseq +4; *len = tlen; 5rewind(fp); while (fgets(line, 1024, fp)) I if (*line = ';'| *1 line = -'<' ll *line=') continue; for (px = line; *px != '\n'; px++){ 0 if (isupper(*px)) *py++ =*px; else if (islower(*px)) *py++ = toupper(*px); if (index("ATGCU",*(py-l))) 5 natgc++; } } *py++ '\'; *py = '\0'; o (void) fclose(fp); dna = natgc > (tlen/3); return(pseq+4); } 5 char * g-calloc(msg, nx, sz) g.calloc char *msg; /* program, calling routine */ int nx, sz; /* number and size of elements */ { 0 char *px, *calloc(; if ((px = calloc((unsigned)nx, (unsigned)sz))== 0) { if (*msg) { fprintf(stderr, "%s: g-calloc() failed %s (n=%d, sz=%d)\n", prog, msg, nx, sz); 5 exit(l); } } return(px); } 0 /* * get final jmps from dx[] or tmp file, set pp[], reset dmax: main() */ readjmps() readjmps 45{ int fd = -1; int siz, iO, i1; register i,j, xx; 50 if (fj){ (void) fclose(fj); if ((fd = open(jname, ORDONLY, 0)) <0){ fprintf(stderr, "%s: can't open() %s\n", prog,jname); cleanup(1); for (i = i =il =0, dmax0 = dmax, xx = lenO; ; i++){ while (1) { for (j= dx[dmax].ijmp; j >= 0 && dxfdmax].jp.xU] >= xx; j-) 46 Table 1 (cont') ... readjmps if Ci < 0 && dxfdmax].offset && Fj){ (void) ]seek(fd, dx[dmax].offset, 0); (void) read(fd, (char *)&dx[dmax].jp, sizeof(struct jmp)); 5 (void) read(fd, (char *)&dx[dmax].offse, sizeof(dxdmax].offset)); dxfldmax].ijmp = MlAXJMP-1; else 0 break; if (i >= IMPS) I fprintf(stderr, "%s: too many gaps in aiignment\n', prog); cleanup(1); 5 if 0 >= 0) siz = dxjdmax].j p.n] xx = dxtdmax]jp.xo~]:, dmax += siz; if (Siz <0){ (I gap in second seq ~ x~x += siz; /~id = xx - yy + leni - I 5 pp[ I .x[i 1] = xx - dmax + lenI - 1; 5 gapy++; ngapy - siz; /* ignore MAXGAP when doing endgaps */ siz = (-siz <~ MAXGAP 11 endgaps)? -siz MAXGAP; else if (siz>0)f { *gap in first seq *I pp[0].n[iO] = siz; ppt01.xtiO] =xx; gapx++; 5 ngapx += siz; /* ignore MAXGAP when doing endgaps */ siz = (siz < MAXGAP iiendgaps)? siz: MAXGA-P; ) I+ else break; 5 I* reverse the order of jmps for = 0, iO--; j <iO; j44,iO-)( i = pp[O]-noj]; pp[0].nU] = pp[0].n[iO]; pp[0].niO] = i 0o = PPO-Xl pp[O].xuJ = ppfOJ.xliO]; pp[0].x~i0] = i for Ci = 0, il -; j < il; j44, il--) j i= pp[l].nUl; pp[1].nU] = pp[l].nfil]; pp[l1.n[il] = i i = pp[1].xjj; p~1].xuj = p().xlil]; pp[1].x[il] = i 5 if (fd >= 0) (void) close(fd); if (fj) { (void) unlinkOname); fj =0; 0 offset =0; 47 Table 1 (cont') /* * write a filled jmp struct offset of the prev one (if any): nw() */ writejmps(ix) writejmps int ix; { char *mktempo; if (!fj) { if (mktemp(jname) < 0) { fprintf(stderr, "%s: can't mktemp() %s\n", prog, jname); cleanup(1); } if ((fj = fopen(jname, "w")) = 0) { fprintf(stderr, "%s: can't write %s\n", prog, jname); exit(1); } } (void) fwrite((char *)&dx[ix].jp, sizeof(structjmp), 1, fj); (void) fwrite((char *)&dx[ixj.offset, sizeof(dx[ix].offset), 1, fj); } ) 5 0 5 48 Table 2 PRO (Length = 15 amino acids) Comparison Protein XXXXXYYYYYYY (Length = 12 amino acids) % amino acid sequence identity = 5 (the number of identically matching amino acid residues between the two polypeptide sequences as determined by ALIGN-2) divided by (the total number of amino acid residues of the PRO polypeptide) 5 divided by 15 = 33.3% Table 3 0 PRO XXXXXXXXXX (Length = 10 amino acids) Comparison Protein XXXXXYYYYYYZZYZ (Length = 15 amino acids) % amino acid sequence identity = (the number of identically matching amino acid residues between the two polypeptide sequences as determined by 5 ALIGN-2) divided by (the total number of amino acid residues of the PRO polypeptide)= 5 divided by 10=50% Table 4 PRO-DNA NNNNNNNNNNNNNN (Length = 14 nucleotides) 0 Comparison DNA NNNNNNLLLLLLLLLL (Length = 16 nucleotides) % nucleic acid sequence identity = (the number of identically matching nucleotides between the two nucleic acid sequences as determined by ALIGN-2) divided by (the total number of nucleotides of the PRO-DNA nucleic acid sequence)= 5 6 divided by 14= 42.9% Table 5 PRO-DNA NNNNNNNNNNNN (Length= 12 nucleotides) Comparison DNA NNNNLLLVV (Length = 9 nucleotides) 0 % nucleic acid sequence identity = (the number of identically matching nucleotides between the two nucleic acid sequences as determined byALIGN-2) divided by (the total number of nucleotides of the PRO-DNA nucleic acid sequence)= 4 divided by 12 = 33.3% 5 49 5.2. Compositions and Methods of the Invention 5.2.1. Anti-PRO Antibodies In one embodiment, the present invention provides anti-PRO antibodies which may find use herein as therapeutic and/or diagnostic agents. Exemplary antibodies include polyclonal, monoclonal, human, humanized, 5 bispecific, and heteroconjugate antibodies. 5.2.1.1. Polyclonal Antibodies Polyclonal antibodies are preferably raised in animals by multiple subcutaneous (sc) or intraperitoneal (ip) injections of the relevant antigen and an adjuvant. It may be useful to conjugate the relevant antigen (especially ) when synthetic peptides are used) to a protein that is immunogenic in the species to be immunized. For example, the antigen can be conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), serum albumin, bovine thyroglobulin, or soybean trypsin inhibitor, using a bifunctional or derivatizing agent, e.g., maleimidobenzoyl sulfosuccinimide ester (conjugation through cysteine residues), N-hydroxysuccinimide (through lysine residues), glutaraldehyde, succinic anhydride, SOCI 2 , or R'N=C=NR, where R and R' are different alkyl groups. Animals are immunized against the antigen, immunogenic conjugates, or derivatives by combining, e.g., 100 [Lg or 5 pLg of the protein or conjugate (for rabbits or mice, respectively) with 3 volumes of Freund'scomplete adjuvant and injecting the solution intradermally at multiple sites. One month later, the animals are boosted with 1/5 to 1/10 the original amount of peptide or conjugate in Freund'scomplete adjuvant by subcutaneous injection at multiple sites. Seven to 14 days later, the animals are bled and the serum is assayed for antibody titer. Animals are boosted until the titer plateaus. Conjugates also can be made in recombinant cell culture as protein fusions. Also, aggregating agents such as alum are suitably used to enhance the immune response. 5.2.1.2. Monoclonal Antibodies Monoclonal antibodies may be made using the hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al., Nature, 5 256:495 (1975), or may be made by recombinant DNA methods (U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567). In the hybridoma method, a mouse or other appropriate host animal, such as a hamster, is immunized as described above to elicit lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing antibodies that will specifically bind to the protein used for immunization. Alternatively, lymphocytes may be immunizedn vitro. After immunization, lymphocytes are isolated and then fused with a myeloma cell line using a suitable fusing agent, such as polyethylene 0 glycol, to form a hybridoma cell (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, pp.59-103 (Academic Press, 1986)). The hybridoma cells thus prepared are seeded and grown in a suitable culture medium which medium preferably contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused, parental myeloma cells (also referred to as fusion partner). For example, if the parental myeloma cells lack the enzyme hypoxanthine 5 guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT or HPRT), the selective culture medium for the hybridomas typically will include hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (HAT medium), which substances prevent the growth of HGPRT-deficient cells. 50 Preferred fusion partner myeloma cells are those that fuse efficiently, support stable high-level production of antibody by the selected antibody-producing cells, and are sensitive to a selective medium that selects against the unfused parental cells. Preferred myeloma cell lines are murine myeloma lines, such as those derived from MOPC 21 and MPC-11 mouse tumors available from the Salk Institute Cell Distribution Center, San Diego, California USA, and SP-2 and derivatives e.g., X63-Ag8-653 cells available from the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, 5 Virginia, USA. Human myeloma and mouse-human heteromyeloma cell lines also have been described for the production of human monoclonal antibodies (Kozbor, J. Immunol., 133:3001(1984); and Brodeuretal., Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and Applications, pp. 51-63 (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1987)). Culture medium in which hybridoma cells are growing is assayed for production of monoclonal antibodies directed against the antigen. Preferably, the binding specificity of monoclonal antibodies produced by hybridoma 0 cells is determined by immunoprecipitation or by an in vitro binding assay, such as radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The binding affinity of the monoclonal antibody can, for example, be determined by the Scatchard analysis described in Munson et al., Anal. Biochem., 107:220 (1980). Once hybridoma cells that produce antibodies of the desired specificity, affinity, and/or activity are 5 identified, the clones may be subcloned by limiting dilution procedures and grown by standard methods (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, pp.59-103 (Academic Press, 1986)). Suitable culture media for this purpose include, for example, D-MEM or RPMI-1640 medium. In addition, the hybridoma cells may be grownin vivo as ascites tumors in an animal e.g,, by i.p. injection of the cells into mice. The monoclonal antibodies secreted by the subclones are suitably separated from the culture medium, [) ascites fluid, or serum by conventional antibody purification procedures such as, for example, affinity chromatography (e.g., using protein A or protein G-Sepharose) or ion-exchange chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, etc. DNA encoding the monoclonal antibodies is readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light 15 chains of murine antibodies). The hybridoma cells serve as a preferred source of such DNA. Once isolated, the DNA may be placed into expression vectors, which are then transfected into host cells such as E. coli cells, simian COS cells, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, or myeloma cells that do not otherwise produce antibody protein, to obtain the synthesis of monoclonal antibodies in the recombinant host cells. Review articles on recombinant expression in bacteria of DNA encoding the antibody include Skerra et al., Curr. Opinion in Immunol., 5:256-262 0 (1993) and Pluckthun, Immunol. Revs. 130:151-188 (1992). In a further embodiment, monoclonal antibodies or antibody fragments can be isolated from antibody phage libraries generated using the techniques described in McCafferty et al., Nature, 348:552-554 (1990). Clackson et - al., Nature, 352:624-628 (1991) and Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol., 222:581-597(1991) describe the isolation of murine and human antibodies, respectively, using phage libraries. Subsequent publications describe the production of high 5 affinity (nM range) human antibodies by chain shuffling (Marks et al., Bio/Iechnology, 10:779-783(1992)), as well as combinatorial infection and in vivo recombination as a strategy for constructing very large phage libraries (Waterhouse et al., Nuc. Acids. Res. 21:2265-2266 (1993)). Thus, these techniques are viable alternatives to 51 traditional monoclonal antibody hybridoma techniques for isolation of monoclonal antibodies. The DNA that encodes the antibody may be modified to produce chimeric or fusion antibody polypeptides, for example, by substituting human heavy chain and light chain constant domain (C H and CD sequences for the homologous murine sequences (U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567; and Morrison, et al., Proc. NatI Acad. Sci. USA, 81:6851 (1984)), or by fusing the immunoglobulin coding sequence with all or part of the coding sequence for a non immunoglobulin polypeptide (heterologous polypeptide). The non-immunoglobulin polypeptide sequences can substitute for the constant domains of an antibody, or they are substituted for the variable domains of one antigen combining site of an antibody to create a chimeric bivalent antibody comprising one antigen-combining site having specificity for an antigen and another antigen-combining site having specificity for a different antigen. 5.2.1.3. Human and Humanized Antibodies The anti-PRO antibodies of the invention may further comprise humanized antibodies or human antibodies. Humanized forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies are chimeric immunoglobulins, immunoglobulin chains or fragments thereof (such as Fv, Fab, Fab', F(ab') 2 or other antigen-binding subsequences of antibodies) which contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin. Humanized antibodies include human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues from a complementary determining region (CDR) of the recipient are replaced by residues from a CDR of a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat or rabbit having the desired specificity, affinity and capacity. In some instances, Fv framework residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human residues. Humanized antibodies may also comprise residues which are found neither in the recipient antibody nor in the imported CDR or framework sequences. In general, the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the CDR regions correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulin consensus sequence. The humanized antibody optimally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin [Jones et al., Nature, 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature, 332:323-329 5 (1988); and Presta, Curr. Op. Struct. Biol.. 2:593-596 (1992)]. Methods for humanizing non-human antibodies are well known in the art. Generally, a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a source which is non-human. These non-human amino acid residues are often referred to as "import" residues, which are typically taken from an "import" variable domain. Humanization can be essentially performed following the method of Winter and co-workers [Jones et al., Nature, 0 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature 332:323-327 (1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science 239:1534-1536 (1988)], by substituting rodent CDRs or CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody. Accordingly, such "humanized" antibodies are chimeric antibodies (U.S. Patent No.4,816,567), wherein substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human species. In practice, humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some CDR residues and possibly 5 some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies. The choice of human variable domains, both light and heavy, to be used in making the humanized antibodies is very important to reduce antigenicity and HAMA response (human anti-mouse antibody) when the antibody is 52 intended for human therapeutic use. According to the so-called "best-fit" method, the sequence of the variable domain of a rodent antibody is screened against the entire library of known human variable domain sequences. The human V domain sequence which is closest to that of the rodent is identified and the human framework region (FR) within it accepted for the humanized antibody (Sims et al., J. Immunol. 151:2296(1993); Chothia et al., J. Mol. Biol. 196:901 (1987)). Another method uses a particular framework region derived from the consensus sequence of all 5 human antibodies of a particular subgroup of light or heavy chains. The same framework may be used for several different humanized antibodies (Carter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:4285(1992); Presta et al., J. Immunol. 151:2623 (1993)). It is further important that antibodies be humanized with retention of high binding affinity for the antigen and other favorable biological properties. To achieve this goal, according to a preferred method, humanized 0 antibodies are prepared by a process of analysis of the parental sequences and various conceptual humanized products using three-dimensional models of the parental and humanized sequences. Three-dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and are familiar to those skilled in the art. Computer programs are available which illustrate and display probable three-dimensionalconformational structures of selected candidate immunoglobulin sequences. Inspection of these displays permits analysis of the likely role of the residues in the 5 functioning of the candidate immunoglobulin sequence, i.e., the analysis of residues that influence the ability of the candidate immunoglobulin to bind its antigen. In this way, FR residues can be selected and combined from the recipient and import sequences so that the desired antibody characteristic, such as increased affinity for the target antigen(s), is achieved. In general, the hypervariable region residues are directly and most substantially involved in influencing antigen binding. 3 Various forms of a humanized anti-PRO antibody are contemplated. For example, the humanized antibody may be an antibody fragment, such as a Fab, which is optionally conjugated with one or more cytotoxic agent(s) in order to generate an immunoconjugate. Alternatively, the humanized antibody may be an intact antibody, such as an intact IgG I antibody. As an alternative to humanization, human antibodies can be generated. For example, it is now possible to 5 produce transgenic animals (e.g., mice) that are capable, upon immunization, of producing a full repertoire of human antibodies in the absence of endogenous immunoglobulin production. For example, it has been described that the homozygous deletion of the antibody heavy-chain joining region (J,) gene in chimeric and germ-line mutant mice results in complete inhibition of endogenous antibody production. Transfer of the human germ-line immunoglobulin gene array into such germ-line mutant mice will result in the production of human antibodies upon antigen challenge. o See, e.g., Jakobovits et al., Proc. Natil. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2551 (1993); Jakobovits et al., Nature, 362:255-258 (1993); Bruggemann et al., Year in Immuno. 7:33 (1993); U.S. Patent Nos. 5,545,806, 5,569,825, 5,591,669 (all of GenPharm); 5,545,807; and WO 97/17852. Alternatively, phage display technology (McCafferty et al., Nature 348:552-553 [1990]) can be used to produce human antibodies and antibody fragments in vitro, from immunoglobulin variable (V) domain gene 5 repertoires from unimmunized donors. According to this technique, antibody V domain genes are cloned in-frame into either a major or minor coat protein gene of a filamentous bacteriophage, such as Mi 3 or fd, and displayed as functional antibody fragments on the surface of the phage particle. Because the filamentous particle contains a 53 single-stranded DNA copy of the phage genome, selections based on the functional properties of the antibody also result in selection of the gene encoding the antibody exhibiting those properties. Thus, the phage mimics some of the properties of the B-cell. Phage display can be performed in a variety of formats, reviewed in, e.g., Johnson, Kevin S. and Chiswell, David J., Current Opinion in Structural Biology 3:564-571(1993). Several sources of V-gene segments can be used for phage display. Clackson et al.Nature, 352:624-628(1991) isolated a diverse array of anti 5 oxazolone antibodies from a small random combinatorial library of V genes derived from the spleens of immunized mice. A repertoire of V genes from unimmunized human donors can be constructed and antibodies to a diverse array of antigens (including self-antigens) can be isolated essentially following the techniques described by Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol. 222:581-597 (1991), or Griffith et al., EMBO J. 12:725-734 (1993). See, also, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,565,332 and 5,573,905. ) As discussed above, human antibodies may also be generated by in vitro activated B cells (see U.S. Patents 5,567,610 and 5,229,275). 5.2.1.4. Antibody fragments In certain circumstances there are advantages of using antibody fragments, rather than whole antibodies. IThe smaller size of the fragments allows for rapid clearance, and may lead to improved access to solid tumors. Various techniques have been developed for the production of antibody fragments. Traditionally, these fragments were derived via proteolytic digestion of intact antibodies (see, e.g., Morimoto et al., Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 24:107-117 (1992); and Brennan et al., Science, 229:81 (1985)). However, these fragments can now be produced directly by recombinant host cells. Fab, Fv and ScFv antibody fragments can all be expressed in and secreted from E. coli, thus allowing the facile production of large amounts of these fragments. Antibody fragments can be isolated from the antibody phage libraries discussed above. Alternatively, Fab'-SH fragments can be directly recovered from E. coli and chemically coupled to form F(ab') 2 fragments (Carter et al., Bio/Technolov 10:163-167(1992)). According to another approach, F(abjragments can be isolated directly from recombinant host cell culture. Fab and F(ab') 2 fragment with increased in vivo half-life comprising a salvage 5 receptor binding epitope residues are described in U.S. Patent No. 5,869,046. Other techniques for the production of antibody fragments will be apparent to the skilled practitioner. In other embodiments, the antibody of choice is a single chain Fv fragment (scFv). See WO 93/16185; U.S. Patent No. 5,571,894; and U.S. Patent No. 5,587,458. Fv and sFv are the only species with intact combining sites that are devoid of constant regions; thus, they are suitable for reduced nonspecific binding during in vivo use. sFv fusion proteins may be constructed to yield fusion of an 0 effector protein at either the amino or the carboxy terminus of an sFv. See Antibody Engineering, ed. Borrebaeck, supra. The antibody fragment may also be a "linear antibody", e.g., as described in U.S. Patent 5,641,870 for example. Such linear antibody fragments may be monospecific or bispecific. 5.2.1.5. Bispecific Antibodies 5 Bispecific antibodies are antibodies that have binding specificities for at least two different epitopes. Exemplary bispecific antibodies may bind to two different epitopes of a PRO protein as described herein. Other such antibodies may combine a PRO binding site with a binding site for another protein. Alternatively, an anti-PRO arm 54 may be combined with an arm which binds to a triggering molecule on a leukocyte such as a T-cell receptor molecule (e.g. CD3), or Fc receptors for IgG (FcyR), such as FcyRI (CD64), FcyRIl (CD32) and FcyRIII (CD16), so as to focus and localize cellular defense mechanisms to the PRO-expressing cell. Bispecific antibodies may also be used to localize cytotoxic agents to cells which express PRO. These antibodies possess a PRO-binding arm and an arm which binds the cytotoxic agent (e.g., saporin, anti-interferon-a, vinca alkaloid, ricin A chain, methotrexate or 5 radioactive isotope hapten). Bispecific antibodies can be prepared as full length antibodies or antibody fragments (e.g., F(ab') 2 bispecific antibodies). WO 96/16673 describes a bispecific anti-ErbB2/anti-FcyRIH antibody and U.S. Patent No. 5,837,234 discloses a bispecific anti-ErbB2/anti-FcyRI antibody. A bispecific anti-ErbB2/Fc a antibody is shown in W098/02463. U.S. Patent No. 5,821,337 teaches a bispecific anti-ErbB2/anti-CD3 antibody. [0 Methods for making bispecific antibodies are known in the art. Traditional production of full length bispecific antibodies is based on the co-expression of two immunoglobulin heavy chain-light chain pairs, where the two chains have different specificities (Millstein et al., Nature 305:537-539 (1983)). Because of the random assortment of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains, these hybridomas (quadromas) produce a potential mixture of 10 different antibody molecules, of which only one has the correct bispecific structure. Purification of the correct L5 molecule, which is usually done by-affinity chromatography steps, is rather cumbersome, and the product yields are low. Similar procedures are disclosed in WO 93/08829, and in Traunecker et al., EMBO J. 10:3655-3659 (1991). According to a different approach, antibody variable domains with the desired binding specificities (antibody-antigen combining sites) are fused to immunoglobulin constant domain sequences. Preferably, the fusion is with an Ig heavy chain constant domain, comprising at least part of the hinge, CH 2 , and CH3 regions. It is preferred 0 to have the first heavy-chain constant region (CHl) containing the site necessary for light chain bonding, present in at least one of the fusions. DNAs encoding the immunoglobulin heavy chain fusions and, if desired, the immunoglobulin light chain, are inserted into separate expression vectors, and are co-transfected into a suitable host cell. This provides for greater flexibility in adjusting the mutual proportions of the three polypeptide fragments in embodiments when unequal ratios of the three polypeptide chains used in the construction provide the optimum yield 25 of the desired bispecific antibody. It is, however, possible to insert the coding sequences for two or all three polypeptide chains into a single expression vector when the expression of at least two polypeptide chains in equal ratios results in high yields or when theratios have no significant affect on the yield of the desired chain combination. In a preferred embodiment of this approach, the bispecific antibodies are composed of a hybrid immunoglobulin heavy chain with a first binding specificity in one arm, and a hybrid immunoglobulin heavy chain 30 light chain pair (providing a second binding specificity) in the other arm. It was found that this asymmetric structure facilitates the separation of the desired bispecific compound from unwanted immunoglobulin chain combinations, as the presence of an inimunoglobulin light chain in only one half of the bispecific molecule provides for a facile way of separation. This approach is disclosed in WO 94/04690. For further details of generating bispecific antibodies see, for example, Suresh et al., Methods in Enzymology 121:210 (1986). 35 According to another approach described in U.S. Patent No. 5,731,168, the interface between a pair of antibody molecules can be engineered to maximize the percentage of heterodimers which are recovered from recombinant cell culture. The preferred interface comprises at least a part of the CH 3 domain. In this method, one 55 or more small amino acid side chains from the interface of the first antibody molecule are replaced with larger side chains (e.g., tyrosine or tryptophan). Compensatory "cavities" of identical or similar size to the large side chain(s) are created on the interface of the second antibody molecule by replacing large amino acid side chains with smaller ones (e.g., alanine or threonine). This provides a mechanism for increasing the yield of the heterodimer over other unwanted end-products such as homodimers. 5 Bispecific antibodies include cross-linked or "heteroconjugate" antibodies. For example, one of the antibodies in the heteroconjugate can be coupled to avidin, the other to biotin. Such antibodies have, for example, been proposed to target immune system cells to unwanted cells (U.S. Patent No. 4,676,980), and for treatment of IV infection (WO 91/00360, WO 92/200373, and EP 03089). Heteroconjugate antibodies may be made using any convenient cross-linking methods. Suitable cross-linking agents are well known in the art, and are disclosed in U.S. 0 Patent No. 4,676,980, along with a number of cross-linking techniques. Techniques for generating bispecific antibodies from antibody fragments have also been described in the literature. For example, bispecific antibodies can be prepared using chemical linkage. Brennan et al., Science 229:81 (1985) describe a procedure wherein intact antibodies are proteolytically cleaved to generate F(ab') 2 fragments. These fragments are reduced in the presence of the dithiol complexing agent, sodium arsenite, to stabilize 5 vicinal dithiols and prevent intermolecular disulfide formation. The Fab' fragments generated are then converted to thionitrobenzoate (TNB) derivatives. One of the Fab'-TNB derivatives is then reconverted to the Fab'-thiol by reduction with mercaptoethylanine and is mixed with an equinolar amountof the other Fab'-TNBderivative to form the bispecific antibody. The bispecific antibodies produced can be used as agents for the selective immobilization of enzymes. o Recent progress has facilitated the direct recovery of Fab'-SH fragments from E. coli, which can be chemically coupled to form bispecific antibodies. Shalaby et al., J. Exp. Med. 175: 217-225 (1992) describe the production of a fully humanized bispecific antibody F(ab') molecule. Each Fab' fragment was separately secreted from E. coli and subjected to directed chemical coupling in vitro to form the bispecific antibody. The bispecific antibody thus formed was able to bind to cells overexpressing the ErbB2 receptor and normal human T cells, as well .5 as trigger the lytic activity of human cytotoxic lymphocytes against human breast tumor targets. Various techniques for making and isolating bispecific antibody fragments directly from recombinant cell culture have also been described. For example, bispecific antibodies have been produced using leucine zippers. Kostelny et al., J. Immunol. 148(5):1547-1553 (1992). The leucine zipper peptides from the Fos and Jun proteins were linked to the Fab'portions of two different antibodies by gene fusion. The antibody homodimers were reduced at the hinge region 0 to form monomers and then re-oxidized to form the antibody heterodimers. This method can also be utilized for the production of antibody homodimers. The "diabody" technology described by Hollinger et alProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6444-6448 (1993) has provided an alternative mechanism for making bispecific antibody fragments. The fragments comprise a V, connected to a V, by a linker which is too short to allow pairing between the two domains on the same chain. Accordingly, the V, and V, domains of one fragment are forced to pair with the complementary 5 VL and VH domains of another fragment, thereby forming two antigen-binding sites. Another strategy for making bispecific antibody fragments by the use of single-chain Fv (sFv) dimers has also been reported. See Gruber et al., J. Immunol., 152:5368 (1994). 56 Antibodies with more than two valencies are contemplated. For example, trispecific antibodies can be prepared. Tutt et al., J.Immunol. 147:60 (1991). 5.2.1.6. Heteroconiugate Antibodies Heteroconjugate antibodies are also within the scope of the present invention. Heteroconjugate antibodies 5 are composed of two covalently joined antibodies. Such antibodies have, for example, been proposed to target immune system cells to unwanted cells [U.S. Patent No. 4,676,980], and for treatment of HIV infection [WO 91/00360; WO 92/200373; EP 03089]. It is contemplated that the antibodies may be prepared vitro using known methods in synthetic protein chemistry, including those involving crosslinking agents. For example, immunotoxins may be constructed using a disulfide exchange reaction or by forming a thioether bond. Examples of suitable ) reagents for this purpose include iminothiolate and methyl-4-mercaptobutyrimidate and those disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 4,676,980. 5.2.1.7. Multivalent Antibodies A multivalent antibody may be internalized (and/or catabolized) faster than a bivalent antibody by a cell 5 expressing an antigen to which the antibodies bind. The antibodies of the present invention can be multivalent antibodies (which are other than of the IgM class) with three or more antigen binding sites (e.g. tetravalent antibodies), which can be readily produced by recombinant expression of nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide chains of the antibody. The multivalent antibody can comprise a dimerization domain and three or more antigen binding sites. The preferred dimerization domain comprises (or consists of) an Fc region or a hinge region. In this ) scenario, the antibody will comprise an Fc region and three or more antigen binding sites amino-terminal to the Fc region. The preferred multivalent antibody herein comprises (or consists of) three to about eight, but preferably four, antigen binding sites. The multivalent antibody comprises at least one polypeptide chain (and preferably two polypeptide chains), wherein the polypeptide chain(s) comprise two or more variable domains. For instance, the polypeptide chain(s) may comprise VDl-(Xl)n-VD2-(X2),-Fc, wherein VDI is a first variable domain, VD2 is a 5 second variable domain, Fc is one polypeptide chain of an Fc region, X1 and X2 represent an amino acid or polypeptide, and n isO or 1. For instance, the polypeptide chain(s) may comprise: VH-CH1-flexible linker-VH-CH1 Fc region chain; or VH-CH1-VH-CH 1-Fc region chain. The multivalent antibody herein preferably further comprises at least two (and preferably four) light chain variable domain polypeptides. The multivalent antibody herein may, for instance, comprise from about two to about eight light chain variable domain polypeptides. The light chain 0 variable domain polypeptides contemplated here comprise a light chain variable domain and, optionally, further comprise a CL domain. 