AU2012200046B2

AU2012200046B2 - Fusion proteins

Info

Publication number: AU2012200046B2
Application number: AU2012200046A
Authority: AU
Inventors: K. Roger Aoki; John Chaddock; Keith Foster; Joseph Francis; Philip Marks; Patrick Stancombe; Lance Steward
Original assignee: Sec Dep For Health; UK Secretary of State for Health; Allergan Inc
Current assignee: UK Secretary of State for Health; Allergan Inc
Priority date: 2005-12-01
Filing date: 2012-01-05
Publication date: 2015-05-28
Anticipated expiration: 2025-12-01
Also published as: AU2012203056B2; AU2012203055B2; AU2012201491A1; AU2012200046A1; AU2012201491B2; AU2012203056A1; AU2011202219B2; AU2011202219A1; AU2012203055A1

Abstract

A single chain, polypeptide fusion protein, comprising: a non-cytotoxic protease, 5 or a fragment thereof, which protease or protease fragment is capable of cleaving a protein of the exocytic fusion apparatus of a nociceptive sensory afferent; a galanin Targeting Moiety that is capable of binding to a Binding Site on the nociceptive sensory afferent, which Binding Site is capable of undergoing endocytosis to be incorporated into an endosome within the nociceptive sensory 10 afferent; a protease cleavage site at which site the fusion protein is cleavable by a protease, wherein the protease cleavage site is located between the non cytotoxic protease or fragment thereof and the galanin Targeting Moiety; and a translocation domain that is capable of translocating the protease or protease fragment from within an endosome, across the endosomal membrane and into 15 the cytosol of the nociceptive sensory afferent. Nucleic acid sequences encoding the polypeptide fusion proteins, methods of preparing same and uses thereof are also described. Figure 19 g30 Q- 10 Pre-Treat Pre-CAP CAP *p < 0.05 [~]Saline E3 CPN/A (0.75 ng, n=8) EZZ2 CPN/A (7.5 ng, n=8) EM5 CPN/A (75 ng, n=8) GEM CPN/A (750 ng, n=11) CPN/A (75,000 ng, n=8)

Description

P1OO/O1 1 Regulation 3.2 AUSTRALIA Patents Act 1990 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION STANDARD PATENT Invention Title: Fusion proteins The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to us: 1A Fusion proteins Field of the Invention This invention relates to non-cytotoxic fusion proteins, and to the therapeutic application thereof as analgesic molecules. 5 Background of the Invention Toxins may be generally divided into two groups according to the type of effect that they have on a target cell. In more detail, the first group of toxins kill their natural target cells, and are therefore known as cytotoxic toxin molecules. This 10 group of toxins is exemplified inter alia by plant toxins such as ricin, and abrin, and by bacterial toxins such as diphtheria toxin, and Pseudomonas exotoxin A. Cytotoxic toxins have attracted much interest in the design of "magic bullets" (e.g. immunoconjugates, which comprise a cytotoxic toxin component and an antibody that binds to a specific marker on a target cell) for the treatment of cellular 15 disorders and conditions such as cancer. Cytotoxic toxins typically kill their target cells by inhibiting the cellular process of protein synthesis. The second group of toxins, which are known as non-cytotoxic toxins, do not (as their name confirms) kill their natural target cells. Non-cytotoxic toxins have 20 attracted much less commercial interest than have their cytotoxic counterparts, and exert their effects on a target cell by inhibiting cellular processes other than protein synthesis. Non-cytotoxic toxins are produced by a variety of plants, and by a variety of microorganisms such as Clostridium sp. and Neisseria sp. 25 Clostridial neurotoxins are proteins that typically have a molecular mass of the order of 150 kDa. They are produced by various species of bacteria, especially of the genus Clostridium, most importantly C. tetani and several strains of C. botulinum, C. butyricum and C. argentinense. There are at present eight different classes of the clostridial neurotoxin, namely: tetanus toxin, and botulinum 30 neurotoxin in its serotypes A, B, C1, D, E, F and G, and they all share similar structures and modes of action.

2 Clostridial neurotoxins represent a major group of non-cytotoxic toxin molecules, and are synthesised by the host bacterium as single polypeptides that are modified post-translationally by a proteolytic cleavage event to form two 5 polypeptide chains joined together by a disulphide bond. The two chains are termed the heavy chain (H-chain), which has a molecular mass of approximately 100 kDa, and the light chain (L-chain), which has a molecular mass of approximately 50 kDa. 10 L-chains possess a protease function (zinc-dependent endopeptidase activity) and exhibit a high substrate specificity for vesicle and/or plasma membrane associated proteins involved in the exocytic process. L-chains from different clostridial species or serotypes may hydrolyse different but specific peptide bonds in one of three substrate proteins, namely synaptobrevin, syntaxin or SNAP-25. 15 These substrates are important components of the neurosecretory machinery. Neisseria sp., most importantly from the species N. gonorrhoeae, produce functionally similar non-cytotoxic proteases. An example of such a protease is IgA protease (see W099/58571). 20 It has been well documented in the art that toxin molecules may be re-targeted to a cell that is not the toxin's natural target cell. When so re-targeted, the modified toxin is capable of binding to a desired target cell and, following subsequent translocation into the cytosol, is capable of exerting its effect on the target cell. 25 Said re-targeting is achieved by replacing the natural Targeting Moiety (TM) of the toxin with a different TM. In this regard, the TM is selected so that it will bind to a desired target cell, and allow subsequent passage of the modified toxin into an endosome within the target cell. The modified toxin also comprises a translocation domain to enable entry of the non-cytotoxic protease into the cell 30 cytosol. The translocation domain can be the natural translocation domain of the toxin or it can be a different translocation domain obtained from a microbial protein with translocation activity.