5.2.1.8. Effector Function Enineering It may be desirable to modify the antibody of the invention with respect to effector function, e.g., so as to 5 enhance antigen-dependent cell-mediated cyotoxicity (ADCC) and/or complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) of the antibody. This may be achieved by introducing one or more amino acid substitutions in an Fc.region of the antibody. Alternatively or additionally, cysteine residue(s) may be introduced in the Fc region, thereby allowing 57 interchain disulfide bond formation in this region. The homodimeric antibody-thus generated may have improved internalization capability and/or increased complement-mediated cell killing and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). See Caron et al., J. Exp Med. 176:1191-1195 (1992) and Shopes, B. J. Immunol. 148:2918 2922 (1992). Homodimeric antibodies with enhanced anti-tumor activity may also be prepared using heterobifunctional cross-linkers as described in Wolff et al., Cancer Research 53:2560-2565 (1993). Alternatively, 5 an antibody can be engineered which has dual Fc regions and may thereby have enhanced complement lysis and ADCC capabilities. See Stevenson et al.,Anti-Cancer Drug Design 3:219-230 (1989). To increase the semum half life of the antibody, one may incorporate a salvage receptor binding epitope into the antibody (especially an antibody fragment) as described in U.S. Patent 5,739,277, for example. As used herein, the term "salvage receptor binding epitope" refers to an epitope of the Fc region of an IgG molecule (e.g., IgG, IgG 2 , lgG, orIgG) that is responsible 0 for increasing the in vivo serum half-life of the IgG molecule. 5.2.1.9. Ininunoconjugates The invention also pertains to immunoconjugates comprising an antibody conjugated to a cytotoxic agent such as a chemotherapeutic agent, a growth inhibitory agent, a toxin (e.g., an enzymatically active toxin of bacterial, 5 fungal, plant, or animal origin, or fragments thereof), or a radioactive isotope (i.e., a radioconjugate). Chemotherapeutic agents useful in the generation of such immunoconjugates have been described above. Enzymatically active toxins and fragments thereof that can be used include diphtheria A chain, nonbinding active fragments of diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A chain (from Pseudomnonas aeruginosa), ricin A chain, abrin A chain, modeccin A chain, alpha-sarcin, Aleuritesfordii proteins, dianthin proteins, Phytolaca americana proteins (PAPI, D) PAPII, and PAP-S), momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crotin, sapaonaria officinalis inhibitor, gelonin, mitogellin, restrictocin, phenomycin, enomycin, and the tricothecenes. A variety of radionuclides are available for the production of radioconjugated antibodies. Examples include 212 Bi, 1311, 31 1n, 9Y, and 1 6 sRe. Conjugates of the antibody and cytotoxic agent are made using a variety of bifunctional protein-coupling agents such as N succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithiol) propionate (SPDP), iminothiolane (IT), bifunctional derivatives of imidoesters t5 (such as.dimethyl adipimidate HCL), active esters (such as disuccinimidyl suberate), aldehydes (such as glutareldehyde), bis-azido compounds (such as bis (p-azidobenzoyl) hexanedianine), bis-diazonium derivatives (such as bis-(p-diazoniumbenzoyl)-ethylenediamine), diisocyanates (such as tolyene 2,6-diisocyanate), and bis-active fluorine compounds (such as 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene). For example, a ricin immunotoxin can be prepared as described in Vitetta et aL, Science, 238: 1098 (1987). Carbon- 14-labeled 1-isothiocyanatobenzyl-3 0 methyldiethylene triaminepentaacetic acid (MX-DTPA) is an exemplary chelating agent for conjugation of radionucleotide to the antibody. See W094/11026. Conjugates of an antibody and one or more small molecule toxins, such as maytansinoids, acalicheamicin, a trichothene, and CC1065, and the derivatives of these toxins that have toxin activity, are also contemplated herein. 5 5.2.1.9.1. Maytansine and Maytansinoids In one preferred embodiment, an anti-PRO antibody (full length or fragments) of the invention is conjugated to one or more maytansinoid molecules. 58 Maytansinoids are mitototic inhibitors which act by inhibiting tubulin polymerization. Maytansine was first isolated from the east African shrub Maytenusserrata (U.S. Patent No. 3,896,111). Subsequently, it was discovered that certain microbes also produce maytansinoids, such as maytansinol and C-3 maytansinol esters (U.S. Patent No. 4,151,042). Synthetic maytansinol and derivatives and analogues thereof are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,137,230; 4,248,870; 4,256,746;4,260,608; 4,265,814; 4,294,757; 4,307,016; 4,308,268; 4,308,269; 4,309,428; 5 4,313,946; 4,315,929; 4,317,821;4,322,348; 4,331,598; 4,361,650; 4,364,866; 4,424,219; 4,450,254; 4,362,663; and 4,371,533, the disclosures of which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference. 5.2.1.9.2. Maytansinoid-antibody coniugates In an attempt to improve their therapeutic index, maytansine and maytansinoids have been conjugated to 0 antibodies specifically binding to tumor cell antigens. Immunoconjugates containing maytansinoids and their therapeutic use are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,208,020,5,416,064 and European Patent EP 0 425 235 B 1, the disclosures of which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference. Liu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:8618-8623 (1996) described immunoconjugates comprising a maytansinoid designated DM1 linked to the monoclonal antibody C242 directed against human colorectal cancer. The conjugate was found to be highly 5 cytotoxic towards cultured colon cancer cells, and showed antitumor activity in an in vivo tumor growth assay. Chari et al., Cancer Research 52:127-131 (1992) describe immunoconjugates in which a maytansinoid was conjugated via a disulfide linker to the murine antibody A7 binding to an antigen on human colon cancer cell lines, or to another murine monoclonal antibody TA. 1 that binds the HER-2/neu oncogene. The cytotoxicity of the TA. I -maytansonoid conjugate was tested in vitro on the human breast cancer cell line SK-BR-3, which expresses 3 x 10 HER-2 surface ) antigens per cell. The drug conjugate achieved a degree of cytotoxicity similar to the free maytansonid drug, which could be increased by increasing the number of maytansinoid molecules per antibody molecule. The A7 maytansinoid conjugate showed low systemic cytotoxicity in mice. 5.2.1.9.3. Anti-PRO polypeptide antibody-maytansinoid coniugates 5 Anti-PRO antibody-maytansinoid conjugates are prepared by chemically linking an anti-PRO antibody to a maytansinoid molecule without significantly diminishing the biological activity of either the antibody or the maytansinoid molecule. An average of 3-4 maytansinoid molecules conjugated per antibody molecule has shown efficacy in enhancing cytotoxicity of target cells without negatively affecting the function or solubility of the antibody, although even one molecule of toxin/antibody would be expected to enhance cytotoxicity over the use of 0 naked antibody. Maytansinoids are well known in the art and can be synthesized by known techniques or isolated from natural sources. Suitable maytansinoids are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,208,020 and in the other patents and nonpatent publications referred to hereinabove. Preferred maytansinoids are maytansinol and maytansinol analogues modified in the aromatic ring or at other positions of the maytansinol molecule, such as various maytansinol esters. 5 There are many linking groups known in the art for making antibody-maytansinoid conjugates, including, for example, those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,208,020 or EP Patent 0 425 2.35 BI, and Chari et al., Cancer Research 52:127-131 (1992). The linking groups include disufide groups, thioether groups, acid labile groups, 59 photolabile groups, peptidase labile groups, or esterase labile groups, as disclosed in the above-identified patents, disulfide and thioether groups being preferred. Conjugates of the antibody and maytansinoid may be made using a variety of bifunctional protein coupling agents such as N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP), succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane- 1-carboxylate, iminothiolane (IT), bifunctional derivatives of imidoesters (such as dimethyl adipimidate 5 HCL), active esters (such as disuccinimidyl suberate), aldehydes (such as glutareldehyde), bis-azido compounds (such as bis (p-azidobenzoyl) hexanediamine), bis-diazonium derivatives (such as bis-(p-diazoniumbenzoyl) ethylenediamine), diisocyanates (such as toluene 2,6-diisocyanate), and bis-active fluorine compounds (such as 1,5 difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene).. Particularly preferred coupling agents include N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP) (Carlsson et al., Biochem. J. 173:723-737 [1978]) and N-succinimidyl-4-(2 0 pyridylthio)pentanoate (SPP) to provide for a disulfide linkage. The linker may be attached to the maytansinoid molecule at various positions, depending on the type of the link. For example, an ester linkage may be formed by reaction with a hydroxyl group using conventional coupling techniques. The reaction may occur at the C-3 position having a hydroxyl group, the C-14 position modified with hyrdoxymethyl, the C-15 position modified with a hydroxyl group, and the C-20 position having a hydroxyl group. 5 In a preferred embodiment, the linkage is formed at the C-3 position of maytansinol or a maytansinol analogue. 5.2.1.9.4. Calicheamicin Another immunoconjugate of interest comprises an anti-PRO antibody conjugated to one or more calicheamicin molecules. The calicheamicin family of antibiotics are capable of producing double-stranded DNA 0 breaks at sub-picomolar concentrations. For the preparation of conjugates of the calicheamicin family, see U.S. patents 5,712,374, 5,714,586, 5,739,116, 5,767,285, 5,770,701, 5,770,710, 5,773,001, 5,877,296 (all to American Cyanamid Company). Structural analogues of calicheamicin which may be used include, but are not limited tq,, a 2 1 , 4 3 , N-acetyl-y, 1 , PSAG and 01, (Hinman et al., Cancer Research 53:3336-3342 (1993), Lode et al., Cancer Research 58:2925-2928 (1998) and the aforementioned U.S. patents to American Cyanamid). Another anti-tumor 25 drug that the antibody can be conjugated is QFA which is an antifolate. Both calicheamicin and QFA have intracellular sites of action and do not readily cross the plasma membrane. Therefore, cellular uptake of these agents through antibody mediated internalization greatly enhances their cytotoxic effects. 5.2.1.9.5. Other Cytotoxic Agents 10 Other anti-tumor agents that can be conjugated to the anti-PRO antibodies of the invention include BCNU, streptozoicin, vincristine and 5-fluorouracil, the family of agents known collectively LL-E33288 complex described in U.S. patents 5,053,394, 5,770,710, as well as esperamicins (U.S. patent 5,877,296). Enzymatically active toxins and fragments thereof which can be used include diphtheria A chain, nonbinding active fragments of diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A chain (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa), ricin A chain, 5 abrin A chain, modeccin A chain, alpha-sarcin, Aleuritesfordii proteins, dianthin proteins, Phytolaca americana proteins (PAPI, PAPH, and PAP-S), momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crotin, sapaonaria officinalis inhibitor, gelonin, mitogellin, restrictocin, phenomycin, enomycin and the tricothecenes. See, for example, WO 93/21232 60 published October 28, 1993. The present invention further contemplates an immunoconjugate formed between an antibody and a compound with nucleolytic activity (e.g., a ribonuclease or a DNA endonuclease such as a deoxyribonuclease; DNase). For selective destruction of the tumor, the antibody may comprise a highly radioactive atom. A variety of 5 radioactive isotopes are available for the production of radioconjugated anti-PRO antibodies. Examples include At 2 , 1 131 , Is, Y-9, Re' 8 6 , Re' 88 , Smis 3 , Bi 2 2 , P 3 2 , Pb 2 1 2 and radioactive isotopes of Lu. When the conjugate is used for diagnosis, it may comprise a radioactive atom for scintigraphic studies, for example tc"M or I2, or a spin label for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging (also known as magnetic resonance imaging, mri), such as iodine 123 again, iodine- 131, indium-111, fluorine-19, carbon- 13, nitrogen-15, oxygen-17, gadolinium, manganese or iron. 10 The radio- or other labels may be incorporated in the conjugate in known ways. For example, the peptide may be biosynthesized or may be synthesized by chemical amino acid synthesis using suitable amino acid precursors involving, for example, fluorine- 19 in place of hydrogen. Labels such as tc"' or 13, .Re1 8 6 , Re'" and In"I can be attached via a cysteine residue in the peptide. Yttrium-90 can be attached via a lysine residue. The IODOGEN method (Fraker et al (1978) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 80: 49-57 can be used to incorporate iodine-123. 5 "Monoclonal Antibodies in Immunoscintigraphy" (Chatal,CRC Press 1989) describes other methods in detail. Conjugates of the antibody and cytotoxic agent may be made using a variety of bifunctional protein coupling agents such as N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP), succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane- I -carboxylate, iminothiolane (MT), bifunctional derivatives ofimidoesters (such as dimethyl adipimidate HCL), active esters (such as disuccinimidyl suberate), aldehydes (such as glutareldehyde), bis-azido compounds 0 (such as bis (p-azidobenzoyl) hexanediamine), bis-diazonium derivatives (such as bis-(p-diazoniumbenzoyl) ethylenediamine), diisocyanates (such as tolyene 2,6-diisocyanate), and bis-active fluorine compounds (such as 1,5 difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene). For example, a ricin immunotoxin can be prepared as described in Vitetta et al., Science 238:1098 (1987). Carbon- 14-labeled 1-isothiocyanatobenzyl-3-methyldiethylene triaminepentaacetic acid (MX-DTPA) is an exemplary chelating agent for conjugation of radionucleotide to the antibody. See W094/11026. 25 The linker may be a "cleavable linked" facilitating release of the cytotoxic drug in the cell. For example, an acid labile linker, peptidase-sensitive linker, photolabile linker, dimethyl linker or disulfide-containing linker (Chari et al., Cancer Research 52:127-131 (1992); U.S. Patent No. 5,208,020) may be used. Alternatively, a fusion protein comprising the anti-PRO antibody and cytotoxic agent may be made, e.g., by recombinant techniques or peptide synthesis. The length of DNA may comprise respective regions encoding the 30 two portions of the conjugate either adjacent one another or separated by a region encoding a linker peptide which does not destroy the desired properties of the conjugate. In yet another embodiment, the antibody may be conjugated to a "receptor" (such streptavidin) for utilization in tumor pre-targeting wherein the antibody-receptor conjugate is administered to the patient, followed by removal of unbound conjugate from the circulation using a clearing agent and then administration of a "ligand" 35 (e.g., avidin) which is conjugated to a cytotoxic agent (e.g., a radionucleotide). 5.2.1.10. Immunoliposomes 61 The anti-PRO antibodies disclosed herein may also be formulated as immunoliposomes. A "liposome" is a small vesicle composed of various types of lipids, phospholipids and/or surfactant which is useful for delivery of a drug to a mammal. The components of the liposome are commonly arranged in a bilayer formation, similar to the lipid arrangement of biological membranes. Liposomes containing the antibody are prepared by methods known in the art, such as described in Epstein et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:3688 (1985); Hwang et al.,Proc. Nati 5 Acad. Sci. USA 77:4030 (1980); U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,485,045 and 4,544,545; and W097/38731 published October 23, 1997. Liposomes with enhanced circulation time are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,013,556. Particularly useful liposomes can be generated by the reverse phase evaporation method with a lipid composition comprising phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and PEG-derivatized phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE). Liposomes are extruded through filters of defined pore size to yield liposomes with the desired diameter. Fab' ) fragments of the antibody of the present invention can be conjugated to the liposomes as described in Martin et al., J. Biol. Chem. 257:286-288 (1982) via a disulfide interchange reaction. A chemotherapeutic agent is optionally contained within the liposome. See Gabizon et al., J. National Cancer Inst. 81(19):1484 (1989). 5.2.1.11. Pharmaceutical Compositions of Antibodies Antibodies specifically binding a PRO polypeptide identified herein, as well as other molecules identified by the screening assays disclosed below, can be administered for the treatment of various disorders as noted above and below in the form of pharmaceutical compositions. If the PRO polypeptide is intracellular and whole antibodies are used as inhibitors, internalizing antibodies are preferred. However, lipofections or liposomes can also be used to deliver the antibody, or an antibody fragment, ) into cells. Where antibody fragments are used, the smallest inhibitory fragment that specifically binds to the binding domain of the target protein is preferred. For example, based upon the variable-region sequences of an antibody, peptide molecules can be designed that retain the ability to bind the target protein sequence. Such peptides can be synthesized chemically and/or produced by recombinant DNA technology. See, e.g., Marasco et aL, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90: 7889-7893 (1993). 5 The formulation herein may also contain more than one active compound as necessary for the particular indication being treated, preferably those with complementary activities that do not adversely affect each other. Alternatively, or in addition, the composition may comprise an agent that enhances its function, such as, for example, a cytotoxic agent, cytokine, chemotherapeutic agent, or growth-inhibitory agent. Such molecules are suitably present in combination in amounts that are effective for the purpose intended. 0 The active ingredients may also be entrapped in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules and poly (methylmethacylate) microcapsules, respectively, in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles, and nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions. Such techniques are disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, supra. 5 The formulations to be used for in vivo administration must be sterile. This is readily accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes. Sustained-release preparations may be prepared. Suitable examples of sustained-release preparations 62 include semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the antibody, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g., films, or microcapsules. Examples of sustained-release matrices include polyesters, hydrogels (for example, poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate), or poly(vinylalcohol)), polylactides (U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919), copolymers of L-glutamic acid and y ethyl-L-glutamate, non-degradable ethylene-vinyl acetate, degradable lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers such as the LUPRON DEPOT' (injectable microspheres composed 5 of lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer and leuprolide acetate), and poly-D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid. While polymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate and lactic acid-glycolic acid enable release of molecules for over 100 days, certain hydrogels release proteins for shorter time periods. When encapsulated antibodies remain in the body for a long time, they may denature or aggregate as. a result of exposure to moisture at 37*C, resulting in a loss of biological activity and possible changes in immunogenicity. Rational strategies can be devised for stabilization 0 depending on the mechanism involved. For example, if the aggregation mechanism is discovered to be intermolecular S-S bond formation through thio-disulfide interchange, stabilization may be achieved by modifying sulfhydryl residues, lyophilizing from acidic solutions, controllingmoisture content, using appropriate additives, and developing specific polymer matrix compositions. 5 5.2.2. Screening for Antibodies With the Desired Properties Techniques for generating antibodies have been described above. One may further select antibodies with certain biological characteristics, as desired. The growth inhibitory effects of an anti-PRO antibody of the invention may be assessed by methods known in the art, e.g., using cells which express a PRO polypeptide either endogenously or following transfection with the 0 PRO gene. For example, appropriate tumor cell lines and PRO-transfected cells may be treated with an anti-PRO monoclonal antibody of the invention at various concentrations for a few days (e.g., 2-7 days) and stained with crystal violet or MTT or analyzed by some other colorimetric assay. Another method of measuring proliferation would be by comparing 3 H-thymidine uptake by the cells treated in the presence or absence an anti-PRO antibody of the invention. After antibody treatment, the cells are harvested and the amount of radioactivity incorporated into 25 the DNA quantitated in a scintillation counter. Appropriate positive controls include treatment of a selected cell line with a growth inhibitory antibody known to inhibit growth of that cell line. Growth inhibition of tumor cellsin vivo can be determined in various ways known in the art. Preferably, the tumor cell is one that overexpresses a PRO polypeptide. Preferably, the anti-PRO antibody will inhibit cell proliferation of a PRO-expressing tumor cIitro or in vivo by about 25-100% compared to the untreated tumor cell, more preferably, by about 30-100%, and even 30 more preferably by about 50-100% or 70-100%, at an antibody concentration of about 0.5 to 30 pg/ml. Growth inhibition can be measured at an antibody concentration of about 0.5 to 30 pg/ml or about 0.5 nM to 200 nM in cell culture, where the growth inhibition is determined 1-10 days after exposure of the tumor cells to the antibody. The antibody is growth inhibitory in vivo if administration of the anti-PRO antibody at about 1 [Jg/kg to about 100 mg/kg body weight results in reduction in tumor size or reduction of tumor cell proliferation within about 5 days to 3 35 months from the first administration of the antibody, preferably within about 5 to 30 days. To select for antibodies which induce cell death, loss of membrane integrity as indicated by, e.g., propidium iodide (PI), trypan blue or 7AAD uptake may be assessed relative to control. A PI uptake assay can be performed 63 in the absence of complement and immune effector cells. PRO polypeptide-expressing tumor cells are incubated with medium alone or medium containing of the appropriate monoclonal antibody at e.g, about 10ig/ml. The cells are incubated for a 3 day time period. Following each treatment, cells are washed and aliquoted into 35 mm strainer capped 12 x 75 tubes (1m] per tube, 3 tubes per treatment group) for removal of cell clumps. Tubes then receive PI (10pg/ml). Samples may be analyzed using a FACSCAN@ flow cytometer and FACSCONVERT@ CellQuest 5 software (Becton Dickinson). Those antibodies which induce statistically significant levels of cell death as determined by PI uptake may be selected as cell death-inducing antibodies. To screen for antibodies which bind to an epitope on a PRO polypeptide bound by an antibody of interest, a routine cross-blocking assay such as that described in Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Ed Harlow and David Lane (1988), can be performed. This assay can be used to determine if a test () antibody binds the same site or epitope as an anti-PRO antibody of the invention. Alternatively, or additionally, epitope mapping can be performed by methods known in the art . For example, the antibody sequence can be mutagenized such as by alanine scanning, to identify contact residues. The mutant antibody is initially tested for binding with polyclonal antibody to ensure proper folding. In a different method, peptides corresponding to different regions of a PRO polypeptide can be used in competition assays with the test antibodies or with a test antibody and 5 an antibody with a characterized or known epitope. 5.2.3. Antibody Dependent Enzyme Mediated Prodrug Therapy (ADEPT) The antibodies of the present invention may also be used in ADEPT by conjugating the antibody to a prodrug-activating enzyme which converts a prodrug (e.g., a peptidyl chemotherapeutic agent, see W081/01145) ) to an active anti-cancer drug. See, for example, WO 88/07378 and U.S. Patent No. 4,975,278. The enzyme component of the immunoconjugate useful for ADEPT includes any enzyme capable of acting on a prodrug in such a way so as to covert it into its more active, cytotoxic form. Enzymes that are useful in the method of this invention include, but are not limited to, alkaline phosphatase useful for converting phosphate-containing prodrugs into free drugs; arylsulfatase useful for converting sulfate 5 containing prodrugs into free drugs; cytosine deaminase useful for converting non-toxic 5-fluorocytosine into the anti-cancer drug, 5-fluorouracil; proteases, such as serratia protease, thermolysin, subtilisin, carboxypeptidases and cathepsins (such as cathepsins B and L), that are useful for converting peptide-containing prodrugs into free drugs; D-alanylcarboxypeptidases, useful for converting prodrugs that contain D-amino acid substituents; carbohydrate cleaving enzymes such as P-galactosidase and neuraminidase useful for converting glycosylated prodrugs into free 0 drugs; p-lactamase useful for converting drugs derivatized with p-lactams into free drugs; and penicillin amidases, such as penicillin V amidase orpenicillin G amidase, useful for converting drugs derivatized at their amine nitrogens with phenoxyacetyl or phenylacetyl groups, respectively, into free drugs. Alternatively, antibodies with enzymatic activity, also known in the art as "abzymes", can be used to convert the prodrugs of the invention into free active drugs (see, e.g., Massey, Nature 328:457-458 (1987)). Antibody-abzyme conjugates can be prepared as described 5 herein for delivery of the abzyme to a tumor cell population. The enzymes of this invention can be covalently bound to the anti-PRO antibodies by techniques well known in the art such as the use of the heterobifunctional crosslinking reagents discussed above. Alternatively, 64 fusion proteins comprising at least the antigen binding region of an antibody of the invention linked to at least a functionally active portion of an enzyme of the invention can be constructed usingrecombinant DNA techniques well known in the art (see, e.g., Neuberger et al., Nature 312:604-608 (1984). 5.2.4. Full-Length PRO Polypeptides 5 The present invention also provides newly identified and isolated nucleotide sequences encoding polypeptides referred to in the present application as PRO polypeptides. In particular, cDNAs (partial and full length) encoding various PRO polypeptides have been identified and isolated, as disclosed in further detail in the Examples below. As disclosed in the Examples below, various cDNA clones have been deposited with the ATCC. The actual 0 nucleotide sequences of those clones can readily be determined by the skilled artisan by sequencing of the deposited clone using routine methods in the art. The predicted amino acid sequence can be determined from the nucleotide sequence using routine skill. For the PRO polypeptides and encoding nucleic acids described herein, in some cases, Applicants have identified what is believed to be the reading frame best identifiable with the sequence information available at the time. 5 5.2.5. Anti-PRO Antibody and PRO Polypeptide Variants In addition to the anti-PRO antibodies and full-length native sequence PRO polypeptides described herein, it is contemplated that anti-PRO antibody and PRO polypeptide variants can be prepared. Anti-PRO antibody and PRO polypeptide variants can be prepared by introducing appropriate nucleotide changes into the encoding DNA, 3 and/or by synthesis of the desired antibody or polypeptide. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that amino acid changes may alter post-translational processes of the anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide, such as changing the number or position of glycosylation sites or altering the membrane anchoring characteristics. Variations in the anti-PRO antibodies and PRO polypeptides described herein, can be made, for example, using any of the techniques and guidelines for conservative and non-conservative mutations set forth, for instance, 5 in U.S. Patent No. 5,364,934. Variations may be a substitution, deletion or insertion of one or more codons encoding the antibody or polypeptide that results in a change in the amino acid sequence as compared with the native sequence antibody or polypeptide. Optionally the variation is by substitution of at least one amino acid with any other amino acid in one or more of the domains of the anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide. Guidance in determining which amino acid residue may be inserted, substituted or deleted without adversely affecting the desired activity may be 0 found by comparing the sequence of the anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide with that of homologous known protein molecules and minimizing the number of amino acid sequence changes made in regions of high homology. Amino acid substitutions can be the result of replacing one amino acid with another amino acid having similar structural and/or chemical properties, such as the replacement of a leucine with a serine, i.e., conservative amino acid replacements. Insertions or deletions may optionally be in the range of about 1 to 5 amino acids. The variation 5 allowed may be determined by systematically making insertions, deletions or substitutions of amino acids in the sequence and testing the resulting variants for activity exhibited by the full-length or mature native sequence. Anti-PRO antibody and PRO polypeptide fragments are provided herein. Such fragments may be truncated 65 at the N-terminus or C-terminus, or may lack internal residues, for example, when compared with a full length native antibody or protein. Certain fragments lack amino acid residues that are not essential for a desired biological activity of the anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide. Anti-PRO antibody and PRO polypeptide fragments may be prepared by any of a number of conventional techniques. Desired peptide fragments may be chemically synthesized. An alternative approach involves generating 5 antibody or polypeptide fragments by enzymatic digestion, e.g., by treating the protein with an enzyme known to cleave proteins at sites defined by particular amino acid residues, or by digesting the DNA with suitable restriction enzymes and isolating the desired fragment Yet another suitable technique involves isolating and amplifying a DNA fragment encoding a desired antibody or polypeptide fragment, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Oligonucleotides that define the desired termini of the DNA fragment are employed at the 5' and 3' primers in the 0 PCR. Preferably, anti-PRO antibody and PRO polypeptide fragments share at least one biological and/or immunological activity with the native anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide disclosed herein. In particular embodiments, conservative substitutions of interest are shown in Table 6 under the heading of preferred substitutions. If such substitutions result in a change in biological activity, then more substantial changes, denominated exemplary substitutions in Table 6, or as further described below in reference to amino acid 5 classes, are introduced and the products screened. 66 Table 6 Original Exemplary Preferred Residue Substitutions Substitutions Ala (A) val; leu; ile val 5 Arg (R) lys; gin; asn lys Asn (N) gin; his; lys; arg gin Asp (D) giu glu Cys (C) ser ser Gin (Q) asn asn 0 Glu (E) asp asp Gly (G) pro; ala ala His (H) asn; gin; lys; arg arg Ile (I) leu; val; met; ala; phe; norleucine leu 5 Leu (L) norleucine; ile; val; met; ala; phe ile Lys (K) arg; gin; asn arg Met (M) leu; phe; ile leu Phe (F) leu; val; ile; ala; tyr leu 0 Pro (P) ala ala Ser (S) thr thr Thr (T) ser ser Trp (W) tyr; phe tyr Tyr (Y) trp; phe; thr; ser phe 5 Val (V) ile; leu; met; phe; ala; norleucine leu Substantial modifications in function or immunological identity of the anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide are accomplished by selecting substitutions that differ significantly in their effect on maintaining (a) the o structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the substitution, for example, as a sheet or helical conformation, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or (c) the bulk of the side chain. Naturally occurring residues are divided into groups based on common side-chain properties: (1) hydrophobic: norleucine, met, ala, val, leu, ile; (2) neutral hydrophilic: cys, ser, thr; 35 (3) acidic: asp, glu; (4) basic: asn, gin, his, lys, arg; (5) residues that influence chain orientation: gly, pro; and (6) aromatic: trp, tyr, phe. Non-conservative substitutions will entail exchanging a member of one of these classes for another class. W0 Such substituted residues also may be introduced into the conservative substitution sites or, more preferably, into the remaining (non-conserved) sites. The variations can be made using methods known in the art such as oligonucleotide-mediated (site-directed) mutagenesis, alanine scanning, and PCR mutagenesis. Site-directed mutagenesis [Carter et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 13:4331 (1986); Zoller et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 10:6487 (1987)], cassette mutagenesis [Wells et al., Gene, 34:315 .5 (1985)], restriction selection mutagenesis [Wells et al., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London SerA, 317:415 (1986)] or other known techniques can be performed on the cloned DNA to produce the anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide 67 variant DNA. Scanning amino acid analysis can also be employed to identify one or more amino acids along a contiguous sequence. Among the preferred scanning amino acids are relatively small, neutral amino acids. Such amino acids include alanine, glycine, serine, and cysteine. Alanine is typically a preferred scanning amino acid among this group because it eliminates the side-chain beyond the beta-carbon and is less likely to alter the main-chain conformation 5 of the variant [Cunningham and Wells, Science, 244:1081-1085(1989)]. Alanine is also typically preferred because it is the most common amino acid. Further, it is frequently found in both buried and exposed positions [Creighton, The Proteins, (W.H. Freeman & Co., N.Y.); Chothia, J. Mol. Biol., 150:1 (1976)]. If alanine substitution does not yield adequate amounts of variant, an isoteric amino acid can be used. Any cysteine residue not involved in maintaining the proper conformation of the anti-PRO antibody or PRO 0 polypeptide also may be substituted, generally with serine, to improve the oxidative stability of the molecule and prevent aberrant crosslinking. Conversely, cysteine bond(s) may be added to the anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide to improve its stability (particularly where the antibody is an antibody fragment such as an Fv fragment). A particularly preferred type ofsubstitutional variant involves substituting one or more hypervariable region residues of a parent antibody (e.g., a humanized or human antibody). Generally, the resulting variant(s) selected for 5 further development will have improved biological properties relative to the parent antibody from which they are generated. A convenient way for generating such substitutional variants involves affinity maturation using phage display. Briefly, several hypervariable region sites (e.g., 6-7 sites) are mutated to generate all possible amino substitutions at each site. The antibody variants thus generated are displayed in a monovalent fashion from filamentous phage particles as fusions to the gene III product of M13 packaged within each particle. The phage D displayed variants are then screened for their biological activity (e.g., binding affinity) as herein disclosed. In order to identify candidate hypervariable region sites for modification, alanine scanning mutagenesis can be performed to identify hypervariable region residues contributing significantly to antigen binding. Alternatively, or additionally, it may be beneficial to analyze a crystal structure of the antigen-antibody complex to identify contact points between the antibody and human PRO polypeptide. Such contact residues and neighboring residues are candidates for 25 substitution according to the techniques elaborated herein. Once such variants are generated, the panel of variants is subjected to screening as described herein and antibodies with superior properties in one or more relevant assays may be selected for further development. Nucleic acid molecules encoding amino acid sequence variants of the anti-PRO antibody are prepared by a variety of methods known in the art. These methods include, but are not limited to, isolation from a natural source 3O (in the case of naturally occurring amino acid sequence variants) orpreparation by oligonucleotide-mediated (or site directed) mutagenesis, PCR mutagenesis, and cassette mutagenesis of an earlier prepared variant or a non-variant version of the anti-PSCA antibody. 5.2.6. Modifications of Anti-PRO Antibodies and PRO Polypeptides 5 Covalent modifications of anti-PRO antibodies and PRO polypeptides are included within the scope of this invention. One type of covalent modification includes reacting targeted amino acid residues of an anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide with an organic derivatizing agent that is capable of reacting with selected side chains or the 68 N- or C- terminal residues of the anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide. Derivatization with bifunctional agents is useful, for instance, for crosslinking anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide to a water-insoluble support matrix or surface for use in the method for purifying anti-PRO antibodies, and vice-versa. Commonly used crosslinking agents include, e.g., 1, 1-bis(diazoacetyl)-2-phenylethane, glutaraldehyde, N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, for example, esters with 4-azidosalicylic acid, homobifunctional imidoesters, including disuccinimidyl esters such as 3,3' 5 dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate), bifunctional maleimides such as bis-N-maleimido-1,8-octane and agents such as methyl-3-[(p-azidophenyl)dithio]propioimidate. Other modifications include deamidation of glutaminyl and asparaginyl residues to the corresponding glutamyl and aspartylresidues, respectively, hydroxylation of proline and lysine, phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of seryl or threonyl residues, methylation of the a-amino groups of lysine, arginine, and histidine side chains [T.E. 0 Creighton, Proteins: Structure and Molecular Properties, W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, pp. 79-86 (1983)], acetylation of the N-terminal amine, and amidation of any C-terminal carboxyl group. Another type of covalent modification of the anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide included within the scope of this invention comprises altering the native glycosylation pattern of the antibody or polypeptide. "Altering the native glycosylation pattern" is intended for purposes herein to mean deleting one or more carbohydrate moieties 5 found in native sequence anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide (either by removing the underlying glycosylation site or by deleting the glycosylation by chemical and/or enzymatic means), and/or adding one or more glycosylation sites that are not present in the native sequence anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide. In addition, the phrase includes qualitative changes in the glycosylation of the native proteins, involving a change in the nature and proportions of the various carbohydrate moieties present. o Glycosylation of antibodies and other polypeptides is typically either N-linked or O-linked. N-linked refers to the attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the side chain of an asparagine residue. The tripeptide sequences asparagine-X-serine and asparagine-X-threonine, where X is any amino acid except proline, are the recognition sequences for enzymatic attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the asparagine side chain. Thus, the presence of either of these tripeptide sequences in a polypeptide creates a potential glycosylation site. O-linked glycosylation 25 refers to the attachment of one of the sugars N-aceylgalactosamine, galactose, or xylose to a hydroxyamino acid, most commonly serine or threonine, although 5-hydroxyproline or 5-hydroxylysine may also be used. Addition of glycosylation sites to the anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide is conveniently accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence such that it contains one or more of the above-described tripeptide sequences (for N-linked glycosylation sites). The alteration may also be made by the addition of, or substitution by, one or 30 more serine or threonine residues to the sequence of the original anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide (for 0 linked glycosylation sites). The anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide amino acid sequence may optionally be altered through changes at the DNA level, particularly by mutating the DNA encoding the anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide at preselected bases such that codons are generated that will translate into the desired amino acids. Another means of increasing the number of carbohydrate moieties on the anti-PRO antibody or PRO 15 polypeptide is by chemical or enzymatic coupling of glycosides to the polypeptide. Such methods are described in the art, e.g., in WO 87/05330 published 11 September 1987, and in Aplin and Wriston, CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem., pp. 259-306 (1981). 69 Removal of carbohydrate moieties present on the anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide may be accomplished chemically or enzymatically or by mutational substitution of codons encoding for amino acid residues that serve as targets for glycosylation. Chemical deglycosylation techniques are known in the art and described, for instance, by Hakimuddin, et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 259:52 (1987) and by Edge et al., Anal. Biochem., 118:131 (1981). Enzymatic cleavage of carbohydrate moieties on polypeptides can be achieved by the use of a 5 variety of endo- and exo-glycosidases as described by Thotakura et al., Meth. Enzymol., 138:350 (1987). Another type of covalent modification of anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide comprises linking the antibody or polypeptide to one of a variety of nonproteinaceous polymers, e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol, or polyoxyalkylenes, in the manner set forth in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,640,835; 4,496,689; 4,301,144;4,670,417; 4,791,192or 4,179,337. The antibody or polypeptide also may be entrapped in microcapsules 0 prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization (for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules and poly-(methylmethacylate) microcapsules, respectively), in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules), or in macroemulsions. Such techniques are disclosed irRemington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, 16th edition, Oslo, A., Ed., (1980). 5 The anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide of the present invention may also be modified in a way to form chimeric molecules comprising an anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide fused to another, heterologous polypeptide or amino acid sequence. In one embodiment, such a chimeric molecule comprises a fusion of the anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide with a tag polypeptide which provides an epitope to which an anti-tag antibody can selectively bind. 0 The epitope tag is generally placed at the amino- or carboxyl- terminus of the anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide. The presence of such epitope-tagged forms of the anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide can be detected using an antibody against the tag polypeptide. Also, provision of the epitope tag enables the anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide to be readily purified by affinity purification using an anti-tag antibody or another type of affinity matrix that binds to the epitope tag. Various tag polypeptides and their respective antibodies are well Z5 known in the art. Examples include poly-histidine (poly-his) or poly-histidine-glycine (poly-his-gly) tags; the flu HA tag polypeptide and its antibody 12CA5 [Field et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 8:2159-2165 (1988)]; the c-myc tag and the 8F9, 3C7, 6E10, G4, B7 and 9E10 antibodies thereto [Evan et al., Molecular and Cellular Biology,.5:3610-3616 (1985)]; and the Herpes Simplex virus glycoproteinD (gD) tag and its antibody [Paborsky etal., Protein Engineerinn, 3(6):547-553 (1990)]. Other tag polypeptides include the Flag-peptide [Hopp et al.,BioTechnolony, 6:1204-1210 30 (1988)]; the KT3 epitope peptide [Martin et al., Science, 255:192-194(1992)]; an a-tubulinepitope peptide [Skinner et al., J. Biol. Chem., 266:15163-15166 (1991)]; and the T7 gene 10 protein peptide tag [Lutz-Freyermuth et al., Proc. Natd. Acad. Sci. USA, 87:6393-6397 (1990)]. In an alternative embodiment, the chimeric molecule may comprise a fusion of the anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide with an immunoglobulin or a particular region of an immunoglobulin. For a bivalent form of the 5 chimeric molecule (also referred to as an "immunoadhesin"), such a fusion could be to the Fc region of an IgG molecule. The Ig fusions preferably include the substitution of a soluble (transmembrane domain deleted or inactivated) form of an anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide in place of at least one variable region within an Ig 70 molecule. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the immunoglobulin fusion includes the hinge, C}Iand CH 3 , or the hinge, CH, CH 2 and CH 3 regions of an IgG1 molecule. For the production of immunoglobulin fusions see also US Patent No. 5,428,130 issued June 27, 1995. 5.2.7. Preparation of Anti-PRO Antibodies and PRO Polypeptides 5 The description below relates primarily to production of anti-PRO antibodies and PRO polypeptides by culturing cells transformed or transfected with a vector containing anti-PRO antibody- and PRO polypeptide encoding nucleic acid. It is, of course, contemplated that alternative methods, which are well known in the art, may be employed to prepare anti-PRO antibodies and PRO polypeptides. For instance, the appropriate amino acid sequence, or portions thereof, may be produced by direct peptide synthesis using solid-phase techniques [see, e.g., 0 'Stewart et al., Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis, W.H. Freeman Co., San Francisco, CA (1969); Merrifield, J. Am. Chem. Soc., .8:2149-2154 (1963)]. In vitro protein synthesis may be performed using manual techniques or by automation. Automated synthesis may be accomplished, for instance, using an Applied Biosystems Peptide Synthesizer (Foster City, CA) using manufacturer'sinstructions. Various portions of the anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide may be chemically synthesized separately and combined using chemical or enzymatic methods to 5 produce the desired anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide. 5.2.7.1. Isolation of DNA Encoding Anti-PRO Antibody or PRO Polypeptide DNA encoding anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide may be obtained from a cDNA library prepared from tissue believed to possess the anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide mRNA and to express it at a detectable o level. Accordingly, human anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide DNA can be conveniently obtained from a cDNA library prepared from human tissue. The anti-PRO antibody- or PRO polypeptide-encoding gene may also be obtained from a genomic library or by known synthetic procedures (e.g., automated nucleic acid synthesis). Libraries can be screened with probes (such as oligonucleotides of at least about 20-80 bases) designed to identify the gene of interest or the protein encoded by it. Screening the cDNA or genomic library with the selected 5 probe may be conducted using standard procedures, such as described in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989). An alternative means to isolate the gene encoding anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide is to use PCR methodology [Sambrook et al., supra; Dieffenbach et al., PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1995)]. Techniques for screening a cDNA library are well known in the art. The oligonucleotide sequences selected 0 as probes should be of sufficient length and sufficiently unambiguous that false positives are minimized. The oligonucleotide is preferably labeled such that it can be detected upon hybridization to DNA in the library being screened. Methods of labeling are well known in the art, and include the use of radiolabels like 3 P-labeled ATP, biotinylation or enzyme labeling. Hybridization conditions, including moderate stringency and high stringency, are provided in Sambrook et al., su 5 Sequences identified in such library screening methods can be compared and aligned to other known sequences deposited and available in public databases such as GenBank or other private sequence databases. Sequence identity (at either the amino acid or nucleotide level) within defined regions of the molecule or across the 71 full-length sequence can be determined using methods known in the art and as described herein. Nucleic acid having protein coding sequence may be obtained by screening selected cDNA or genomic libraries using the deduced amino acid sequence disclosed herein for the first time, and, if necessary, using conventional primer extension procedures as described in Sambrook et al., supra, to detect precursors and processing intermediates of mRNA that may not have been reverse-transcribed into cDNA. 5 5.2.7.2. Selection and Transformation of Host Cells Host cells are transfected or transformed with expression or cloning vectors described herein for anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide production and cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for inducing promoters, selecting transformants, or amplifying the genes encoding the desired sequences. The culture 0 conditions, such as media, temperature, pH and the like, can be selected by the skilled artisan without undue experimentation. In general, principles, protocols, and practical techniques for maximizing the productivity of cell cultures can be found in Mammalian Cell Biotechnology: a Practical Approach, M. Butler, ed. (IRL Press, 1991) and Sambrook et al., supra. Methods of eukaryotic cell transfection and prokaryotic cell transformation are known to the ordinarily 5 skilled artisan, for example, CaCl 2 , CaPO 4 , liposome-mediated and electroporation. Depending on the host cell used, transformation is performed using standard techniques appropriate to such cells. The calcium treatment employing calcium chloride, as described in Sambrook et al., supra, or electroporation is generally used for prokaryotes. Infection with Agrobacterium tuwnefaciens is used for transformation of certain plant cells, as described by Shaw et al., Gene, 23:315 (1983) and WO 89/05859 published 29 June 1989. For mammalian cells without such cell walls, 0 the calcium phosphate precipitation method of Graham and van der Eb, Virology, 52:456-457 (1978) can be employed. General aspects of mammalian cell host system transfections have been described in U.S. Patent No. 4,399,216. Transformations into yeast are typically carried out according to the method of Van Solingen et al., J. Bact., 130:946 (1977) and Hsiao et al., Proc. NatI. Acad. Sci. (USA), 6:3829 (1979). However, other methods for introducing DNA into cells, such as by nuclear microinjection, electroporation, bacterial protoplast fusion with intact 5 cells, or polycations, e.g., polybrene, polyornithine, may also be used. For various techniques for transforming mammalian cells, see Keown et al., Methods in Enzymology, 185:527-537 (1990) and Mansour et al., Nature, 336:348-352 (1988). Suitable host cells for cloning or expressing the DNA in the vectors herein include prokaryote, yeast, or higher eukaryote cells. Suitable prokaryotes include but are not limited to eubacteria, such as Gram-negative or 0 Gram-positive organisms, for example, Enterobacteriaceae such as E. coli. Various E. coli strains are publicly available, such as E. coli K12 strain MM294 (ATCC 31,446); E. coli X1776 (ATCC 31,537); E. coli strain W31 10 (ATCC 27,325) and K5 772 (ATCC 53,635). Other suitable prokaryotic host cells include Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia, e.g., E. coli, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmwnella, e.g., Salmonella zyphitnuriun, Serratia, e.g., Serratia marcescans, and Shigella, as well as Bacilli such as B. subtilis and B. licheniformis (e.g., B. 5 licheniformis 41P disclosed in DD 266,710 published 12 April 1989), Pseudonozas such as P. aeruginosa, and Streptomyces. These examples are illustrative rather than limiting. Strain W3 110 is one particularly preferred host or parent host because it is a common host strain for recombinant DNA product fermentations. Preferably, the host 72 cell secretes minimal amounts of proteolytic enzymes. For example, strain W31 10 may be modified to effect a genetic mutation in the genes encoding proteins endogenous to the host, with examples of such hosts includingE. coli W31 10 strain 1A2, which has the complete genotype tonA ; E. coli W31 10 strain 9E4, which has the complete genotype tonA ptr3; E. coli W31 10 strain 27C7 (ATCC 55,244), which has the complete genotype tonA ptr3phoA E15 (argF-lac)169 degP ompTkan; E. coliW31 10 strain 37D6, which has the complete genotype tonA ptr3pphoA 5 E15 (argF-lac)169 degP ompT rbs7 ilvG kan '; E. coli W3 110 strain 40B4, which is strain 37D6 with a non kanamycin resistant degP deletion mutation; and an E. coli strain having mutant periplasmic protease disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,946,783 issued 7 August 1990. Alternatively, in vitro methods of cloning, e.g., PCR or other nucleic acid polymerase reactions, are suitable. Full length antibody, antibody fragments, and antibody fusion proteins can be produced in bacteria, in 0 particular when glycosylation and Fc effector function are not needed, such as when the therapeutic antibody is conjugated to a cytotoxic agent (e.g., a toxin) and the immunoconjugate by itself shows effectiveness in tumor cell destruction. Full length antibodies have greater half life in circulation. Production in E. coli is faster and more cost efficient. For expression of antibody fragments and polypeptides in bacteria, see, e.g., U.S. 5,648,237 (Carter et. al.), U.S. 5,789,199 (Joly et al.), and U.S. 5,840,523 (Simmons et al.) which describes translation initiation regio 5 (TIR) and signal sequences for optimizing expression and secretion, these patents incorporated herein by reference. After expression, the antibody is isolated from the E. coli cell paste in a soluble fraction and can be purified through, e.g., a protein A or G column depending on the isotype. Final purification can be carried out similar to the process for purifying antibody expressed e.g,, in CHO cells. In addition to prokaryotes, eukaryotic microbes such as filamentous fungi or yeast are suitable cloning or D expression hosts for anti-PRO antibody- or PRO polypeptide-encoding vectors. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a commonly used lower eukaryotic host microorganism. Others include Schizosaccharonyces pomnbe (Beach and Nurse, Nature, 290: 140 [1981]; EP 139,383 published 2 May 1985); Kluyveronzyces hosts (U.S. Patent No. 4,943,529; Fleer et al., Bio/Technoloav 9:968-975 (1991)) such as, e.g., K. lactis (MW98-8C, CBS683, CBS4574; Louvencourtetal.,J.Bacteriol.,154(2):737-742[1983]),K.fragilis(ATCC12,424),K.bulgaricus(ATCC16,045), !5 K. wickeranii (ATCC 24,178), K. waltii (ATCC 56,500), K. drosophilarun (ATCC 36,906; Van den Berg et al., Bio/Technoloay, 8:135 (1990)), K. thernotolerans, and K. inarxianus; yarrowia (EP 402,226); Pichia pastoris (EP 183,070; Sreekrishna et al., J. Basic Microbiol., 28:265-278 (1988]); Candida; Trichodermna reesia (EP 244,234); Neurospora crassa (Case et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76:5259-5263 [1979]); Schwanniomyces such as Schwannionyces occidentalis (EP 394,538 published 31 October 1990); and filamentous fungi such as, e.g., 0 Neurospora, Penicilliun, Tolypocladium (WO 91/00357 published 10 January 1991), and Aspergillus hosts such as A. nidulans (Ballance et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 112:284-289 [1983]; Tilburn et al., Gene, 26:205 221 [1983]; Yelton et al., Proc. NatI. Acad. Sci. USA, 81:1470-1474 [1984]) and A. niger (Kelly and Hynes, EMBO L, 4:475-479 [1985]). Methylotropic yeasts are suitable herein and include, but are not limited to, yeast capable of growth on methanol selected from the genera consisting of Hansenula, Candida, Kloeckera, Pichia, Saccharomyces, 5 Torulopsis, and Rhodotorula. A list of specific species that are exemplary of this class of yeasts may be found in C. Anthony, The Biochemistry of Methylotrophs, 269 (1982). Suitable host cells for the expression of glycosylated anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide are derived 73 from multicellular organisms. Examples of invertebrate cells include insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9, as well as plant cells, such as cell cultures of cotton, corn, potato, soybean, petunia, tomato, and tobacco. Numerous baculoviral strains and variants and corresponding permissive insect host cells from hosts such as Spodoptera frugiperda (caterpillar), Aedes aegypti (mosquito), Aedes albopictus (mosquito), Drosophila nelanogaster(fruitfly), and Bombyx nori have been identified. A variety of viral strains for transfection are publicly 5 available, e.g., the L- 1 variant of Autographa californica NPV and the Bm-5 strain of Boibyx monri NPV, and such viruses may be used as the virus herein according to the present invention, particularly for transfection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells. However, interest has been greatest in vertebrate cells, and propagation of vertebrate cells in culture (tissue culture) has become a routine procedure. Examples of useful mammalian hostcell lines are monkey kidney CVl line 0 transformed by SV40 (COS-7, ATCC CRL 1651); human embryonic kidney line (293 or 293 cells subcloned for growth in suspension culture, Graham et al., J. Gen Virol. 36:59 (1977)); baby hamster kidney cells (BHK, ATCC CCL 10); Chinese hamster ovary cells/-DHFR (CHO, Urlaub et al., Proc. NatI. Acad. Sci. USA 77:4216 (1980)); mouse sertoli cells (TM4, Mather, Biol. Reprod. 23:243-251 (1980)); monkey kidney cells (CV1 ATCC CCL 70); African green monkey kidney cells (VERO-76, ATCC CRL- 1587); human cervical carcinoma cells (HELA, ATCC 5 CCL 2); canine kidney cells (MDCK, ATCC CCL 34); buffalo rat liver cells (BRL 3A, ATCC CRL 1442); human lung cells (W138, ATCC CCL 75); human liver cells (Hep G2, HB 8065); mouse mammary tumor (MMT 060562, ATCC CCL5 1); TRI cells (Mather et al., Annals N.Y. Acad. Sci. 383:44-68 (1982)); MRC 5 cells; FS4 cells; and a human hepatoma line (Hep G2). Host cells are transformed with the above-described expression or cloning vectors for anti-PRO antibody 3 or PRO polypeptide production and cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for inducing promoters, selecting transformants, or amplifying the genes encoding the desired sequences. 5.2.7.3. Selection and Use of a Replicable Vector The nucleic acid (e.g., cDNA or genomic DNA) encoding anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide may be 5 inserted into a replicable vector for cloning (amplification of the DNA) or for expression. Various vectors are publicly available. The vector may, for example, be in the form of a plasmid, cosmid, viral particle, or phage. The appropriate nucleic acid sequence may be inserted into the vector by a variety of procedures. In general, DNA is inserted into an appropriate restriction endonuclease site(s) using techniques known in the art. Vector components generally include, but are not limited to, one or more of a signal sequence, an origin of replication, one or more 0 marker genes, an enhancer element, a promoter, and a transcription termination sequence. Construction of suitable vectors containing one or more of these components employs standard ligation techniques which are known to the skilled artisan. The PRO may be produced recombinantly not only directly, but also as a fusion polypeptide with a heterologous polypeptide, which may be a signal sequence or other polypeptide having a specific cleavage site at 5 the N-terminus of the mature protein or polypeptide. In general, the signal sequence may be a component of the vector, or it may be a part of the anti-PRO antibody- or PRO polypeptide-encoding DNA that is inserted into the vector. The signal sequence may be a prokaryotic signal sequence selected, for example, from the group of the 74 alkaline phosphatase, penicillinase, lpp, or heat-stable enterotoxin IIleaders. For yeast secretion the signal sequence may be, e.g., the yeast invertase leader, alpha factor leader (including Saccharomyces and Kluyveromyces a:-factor leaders, the latter described in U.S. Patent No. 5,010,182), or acid phosphatase leader, the C. albicans glucoamylase leader (EP 362,179 published 4 April 1990), or the signal described in WO 90/13646 published 15 November 1990. In mammalian cell expression, mammalian signal sequences may be used to direct secretion of the protein, such as 5 signal sequences from secreted polypeptides of the same or related species, as well as viral secretory leaders. Both expression and cloning vectors contain a nucleic acid sequence that enables the vector to replicate in one or more selected host cells. Such sequences are well known for a variety of bacteria, yeast, and viruses. The origin of replication from the plasmid pBR322 is suitable for most Gram-negative bacteria, the 2p plasmid origin is suitable for yeast, and various viral origins (SV40, polyoma, adenovirus, VSV or BPV) are useful for cloning 0 vectors in mammalian cells. Expression and cloning vectors will typically contain a selection gene, also termed a selectable marker. Typical selection genes encode proteins that (a) confer resistance to antibiotics or other toxins, e.g., ampicillin, neomycin, methotrexate, or tetracycline, (b) complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or (c) supply critical nutrients not available from complex media, e.g., the gene encoding D-alanine racemase for Bacilli. 5 An example of suitable selectable markers for mammalian cells are those that enable the identification of cells competent to take up the anti-PRO antibody- or PRO polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid, such as DHFR or thymidine kinase. An appropriate host cell when wild-type DHFR is employed is the CHO cell line deficient in DHFR activity, prepared and propagated as described by Urlaub et al., Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. USA, 77:4216 (1980). A suitable selection gene for use in yeast is the trpl gene present in the yeast plasmid YRp7 [Stinchcomb et al., o Nature, 282:39(1979); Kingsman et al., Gene, 7:141(1979); Tschemper et al., Gene, 10: 157 (1980)]. Thetrpl gene provides a selection marker for a mutant strain of yeast lacking the ability to grow in tryptophan, for example, ATCC No. 44076 or PEP4-1 [Jones, Genetics, 85:12 (1977)]. Expression and cloning vectors usually contain a promoter operably linked to the anti-PRO antibody- or PRO polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid sequence to direct mRNA synthesis. Promoters recognized by a variety of 25 potential host cells are well known. Promoters suitable for use with prokaryotic hosts include the -lactamase and lactose promoter systems [Chang et al., Nature, 275:615 (1978); Goeddel et al., Nature, 281:544 (1979)], alkaline phosphatase, a tryptophan (trp) promoter system [Goeddel, Nucleic Acids Res., 8:4057 (1980); EP 36,776], and hybrid promoters such as the tac promoter [deBoer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 80:21-25 (1983)]. Promoters for use in bacterial systems also will contain a Shine-Dalgarno (S.D.) sequence operably linked to the DNA encoding '0 anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide. Examples of suitable promoting sequences for use with yeast hosts include the promoters for 3 phosphoglycerate kinase [Hitzeman et al., J. Biol. Chem., 255:2073 (1980)] or other glycolytic enzymes [Hess et al., J. Adv. Enzyme Reg., 7:149 (1968); Holland, Biochemistry, 17:4900(1978)], such as enolase, glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate 5 isomerase, 3-phosphoglyceratemutase, pyruvatekinase, triosephosphateisomerase, phosphoglucoseisomerase, and glucokinase. Other yeast promoters, which are inducible promoters having the additional advantage of transcription 75 controlled by growth conditions, are the promoter regions for alcohol dehydrogenase 2, isocytochrome C, acid phosphatase, degradative enzymes associated with nitrogen metabolism, metallothionein, glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase, and enzymes responsible for maltose and galactose utilization. Suitable vectors and promoters for use in yeast expression are further described in EP 73,657. Anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide transcription from vectors in mammalian host cells is controlled, 5 for example, by promoters obtained from the genomes of viruses such as polyoma virus, fowlpox virus (UK 2,211,504published 5 July 1989), adenovirus (such as Adenovirus 2), bovine papilloma virus, avian sarcoma virus, cytomegalovirus, a retrovirus, hepatitis-B virus and Simian Virus 40 (SV40), from heterologous mammalian promoters, e.g., the actin promoter or an immunoglobulin promoter, and from heat-shock promoters, provided such promoters are compatible with the host cell systems. 