3 The above-mentioned TM replacement may be effected by conventional chemical conjugation techniques, which are well known to a skilled person. In this regard, reference is made to Hermanson, G.T. (1996), Bioconjugate techniques, 5 Academic Press, and to Wong, S.S. (1991), Chemistry of protein conjugation and cross-linking, CRC Press. However, different receptors present on a target cell of interest demonstrate different binding affinities for different TMs. This may be a particular problem with 10 pain-sensing cells, which possess a wide range of receptor types having different binding affinities for different TMs. Thus, a re-targeted conjugate comprising a particular TM (that binds to a receptor on a pain-sensing cell) may demonstrate a low binding affinity for a pain-sensing target cell, which is undesirable. 15 There is therefore a need to develop modified non-cytotoxic fusion proteins that address one or more of the above problems. Of particular interest is the development of an alternative/ improved non-cytotoxic fusion protein for use in treating pain. 20 The present invention seeks to address one or more of the above problems by using as the fusion protein's Targeting Moiety (TM) an "agonist" of a receptor that is present on the pain-sensing target cell of interest. In preferred embodiments, the pain-sensing target cell is a nociceptive sensory afferent, more preferably a primary nociceptive sensory afferent. 25 Summary of the Invention The present invention addresses one or more of the above-mentioned problems by providing a single chain, polypeptide fusion protein, comprising: 30 a. a non-cytotoxic protease, or a fragment thereof, which protease or protease fragment is capable of cleaving a 4 protein of the exocytic fusion apparatus in a nociceptive sensory afferent; b. a Targeting Moiety that is capable of binding to a Binding Site on the nociceptive sensory afferent, which Binding Site 5 is capable of undergoing endocytosis to be incorporated into an endosome within the nociceptive sensory afferent; c. a protease cleavage site at which site the fusion protein is cleavable by a protease, wherein the protease cleavage site is located between the non-cytotoxic protease or fragment 10 thereof and the Targeting Moiety; and d. a translocation domain that is capable of translocating the protease or protease fragment from within an endosome, across the endosomal membrane and into the cytosol of the nociceptive sensory afferent. 15 The invention provides a single chain, polypeptide fusion protein, comprising: a. a non-cytotoxic protease, or a fragment thereof, which protease or protease fragment cleaves a protein of the exocytic fusion apparatus of a nociceptive sensory afferent; 20 b. a galanin Targeting Moiety that binds to a Binding Site on the nociceptive sensory afferent, which Binding Site endocytoses to be incorporated into an endosome within the nociceptive sensory afferent; c. a protease cleavage site at which site the fusion protein is 25 cleavable by a protease, wherein the protease cleavage site is located between the non-cytotoxic protease or fragment thereof and the Targeting Moiety; d. a translocation domain that translocates the protease or protease fragment from within an endosome, across the 30 endosomal membrane and into the cytosol of the nociceptive sensory afferent; wherein the polypeptide fusion protein comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs: 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 or 101.