3 Transcription of a DNA encoding the anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide by higher eukaryotes may be increased by inserting an enhancer sequence into the vector. Enhancers are cis-acting elements of DNA, usually about from 10 to 300 bp, that act on a promoter to increase its transcription. Many enhancer sequences are now known from mammalian genes (globin, elastase, albumin, a-fetoprotein, and insulin). Typically, however, one will use an enhancer from a eukaryotic cell virus. Examples include the SV40 enhancer on the late side of the replication 5 origin (bp 100-270), the cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin, and adenovirus enhancers. The enhancer may be spliced into the vector at a position 5'or 3' to the anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide coding sequence, but is preferably located at a site 5'from the promoter. Expression vectors used in eukaryotic host cells (yeast, fungi, insect, plant, animal, human, or nucleated cells from other multicellular organisms) will also contain sequences necessary for the termination of transcription ) and for stabilizing the mRNA. Such sequences are commonly available from the 5' and, occasionally 3', untranslated regions of eukaryotic or viral DNAs or cDNAs. These regions contain nucleotide segments transcribed as polyadenylated fragments in the untranslated portion of the mRNA encoding anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide. Still other methods, vectors, and host cells suitable for adaptation to the synthesis of anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide in recombinant vertebrate cell culture are described in Gething et al., Nature, 293:620-625(1981); 5 Mantei et al., Nature 281:40-46 (1979); EP 117,060; and EP 117,058. 5.2.7.4. Culturing the Host Cells The host cells used to produce the anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide of this invention may be cultured in a variety of media. Commercially available media such as Ham's F1O (Sigma), Minimal Essential Medium 0 ((MEM), (Sigma), RPMI- 1640 (Sigma), and Dulbecco'sModified Eagle'sMedium ((DMEM), Sigma) are suitable for culturing the host cells. In addition, any of the media described in Ham et al.Meth. Enz. 58:44 (1979), Barnes et al., Anal. Biochem.102:255(1980), U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,767,704;4,657,866; 4,927,762;4,560,655; or 5,122,469; WO 90/03430; WO 87/00195; or U.S. Patent Re. 30,985 may be used as culture media for the host cells. Any of these media may be supplemented as necessary with hormones and/or other growth factors (such as insulin, transferrin, 5 or epidermal growth factor), salts (such as sodium chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate), buffers (such as HEPES), nucleotides (such as adenosine and thymidine), antibiotics (such as GENTAMYCINTm drug), trace elements (defined as inorganic compounds usually present at final concentrations in the micromolar range), and 76 glucose or an equivalent energy source. Any other necessary supplements may also be included at appropriate concentrations that would be known to those skilled in the art. The culture conditions, such as temperature, pH, and the like, are those previously used with the host cell selected for expression, and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan. 5 5.2.7.5. Detecting Gene Amplification/Expression Gene amplification and/or expression may be measured in a sample directly, for example, by conventional Southern blotting, Northern blotting to quantitate the transcription of mRNA [Thomas, Proc. Natil. Acad. Sci. USA, 77:5201-5205 (1980)], dot blotting (DNA analysis), or in situ hybridization, using an appropriately labeled probe, based on the sequences provided herein. Alternatively, antibodies may be employed that can recognize specific 3 duplexes, including DNA duplexes, RNA duplexes, and DNA-RNA hybrid duplexes or DNA-protein duplexes. The antibodies in turn may be labeled and the assay may be carried out where the duplex is bound to a surface, so that upon the formation of duplex on the surface, the presence of antibody bound to the duplex can be detected. Gene expression, alternatively, may be measured by immunological methods, such as immunohistochemical staining of cells or tissue sections and assay of cell culture or body fluids, to quantitate directly the expression of gene 5 product. Antibodies useful for immunohistochemical staining and/or assay of sample fluids may be either monoclonal or polyclonal, and may be prepared in any mammal. Conveniently, the antibodies may be prepared against a native sequence PRO polypeptide or against a synthetic peptide based on the DNA sequences provided herein or against exogenous sequence fused to PRO DNA and encoding a specific antibody epitope. 5.2.7.6. Purification of Anti-PRO Antibody and PRO Polypeptide Forms of anti-PRO antibody and PRO polypeptide may be recovered from culture medium or from host cell lysates. If membrane-bound, it can be released from the membrane using a suitable detergent solution (e.g. Triton-X 100) or by enzymatic cleavage. Cells employed in expression of anti-PRO antibody and PRO polypeptide can be disrupted by various physical or chemical means, such as freeze-thaw cycling, sonication, mechanical 5 disruption, or cell lysing agents. It may be desired to purify anti-PRO antibody and PRO polypeptide from recombinant cell proteins or polypeptides. The following procedures are exemplary of suitable purification procedures: by fractionation on an ion-exchange column; ethanol precipitation; reverse phase HPLC; chromatography on silica oron a cation-exchange resin such as DEAE; chromatofocusing; SDS-PAGE; ammonium sulfate precipitation; gel filtration using, for 0 example, Sephadex G-75; protein A Sepharose columns to remove contaminants such as IgG; and metal chelating columns to bind epitope-tagged forms of the anti-PRO antibody and PRO polypeptide. Various methods of protein purification may be employed and such methods are known in the art and described for example in Deutscher, Methods in Enzymology, 182 (1990); Scopes, Protein Purification: Principles and Practice, Springer-Verlag, New York (1982). The purification step(s) selected will depend, forexample, on the nature of the production process used 5 and the particular anti-PRO antibody or PRO polypeptide produced. When using recombinant techniques, the antibody can be produced intracellularly, in the periplasmic space, or directly secreted into the medium. If the antibody is produced intracellularly, as a first step, the particulate debris, 77 either host cells or lysed fragments, are removed, for example, by centrifugation or ultrafiltration. Carter et al., Bio/Technology 10:163-167 (1992) describe a procedure for isolating antibodies which are secreted to the periplasmic space of E. coli. Briefly, cell paste is thawed in the presence of sodium acetate (pH 3.5), EDTA, and phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF) over about 30 min. Cell debris can be removed by centrifugation. Where the antibody is secreted into the medium, supernatants from such expression systems are generally first concentrated 5 using a commercially available protein concentration filter, for example, an Amicon or Millipore Pellicon ultrafiltration unit. A protease inhibitor such as PMSF may be included in any of the foregoing steps to inhibit proteolysis and antibiotics may be included to prevent the growth of adventitious contaminants. The antibody composition prepared from the cells can be purified using, for example, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, and affinity chromatography, with affinity chromatography being the ) preferred purification technique. The suitability of protein A as an affinity ligand depends on the species and isotype of any immunoglobulin Fc domain that is present in the antibody. Protein A can be used to purify antibodies that are based on human y1, y2 or y4 heavy chains (Lindmark et al,J. Immunol. Meth. 62:1-13 (1983)). Protein G is recommended for all mouse isotypes and for human y3 (Guss et al., EMBO J. 5:15671575 (1986)). The matrix to which the affinity ligand is attached is most often agarose, but other matrices are available. Mechanically stable matrices such as controlled pore glass or poly(styrenedivinyl)benzene allow for faster flow rates and shorter processing times than can be achieved with agarose. Where the antibody comprises a C,3 domain, the Bakerbond ABXTmresin (J. T. Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ) is useful for purification. Other techniques for protein purification such as fractionation on an ion-exchange column, ethanol precipitation, Reverse Phase HPLC, chromatography on silica, chromatography on heparin SEPHAROSETM chromatography on an anion or cation exchange resin (such as a ) polyaspartic acid column), chromatofocusing, SDS-PAGE, and ammonium sulfate precipitation are also available depending on the antibody to be recovered. Following any preliminary purification step(s), the mixture comprising the antibody of interest and contaminants may be subjected to low pH hydrophobic interaction chromatography using an elution buffer at a pH between about 2.5-4.5, preferably performed at low salt concentrations (e.g., from about 0-0.25M salt). 5.2.8. Pharmaceutical Formulations Therapeutic formulations of the anti-PRO antibodies and/or PRO polypeptides used in accordance with the present invention are prepared for storage by mixing an antibody having the desired degree of purity with optional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, 0 Osol, A. Ed. (1980)), in the form of lyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions. Acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as acetate, Tris, phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; 5 catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins;..hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine; 78 monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; tonicifiers such as trehalose and sodium chloride; sugars such as sucrose, mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol; surfactant such as polysorbate; salt-forming counter-ions such as sodium; metalcomplexes (e.g., Zn-protein complexes); and/or non-ionic surfactants such as TWEEN@, PLURONICS@ or polyethylene glycol (PEG). The antibody preferably comprises the antibody at a concentration of between 5-200 mg/ml, preferably between 10-100 5 mg/mi. The formulations herein may also contain more than one active compound as necessary for the particular indication being treated, preferably those with complementary activities that do not adversely affect each other. For example, in addition to an anti-PRO antibody, it may be desirable to include in the one formulation, an additional antibody, e.g., a second anti-PRO antibody which binds a different epitope on the PRO polypeptide, or an antibody 0 to some other target such as a growth factor that affects the growth of the particular disorder. Alternatively, or additionally, the composition may further comprise a chemotherapeutic agent, cytotoxic agent, cytokine, growth inhibitory agent, anti-hormonal agent, and/or cardioprotectant. Such molecules are suitably present in combination in amounts that are effective for the purpose intended. The active ingredients may also be entrapped in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation 5 techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules and poly (methylmethacylate) microcapsules, respectively, in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions. Such techniques are disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980). Sustained-release preparations may be prepared. Suitable examples of sustained-release preparations [) include semi-permeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the antibody, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g., films, or microcapsules. Examples of sustained-release matrices include polyesters, hydrogels (for example, poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate), or poly(vinylalcohol)), polylactides (U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919), copolymers of L-glutamic acid and y ethyl-L-glutamate, non-degradable ethylene-vinyl acetate, degradable lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers such as the LUPRON DEPOT@ (injectable microspheres composed 5 of lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer and leuprolide acetate), and poly-D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid. The formulations to be used for in vivo administration must be sterile. This is readily accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes. 5.2.9. Diagnosis and Treatment with Anti-PRO Antibodies and PRO Polypeptides 0 In one embodiment, PRO polypeptide overexpression may be analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Parrafin embedded tissue sections from a tissue biopsy (e.g., colon tissue from a patient with an IBD) may be subjected to the IHC assay and accorded a PRO protein staining intensity criteria as follows: Score 0 - no staining is observed or membrane staining is observed in less than 10% of tissue cells. Score 1+ - a faint/barely perceptible membrane staining is detected in more than 10% of the tissue cells. 5 The cells are only stained in part of their membrane. Score 2+ - a weak to moderate complete membrane staining is observed in more than 10%of the tissue cells. 79 Score 3+ - a moderate to strong complete membrane staining is observed in more than 10% of the tissue cells. Those tissues (e.g., colon tissue from a patient with an IBD) with 0 or 1+ scores for PRO polypeptide expression may be characterized as not overexpressing PRO, whereas those tissues with 2+ or 3+ scores may be characterized as overexpressing PRO. 5 Alternatively, or additionally, FISH assays such as the INFORM@ (sold by Ventana, Arizona) or PATHVISION@ (Vysis, Illinois) may be carried out on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue to determine the extent (if any) of PRO overexpression in the tissue (e.g., colon tissue from a patient with an IBD). PRO overexpression or amplification may be evaluated using an in vivo diagnostic assay, e.g., by administering a molecule (such as an antibody) which binds the molecule to be detected and is tagged with a ) detectable label (e.g., a radioactive isotope or a fluorescent label) and externally scanning the patient for localization of the label. As described above, the anti-PRO antibodies of the invention have various non-therapeutic applications. The anti-PRO antibodies of the present invention can be useful for diagnosis and staging of PRO polypeptide expressing disorders (e.g., in radioimaging). The antibodies are also useful for purification or immunoprecipitation 5 of PRO polypeptide from cells, for detection and quantitation of PRO polypeptide in vitro, e.g., in an ELISA or a Western blot, to kill and eliminate PRO-expressing cells from a population of mixed cells as a step in the purification of other cells. Where the disorder is a cancer, current treatment involves one or a combination of the following therapies: surgery to remove the cancerous tissue, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Anti-PRO antibody therapy may be ) especially desirable in elderly patients who do not tolerate the toxicity and side effects of chemotherapy well and in metastatic disease where radiation therapy has limited usefulness. The tumor targeting anti-PRO antibodies of the invention are useful to alleviate PRO-expressing cancers upon initial diagnosis of the disease or during relapse. For therapeutic applications, the anti-PRO antibody can be used alone, or in combination therapy with, e.g., hormones, antiangiogens, or radiolabelled compounds, or with surgery, cryotherapy, and/or radiotherapy. Anti 5 PRO antibody treatment can be administered in conjunction with other forms of conventional therapy, either consecutively with, pre- or post-conventional therapy. Chemotherapeutic drugs such as TAXOTERE@ (docetaxel), TAXOL@ (palictaxel), estramustine and mitoxantrone are used in treating cancer, in particular, in goodrisk patients. In the present method of the invention for treating or alleviating cancer, the cancer patient can be administered anti PRO antibody in conjuction with treatment with the one or more of the preceding chemotherapeutic agents. In 0 particular, combination therapy with palictaxel and modified derivatives (see, e.g., EP0600517) is contemplated. The anti-PRO antibody will be administered with a therapeutically effective dose of the chemotherapeutic agent. In another embodiment, the anti-PRO antibody is administered in conjunction with chemotherapy to enhance the activity and efficacy of the chemotherapeutic agent, e.g., paclitaxel. The Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) discloses dosages of these agents that have been used in treatment of various cancers. The dosing regimen and 5 dosages of these aforementioned chemotherapeutic drugs that are therapeutically effective will depend on the particular cancer being treated, the extent of the disease and other factors familiar to the physician of-skill in the art and can be determined by the physician. 80 In one particular embodiment, an immunoconjugate comprising the anti-PRO antibody conjugated with a cytotoxic agent is administered to the patient. Preferably, the immunoconjugate bound to the PRO protein is internalized by the cell, resulting in increased therapeutic efficacy of the immunoconjugate in killing the cancer cell to which it binds. In a preferred embodiment, the cytotoxic agent targets or interferes with the nucleic acid in the cancer cell. Examples of such cytotoxic agents are described above and include maytansinoids, calicheamicins, 5 ribonucleases and DNA endonucleases. The anti-PRO antibodies or immunoconjugates are administered to a human patient, in accord with known methods, such as intravenous administration, e.g.,, as a bolus or by continuous infusion over a period of time, by intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intracerobrospinal, subcutaneous, intra-articular, intrasynovial, intrathecal, oral, topical, or inhalation routes. Intravenous or subcutaneous administration of the antibody is preferred. LO Other therapeutic regimens may be combined with the administration of the anti-PRO antibody. The combined administration includes co-administration, using separate formulations or a single pharmaceutical formulation, and consecutive administration in either order, wherein preferably there is a time period while both (or all) active agents simultaneously exert their biological activities. Preferably such combined therapy results in a synergistic therapeutic effect. .5 It may also be desirable to combine administration of the anti-PRO antibody or antibodies, with administration of an antibody directed against another antigen associated with the particular disorder. In another embodiment, the antibody therapeutic treatment method of the present invention involves the combined administration of an anti-PRO antibody (or antibodies) and one or more chemotherapeutic agents or growth inhibitory agents, including co-administration of cocktails of different chemotherapeutic agents. 0 Chemotherapeutic agents include estramustine phosphate, prednimustine, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, hydroxyurea and hydroxyureataxanes (such as paclitaxel and doxetaxel) and/or anthracycline antibiotics. Preparation and dosing schedules for such chemotherapeutic agents may. be used according to manufacturers'instructions or as determined empirically by the skilled practitioner. Preparation and dosing schedules for such chemotherapy are also described in Chemotherapy Service Ed., M.C. Perry, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 25 MD (1992). The antibody may be combined with an anti-hormonal compound; e.g., an anti-estrogen compound such as tamoxifen; an anti-progesterone such as onapristone (see, EP 616 812); or an anti-androgen such as flutamide, in dosages known for such molecules. Where the disorder to be treated is androgen independent, the patient may previously have been subjected to anti-androgen therapy and, after the disorder becomes androgen independent, the 30 anti-PRO antibody (and optionally other agents as described herein) may be administered to the patient. Sometimes, it may be beneficial to also co-administer a cardioprotectant (to prevent or reduce myocardial dysfunction associated with the therapy) or one or more cytokines to the patient In addition to the above therapeutic regimes, the patient may be subjected to surgical removal of tissue cells and/or radiation therapy, before, simultaneously with, or post antibody therapy. Suitable dosages for any of the above co-administered agents are 35 those presently used and may be lowered due to the combined action (synergy) of the agent and anti-PRO antibody. For the prevention or treatment of disease, the dosage and mode of administration will be.phosen by the physician according to known criteria. The appropriate dosage of antibody will depend on the type of disease to be 81 treated, as defined above, the severity and course of the disease, whether the antibody is administered for preventive or therapeutic purposes, previous therapy, the patient's clinical history and response to the antibody, and the discretion of the attending physician. The antibody is suitably administered to the patient at one time or over a series of treatments. Preferably, the antibody is administered by intravenous infusion or by subcutaneous injections. Depending on the type and severity of the disease, about 1 pg/kg to about 50 mg/kg body weight (e.g., about 0.1 5 15mg/kg/dose) of antibody can be an initial candidate dosage for administration to the patient, whether, for example, by one or more separate administrations, or by continuous infusion. A dosing regimen can comprise administering an initial loading dose of about 4 mg/kg, followed by a weekly maintenance dose of about 2 mg/kg of the anti-PRO antibody. However, other dosage regimens may be useful. A typical daily dosage might range from about kg/kg to 100 mg/kg or more, depending on the factors mentioned above. For repeated administrations over several days 0 or longer, depending on the condition, the treatment is sustained until a desired suppression of disease symptoms occurs. The progress of this therapy can be readily monitored by conventional methods and assays and based on criteria known to the physician or other persons of skill in the art. Aside from administration of the antibody protein to the patient, the present application contemplates administration of the antibody by gene therapy. Such administration of nucleic acid encoding the antibody is 5 encompassed by the expression "administering a therapeutically effective amountof an antibody". See, for example, W096/07321 published March 14, 1996 concerning the use of gene therapy to generate intracellular antibodies. There are two major approaches to getting the nucleic acid (optionally contained in a vector) into the patient's cells; in vivo and ex vivo. For in vivo delivery the nucleic acid is injected directly into the patient, usually at the site where the antibody is required. For ex vivo treatment, the patient's cells are removed, the nucleic acid is 0 introduced into these isolated cells and the modified cells are administered to the patient either directly or, for example, encapsulated within porous membranes which are implanted into the patient (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 4,892,538 and 5,283,187). There are a variety of techniques available for introducing nucleic acids into viable cells. The techniques vary depending upon whether the nucleic acid is transferred into cultured cells in vitro, or in vivo in the cells of the intended host. Techniques suitable for the transfer of nucleic acid into mammalian cells in vitro 25 include the use of liposomes, electroporation, microinjection, cell fusion, DEAE-dextran, the calcium phosphate precipitation method, etc. A commonly used vector for ex vivo delivery of the gene is a retroviral vector. The currently preferred in vivo nucleic acid transfer techniques include transfection with viral vectors (such as adenovirus, Herpes simplex I virus, or adeno-associated virus) and lipid-based systems (useful lipids for lipid mediated transfer of the gene are DOTMA, DOPE and DC-Chol, for example). For review of the currently known 30 gene marking and gene therapy protocols see Anderson et al., Science 256:808-813 (1992). See also WO 93/25673 and the references cited therein. The anti-PRO antibodies of the invention can be in the different forms encompassed by the definition of "antibody" herein. Thus, the antibodies include full length or intact antibody, antibody fragments, native sequence antibody or amino acid variants, humanized, chimeric or fusion antibodies, immunoconjugates, and functional 35 fragments thereof. In fusion antibodies an antibody sequence is fused to a heterologous polypeptide sequence. The antibodies can be modified in the Fc region to provide desired effector functions.- As discussed in more detail in the sections herein, with the appropriate Fc regions, the naked antibody bound on the cell surface can induce cytotoxicity, 82 e.g., via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or by recruiting complement in complement dependent cytotoxicity, or some other mechanism. Alternatively, where it is desirable to eliminate or reduce effector function, so as to minimize side effects or therapeutic complications, certain other Fc regions may be used. In one embodiment, the antibody competes for binding or bind substantially to, the same epitope as the antibodies of the invention. Antibodies having the biological characteristics of the present anti-PRO antibodies of 5 the invention are also contemplated. Methods of producing the above antibodies are described in detail herein. The present anti-PRO antibodies are useful for treating a PRO-expressing disorder ( e.g., an IBD) or alleviating one or more symptoms of the disorder in a mammal. Such an IBD includes, but is not limited to, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The antibody is able to bind to at least a portion of the cells that express the PRO D polypeptide in the mammal. In a preferred embodiment, the antibody is effective to destroy or kill PRO-expressing cells or inhibit the growth of such cells, in vitro or in vivo, upon binding to PRO polypeptide on the cell. Such an antibody includes a naked anti-PRO antibody (not conjugated to any agent). Naked antibodies that have cytotoxic or cell growth inhibition properties can be further harnessed with a cytotoxic agent to render them even more potent in cell destruction. Cytotoxic properties can be conferred to an anti-PRO antibody by, e.g., conjugating the antibody 5 with a cytotoxic agent, to form an immunoconjugate as described herein. The cytotoxic agent or a growth inhibitory agent is preferably a small molecule. Toxins such as calicheamicin or a maytansinoid and analogs or derivatives thereof, are preferable. The invention provides a composition comprising an anti-PRO antibody of the invention, and a carrier. For the purposes of treating a disorder (e.g., an IBD), compositions can be administered to the patient in need of such ) treatment, wherein the composition can comprise one or more anti-PRO antibodies present as an immunoconjugate or as the naked antibody. In a further embodiment, the compositions can comprise these antibodies in combination with other therapeutic agents such as cytotoxic or growth inhibitory agents, including chemotherapeutic agents. The invention also provides formulations comprising an anti-PRO antibody of the invention, and a carrier. In one embodiment, the formulation is a therapeutic formulation comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 5 Another aspect of the invention is isolated nucleic acids encoding the anti-PRO antibodies. Nucleic acids encoding both the H and L chains and especially the hypervariable region residues, chains which encode the native sequence antibody as well as variants, modifications and humanized versions of the antibody, are encompassed. The invention also provides methods useful for treating a PRO polypeptide-expressing disorder (e.g., an IBD) or alleviating one or more symptoms of the disorder in a mammal, comprising administering a therapeutically 0 effective amount of an anti-PRO antibody to the mammal. The antibody therapeutic compositions can be administered short term (acute) or chronic, or intermittent as directed by physician. Also provided are methods of inhibiting the growth of, and killing a PRO polypeptide-expressing cell. The invention also provides kits and articles of manufacture comprising at least one anti-PRO antibody. Kits containing anti-PRO antibodies find use e.g., for PRO cell killing assays, for purification or 5 immunoprecipitation of PRO polypeptide from cells. For example, for isolation and purification of PRO, the kit can contain an anti-PRO antibody coupled to beads (e.g., sepharose beads). Kits can be provided which. contain the antibodies for detection and quantitation of an IBD in vitro, e.g., in an ELISA or a Western blot. Such antibody 83 useful for detection may be provided with a label such as a fluorescent or radiolabel. 5.2.10. Articles of Manufacture and Kits Another embodiment of the invention is an article of manufacture containing materials useful for the treatment of PRO expressing disorders (e.g., an IBD). The article of manufacture comprises a container and a label 5 or package insert on or associated with the container. Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, etc; The containers may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic. The container holds a composition which is effective for treating the cancer condition and may have a sterile access port (for example the container m'ay be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle). At least one active agent in the composition is an anti-PRO antibody of the invention. The label or package 3 insert indicates that the composition is used for treating a specific disorder (e.g., an IBD such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis). The label or package insert will further comprise instructions for administering the antibody composition to the IBD patient. Additionally, the article of manufacture may further comprise a second container comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable buffer, such as bacteriostatic water for injection (BWFI), phosphate buffered saline, Ringer's solution and dextrose solution. It may further include other materials desirable from a 5 commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, and syringes. Kits are also provided that are useful for various purposes, e.g., for PRO-expressing cell killing assays, for purification or immunoprecipitation of PRO polypeptide from cells. For isolation and purification of PRO polypeptide, the kit can contain an anti-PRO antibody coupled to beads (e.g., sepharose beads). Kits can be provided which contain the antibodies for detection and quantitation of PRO polypeptide in vitro, e.g., in an ELISA or a 3 Western blot. As with the article of manufacture, the kit comprises a container and a label or package insert on or associated with the container. The container holds a composition comprising at least one anti-PRO antibody of the invention. Additional containers may be included that contain, e.g., diluents and buffers, control antibodies. The label or package insert may provide a description of the composition as well as instructions for the intended in vitro or diagnostic use. -5 5.2.11. Uses of PRO Polypeptides 5.2.11.1.Animal Models usine PRO Polypeptides Recombinant (transgenic) animal models can be engineered by introducing the coding portion of the PRO 30 genes identified herein into the genome of animals of interest, using standard techniques for producing transgenic animals. Animals that can serve as a target for transgenic manipulation include, without limitation, mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, sheep, goats, pigs, and non-human primates, e.g., baboons, chimpanzees and monkeys. Techniques known in the art to introduce a transgene into such animals include pronucleic microinjection (U.S. Patent No. 4,873,191); retrovirus-mediated gene transfer into germ lines (e.g., Van der Putten et aL, Proc. Natl. 35 Acad. Sci. USA, 82:6148-615 (1985)); gene targeting in embryonic stem cells (Thompson etaL., 1) 56: 313-321 (1989)); electroporation of embryos (Lo, Mol. Cell. Biol.,-3: 1803-1814 (1983)); and sperm-mediated gene transfer. Lavitrano et aL, Cell, 57: 717-73 (1989). For a review, see for example, U.S. Patent No. 4,736,866.

84 For the purpose of the present invention, transgenic animals include those that carry the transgene only in part of their cells ("mosaic animals"). The transgene can be integrated either as a single transgene, or in concatamers, e.g., head-to-head or head-to-tail tandems. Selective introduction of a transgene into a particular cell type is also possible by following, for example, the technique of Lasko et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2: 6232 636 (1992). The expression of the transgene in transgenic animals can be monitored by standard techniques. For 5 example, Southern blot analysis or PCR amplification can be used to verify the integration of the transgene. The level of mRNA eXpression can then be analyzed using techniques such as in situ hybridization, Northern blot analysis, PCR, or immunocytochemistry. The animals are further examined for signs of tumor or cancer development Alternatively, "knock-out" animals can be constructed that have a defective or altered gene encoding a PRO 0 polypeptide identified herein, as a result of homologous recombination between the endogenous gene encoding the PRO polypeptide and altered genonic DNA encoding the same polypeptide introduced into an embryonic cell of the animal. For example, cDNA encoding a particular PRO polypeptide can be used to clone genomic DNA encoding that polypeptide in accordance with established techniques. A portion of the genomic DNA encoding a particular PRO polypeptide can be deleted or replaced with another gene, such as a gene encoding a selectable 5 marker that can be used to monitor integration. Typically, several kilobases of unaltered flanking DNA (both at the 5' and 3' ends) are included in the vector. See, e.g., Thomas and Capecchi, Cell, 51: 503 (1987) for a description of homologous recombination vectors. The vector is introduced into an embryonic stem cell line (e.g., by electroporation) and cells in which the introduced DNA has homologously recombined with the endogenous DNA are selected. See, e.g., Li et al., Cell, 69: 915 (1992). The selected cells are then injected into a blastocyst of an 0 animal (e.g., a mouse or rat) to form aggregation chimeras. See, e.g., Bradley, in Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells: A Practical Approach, E. J. Robertson, ed. (IRL: Oxford, 1987), pp. 113-152. A chimeric embryo can then be implanted into a suitable pseudopregnant female foster animal and the embryo brought to term to create a "knock-out" animal. Progeny harboring the homologously recombined DNA in their germ cells can be identified by standard techniques and used to breed animals in which all cells of the animal contain the homologously 25 recombined DNA. Knockout animals can be characterized, for instance, by their ability to defend against certain pathological conditions and by their development of pathological conditions due to absence of the PRO polypeptide. 5.2.11.2. Tissue Distribution The results of the assays described herein can be verified by further studies, such as by determining mRNA 30 expression in various human tissues. As noted before, gene amplification and/or gene expression in various tissues may be measured by conventional Southern blotting, Northern blotting to quantitate the transcription of mRNA (Thomas, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77:5201-5205 (1980)), dot blotting (DNA analysis), or in situ hybridization, using an appropriately labeled probe, based on the sequences provided herein. Alternatively, antibodies may be employed that can 35 recognize specific duplexes, including DNA duplexes, RNA duplexes, and DNA-RNA hybrid duplexes or DNA-protein duplexes. Gene expression in various tissues, alternatively, may be measured by immunological methods, such as immunohistochemical staining of tissue sections and assay of cell culture or body fluids, to quantitate directly the 85 expression of gene product. Antibodies useful for immunohistochemical staining and/or assay of sample fluids may be either monoclonal or polyclonal, and may be prepared in any mammal. Conveniently, the antibodies may be prepared against a native-sequence PRO polypeptide or against a synthetic peptide based on the DNA sequences provided herein or against exogenous sequence fused to PRO DNA and encoding a specific antibody epitope. General techniques for generating antibodies, and special protocols for in situ hybridization are provided 5 hereinbelow. 5.2.11.3.Antibody Binding Studies The results of the assays described herein can be further verified by antibody binding studies, in which the ability of anti-PRO antibodies to inhibit the effect of the PRO polypeptides on cells used in the assays is tested. 0 Exemplary antibodies include polyclonal, monoclonal, humanized, bispecific, and heteroconjugate antibodies, the preparation of which were described above. Antibody binding studies may be carried out in any known assay method, such as competitive binding assays, direct and indirect sandwich assays, and immunoprecipitation assays. Zola, Monoclonal Antibodies: A Manual of Techniques (CRC Press, Inc., 1987), pp.

14 7

-

15 8 . 5 Competitive binding assays rely on the ability of a labeled standard to compete with the test sample analyte for binding with a limited amount of antibody. The amount of target protein in the test sample is inversely proportional to the amount of standard that becomes bound to the antibodies. To facilitate determining the amount of standard that becomes bound, the antibodies preferably are insolubilized before or after the competition, so that the standard and analyte that are bound to the antibodies may conveniently be separated from the standard and analyte that remain unbound. Sandwich assays involve the use of two antibodies, each capable of binding to a different immunogenic portion, or epitope, of the protein to be detected. In a sandwich assay, the test sample analyte is bound by a first antibody that is immobilized on a solid support, and thereafter a second antibody binds to the analyte, thus forming an insoluble three-part complex. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,110. The second antibody may itself be labeled with .5 a detectable moiety (direct sandwich assays) or may be measured using an anti-immunoglobulin antibody that is labeled with a detectable moiety (indirect sandwich assay). For example, one type of sandwich assay is an ELISA assay, in which case the detectable moiety is an enzyme. For immunohistochemistry, the tissue sample may be fresh or frozen or may be embedded in paraffin and fixed with a preservative such as formalin, for example. 0 5.2.11.4.Gene Therapy Described below are methods and compositions whereby disease symptoms may be ameliorated. Certain diseases are brought about, at least in part, by an excessive level of gene product, or by the presence of a gene product exhibiting an abnormal or excessive activity. As such, the reduction in the level and/or activity of such gene 5 products would bring about the amelioration of such disease symptoms. Alternatively, certain other diseases are brought about, at least in part, by the absence or reduction of the level of gene expression, or a reduction in the level of a gene product's activity.- As such, an increase in the level of gene expression and/or the activity of such gene products would bring about the amelioration of such disease 86 symptoms. In some cases, the up-regulation of a gene in a disease state reflects a protective role for that gene product in responding to the disease condition. Enhancement of such a target gene's expression, or the activity of the target gene product, will reinforce the protective effect it exerts. Some disease states may result from an abnormally low level of activity of such a protective gene. In these cases also, an increase in the level of gene expression and/or the 5 activity of such gene products would bring about the amelioration of such disease symptoms. The PRO polypeptides described herein and polypeptidyl agonists and antagonists may be employed in accordance with the present invention by expression of such polypeptides in vivo, which is often referred to as gene therapy. There are two major approaches to getting the nucleic acid (optionally contained in a vector) into the 0 patient's cells: in vivo and ex vivo. For in vivo delivery the nucleic acid is injected directly into the patient, usually at the sites where the PRO polypeptide is required, i.e., the site of synthesis of the PRO polypeptide, if known, and the site (e.g., wound) where biological activity of the PRO polypeptide is needed. For ex vivo treatment, the patient's cells are removed, the nucleic acid is introduced into these isolated cells, and the modified cells are administered to the patient either directly or, for example, encapsulated within porous membranes that are implanted into the 5 patient (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,892,538 and 5,283,187). There are a variety of techniques available for introducing nucleic acids into viable cells. The techniques vary depending upon whether the nucleic acid is transferred into cultured cells in vitro, or transferred in vivo in the cells of the intended host. Techniques suitable for the transfer of nucleic acid into mammalian cells in vitro include the use of liposomes, electroporation, microinjection, transduction, cell fusion, DEAE-dextran, the calcium phosphate precipitation method, etc. 'O Transduction involves the association of a replication-defective, recombinant viral (preferably retroviral) particle with a cellular receptor, followed by introduction of the nucleic acids contained by the particle into the cell. A commonly used vector for ex vivo delivery of the gene is a retrovirus. The currently preferred in vivo nucleic acid transfer techniques include transfection with viral or non-viral vectors (such as adenovirus, lentivirus, Herpes simplex I virus, or adeno-associated virus (AAV)) and lipid-based 25 systems (useful lipids for lipid-mediated transfer of the gene are, for example, DOTMA, DOPE, and DC-Chol; see, e.g., Tonkinson et al., Cancer Investigation, 14(1): 54-65 (1996)). The most preferred vectors for use in gene therapy are viruses, most preferably adenoviruses, AAV, lentiviruses, or retroviruses. A viral vector such as a retroviral vector includes at least one transcriptional promoter/enhancer or locus-defining element(s), or other elements that control gene expression by other means such as alternate splicing, nuclear RNA export, or 30 post-translational modification of messenger. In addition, a viral vector such as a retroviral vector includes a nucleic acid molecule that, when transcribed in the presence of a gene encoding the PRO polypeptide, is operably linked thereto and acts as a translation initiation sequence. Such vector constructs also include a packaging signal, long terminal repeats (LTRs) or portions thereof, and positive and negative strand primer binding sites appropriate to the virus used (if these are not already present in the viral vector). In addition, such vector typically includes a signal 35 sequence for secretion of the PRO polypeptide from a host cell in which it is placed. Preferably the signal sequence for this purpose is a mammalian signal sequence, most preferably the native signal sequence for the PRO polypeptide. Optionally, the vector construct may also include a signal that directs polyadenylation, as well as one or more restriction sites and a translation termination sequence. By way of example, such vectors will typically 87 include a 5'LTR, a tRNA binding site, a packaging signal, an origin of second-strand DNA synthesis, and a 3'LTR or a portion thereof. Other vectors can be used that are non-viral, such as cationic lipids, polylysine, and dendrimers. In some situations, it is desirable to provide the nucleic acid source with an agent that targets the target cells, such as an antibody specific for a cell-surface membrane protein or the target cell, a ligand for a receptor on the target cell, etc. Where liposomes are employed, proteins that bind to a cell-surface membrane protein associated 5 with endocytosis may be used for targeting and/or to facilitate uptake, e.g., capsid proteins or fragments thereof tropic for a particular cell type, antibodies for proteins that undergo internalization in cycling, and proteins that target intracellular localization and enhance intracellular half-life. The technique of receptor-mediated endocytosis is described, for example, by Wu et aL, J. Biol. Chem., 262: 4429-4432 (1987); and Wagner et aL, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 3410-3414 (1990). For a review of the currently known gene marking and gene therapy protocols, ) see, Anderson et al., Science, 256: 808-813 (1992). See also WO 93/25673 and the references cited therein. Suitable gene therapy and methods for making retroviral particles and structural proteins can be found in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,746. 5.2.11.5. Use of Gene as a Diagnostic This invention is also related to the use of the gene encoding the PRO polypeptide as a diagnostic. Detection of a mutated form of the PRO polypeptide will allow a diagnosis, or a susceptibility to a disorder, such as an IBD, since mutations in the PRO polypeptide may cause IBD. Individuals carrying mutations in the genes encoding a human PRO polypeptide may be detected at the ) DNA level by a variety of techniques. Nucleic acids for diagnosis may be obtained from a patient's cells, such as from blood, urine, saliva, tissue biopsy, and autopsy material. The genomic DNA may be used directly for detection or may be amplified enzymatically by using PCR (Saiki etal., Nature, 324: 163-166 (1986)) prior to analysis. RNA or cDNA may also be used for the same purpose. As an example, PCR primers complementary to the nucleic acid encoding the PRO polypeptide can be used to identify and analyze the PRO polypeptide mutations. For example, 5 deletions and insertions can be detected by a change in size of the amplified product in comparison to the normal genotype. Point mutations can be identified by hybridizing amplified DNA to radiolabeled RNA encoding the PRO polypeptide, or alternatively, radiolabeled antisense DNA sequences encoding the PRO polypeptide. Perfectly matched sequences can be distinguished from mismatched duplexes by RNase A digestion or by differences in melting temperatures. 0 Genetic testing based on DNA sequence differences may be achieved by detection of alteration in electrophoretic mobility of DNA fragments in gels with or without denaturing agents. Small sequence deletions and insertions can be visualized by high resolution gel electrophoresis. DNA fragments of different sequences may be distinguished on denaturing formamidine gradient gels in which the mobilities of different DNA fragments are retarded in the gel at different positions according to their specific melting or partial melting temperatures. See, e.g., 5 Myers et aL, Science, 230: 1242 (1985). Sequence changes at specific locations may also be revealed by nuclease protection assays, such as RNase and Si protection or the chemical cleavage method, for example, Cotton et aL, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85: 4397-4401 (1985). 88 In addition to more conventional gel-electrophoresis and DNA sequencing, mutations can also be detected by in situ analysis. Thus, the detection of a specific DNA sequence may be achieved by methods such as hybridization, RNase protection, chemical cleavage, direct DNA sequencing, or the use of restriction enzymes, e.g., restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), and Southern blotting of genomic DNA. 5 5.2.11.6.Use to Detect PRO Polypeptide Levels A competition assay may be employed wherein antibodies specific to the PRO polypeptide are attached to a solid support and the labeled PRO polypeptide and a sample derived from the host are passed over the solid support and the amount of label detected attached to the solid support can be correlated to a quantity of the PRO 0 polypeptide in the sample. 5.2.11.7.Chromosome Mapping The sequences of the present invention are also valuable for chromosome identification. The sequence is specifically targeted to and can hybridize with a particular location on an individual human chromosome. Moreover, 5 there is a current need for identifying particular sites on the chromosome. Few chromosome marking reagents based on actual sequence data (repeat polymorphisms) are presently available for marking chromosomal location. The mapping of DNAs to chromosomes according to the present invention is an important first step in correlating those sequences with genes associated with disease. Briefly, sequences can be mapped to chromosomes by preparing PCR primers (preferably 15-25 bp) from 0 the cDNA. Computer analysis for the 3'- untranslated region is used to rapidly select primers that do not span more than one exon in the genomic DNA, thus complicating the amplification process. These primers are then used for PCR screening of somatic cell hybrids containing individual human chromosomes. Only those hybrids containing the human gene corresponding to the primer will yield an amplified fragment. PCR mapping of somatic cell hybrids is a rapid procedure for assigning a particular DNA to a particular Z5 chromosome. Using the present invention with the same oligonucleotide primers, sublocalization can be achieved with panels of fragments from specific chromosomes or pools of large genomic clones in an analogous manner. Other mapping strategies that can similarly be used to map to its chromosome include in situ hybridization, prescreening with labeled flow-sorted chromosomes, and preselection by hybridization to construct chromosome specific cDNA libraries. 30 Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) ofacDNA clone to ametaphase chromosomal spread can be used to provide a precise chromosomal location in one step. This technique can be used with cDNA as short as 500 or 600 bases; however, clones larger than 2,000 bp have a higher likelihood of binding to a unique chromosomal location with sufficient signal intensity for simple detection. FISH requires use of the clones from which the gene encoding the PRO polypeptide was derived, and the longer the better. For example, 2,000 bp is good, 4,000 bp is 5 better, and more than 4,000 is probably not necessary to get good results a reasonable percentage of the time. For areview of this technique, see, Verma etaL, Human Chromosomes: a Manual of Basic Techniques (Pergamon Press, New York, 1988). Once a sequence has been mapped to a precise chromosomal location, the physical position of the sequence 89 on the chromosome can be correlated with genetic map data. Such data are found, for example, in V. McKusick, Mendelian Inheritance in Man (available online through Johns Hopkins University Welch Medical Library). The relationship between genes and diseases that have been mapped to the same chromosomal region is then identified through linkage analysis (coinheritance of physically adjacent genes). Next, it is necessary to determine the differences in the cDNA or genomic sequence between affected and 5 unaffected individuals. If a mutation is observed in some or all of the affected individuals but not in any normal individuals, then the mutation is likely to be the causative agent of the disease. With current resolution of physical mapping and genetic mapping techniques, a cDNA precisely localized to a chromosomal region associated with the disease could be one of between 50 and 500 potential causative genes. (This assumes 1 megabase mapping resolution and one gene per 20 kb). 0 5.2.11.8.Screenina Assays for Drug Candidates This invention encompasses methods of screening compounds to identify those that mimic the PRO polypeptide (agonists) or prevent the effect of the PRO polypeptide (antagonists). Screening assays for antagonist drug candidates are designed to identify compounds that bind or complex with the PRO polypeptide encoded by the 5 genes identified herein, or otherwise interfere with the interaction of the encoded polypeptides with other cellular proteins. Such screening assays will include assays amenable to high-throughput screening of chemical libraries, making them particularly suitable for identifying small molecule drug candidates. The assays can be performed in a variety of formats, including protein-protein binding assays, biochemical screening assays, immunoassays, and cell-based assays, which are well characterized in the art. o All assays for antagonists are common in that they call for contacting the drug candidate with a PRO polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid identified herein under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow these two components to interact. In binding assays, the interaction is binding and the complex formed can be isolated or detected in the reaction mixture. In a particular embodiment, the PRO polypeptide encoded by the gene identified herein or the drug ?5 candidate is immobilized on a solid phase, e.g., on a microtiter plate, by covalent or non-covalent attachments. Non covalent attachment generally is accomplished by coating the solid surface with a solution of the PRO polypeptide and drying. Alternatively, an immobilized antibody, e.g., a monoclonal antibody, specific for the PRO polypeptide to be immobilized can be used to anchor it to a solid surface. The assay is performed by adding the non immobilized component, which may be labeled by a detectable label, to the immobilized component, e.g., the coated 30 surface containing the anchored component. When the reaction is complete, the non-reacted components are removed, e.g., by washing, and complexes anchored on the solid surface are detected. When the originally non immobilized component carries a detectable label, the detection of label immobilized on the surface indicates that complexing occurred. Where the originally non-immobilized component does not carry a label, complexing can be detected, for example, by using a labeled antibody specifically binding the immobilized complex. 15 If the candidate compound interacts with but does not bind to a particular PRO polypeptide encoded by a gene identified herein, its interaction with that polypeptide can be assayed by methods well known for detecting protein-protein interactions. Such assays include traditional approaches, such as, e.g., cross-linking, co immunoprecipitation, and co-purification through gradients or chromatographic columns. In addition, protein 90 protein interactions can be monitored by using a yeast-based genetic system described by Fields and co-workers (Fields and Song, Nature (London), 340:245-246(1989); Chien etaL, Proc. NatI. Acad. Sci. USA, 88: 9578-9582 (1991)) as disclosed by Chevray and Nathans, Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA, 89: 5789-5793 (1991). Many transcriptional activators, such as yeast GAL4, consist of two physically discrete modular domains, one acting as the DNA-binding domain, the other one functioning as the transcription-activation domain. The yeast expression 5 system described in the foregoing publications (generally referred to as the "two-hybrid system") takes advantage of this property, and employs two hybrid proteins, one in which the target protein is fused to the DNA-binding domain of GAL4, and another, in which candidate activating proteins are fused to the activation domain. The expression of a GAL 1-lacZ reporter gene under control of a GALA-activated promoter depends on reconstitution of GALA activity via protein-protein interaction. Colonies containing interacting polypeptides are detected with a 0 chromogenic substrate for -galactosidase. A complete kit (MATCHMAKER") for identifying protein-protein interactions between two specific proteins using the two-hybrid technique is commercially available from Clontech. This system can also be extended to map protein domains involved in specific protein interactions as well as to pinpoint amino acid residues that are crucial for these interactions. Compounds that interfere with the interaction of a gene encoding a PRO polypeptide identified herein and 5 other intra- or extracellular components can be tested as follows: usually a reaction mixture is prepared containing the product of the gene and the intra- or extracellular component under conditions and for a time allowing for the interaction and binding of the two products. To test the ability of a candidate compound to inhibit binding, the reaction is run in the absence and in the presence of the test compound. In addition, a placebo may be added to a third reaction mixture, to serve as positive control. The binding (complex formation) between the test compound 0 and the intra- or extracellular component present in the mixture is monitored as described hereinabove. The formation of a complex in the control reaction(s) but not in the reaction mixture containing the test compound indicates that the test compound interferes with the interaction of the test compound and its reaction partner. If the PRO polypeptide has the ability to stimulate the proliferation of endothelial cells in the presence of the co-mitogen ConA, then one example of a screening method takes advantage of this ability. Specifically, in the 25 proliferation assay, human umbilical vein endothelial cells are obtained and cultured in 96-well flat-bottomed culture plates (Costar, Cambridge, MA) and supplemented with a reaction mixture appropriate for facilitating proliferation of the cells, the mixture containing Con-A (Calbiochem, La Jolla, CA). Con-A and the compound to be screened are added and after incubation at 37*C, cultures are pulsed with 'H-thymidine and harvested onto glass fiber filters (phD; Cambridge Technology, Watertown, MA). Mean 'H- thymidine incorporation (cpm) of triplicate cultures 30 is determined using a liquid scintillation counter (Beckman Instruments, Irvine, CA). Significant '(H)-thymidine incorporation indicates stimulation of endothelial cell proliferation. To assay for antagonists, the assay described above is performed; however, in this assay the PRO polypeptide is added along with the compound to be screened and the ability of the compound to inhibit '(H)thymidine incorporation in the presence of the PRO polypeptide indicates that the compound is an antagonist 35 to the PRO polypeptide. Alternatively, antagonists may be detected by combining the PRO polypeptide and a potential antagonist with membrane-bound PRO polypeptide receptors or recombinant receptors under appropriate conditions for a competitive inhibition assay. The PRO polypeptide can be labeled, such as by radioactivity, such that the number of PRO polypeptide molecules bound to the receptor can be used to determine the effectiveness of 91 the potential antagonist The gene encoding the receptor can be identified by numerous methods known to those of skill in the art, for example, ligand panning and FACS sorting. Coligan et al., Current Protocols in Immun., 1(2): Chapter 5 (1991). Preferably, expression cloning is employed wherein polyadenylated RNA is prepared from a cell responsive to the PRO polypeptide and a cDNA library created from this RNA is divided into pools and used to transfect COS cells or other cells that are not responsive to the PRO polypeptide. Transfected cells that are grown 5 on glass slides are exposed to the labeled PRO polypeptide. The PRO polypeptide can be labeled by a variety of means including iodination or inclusion of a recognition site for a site-specific protein kinase. Following fixation and incubation, the slides are subjected to autoradiographic analysis. Positive pools are identified and sub-pools are prepared and re-transfected using an interactive sub-pooling and re-screening process, eventually yielding a single clone that encodes the putative receptor. 3 As an alternative approach for receptor identification, the labeled PRO polypeptide can be photoaffinity linked with cell membrane or extract preparations that express the receptor molecule. Cross-linked material is resolved by PAGE and exposed to X-ray film. The labeled complex containing the receptor can be excised, resolved into peptide fragments, and subjected to protein micro-sequencing. The amino acid sequence obtained from micro sequencing would be used to design a set of degenerate oligonucleotide probes to screen a cDNA library to identify 5 the gene encoding the putative receptor. In another assay for antagonists, mammalian cells or a membrane preparation expressing the receptor would be incubated with the labeled PRO polypeptide in the presence of the candidate compound. The ability of the compound to enhance or block this interaction could then be measured. The compositions useful in the treatment of IBD include, without limitation, antibodies, small organic and ) inorganic molecules, peptides, phosphopeptides, antisense and ribozyme molecules, triple-helix molecules, etc., that inhibit the expression and/or activity of the target gene product. More specific examples of potential antagonists include an oligonucleotide that binds to the fusions of immunoglobulin with a PRO polypeptide, and, in particular, antibodies including, without limitation, poly- and monoclonal antibodies and antibody fragments, single-chain antibodies, anti-idiotypic antibodies, and chimeric or 5 humanized versions of such antibodies or fragments, as well as human antibodies and antibody fragments. Alternatively, a potential antagonist may be a closely related protein, for example, a mutated form of the PRO polypeptide that recognizes the receptor butimparts no effect, thereby competitively inhibiting the action of the PRO polypeptide. Another potential PRO polypeptide antagonist is an antisense RNA or DNA construct prepared using 0 antisense technology, where, e.g., an antisense RNA or DNA molecule acts to block directly the translation of mRNA by hybridizing to targeted mRNA and preventing protein translation. Antisense technology can be used to control gene expression through triple-helix formation or antisense DNA or RNA, both of which methods are based on binding of a polynucleotide to DNA or RNA. For example, the 5'coding portion of the polynucleotide sequence, which encodes the mature PRO polypeptides herein, is used to design an antisense RNA oligonucleotide of from 5 about 10 to 40 base pairs in length. A DNA oligonucleotide is designed to be complementary to a region of the gene involved in transcription (triple helix - see, Lee et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 6:3073 (1979); Cooney et al., Science, 241: 456 (1988); Dervan et aL, Science, 251:1360 (1991)), thereby preventing transcription and the production of the PRO polypeptide. A sequence "complementary" to a portion of an RNA, as referred to herein, means a sequence 92 having sufficient complementarity to be able to hybridize with the RNA, forming a stable duplex; in the case of double-stranded antisense nucleic acids, a single strand of the duplex DNA may thus be tested, or triplex helix formation may be assayed. The ability to hybridize will depend on both the degree of complementarity and the length of the antisense nucleic acid. Generally, the longer the hybridizing nucleic acid, the more base mismatches with an RNA it may contain and still form a stable duplex (or triplex, as the case may be). One skilled in the art can 5 ascertain a tolerable degree of mismatch by use of standard procedures to determine the melting point of the hybridized complex. The antisense RNA oligonucleotide hybridizes to the mRNA in vivo and blocks translation of the mRNA molecule into the PRO polypeptide (antisense - Okano, Neurochem. 56:560 (1991); Oligodeoxynucleotides as Antisense Inhibitors of Gene Expression (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1988). The antisense oligonucleotides can be DNA or RNA or chimeric mixtures or derivatives or modified 0 versions thereof, single-stranded or double-stranded. The oligonucleotide can be modified at the base moiety, sugar moiety, or phosphate backbone, for example, to improve stability of the molecule, hybridization, etc. The oligonucleotide may include other appended groups such as peptides (e.g., for targeting host cell receptors in vivo), or agents facilitating transport across the cell membrane (see, e.g., Letsinger, et aL, 1989, Proc. NatL. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:6553-6556; Lemaitre, et al., 1987, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84:648-652; PCT Publication No. 5 W088/09810, published December 15, 1988) or the blood-brain barrier (see, e.g., PCT Publication No. W089/10134, published April 25, 1988), hybridization-triggered cleavage agents (see, e.g., Krol et aL., 1988, BioTechniques 6:958-976) or intercalating agents (see, e.g., Zon, 1988, Phann. Res. 5:539-549). To this end, the oligonucleotide may be conjugated to another molecule, e.g., a peptide, hybridization triggered cross-linking agent, transport agent, hybridization-triggered cleavage agent, etc. 3 The antisense oligonucleotide may comprise at least one modified base moiety which is selected from the group including but not limited to 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl) uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methyleytosine, 5 5-methylcytosine, N6-adenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5'-methoxycarboxymethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), wybutoxosine,pseudouracil,queosine, 2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 3-(3-amino-3-N-2-carboxypropyl) uracil, (acp3)w, and 2,6-diaminopurine. 0 The antisense oligonucleotide may also comprise at least one modified sugar moiety selected from the group including but not limited to arabinose, 2-fluoroarabinose, xylulose, and hexose. In yet another embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified phosphate backbone selected from the group consisting of a phosphorothioate, a phosphorodithioate, a phosphoramidothioate, a phosphoramidate, a phosphordiamidate, a methylphosphonate, an alkyl phosphotriester, and a formacetal or analog 5 thereof. In yet anotherembodiment, the antisenseoligonucleotideis an a-anomeric oligonucleotide. Anx-anomeric oligonucleotide forms specific double-stranded hybrids with complementary RNA in which, contrary to the usual 93 p-units, the strands run parallel to each other (Gautier, et al., 1987, Nucl. Acids Res. 15:6625-6641). The oligonucleotide is a 2'-0-methylribonucleotide (Inoue, et al., 1987, Nucl. Acids Res. 15:6131-6148), or a chimeric RNA-DNA analogue (Inoue, et aL, 1987, FEBS Lett. 215:327-330). Oligonucleotides of the invention may be synthesized by standard- methods known in the art, e.g., by use of an automated DNA synthesizer (such as are commercially available from Biosearch, Applied Biosystems, etc.). 5 As examples, phosphorothioateoligonucleotides may be synthesized by the method of Stein, etal. (1988, NacL Acids Res. 16:3209), methylphosphonate oligonucleotides can be prepared by use of controlled pore glass polymer supports (Sarin, et al., 1988, Proc. NatL. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85:7448-7451), etc. The oligonucleotides described above can also be delivered to cells such that the antisense RNA or DNA may be expressed in vivo to inhibit production of the PRO polypeptide. When antisense DNA is used, D oligodeoxyribonucleotides derived from the translation-initiation site, e.g., between about -10 and +10 positions of the target gene nucleotide sequence, are preferred. Antisense or sense RNA or DNA molecules are generally at least about5 nucleotides in length, alternatively at least about 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50,55, 60, 65,70,75, 80, 85, 90,95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 5 180, 185, 190, 195, 200,210,220,230,240,250,260,270,280, 290,300,310,320,330,340,350,360,370, 380, 390,400, 410, 420,430,440,450,460,470,480,490,500,510, 520,530,540,550, 560, 570,580, 590, 600, 610, 620,630, 640, 650,660,670, 680, 690,700,710, 720,730,740, 750, 760,770, 780, 790, 800, 810, 820, 830,840, 850, 860, 870, 880, 890, 900,910, 920,930, 940, 950,960, 970, 980, 990, or 1000 nucleotides in length, wherein in this context the term "about" means the referenced nucleotide sequence length plus or minus 10% of that ) referenced length. Potential antagonists further include small molecules that bind to the active site, the receptor binding site, or growth factor or other relevant binding site of the PRO polypeptide, thereby blocking the normal biological activity of the PRO polypeptide. Examples of small molecules include, but are not limited to, small peptides or peptide-like molecules, preferably soluble peptides, and synthetic non-peptidyl organic or inorganic compounds. 5 Additional potential antagonists are ribozymes, which are enzymatic RNA molecules capable of catalyzing the specific cleavage of RNA. Ribozymes act by sequence-specific hybridization to the complementary target RNA, followed by endonucleolytic cleavage. Specific ribozyme cleavage sites within a potential RNA target can be identified by known techniques. For further details see, e.g., Rossi, Current Bioloay, 4: 469-471 (1994), and PCT publication No. WO 97/33551 (published September 18, 1997). 0 Whileribozymes that cleave mRNA at site specific recognition sequences can be used to destroy targetgene mRNAs, the use of hammerhead ribozymes is preferred. Hammerhead ribozymes cleave mRNAs at locations dictated by flanking regions which form complementary base pairs with the target mRNA. The sole requirement is that the target mRNA have the following sequence of two bases: 5'-UG-3'. The construction and production of hammerhead ribozymes is well known in the art and is described more fully in Myers, 1995, Molecular Biology and 5 Biotechnology: A Comprehensive Desk Reference, VCH Publishers, New York, (see especially Figure 4, page 833) and in Haseloff and Gerlach, 1988, Nature, 334:585-591, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 94 Preferably the ribozyme is engineered so that the cleavage recognition site is located near the 5'end of the target gene mRNA, i.e., to increase efficiency and minimize the intracellular accumulation of non-functional mRNA transcripts. The ribozymes of the present invention also include RNA endoribonucleases (hereinafter "Cech-type ribozymes") such as the one which occurs naturally in Tetrahyinena theriophila (known as the IVS, or L-19 IVS 5 RNA) and which has been extensively described by Thomas Cech and collaborators (Zaug, et al., 1984, Science, 224:574-578; Zaug and Cech, 1986, Science, 231:470-475; Zaug, et al., 1986, Nature, 324:429-433; published International patent application No. WO 88/04300 by University Patents Inc.; Been and Cech, 1986, Cell, 47:207 216). The Cech-type ribozymes have an eight base pair active site that hybridizes to a target RNA sequence whereafter cleavage of the target RNA takes place. The invention encompasses those Cech-type ribozymes that .0 target eight base-pair active site sequences that are present in the target gene. As in the antisense approach, the ribozymes can be composed of modified oligonucleotides (e.g., for improved stability, targeting, etc.) and should be delivered to cells that express the target gene in vivo. A preferred method of delivery involves using a DNA construct "encoding" the ribozyme under the control of a strong constitutive pol III or pol II promoter, so that transfected cells will produce sufficient quantities of the ribozyme to .5 destroy endogenous target gene messages and inhibit translation. Because ribozymes, unlike antisense molecules, are catalytic, a lower intracellular concentration is required for efficiency. Nucleic acid molecules in triple-helix formation used to inhibit transcription should be single-stranded and composed of deoxynucleotides. The base composition of these oligonucleotides is designed such that it promotes triple-helix formation via Hoogsteen base-pairing rules, which generally require sizeable stretches of purines or 0 pyrimidines on one strand of'a duplex. For further details see, e.g., PCT publication No. WO 97/33551, supra. These small molecules can be identified by any one or more of the screening assays discussed hereinabove and/or by any other screening techniques well known for those skilled in the art. 5.2.11.9. Administration Protocols, Schedules, Doses, and Formulations 25 The molecules herein and agonists and antagonists thereto are pharmaceutically useful as a prophylactic and therapeutic agent for various disorders and diseases as set forth above. Therapeutic compositions of the PRO polypeptides or agonists or antagonists are prepared for storage by mixing the desired molecule having the appropriate degree of purity with optional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th edition, Osol, A. ed. (1980)), in the 30 form of lyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions. Acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; 35 and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates 95 including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugars such as sucrose, mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol; salt-forming counter-ions such as sodium; metal complexes (e.g., Zn-protein complexes); and/or non ionic surfactants such as TWEEN", PLURONICSTM or polyethylene glycol (PEG). Additional examples of such carriers include ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium 5 sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts, or electrolytes such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, and polyethylene glycol. Carriers for topical or gel-based forms of agonist or antagonist include polysaccharides such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose or methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylates, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, 0 polyethylene glycol, and wood wax alcohols. For all administrations, conventional depot forms are suitably used. Such forms include, for example, microcapsules, nano-capsules, liposomes, plasters, inhalation forms, nose sprays, sublingual tablets, and sustained-release preparations. The PRO polypeptides or agonists or antagonists will typically be formulated in such vehicles at a concentration of about 0.1 mg/mi to 100 mg/ml. PRO polypeptides or agonists or antagonists to be used for in vivo administration must be sterile. This is 5 readily accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes, prior to or following lyophilization and reconstitution. PRO polypeptides ordinarily will be stored in lyophilized form or in solution if administered systemically. If in lyophilized form, the PRO polypeptide or agonist or antagonist thereto is typically formulated in combination with other ingredients for reconstitution with an appropriate diluent at the time for use. An example of a liquid formulation of a PRO polypeptide or agonist or antagonist is a sterile, clear, colorless unpreserved 0 solution filled in a single-dose vial for subcutaneous injection. Preserved pharmaceutical compositions suitable for repeated use may contain, for example, depending mainly on the indication and type of polypeptide: a) PRO polypeptide or agonist or antagonist thereto; b) a buffer capable of maintaining the pH in a range of maximum stability of the polypeptide or other molecule in solution, preferably about 4-8; 25 c) a detergent/surfactant primarily to stabilize the polypeptide or molecule against agitation-induced aggregation; d) an isotonifier; e) a preservative selected from the group of phenol, benzyl alcohol and a benzethonium halide, e.g., chloride; and 30 f) water. If the detergent employed is non-ionic, it may, for example, be polysorbates (e.g., POLYSORBATE

(TWEEN

h ) 20, 80, etc.) or poloxamers (e.g., POLOXAMERm 188). The use of non-ionic surfactants permits the formulation to be exposed to shear surface stresses without causing denaturation of the polypeptide. Further, such surfactant-containing formulations may be employed in aerosol devices such as those used in a pulmonary dosing, 35 and needleless jet injector guns (see, e.g., EP 257,956). An isotonifier may be present to ensure isotonicity of a liquid composition of the PRO polypeptide or agonist or antagonist thereto, and includes polyhydric sugar alcohols, preferably trihydric or higher sugar alcohols, such as glycerin, erythritol, arabitol, xylitol, sorbitol, and mannitol. These sugar alcohols can be used alone or in 96 combination. Alternatively, sodium chloride or other appropriate inorganic salts may be used to render the solutions isotonic. The buffer may, for example, be an acetate, citrate, succinate, or phosphate buffer depending on the pH desired. The pH of one type of liquid formulation of this invention is buffered in the range of about 4 to 8, preferably about physiological pH. 5 The preservatives phenol, benzyl alcohol and benzethoniumhalides, e.g., chloride, are known antimicrobial agents that may be employed. Therapeutic PRO polypeptide compositions generally are placed into a container having a sterile access port, for example, an intravenous solution bag or vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle. The formulations are preferably administered as repeated intravenous (i.v.), subcutaneous (s.c.), or intramuscular 0 (i.m.) injections, or as aerosol formulations suitable for intranasal or intrapulmonary delivery (for intrapulmonary delivery see, e.g., EP 257,956). PRO polypeptides can also be administered in the form of sustained-released preparations. Suitable examples of sustained-release preparations include semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the protein, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g., films, or microcapsules. Examples 5 of sustained-release matrices include polyesters, hydrogels (e.g., poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate) as described by Langer et al., J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 15: 167-277 (1981) and Langer, Chem. Tech., 12: 98-105 (1982) or poly(vinylalcohol)), polylactides (U.S. Patent No. 3,773,919, EP 58,481), copolymers ofL-glutamic acid and gamma ethyl-L-glutamate (Sidman etal., Biopolymers ,2:547-556 (1983)), non-degradable ethylene-vinyl acetate (Langer et al., supra), degradable lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers such as the Lupron Depot T M (injectable microspheres O composed of lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer and leuprolide acetate), and poly-D (-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid (EP 133,988). While polymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate and lactic acid-glycolic acid enable release of molecules for over 100 days, certain hydrogels release proteins for shorter time periods. When encapsulated proteins remain in the body for a long time, they may denature or aggregate as a result of exposure to moisture at 37*C, resulting in a 25 loss of biological activity and possible changes in immunogenicity. Rational strategies can be devised for protein stabilization depending on the mechanism involved. For example, if the aggregation mechanism is discovered to be intermolecular S-S bond formation through thio-disulfide interchange, stabilization may be achieved by modifying sulfhydryl residues, lyophilizing from acidic solutions, controlling moisture content, using appropriate additives, and developing specific polymer matrix compositions. 30 Sustained-release PRO polypeptide compositions also include liposomally entrapped PRO polypeptides. Liposomes containing the PRO polypeptide are prepared by methods known per se: DE 3,218,121; Epstein et aL, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82: 3688-3692 (1985); Hwang et aL, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77: 4030-4034 (1980); EP 52,322; EP 36,676; EP 88,046; EP 143,949; EP 142,641; Japanese patent application 83-118008; U.S. Patent Nos. 4,485,045 and 4,544,545; and EP 102,324. Ordinarily the liposomes are of the small (about 200-800 35 Angstroms) unilamellar type in which the lipid content is greater than about 30 mol. % cholesterol, the selected proportion being adjusted for the optimal therapy. The therapeutically effective dose of a PRO polypeptide or agonist or antagonist thereto will, of course, vary depending on such factors as the pathological condition to be treated (including prevention), the method of 97 administration, the type of compound being used for treatment, any co-therapy involved, the patient's age, weight, general medical condition, medical history, etc., and its determination is well within the skill of a practicing physician. Accordingly, it will be necessary for the therapist to titer the dosage and modify the route of administration as required to obtain the maximal therapeutic effect. If the PRO polypeptide has a narrow host range, for the treatment of human patients formulations comprising human PRO polypeptide, more preferably native 5 sequence human PRO polypeptide, are preferred. The clinician will administer the PRO polypeptide until a dosage is reached that achieves the desired effect for treatment of the condition in question. With the above guidelines, the effective dose generally is within the range of from about 0.001 to about 1.0 mg/kg, more preferably about 0.01-1.0 mg/kg, most preferably about 0.01-0.1 mg/kg. The dosage regimen of a pharmaceutical composition containing the PRO polypeptide to be used in tissue ) regeneration will be determined by the attending physician considering various factors that modify the action of the polypeptides, e.g., amount of tissue weight desired to be formed, the site of damage, the condition of the damaged tissue, the size of a wound, type of damaged tissue (e.g., bone), the patient's age, sex, and diet, the severity of any infection, time of administration, and other clinical factors. The dosage may vary with the type of matrix used in the reconstitution and with inclusion of other proteins in the pharmaceutical composition. For example, the addition of other known growth factors, such as IGF-I, to the final composition may also affect the dosage. Progress can be monitored by periodic assessment of tissue/bone growth and/or repair, for example, X-rays, histomorphometric determinations, and tetracycline labeling. The route of PRO polypeptide or antagonist or agonist administration is in accord with known methods, e.g., by injection or infusion by intravenous, intramuscular, intracerebral, intraperitoneal, intracerobrospinal, subcutaneous, intraocular, intraarticular, intrasynovial, intrathecal, oral, topical, or inhalation routes, or by sustained release systems as noted below. The PRO polypeptide or agonist or antagonists thereof also are suitably administered by intratumoral, peritumoral, intralesional, or perilesional routes, to exert local as well as systemic therapeutic effects. The intraperitoneal route is expected to be particularly useful, for example, in the treatment of ovarian tumors. 5 If a peptide or small molecule is employed as an antagonist or agonist, it is preferably administered orally or non-orally in the form of a liquid or solid to mammals. Examples of pharmacologically acceptable salts of molecules that form salts and are useful hereunder include alkali metal salts (e.g., sodium salt, potassium salt), alkaline earth metal salts (e.g., calcium salt, magnesium salt), ammonium salts, organic base salts (e.g., pyridine salt, triethylamine salt), inorganic acid salts (e.g., 0 hydrochloride, sulfate, nitrate), and salts of organic acid (e.g., acetate, oxalate, p-toluenesulfonate). For compositions herein that are useful for bone, cartilage, tendon, or ligament regeneration, the therapeutic method includes administering the composition topically, systemically, or locally as an implant or device. When administered, the therapeutic composition for use is in a pyrogen-free, physiologically acceptable form. Further, the composition may desirably be encapsulated or injected in a viscous form for delivery to the site of bone, 5 cartilage, or tissue damage. Topical administration may be suitable for wound healing and tissue repair. Preferably, for bone and/or cartilage formation, the composition would include a matrix capable of delivering the protein containing composition to the site of bone and/or cartilage damage, providing a structure for the developing bone 98 and cartilage and preferably capable of being resorbed into the body. Such matrices may be formed of materials presently in use for other implanted medical applications. The choice of matrix material is based on biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical properties, cosmetic appearance, and interface properties. The particular application of the compositions will define the appropriate formulation. Potential matrices for the compositions may be biodegradable and chemically defined 5 calcium sulfate, tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, and polyanhydrides. Other potential materials are biodegradable and biologically well-defined, such as bone or dermal collagen. Further matrices are comprised of pure proteins or extracellular matrix components. Other potential matrices are nonbiodegradable and chemically defined, such as sintered hydroxyapatite, bioglass, aluminates, or other ceramics. Matrices may be comprised of combinations of any of the above-mentioned types of material, such as polylactic acid 0 and hydroxyapatite or collagen and tricalcium phosphate. The bioceramics may be altered in composition, such as in calcium-aluminate-phosphate and processing to alter pore size, particle size, particle shape, and biodegradability. One specific embodiment is a 50:50 (mole weight) copolymer of lactic acid and glycolic acid in the form of porous particles having diameters ranging from 150 to 800 microns. In some applications, it will be useful to utilize a sequestering agent, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or autologous blood clot, to prevent the polypeptide 5 compositions from disassociating from the matrix. One suitable family of sequestering agents is cellulosic materials such as alkylcelluloses (including hydroxyalkylcelluloses), including methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydoxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, and carboxymethylcellulose, one preferred being cationic salts of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Other preferred sequestering agents include hyaluronic acid, sodium alginate, 0 poly(ethylene glycol), polyoxyethylene oxide, carboxyvinyl polymer, and poly(vinyl alcohol). The amount of sequestering agent useful herein is 0.5-20 wt%, preferably 1-10 wt%, based on total formulation weight, which represents the amount necessary to prevent desorption of the polypeptide (or its antagonist) from the polymer matrix and to provide appropriate handling of the composition, yet not so much that the progenitor cells are prevented from infiltrating the matrix, thereby providing the polypeptide (or its antagonist) the opportunity to assist the osteogenic !5 activity of the progenitor cells. 5.2.11.10. Combination Therapies The effectiveness of the PRO polypeptide or an agonist or antagonist thereof in preventing or treating the disorder in question may be improved by administering the active agent serially or in combination with another agent 0 that is effective for those purposes, either in the same composition or as separate compositions. For some indications, PRO polypeptides or their agonists or antagonists may be combined with other agents beneficial to the treatment of the bone and/or cartilage defect, wound, or tissue in question. These agents include various growth factors such as EGF, PDGF, TGF-a or TGF-0, IGF, FGF, and CTGF. In addition, PRO polypeptides or their agonists or antagonists used to treat cancer may be combined with 5 cytotoxic, chemotherapeutic, or growth-inhibitory agents as identified above. Also, for cancer treatment, the PRO polypeptide or agonist or antagonist thereof is suitably administered serially or in combination with radiological treatments, whether involving irradiation or administration of radioactive substances. 99 The effective amounts of the therapeutic agents administered in combination with the PRO polypeptide or agonist or antagonist thereof will be at the physician's or veterinarian's discretion. Dosage administration and adjustment is done to achieve maximal management of the conditions to be treated. The dose will additionally depend on such factors as the type of the therapeutic agent to be used and the specific patient being treated. Typically, the amount employed will be the same dose as that used, if the given therapeutic agent is administered 5 without the PRO polypeptide. The following examples are offered for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way. All patent and literature references cited in the present specification are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. ) 6. EXAMPLES Commercially available reagents referred to in the Examples were used according to manufacturer's instructions unless otherwise indicated. The source of those cells identified in the following Examples, and throughout the specification, by ATCC accession numbers is the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA. Unless otherwise noted, the present invention uses standard procedures of recombinant DNA technology, such as those described hereinabove and in the following textbooks: Sambrook et al., supra; Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biologv (Green Publishing Associates and Wiley Interscience, N.Y., 1989); Innis etal., PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (Academic Press, Inc.: N.Y., 1990); Harlow et aL, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Press: Cold Spring Harbor, 1988); Gait, Oligonucleotide Synthesis (IRL ) Press: Oxford, 1984); Freshney, Animal Cell Culture, 1987; Coligan et al., Current Protocols in Immunology, 1991. 6.1. EXAMPLE 1: Deposit and/or Public Availability of Material The following materials were deposited under the terms of the Budapest Treaty with the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, VA 20110-2209, USA (ATCC) as shown in Table 7 below. 5 Table 7 Material ATCC Dep. No. Deposit Date DNA32279-1131 209259 9/16/97 DNA33085-1110 209087 5/30/97 0 DNA33461-1199 209367 10/15/97 DNA33785-1143 209417 10/28/97 DNA52594-1270 209679 3/17/1998 DNA59776-1600 203128 8/18/98 DNA62377-1381-1 203552 12/22/98 5 DNA168061-2897 1600-PTA 3/30/2000 DNA171372-2908 1783-PTA 4/25/2000 100 These deposits were made under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purpose of Patent Procedure and the Regulations thereunder (Budapest Treaty). This assures maintenance of a viable culture of the deposit for 30 years from the date of deposit. The deposits will be made available by ATCC under the terms of the Budapest Treaty, and subject to an agreement between Genentech, Inc. and ATCC, which assures permanent and unrestricted availability of the progeny of the 5 culture of the deposit to the public upon issuance of the pertinent U.S. patent or upon laying open to the public of any U.S. or foreign patent application, whichever comes first, and assures availability of the progeny to one determined by the U.S. Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks to be entitled thereto according to 35 USC § 122 and the Commissioner's rules pursuant thereto (including 37 CFR § 1.14 with particular reference to 886 OG 638). L0 The assignee of the present application has agreed that if a culture of the materials on deposit should die or be lost or destroyed when cultivated under suitable conditions, the materials will be promptly replaced on notification with another of the same. Availability of the deposited material is not to be construed as a license to practice the invention in contravention of the rights granted under the authority of any government in accordance with its patent laws. .5 The following materials are publicly available and accessible as follows: Table 8 Material Accession Number DNA32279 NM_006329 ,0 DNA33085 NM_003841 DNA33457 NM_003665 DNA33461 NM_020997 DNA33785 NM_006072 DNA36725 NM_002190 25 DNA40576 NM_003266 DNA51786 NM_000230 - DNA52594 NM_014452 DNA59776 PZ65071 DNA62377 NM_013278 30 DNA64882 NM_002407 DNA69553 NM002195 DNA77509 NM_003212 DNA77512 NM_006507 DNA81752 NM_001561 35 DNA82305 NM_002580 DNA82352 NM_002991 DNA87994 NM_003225 101 DNA88417 NM_000885 DNA88432 NM_000888 DNA92247 NM_004633 DNA95930 NM-014432 DNA99331 NM_001511 5 DNA101222 NM_003263 DNA102850 NM_000577 DNA105792 NM_002391 DNA107429 NM_000758 DNA145582 DNA145582 o DNA165608 NM_021258 DNA166819 PT87432 DNA168061 PZ60585 DNA171372 DNA171372 DNA188175 NM_003842 5 DNA188182 NM_014143 DNA188200 HUMTDGF3A DNA188203 NM_001330 DNA188205 NM_005214 DNA188244 NM_006119 0 DNA188270 NM000641 DNA188277 M15329 DNA188278 NM_000576 DNA188287 NM_000880 DNA188302 NM_000245 ,5 DNA188332 P_V19157 DNA188339 NM_004158 DNA188340 .AB037599 DNA188355 NM_004591 DNA188425 NM_002994 30 DNA188448 NM_005118 DNA194566 NM_001837 DNA199788 NM_002990 DNA200227 NM003814 DNA27865 PAAA54109 35 DNA33094 WIF1 DNA45416 HS159A1 DNA48328 WNT4 DNA50960 BD102846 102 DNA80896 D26579 DNA82319 CCL25 DNA82352 CCL24 DNA82363 CXCL9 DNA82368 BC028217 5 DNA83103 AL353732 DNA83500 PAAF4264 DNA88002 HSU16261 DNA92282 P_ABL88225 DNA96934 HSIFD4 10 DNA96943 HSIFNG2 DNA97005 BC028372 DNA98553 HSAMACl DNA102845 HSMCP3A DNA108715 SCYA4 15 DNA108735 CCL1 DNA164455 LIF6 DNA188178 AF074332 DNA188271 IL13 DNA188338 CXCLII 0 DNA188342 AF146761 DNA188427 MERTK DNA195011 HSA251549 6.2. EXAMPLE 2: Use of PRO as a Hybridization Probe 25 The following method describes use of a nucleotide sequence encoding PRO as a hybridization probe. DNA comprising the coding sequence of full-length or mature PRO (as shown in accompanying figures) or a fragment thereof is employed as a probe to screen for homologous DNAs (such as those encoding naturally-occurring variants of PRO) in human tissue cDNA libraries or human tissue genomic libraries. Hybridization and washing of filters containing either library DNAs is performed under the following 30 high-stringency conditions. Hybridization of radiolabeled probe derived from the gene encoding PRO polypeptide to the filters is performed in a solution of 50% formamide, 5x SSC, 0.1% SDS, 0.1% sodium pyrophosphate, 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8, 2x Denhardt's solution, and 10% dextran sulfate at 42*C for 20 hours. Washing of the filters is performed in an aqueous solution of 0.1x SSC and 0.1% SDS at 42*C. DNAs having a desired sequence identity with the DNA encoding full-length native sequence can then 35 be identified using standard techniques known in the art. 6.3. EXAMPLE 3: Expression of PRO in E. coli 103 This example illustrates preparation of an unglycosylated form of PRO by recombinant expression in E. coli. The DNA sequence encoding PRO is initially amplified using selected PCR primers. The primers should contain restriction enzyme sites which correspond to the restriction enzyme sites on the selected expression vector. A variety of expression vectors may be employed. An example of a suitable vector is 5 pBR322 (derived from E. coli; see, Bolivar et al., Gene 2:95 (1977)) which contains genes for ampicillin and tetracycline resistance. The vector is digested with restriction enzyme and dephosphorylated. The PCR amplified sequences are then ligated into the vector. The vector will preferably include sequences which encode for an antibiotic resistance gene, a trp promoter, a poly-His leader (including the first six STI codons, poly-His sequence, and enterokinase cleavage site), the PRO coding region, lambda transcriptional terminator, and an 0 argU gene. The ligation mixture is then used to transform a selected E. coli strain using the methods described in Sambrook et al., supra. Transformants are identified by their ability to grow on LB plates and antibiotic resistant colonies are then selected. Plasmid DNA can be isolated and confirmed by restriction analysis and DNA sequencing. 5 Selected clones can be grown overnight in liquid culture medium such as LB broth supplemented with antibiotics. The overnight culture may subsequently be used to inoculate a larger scale culture. The cells are then grown to a desired optical density, during which the expression promoter is turned on. After culturing the cells for several more hours, the cells can be harvested by centrifugation. The cell pellet obtained by the centrifugation can be solubilized using various agents known in the art, and the solubilized 0 PRO protein can then be purified using a metal chelating column under conditions that allow tight binding of the protein. PRO may be expressed in E. coli in a poly-His tagged form, using the following procedure. The DNA encoding PRO is initially amplified using selected PCR primers. The primers will contain restriction enzyme sites which correspond to the restriction enzyme sites on the selected expression vector, and other useful 25 sequences providing for efficient and reliable translation initiation, rapid purification on a metal chelation column, and proteolytic removal with enterokinase. The PCR-amplified, poly-His tagged sequences are then ligated into an expression vector, which is used to transform an E. coli host based on strain 52 (W3110 fuhA(tonA) lon galE rpoHts(htpRts) clpP(laclq). Transformants are first grown in LB containing 50 mg/ml carbenicillin at 30*C with shaking until an ODow of 3-5 is reached. Cultures are then diluted 50-100 fold into 30 CRAP media (prepared by mixing 3.57 g (NH 4

)

2

SO

4 , 0.71 g sodium citrate-2H 2 0, 1.07 g KCI, 5.36 g Difco yeast extract, 5.36 g Sheffield hycase SF in 500 ml water, as well as 110 mM MPOS, pH 7.3, 0.55% (w/v) glucose and 7 mM MgSO 4 ) and grown for approximately 20-30 hours at 30*C with shaking. Samples are removed to verify expression by SDS-PAGE analysis, and the bulk culture is centrifuged to pellet the cells. Cell pellets are frozen until purification and refolding. 35 E. coli paste from 0.5 to 1 L fermentations (6-10 g pellets) is resuspended in 10 volumes (w/v) in 7 M guanidine, 20 mM Tris, pH 8 buffer. Solid sodium sulfite and sodium tetrathionate is added to make final concentrations of 0.1M and 0.02 M, respectively, and the solution is stirred overnight at 4*C. This- step results in a denatured protein with all cysteine residues blocked by sulfitolization. The solution is centrifuged at 40,000 104 rpm in a Beckman Ultracentifuge for 30 min. The supernatant is diluted with 3-5 volumes of metal chelate column buffer (6 M guanidine, 20 mM Tris, pH 7.4) and filtered through 0.22 micron filters to clarify. The clarified extract is loaded onto a 5 ml Qiagen Ni 2 *-NTA metal chelate column equilibrated in the metal chelate column buffer. The column is washed with additional buffer containing 50 mM imidazole (Calbiochem, Utrol grade), pH 7.4. The protein is eluted with buffer containing 250 mM imidazole. Fractions containing the 5 desired protein are pooled and stored at 4*C. Protein concentration is estimated by its absorbance at 280 nm using the calculated extinction coefficient based on its amino acid sequence. The proteins are refolded by diluting the sample slowly into freshly prepared refolding buffer consisting of: 20 mM Tris, pH 8.6, 0.3 M NaCl, 2.5 M urea, 5 mM cysteine, 20 mM glycine and 1 mM EDTA. Refolding volumes are chosen so that the final protein concentration is between 50 to 100 micrograms/ml. The refolding 0 solution is stirred gently at 4*C for 12-36 hours. The refolding reaction is quenched by the addition of TFA to a final concentration of 0.4% (pH of approximately 3). Before further purification of the protein, the solution is filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and acetonitrile is added to 2-10% final concentration. The refolded protein is chromatographed on a Poros R1/H reversed phase column using a mobile buffer of 0.1% TFA with elution with a gradient of acetonitrile from 10 to 80%. Aliquots of fractions with A2 0 absorbance are analyzed on SDS 5 polyacrylamide gels and fractions containing homogeneous refolded protein are pooled. Generally, the properly refolded species of most proteins are eluted at the lowest concentrations of acetonitrile since those species are the most compact with their hydrophobic interiors shielded from interaction with the reversed phase resin. Aggregated species are usually eluted at higher acetonitrile concentrations. In addition to resolving misfolded forms of proteins from the desired form, the reversed phase step also removes endotoxin from the samples. o Fractions containing the desired folded PRO polypeptide are pooled and the acetonitrile removed using a gentle stream of nitrogen directed at the solution. Proteins are formulated into 20 mM Hepes, pH 6.8 with 0.14 M sodium chloride and 4% mannitol by dialysis or by gel filtration using G25 Superfine (Pharmacia) resins equilibrated in the formulation buffer and sterile filtered. Many of the PRO polypeptides disclosed herein were successfully expressed as descibed above. 25 6.4. EXAMPLE 4: Expression of PRO in mammalian cells This example illustrates preparation of a potentially glycosylated form of PRO by recombinant expression in mammalian cells. The vector, pRK5 (see EP 307,247, published March 15, 1989), is employed as the expression vector. 30 Optionally, the PRO DNA is ligated into pRK5 with selected restriction enzymes to allow insertion of the PRO DNA using ligation methods such as described in Sambrook et al., supra. The resulting vector is called pRK5 PRO. In one embodiment, the selected host cells may be 293 cells. Human 293 cells (ATCC CCL 1573) are grown to confluence in tissue culture plates in medium such as DMEM supplemented with fetal calf serum and 35 optionally, nutrient components and/or antibiotics. About 10 sg pRK5-PRO DNA is mixed with about 1 ig DNA encoding the VA RNA gene [Thimmappaya et al., Cell, 31:543 (1982)] and dissolved in 500 ±1 of 1 mM Tris-HCI, 0.1 mM EDTA, 0.227 M CaCl 2 . To this mixture is added, dropwise, 500-sl of 50 mM HEPES (pH 7.35), 280 mM NaCl, 1.5 mM NaPO 4 , and a precipitate is allowed to form for 10 minutes at 25"C. The 105 precipitate is suspended and added to the 293 cells and allowed to settle for about four hours at 37*C. The culture medium is aspirated off and 2 ml of 20% glycerol in PBS is added for 30 seconds. The 293 cells are then washed with serum free medium, fresh medium is added and the cells are incubated for about 5 days. Approximately 24 hours after the transfections, the culture medium is removed and replaced with culture medium (alone) or culture medium containing 200 sCi/ml "S-cysteine and 200 sCi/ml "S-methionine. 5 After a 12 hour incubation, the conditioned medium is collected, concentrated on a spin filter, and loaded onto a 15% SDS gel. The processed gel may be dried and exposed to film for a selected period of time to reveal the presence of the PRO polypeptide. The cultures containing transfected cells may undergo further incubation (in serum free medium) and the medium is tested in selected bioassays. In an alternative technique, PRO may be introduced into 293 cells transiently using the dextran sulfate 3 method described by Somparyrac et aL, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 12:7575 (1981). 293 cells are grown to maximal density in a spinner flask and 700 ig pRK5-PRO DNA is added. The cells are first concentrated from the spinner flask by centrifugation and washed with PBS. The DNA-dextran precipitate is incubated on the cell pellet for four hours. The cells are treated with 20% glycerol for 90 seconds, washed with tissue culture medium, and re-introduced into the spinner flask containing tissue culture medium, 5 jg/ml bovine insulin and 5 0.1 pg/mi bovine transferrin. After about four days, the conditioned media is centrifuged and filtered to remove cells and debris. The sample containing expressed PRO can then be concentrated and purified by any selected method, such as dialysis and/or column chromatography. In another embodiment, PRO can be expressed in CHO cells. The pRK5-PRO can be transfected into CHO cells using known reagents such as CaPO 4 or DEAE-dextran. As described above, the cell cultures can be ) incubated, and the medium replaced with culture medium (alone) or medium containing a radiolabel such as 'IS methionine. After determining the presence of a PRO polypeptide, the culture medium may be replaced with serum free medium. Preferably, the cultures are incubated for about 6 days, and then the conditioned medium is harvested. The medium containing the expressed PRO polypeptide can then be concentrated and purified by any selected method. 5 Epitope-tagged PRO may also be expressed in host CHO cells. The PRO may be subcloned out of the pRK5 vector. The subelone insert can undergo PCR to fuse in frame with a selected epitope tag such as a poly His tag into a Baculovirus expression vector. The poly-His tagged PRO insert can then be subcloned into a SV40 driven vector containing a selection marker such as DHFR for selection of stable clones. Finally, the CHO cells can be transfected (as described above) with the SV40 driven vector. Labeling may be performed, as 0 described above, to verify expression. The culture medium containing the expressed poly-His tagged PRO can then be concentrated and purified by any selected method, such as by Ni 2 '-chelate affinity chromatography. PRO may also be expressed in CHO and/or COS cells by a transient expression procedure or in CHO cells by another stable expression procedure. Stable expression in CHO cells is performed using the following procedure. The proteins are expressed 5 as an IgG construct (immunoadhesin), in which the coding sequences for the soluble forms (e.g., extracellular domains) of the respective proteins are fused to an IgG 1 constant region sequence containing the hinge, CH2 and CH2 domains and/or as a poly-His tagged form. 106 Following PCR amplification, the respective DNAs are subcloned in a CHO expression vector using standard techniques as described in Ausubel et aL, Current Protocols of Molecular Biology, Unit 3.16, John Wiley and Sons (1997). CHO expression vectors are constructed to have compatible restriction sites 5'and 3'of the DNA of interest to allow the convenient shuttling of cDNA's. The vector used in expression in CHO cells is as described in Lucas et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 24:9 (1774-1779 (1996), and uses the SV40 early promoter/enhancer to drive expression of the cDNA of interest and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). DHFR expression permits selection for stable maintenance of the plasmid following transfection. Twelve micrograms of the desired plasmid DNA is introduced into approximately 10 million CHO cells using commercially available transfection reagents Superfect* (Qiagen), Dosper* or Fugene* (Boehringer Mannheim). The cells are grown as described in Lucas et al., supra. Approximately 3 x 10' cells are frozen in an ampule for further growth and production as described below. The ampules containing the plasmid DNA are thawed by placement into a water bath and mixed by vortexing. The contents are pipetted into a centrifuge tube containing 10 ml of media and centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes. The supernatant is aspirated and the cells are resuspended in 10 ml of selective media (0.2 pm filtered PS20 with 5% 0.2 s~m diafiltered fetal bovine serum). The cells are then aliquoted into a 100 mil spinner containing 90 ml of selective media. After 1-2 days, the cells are transferred into a 250 ml spinner filled with 150 ml selective growth medium and incubated at 37'C. After another 2-3 days, 250 ml, 500 ml and 2000 ml spinners are seeded with 3 x 10' cells/ml. The cell media is exchanged with fresh media by centrifugation and resuspension in production medium. Although any suitable CHO media may be employed, a production medium described in U.S. Patent No. 5,122,469, issued June 16, 1992 may actually be used. A 3L production spinner is seeded at 1.2 x 106 cells/mil. On day 0, the cell number and pH is determined. On day 1, the spinner is sampled and sparging with filtered air is commenced. On day 2, the spinner is sampled, the temperature shifted to 33*C, and 30 ml of 500 g/L glucose and 0.6 ml of 10% antifoam (e.g., 35% polydimethylsiloxane emulsion, Dow Corning 365 Medical Grade Emulsion) taken. Throughout the production, the pH is adjusted as necessary to keep it at around 7.2. After 10 days, or until the viability drops below 70%, the cell culture is harvested by 5 centrifugation and filtering through a 0.22 Im filter. The filtrate is either stored at 4"C or immediately loaded onto columns for purification. For the poly-His tagged constructs, the proteins are purified using a Ni 2 *-NTA column (Qiagen). Before purification, imidazole is added to the conditioned media to a concentration of 5 mM. The conditioned media is pumped onto a 6 ml Ni 2 +-NTA column equilibrated in 20 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, buffer containing 0.3 M NaCI and 5 mM imidazole at a flow rate of 4-5 ml/min. at 4"C. After loading, the column is washed with additional equilibration buffer and the protein eluted with equilibration buffer containing 0.25 M imidazole. The highly purified protein is subsequently desalted into a storage buffer containing 10 mM Hepes, 0.14 M NaCI and 4% mannitol, pH 6.8, with a 25 ml G25 Superfine (Pharmacia) column and stored at -80*C. Immunoadhesin (Fc-containing) constructs are purified from the conditioned media as follows. The conditioned medium is pumped onto a 5 ml Protein A column (Pharmacia) which has been equilibrated in 20 mM Na phosphate buffer, pH 6.8. After loading, the column is washed extensively with equilibration buffer before elution with 100 mM citric acid, pH 3.5. The eluted protein is immediately neutralized by collecting 1 ml fractions into tubes containing 275 [LI of 1 M Tris buffer, pH 9. The highly purified protein is subsequently 107 desalted into storage buffer as described above for the poly-His tagged proteins. The homogeneity is assessed by SDS polyacrylamide gels and by N-terminal amino acid sequencing by Edman degradation. Many of the PRO polypeptides disclosed herein were successfully expressed as descibed above. 6.5. EXAMPLE 5: Expression of PRO in Yeast 5 The following method describes recombinant expression of PRO in yeast. First, yeast expression vectors are constructed for intracellular production or secretion of PRO from the ADH2/GAPDH promoter. DNA encoding PRO and the promoter is inserted into suitable restriction enzyme sites in the selected plasmid to 'direct intracellular expression of PRO. For secretion, DNA encoding PRO can be cloned into the selected plasmid, together with DNA encoding the ADH2/GAPDH promoter, a native PRO 0 signal peptide or other mammalian signal peptide, or, for example, a yeast alpha-factor or invertase secretory signal/leader sequence, and linker sequences (if needed) for expression of PRO. Yeast cells, such as yeast strain AB 110, can then be transformed with the expression plasmids described above and cultured in selected fermentation media. The transformed yeast supernatants can be analyzed by precipitation with 10% trichloroacetic acid and separation by SDS-PAGE, followed by staining of 5 the gels with Coomassie Blue stain. Recombinant PRO can subsequently be isolated and purified by removing the yeast cells from the fermentation medium by centrifugation and then concentrating the medium using selected cartridge filters. The concentrate containing PRO may further be purified using selected column chromatography resins. Many of the PRO polypeptides disclosed herein were successfully expressed as described above. 0 6.6. EXAMPLE 6: Expression of PRO in Baculovirus-Infected Insect Cells The following method describes recombinant expression in Baculovirus-infected insect cells. The sequence coding for PRO is fused upstream of an epitope tag contained within a baculovirus expression vector. Such epitope tags include poly-His tags and immunoglobulin tags (like Fc regions of IgG). A 5 variety of plasmids may be employed, including plasmids derived from commercially available plasmids such as pVL1393 (Novagen). Briefly, the sequence encoding PRO or the desired portion of the coding sequence of PRO (such as the sequence encoding the extracellular domain of a transmembrane protein or the sequence encoding the mature protein if the protein is extracellular) is amplified by PCR with primers complementary to the 5' and 3'regions. The 5' primer may incorporate flanking (selected) restriction enzyme sites. The product is 0 then digested with those selected restriction enzymes and subcloned into the expression vector. Recombinant baculovirus is generated by co-transfecting the above plasmid and BaculoGold'M virus DNA (Pharmingen) into Spodopterafrugiperda ("Sf9") cells (ATCC CRL 1711) using lipofectin (commercially available from GIBCO-BRL). After 4 - 5 days of incubation at 28*C, the released viruses are harvested and used for further amplifications. Viral infection and protein expression are performed as described by O'Reilley et al., 5 Baculovirus expression vectors: A Laboratory Manual, Oxford: Oxford University Press (1994). Expressed poly-His tagged PRO can then be purified, for example, by Ni 2 +-chelate affinity chromatography as follows. Extracts are prepared from recombinant virus-infected Sf9 cells as described by Rupert et al., Nature 362:175-179 (1993). Briefly, Sf9 cells are washed, resuspended in sonication buffer (25 108 ml Hepes, pH 7.9; 12.5 mM MgC 2 ; 0.1 mM EDTA; 10% glycerol; 0.1% NP-40; 0.4 M KCI), and sonicated twice for 20 seconds on ice. The sonicates are cleared by centrifugation, and the supernatant is diluted 50-fold in loading buffer (50 mM phosphate, 300 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, pH 7.8) and filtered through a 0.45 gm filter. A Ni 2 *-NTA agarose column (commercially available from Qiagen) is prepared with a bed volume of 5 ml, washed with 25 ml of water and equilibrated with 25 ml of loading buffer. The filtered cell extract is loaded 5 onto the column at 0.5 ml per minute. The column is washed to baseline A, 0 with loading buffer, at which point fraction collection is started. Next, the column is washed with a secondary wash buffer (50 mM phosphate; 300 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, pH 6.0), which elutes nonspecifically bound protein. After reaching A 2 8 0 baseline again, the column is developed with a 0 to 500 mM imidazole gradient in the secondary wash buffer. One ml fractions are collected and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and silver staining or Western blot with Ni 2

*-NTA

0 conjugated to alkaline phosphatase (Qiagen). Fractions containing the eluted His,6-tagged PRO are pooled and dialyzed against loading buffer. Alternatively, purification of the IgG tagged (or Fc tagged) PRO can be performed using known chromatography techniques, including for instance, Protein A or protein G column chromatography. Following PCR amplification, the respective coding sequences are subcloned into a baculovirus 5 expression vector (pb.PH.IgG for IgG fusions and pb.PH.His.c for poly-His tagged proteins), and the vector and Baculogold@ baculovirus DNA (Pharmingen) are co-transfected into 105 Spodopterafrugiperda ("Sf9") cells (ATCC CRL 1711), using Lipofectin (Gibco BRL). pb.PH.IgG and pb.PH.His are modifications of the commercially available baculovirus expression vector pVL1393 (Pharningen), with modified polylinker regions to include the His or Fc tag sequences. The cells are grown in Hink's TNM-FH medium supplemented with 10% 0) FBS (Hyclone). Cells are incubated for 5 days at 28*C. The supernatant is harvested and subsequently used for the first viral amplification by infecting Sf9 cells in Hink's TNM-FH medium supplemented with 10% FBS at an approximate multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. Cells are incubated for 3 days at 28*C. The supernatant is harvested and the expression of the constructs in the baculovirus expression vector is determined by batch binding of I ml of supernatant to 25 ml of Ni 2 t-NTA beads (QIAGEN) for histidine tagged proteins or 5 Protein-A Sepharose CL-4B beads (Pharmacia) for IgG tagged proteins followed by SDS-PAGE analysis comparing to a known concentration of protein standard by Coomassie blue staining. The first viral amplification supernatant is used to infect a spinner culture (500 ml) of Sf9 cells grown in ESF-921 niedium (Expression Systems LLC) at an approximate MOI of 0.1. Cells are incubated for 3 days at 28*C. The supernatant is harvested and filtered. Batch binding and SDS-PAGE analysis is repeated, as 0 necessary, until expression of the spinner culture is confirmed. The conditioned medium from the transfected cells (0.5 to 3 L) is harvested by centrifugation to remove the cells and filtered through 0.22 micron filters. For the poly-His tagged constructs, the protein construct is purified using a Ni 2 *-NTA column (Qiagen). Before purification, imidazole is added to the conditioned media to a concentration of 5 mM. The conditioned media is pumped onto a 6 ml Ni 2 +-NTA column equilibrated in 20 5 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, buffer containing 0.3 M NaCl and 5 mM imidazole at a flow rate of 4-5 ml/min. at 4 0 C. After loading, the column is washed with additional equilibration buffer and the protein eluted with equilibration buffer containing 0.25 M imidazole. The highly purified protein is subsequently-desalted into a storage buffer 109 containing 10 mM Hepes, 0.14 M NaCl and 4% mannitol, pH 6.8, with a 25 ml G25 Superfine (Pharmacia) column and stored at -80 0 C. Immunoadhesin (Fc containing) constructs of proteins are purified from the conditioned media as follows. The conditioned media is pumped onto a 5 ml Protein A column (Pharmacia) which has been equilibrated in 20 mM Na phosphate buffer, pH 6.8. After loading, the column is washed extensively with 5 equilibration buffer before elution with 100 mM citric acid, pH 3.5. The eluted protein is immediately neutralized by collecting I ml fractions into tubes containing 275 ml of I M Tris buffer, pH 9. The highly purified protein is subsequently desalted into storage buffer as described above for the poly-His tagged proteins. The homogeneity of the proteins is verified by SDS polyacrylamide gel (PEG) electrophoresis and N-terminal amino acid sequencing by Edman degradation. 0 Alternatively, a modified baculovirus procedure may be used incorporating high-5 cells. In this procedure, the DNA encoding the desired sequence is amplified with suitable systems, such as Pfu (Stratagene), or fused upstream (5'-of) of an epitope tag contained with a baculovirus expression vector. Such epitope tags include poly-His tags and immunoglobulin tags (like Fc regions of IgG). A variety of plasmids may be employed, including plasmids derived from commercially available plasmids such as pIEl-1 (Novagen). The 5 pIEl-1 and pIEl-2 vectors are designed for constitutive expression of recombinant proteins from the baculovirus ie l promoter in stably-transformed insect cells (1). The plasmids differ only in the orientation of the multiple cloning sites and contain all promoter sequences known to be important for ie l-mediated gene expression in uninfected insect cells as well as the hr5 enhancer element. pIE1-I and pIEl-2 include the translation initiation site and can be used to produce fusion proteins. Briefly, the desired sequence or the desired portion of the o sequence (such as the sequence encoding the extracellular domain of a transmembrane protein) is amplified by PCR with primers complementary to the 5' and 3' regions. The 5' primer may incorporate flanking (selected) restriction enzyme sites. The product is then digested with those selected restriction enzymes and subcloned into the expression vector. For example, derivatives of pIEl-1 can include the Fc region of human IgG (pb.PH.IgG) or an 8 histidine (pb.PH.His) tag downstream (3'-of) the desired sequence. Preferably, the vector 25 construct is sequenced for confirmation. High-5 cells are grown to a confluency of 50% under the conditions of, 27*C, no CO 2 , NO pen/strep. For each 150 mm plate, 30 sg of pIE based vector containing the sequence is mixed with 1 ml Ex-Cell medium (Media: Ex-Cell 401 + 1/100 L-Glu JRH Biosciences #14401-78P (note: this media is light sensitive)), and in a separate tube, 100 sl of CellFectin (CellFECTIN (GibcoBRL #10362-010) (vortexed to mix)) is mixed with 1 30 ml of Ex-Cell medium. The two solutions are combined and allowed to incubate at room temperature for 15 minutes. 8 ml of Ex-Cell media is added to the 2 ml of DNA/CeIIFECTIN mix and this is layered on high-5 cells that have been washed once with Ex-Cell media. The plate is then incubated in darkness for 1 hour at room temperature. The DNA/CeIIFECTIN mix is then aspirated, and the cells are washed once with Ex-Cell to remove excess CelIFECTIN, 30 ml of fresh Ex-Cell media is added and the cells are incubated for 3 days at 5 28*C. The supernatant is harvested and the expression of the sequence in the baculovirus expression vector is determined by batch binding of I ml of supernatent to 25 ml of Ni 2 *-NTA beads (QIAGEN) for histidine tagged proteins or Protein-A Sepharose CL-4B beads (Pharmacia) for IgG tagged proteins followed by SDS-PAGE analysis comparing to a known concentration of protein standard by Coomassie blue staining. 110 The conditioned media from the transfected cells (0.5 to 3 L) is harvested by centrifugation to remove the cells and filtered through 0.22 micron filters. For the poly-His tagged constructs, the protein comprising the sequence is purified using a Ni 2 *-NTA column (Qiagen). Before purification, imidazole is added to the conditioned media to a concentration of 5 mM. The conditioned media is pumped onto a 6 ml Ni 2 *-NTA column equilibrated in 20 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, buffer containing 0.3 M NaCl and 5 mM imidazole at a flow rate 5 of 4-5 ml/min. at 48*C. After loading, the column is washed with additional equilibration buffer and the protein eluted with equilibration buffer containing 0.25 M imidazole. The highly purified protein is then subsequently desalted into a storage buffer containing 10 mM Hepes, 0.14 M NaCl and 4% mannitol, pH 6.8, with a 25 ml G25 Superfine (Pharmacia) column and stored at -80 0 C. Immunoadhesin (Fc containing) constructs of proteins are purified from the conditioned media as 10 follows. The conditioned media is pumped onto a 5 ml Protein A column (Pharmacia) which had been equilibrated in 20 mM Na phosphate buffer, pH 6.8. After loading, the column is washed extensively with equilibration buffer before elution with 100 mM citric acid, pH 3.5. The eluted protein is immediately neutralized by collecting 1 ml fractions into tubes containing 275 ml of 1 M Tris buffer, pH 9. The highly purified protein is subsequently desalted into storage buffer as described above for the poly-His tagged proteins. L5 The homogeneity of the sequence is assessed by SDS polyacrylamide gels and by N-terminal amino acid sequencing by Edman degradation and other analytical procedures as desired or necessary. Many of the PRO polypeptides disclosed herein were successfully expressed as described above. 6.7. EXAMPLE 7: Preparation of Antibodies that Bind PRO 0 This example illustrates preparation of monoclonal antibodies which can specifically bind the PRO polypeptide or an epitope on the PRO polypeptide without substantially binding to any other polypeptide or polypeptide epitope. Techniques for producing the monoclonal antibodies are known in the art and are described, for instance, in Goding, supra. Immunogens that may be employed include purified PRO, fusion proteins 25 containing PRO, and cells expressing recombinant PRO on the cell surface. Selection of the immunogen can be made by the skilled artisan without undue experimentation. Mice, such as Balb/c, are immunized with the PRO immunogen emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant and injected subcutaneously or intraperitoneally in an amount from 1-100 micrograms. Alternatively, the immunogen is emulsified in MPL-TDM adjuvant (Ribi Immunochemical Research, Hamilton, MT) and 30 injected into the animal's hind foot pads. The immunized mice are then boosted 10 to 12 days later with additional immunogen emulsified in the selected adjuvant. Thereafter, for several weeks, the mice may also be boosted with additional immunization injections. Serum samples may be periodically obtained from the mice by retro-orbital bleeding for testing in ELISA assays to detect anti-PRO antibodies. After a suitable antibody titer has been detected, the animals "positive" for antibodies can be injected 35 with a final intravenous injection of PRO. Three to four days later, the mice are sacrificed and the spleen cells are harvested. The spleen cells are then fused (using 35% polyethylene glycol) to a selected murine myeloma cell line such as P3X63AgU. 1, available from ATCC, No. CRL 1597. The fusions generate hybridoma cells 111 which can then be plated in 96 well tissue culture plates containing HAT (hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine) medium to inhibit proliferation of non-fused cells, myeloma hybrids, and spleen cell hybrids. The hybridoma cells will be screened in an ELISA for reactivity against PRO. Determination of "positive" hybridoma cells secreting the desired monoclonal antibodies against PRO is within the skill in the art. The positive hybridoma cells can be injected intraperitoneally into syngeneic Balb/c mice to produce 5 ascites containing the anti-PRO monoclonal antibodies. Alternatively, the hybridoma cells can be grown in tissue culture flasks or roller bottles. Purification of the monoclonal antibodies produced in the ascites can be accomplished using ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by gel exclusion chromatography. Alternatively, affinity chromatography based upon binding of antibody to protein A or protein G can be employed. D 6.8. EXAMPLE 8: Purification of PRO Polypeptides Using Specific Antibodies Native or recombinant PRO polypeptides may be purified by a variety of standard techniques in the art of protein purification. For example, pro-PRO polypeptide, mature PRO polypeptide, or pre-PRO polypeptide is purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using antibodies specific for the PRO polypeptide of interest. In general, an immunoaffinity column is constructed by covalently coupling the anti-PRO polypeptide antibody to 5 an activated chromatographic resin. Polyclonal immunoglobulins are prepared from immune sera either by precipitation with ammonium sulfate or by purification on immobilized Protein A (Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology, Piscataway, N.J.). Likewise, monoclonal antibodies are prepared from mouse ascites fluid by ammonium sulfate precipitation or chromatography on immobilized Protein A. Partially purified immunoglobulin is covalently attached to a 0 chromatographic resin such as CnBr-activated SEPHAROSET" (Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology). The antibody is coupled to the resin, the resin is blocked, and the derivative resin is washed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Such an immunoaffinity column is utilized in the purification of PRO polypeptide by preparing a fraction from cells containing PRO polypeptide in a soluble form. This preparation is derived by solubilization of 25 the whole cell or of a subcellular fraction obtained via differential centrifugation by the addition of detergent or by other methods well known in the art. Alternatively, soluble PRO polypeptide containing a signal sequence may be secreted in useful quantity into the medium in which the cells are grown. A soluble PRO polypeptide-containing preparation is passed over the immunoaffinity column, and the column is washed under conditions that allow the preferential absorbance of PRO polypeptide (e.g., high ionic 30 strength buffers in the presence of detergent). Then, the column is eluted under conditions that disrupt antibody/PRO polypeptide binding (e.g., a low pH buffer such as approximately pH 2-3, or a high concentration of a chaotrope such as urea or thiocyanate ion), and PRO polypeptide is collected. 6.9. EXAMPLE 9: Drug Screening 35 This invention is particularly useful for screening compounds by using PRO polypeptides or binding fragment thereof in any of a variety of drug screening techniques. The PRO polypeptide or fragment employed in such a test may either be free in solution, affixed to a solid support, borne on a cell surface, or located 112 intracellularly. One method of drug screening utilizes eukaryotic or prokaryotic host cells which are stably transformed with recombinant nucleic acids expressing the PRO polypeptide or fragment Drugs are screened against such transformed cells in competitive binding assays. Such cells, either in viable or fixed form, can be used for standard binding assays. One may measure, for example, the formation of complexes between PRO polypeptide or a fragment and the agent being tested. Alternatively, one can examine the diminution in complex 5 formation between the PRO polypeptide and its target cell or target receptors caused by the agent being tested. Thus, the present invention provides methods of screening for drugs or any other agents which can affect a PRO polypeptide-associated disease or disorder. These methods comprise contacting such an agent with an PRO polypeptide or fragment thereof and assaying (I) for the presence of a complex between the agent and the PRO polypeptide or fragment, or (ii) for the presence of a complex between the PRO polypeptide or 0 fragment and the cell, by methods well known in the art. In such competitive binding assays, the PRO polypeptide or fragment is typically labeled. After suitable incubation, free PRO polypeptide or fragment is separated from that present in bound form, and the amount of free or uncomplexed label is a measure of the ability of the particular agent to bind to PRO polypeptide or to interfere with the PRO polypeptide/cell complex. Another technique for drug screening provides high throughput screening for compounds having 5 suitable binding affinity to a polypeptide and is described in detail in WO 84103564, published on September 13, 1984. Briefly stated, large numbers of different small peptide test compounds are synthesized on a solid substrate, such as plastic pins or some other surface. As applied to a PRO polypeptide, the peptide test compounds are reacted with PRO polypeptide and washed. Bound PRO polypeptide is detected by methods well known in the art Purified PRO polypeptide can also be coated directly onto plates for use in the aforementioned ) drug screening techniques. In addition, non-neutralizing antibodies can be used to capture the peptide and immobilize it on the solid support. This invention also contemplates the use of competitive drug screening assays in which neutralizing antibodies capable of binding PRO polypeptide specifically compete with a test compound for binding to PRO polypeptide or fragments thereof. In this manner, the antibodies can be used to detect the presence of any 5 peptide which shares one or more antigenic determinants with PRO polypeptide. 6.10. EXAMPLE 10: Rational Drug Design The goal of rational drug design is to produce structural analogs of biologically active polypeptide of interest (i.e., a PRO polypeptide) or of small molecules with which they interact, e.g., agonists, antagonists, or () inhibitors. Any of these examples can be used to fashion drugs which are more active or stable forms of the PRO polypeptide or which enhance or interfere with the function of the PRO polypeptide in vivo (c.f, Hodgson, Bio/Technology, 2: 19-21 (1991)). In one approach, the three-dimensional structure of the PRO polypeptide, or of an PRO polypeptide-inhibitor complex, is determined by x-ray crystallography, by computer modeling or, most typically, by a combination of the two approaches. Both the shape and charges of the PRO polypeptide must be ascertained to elucidate the structure and to determine active site(s) of the molecule.. Less often, useful information regarding the structure of the PRO polypeptide may be gained by modeling based on the structure of 113 homologous proteins. In both cases, relevant structural information is used to design analogous PRO polypeptide-like molecules or to identify efficient inhibitors. Useful examples of rational drug design may include molecules which have improved activity or stability as shown by Braxton and Wells, Biochemistry, 31:7796-7801 (1992) or which act as inhibitors, agonists, or antagonists of native peptides as shown by Athauda et aL, J. Biochem., 113:742-746 (1993). 5 It is also possible to isolate a target-specific antibody, selected by functional assay, as described above, and then to solve its crystal structure. This approach, in principle, yields a pharmacore upon which subsequent drug design can be based. It is possible to bypass protein crystallography altogether by generating anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-ids) to a functional, pharmacologically active antibody. As a mirror image of a mirror image, the binding site of the anti-ids would be expected to be an analog of the original receptor. The anti-id could then be 0 used to identify and isolate peptides from banks of chemically or biologically produced peptides. The isolated peptides would then act as the pharmacore. By virtue of the present invention, sufficient amounts of the PRO polypeptide may be made available to perform such analytical studies as X-ray crystallography. In addition, knowledge of the PRO polypeptide amino acid sequence provided herein will provide guidance to those employing computer modeling techniques in place 5 of or in addition to x-ray crystallography. 6.11. EXAMPLE II: Quantitative Analysis of PRO mRNA Expression In this assay, a 5' nuclease assay (for example, TaqMan@) and real-time quantitative PCR (for example, ABI Prism@ 7700 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA)), were used to find genes o that are overexpressed in an IBD as compared to normal non-IBD tissue. The 5' nuclease assay reaction is a fluorescent PCR-based technique which makes use of the 5' exonuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase enzyme to monitor gene expression in real time. Two oligonucleotide primers (whose sequences are based upon the gene of interest) are used to generate an amplicon typical of a PCR reaction. A third oligonucleotide, or probe, is designed to detect nucleotide sequence located between the two PCR primers. The probe is 25 non-extendible by Taq DNA polymerase enzyme, and is labeled with a reporter fluorescent dye and a quencher fluorescent dye. Any laser-induced emission from the reporter dye is quenched by the quenching dye when the two dyes are located close together as they are on the probe. During the PCR amplification reaction, the Taq DNA polymerase enzyme cleaves the probe in a template-dependent manner. The resultant probe fragments disassociate in solution, and signal from the released reporter dye is free from the quenching effect of the second 30 fluorophore. One molecule of reporter dye is liberated for each new molecule synthesized, and detection of the unquenched reporter dye provides the basis for quantitative interpretation of the data. The 5' nuclease procedure is run on a real-time quantitative PCR device such as the ABI Prism@ 7700 Sequence Detection System. The system consists of a thermocycler, laser, charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and computer. The system amplifies samples in a 96-well format on a thermocycler. During amplification, 35 laser-induced fluorescent signal is collected in real-time through fiber optics cables for all 96 wells, and detected at the CCD. The system includes software for running the instrument and.for.analyzing the data. 114 5' nuclease assay data are initially expressed as C, or the threshold cycle. This is defined as the cycle at which the reporter signal accumulates above the background level of fluorescence. The AC, value is used as quantitative measurement of the relative number of starting copies of a particular target sequence in a nucleic acid sample when compared to an internal standard (GAPDH transcripts). AC, is calculated as AC, = C,*""" samo * - CGAPDH insamplel. This iS to control for differences in mRNA concentration in the different samples. Data 5 from the six normal colon RNA samples were averaged together, and then the AC, calculated using GAPDH as the reference. The AAC, values are used as quantitative measurement of. the relative number of starting copies of a particular target sequence in a nucleic acid sample when comparing ID colon RNA results to normal colon RNA results. The AAC, was calculated by subtracting the signal for the normal colon mRNA from the signal for 10 disease mRNA. AAC, = ACIdise - ACt"na. The fold difference was calculated as 2-c. As one C, unit corresponds to I PCR cycle, or approximately a 2-fold relative increase relative to normal, two units corresponds to a 4-fold relative increase, 3 units corresponds to an 8-fold relative increase and so on, one can quantitatively measure the relative fold increase in mRNA expression between two or more different tissues. Using this technique, the molecules listed below have been identified as being significantly L5 overexpressed (fold difference 2 15 in IBD versus normal) or underexpressed (fold difference s 50 in IBD versus normal) in greater than 1/3 of IBD samples as compared to normal non-IBD tissue. In a separate analysis, the raw C values were analyzed by a Kruskal-Wallis test with the hypothesis that the genes had common C, values in the UC, CD and normal groups. The genes were ranked by their Kruskal-Wallis statistic scores, with larger scores indicating differences in expression between the groups. The genes thus identified represent 0 excellent polypeptide targets for the diagnosis and therapy of IBD in mammals. Molecule upregulation of expression in: as compared to: DNA92247 Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue DNA188425 Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue DNA188287 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue 25 DNA188332 Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue DNA87994 Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue DNA188278 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA99331 Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue DNA64882 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue 30 DNA188277 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA188182 Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue DNA105792 Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue DNA59776 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA62377 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue 35 DNA188355 Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue DNA171372 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA188302 Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue 115 DNA88432 Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue DNA51786 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA95930 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA 188205 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA77509 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue 5 DNA40576 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA33461 Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue DNA33085 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA32279 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA69553 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue 0 DNA188448 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA102850 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA194566 Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue DNA77512 Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue DNA33785 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue 5 DNA82352 Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue DNA188340 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA188203 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA145582 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA88417 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue ', DNA101222 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA199788 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA166819 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA81752 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA188270 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue 25 DNA82305 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA107429 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA168061 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA33457 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA36725 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue 30 DNA188200 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA45416 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA80896 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA82352 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA82363 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue 35 DNA82368 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA83103 Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue DNA83500 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue 116 DNA88002 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA92282 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA96934 Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue DNA96943 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA97005 Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue 5 DNA98553 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA102845 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA108735 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA164455 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA188178 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue 0 DNA188271 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA188338 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA188342 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA188427 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA195011 Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue 5 DNA188244 Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue DNA165608 Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue DNA188339 Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue DNA188175 Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue O Molecule downregulation of expression in: as compared to: DNA51786 Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue DNA52594 Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue DNA200227 Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue DNA27865 Crohn's disease matched normal colon tissue 15 DNA33094 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA48328 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA50960 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA82319 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue DNA97005 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue 30 DNA108715 Ulcerative colitis matched normal colon tissue The foregoing written specification is considered to be sufficient to enable one skilled in the art to practice the invention. The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the construct deposited, since the deposited embodiment is intended as a single illustration of certain aspects of the invention and any constructs 35 that are functionally equivalent are within the scope of this invention. The deposit of material herein does not constitute an admission that the written description herein contained is inadequate to enable the practice of any aspect of the invention, including the best mode thereof, nor is it to be construed as limiting the scope of the 117 claims to the specific illustrations that it represents. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and fall within the scope of the appended claims. 118

Claims

1. A method of therapeutically treating a mammal having an IBD comprising cells that express a polypeptide having at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to: 5 (a) the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 60 (SEQ ID NO:60); or (b) an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 59 (SEQ ID NO:59), said method comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody that binds to said polypeptide, thereby effectively io treating said mammal.

2. Use of an antibody that binds to a polypeptide having at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to: (a) the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 60 (SEQ ID NO:60); or is (b) an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 59 (SEQ ID NO:59), in the manufacture of a medicament for therapeutically treating a mammal having an IBD comprising cells that expresses the polypeptide. 20

3. A method according to Claim 1, or a use according to Claim 2 wherein said antibody is: (a) a monoclonal antibody; (b) an antibody fragment; (c) a chimeric or a humanized antibody; 25 (d) conjugated to a growth inhibitory agent; or (e) conjugated to a cytotoxic agent.

4. A method or use according to Claim 3, wherein said cytotoxic agent is selected from the group consisting of a toxin, an antibiotic, a radioactive isotope and a 30 nucleolytic enzyme.

5. A method or use according to Claim 4, wherein the toxin is selected from the group consisting of maytansinoid and calicheamicin. 3s

6. A method according to any one of Claims 1, and 3 to 5, or a use according to any one of Claims 2 to 5, wherein said antibody is produced in bacteria, or in CHO cells. 3641548_1 (GHManters) P52614.AU.2 28/08/12 - 120

7. A method according to any one of Claims 1, and 3 to 6, or a use according to any one of Claims 2 to 6, wherein said cell or said IBD is further exposed to radiation treatment or a chemotherapeutic agent. 5

8. A method according to any one of Claims 1, and 3 to 7, or a use according to any one of Claims 2 to 7, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of an Ulcerative colitis cell and a Crohn's disease cell. io

9. A method according to any one of Claims 1, and 3 to 8, or a use according to any one of Claims 2 to 8, wherein said cell over-expresses said polypeptide as compared to a normal cell of the same tissue origin.

10. A method according to any one of Claims 1, and 3 to 7, or a use according to 15 any one of Claims 2 to 7, wherein said IBD is selected from the group consisting of Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

11. A method of diagnosing the presence of an IBD in a mammal, said method comprising detecting the level of expression of a gene encoding a polypeptide having at 20 least 80% amino acid sequence identity to: (a) the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 60 (SEQ ID NO:60); or (b) an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 59 (SEQ ID NO:59), in a test sample of tissue cells obtained from said mammal and in a control 25 sample of known normal cells of the same tissue origin, wherein a higher or lower level of expression of said polypeptide in the test sample, as compared to the control sample, is indicative of the presence of an IBD in the mammal from which the test sample was obtained. 30

12. A method according to Claim 11, wherein the step detecting the level of expression of a gene encoding said polypeptide comprises employing an antibody or antibody fragment thereof in an immunohistochemistry analysis.

13. A method of diagnosing the presence of an IBD in a mammal, said method 35 comprising contacting a test sample of tissue cells obtained from said mammal with an antibody or antibody fragment thereof that binds to a polypeptide having at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to: 3641548_1 (GHMatters) P52614.AU.2 28/08/12 - 121 (a) the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 60 (SEQ ID NO:60); or (b) an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 59 (SEQ ID NO:59), and detecting the formation of a complex between said antibody and said 5 polypeptide in the test sample, wherein the formation of a complex is indicative of the presence of an IBD in said mammal.

14. A method according to any one of Claims 11 to 13, wherein said test sample of tissue cells is obtained from an individual suspected of having an IBD. 10

15. A method according to any one of Claims 12 to 14, wherein said antibody is a monoclonal antibody.

16. A method according to any one of Claims 12 to 14, wherein said antibody is a 15 polyclonal antibody.

17. A method according to any one of Claims 12 to 14, wherein said antibody is an antibody fragment. 20

18. A method according to any one of Claims 12 to 14, wherein said antibody is a chimeric or humanized antibody.

19. A method according to any one of claims 12 to 18, wherein said antibody or antibody fragment is detectably labelled. 25

20. A method according to Claim 11, wherein the step detecting the level of expression of a gene encoding said polypeptide comprises employing an oligonucleotide in an in situ hybridization or RT-PCR analysis. 30

21. An kit when used in a method according to claim 1 or 11, comprising: (a) a container; and (b) an antibody according to any one of claims 12 to 19. 3641548_1 (GHMatters) P52614.AU.2 28/08/12