4A As used herein, except where the context requires otherwise, the term "comprise" and variations of the term, such as "comprising", "comprises" and "comprised", are not intended to exclude other additives, components, integers or steps. 5 Reference to any prior art in the specification is not, and should not be taken as, an acknowledgment, or any form of suggestion, that this prior art forms part of the common general knowledge in Australia or any other jurisdiction or that this prior art could reasonably be expected to be ascertained, understood and regarded as relevant by a person skilled in the art. 10 Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 - Purification of a LC/A-nociceptin-HNIA fusion protein Using the methodology outlined in Example 9, a LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion protein was purified from E. coli BL21 cells. Briefly, the soluble products obtained 15 following cell disruption were applied to a nickel-charged affinity capture column. Bound proteins were eluted with 100 mM imidazole, treated with Factor Xa to activate the fusion protein and remove the maltose-binding protein (MBP) tag, then re-applied to a second nickel-charged affinity capture column. Samples from the purification procedure were assessed by SDS-PAGE (Panel A) and 20 Western blotting (Panel B). Anti-nociceptin antisera (obtained from Abcam) were used as the primary antibody for Western blotting. The final purified material in the absence and presence of reducing agent is identified in the lanes marked [-] and [+] respectively. 25 Figure 2 - Purification of a nociceptin-LC/A-HN/A fusion protein Using the methodology outlined in Example 9, a nociceptin-LC/A-HN/A fusion protein was purified from E. coli BL21 cells. Briefly, the soluble products obtained 5 following cell disruption were applied to a nickel-charged affinity capture column. Bound proteins were eluted with 100 mM imidazole, treated with Factor Xa to activate the fusion protein and remove the maltose-binding protein (MBP) tag, then re-applied to a second nickel-charged affinity capture column. Samples 5 from the purification procedure were assessed by SDS-PAGE (Panel A) and Western blotting (Panel B). Anti-nociceptin antisera (obtained from Abcam) were used as the primary antibody for Western blotting. The final purified material in the absence and presence of reducing agent is identified in the lanes marked [-] and [+] respectively. 10 Figure 3 - Purification of a LC/C-nociceptin-HN/C fusion protein Using the methodology outlined in Example 9, an LC/C-nociceptin-HN/C fusion protein was purified from E. coli BL21 cells. Briefly, the soluble products obtained following cell disruption were applied to a nickel-charged affinity capture column. 15 Bound proteins were eluted with 100 mM imidazole, treated with Factor Xa to activate the fusion protein and remove the maltose-binding protein (MBP) tag, then re-applied to a second nickel-charged affinity capture column. Samples from the purification procedure were assessed by SDS-PAGE (Panel A) and Western blotting (Panel B). Anti-nociceptin antisera (obtained from Abcam) were 20 used as the primary antibody for Western blotting. The final purified material in the absence and presence of reducing agent is identified in the lanes marked [-] and [+] respectively. Figure 4 - Purification of a LC/A-met enkephalin-HN/A fusion protein 25 Using the methodology outlined in Example 9, an LC/A-met enkephalin-HN/A fusion protein was purified from E. coli BL21 cells. Briefly, the soluble products obtained following cell disruption were applied to a nickel-charged affinity capture column. Bound proteins were eluted with 100 mM imidazole, treated with Factor Xa to activate the fusion protein and remove the maltose-binding protein (MBP) 30 tag, then re-applied to a second nickel-charged affinity capture column. Samples from the purification procedure were assessed by SDS-PAGE. The final purified 6 material in the absence and presence of reducing agent is identified in the lanes marked [-] and [+] respectively. Figure 5 - Comparison of binding efficacy of a LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion 5 protein and a nociceptin-LC/A-HN/A fusion protein The ability of nociceptin fusions to bind to the ORL 1 receptor was assessed using a simple competition-based assay. Primary cultures of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were exposed to varying concentrations of test material in the presence of 1 nM [3H]-nociceptin. The reduction in specific binding of the radiolabelled ligand was 10 assessed by scintillation counting, and plotted in comparison to the efficacy of unlabelled ligand (Tocris nociceptin). It is clear that the LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion is far superior to the nociceptin-LC/A-HN/A fusion at interacting with the

ORL

1 receptor. 15 Figure 6 - In vitro catalytic activity of a LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion protein The in vitro endopeptidase activity of the purified LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion protein was determined essentially as described in Chaddock et al 2002, Prot. Express Purif. 25, 219-228. Briefly, SNAP-25 peptide immobilised to an ELISA plate was exposed to varying concentrations of fusion protein for 1 hour at 37 0 C. 20 Following a series of washes, the amount of cleaved SNAP-25 peptide was quantified by reactivity with a specific antisera. Figure 7 - Purification of a LC/A-nociceptin variant-HN/A fusion protein Using the methodology outlined in Example 9, an LC/A-nociceptin variant-HN/A 25 fusion protein was purified from E. coli BL21 cells. Briefly, the soluble products obtained following cell disruption were applied to a nickel-charged affinity capture column. Bound proteins were eluted with 100 mM imidazole, treated with Factor Xa to activate the fusion protein and remove the maltose-binding protein (MBP) tag, then re-applied to a second nickel-charged affinity capture column. Samples 30 from the purification procedure were assessed by SDS-PAGE. The final purified material in the absence and presence of reducing agent is identified in the lanes marked [-] and [+] respectively.

7 Figure 8 - Comparison of binding efficacy of a LCIA-nociceptin-HN/A fusion protein and a LC/A-nociceptin variant-HN/A fusion protein The ability of nociceptin fusions to bind to the ORL 1 receptor was assessed using 5 a simple competition-based assay. Primary cultures of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were exposed to varying concentrations of test material in the presence of 1nM [3H]-nociceptin. The reduction in specific binding of the radiolabelled ligand was assessed by scintillation counting, and plotted in comparison to the efficacy of unlabelled ligand (Tocris nociceptin). It is clear that the LC/A-nociceptin variant 10 HN/A fusion (CPNv-LHA) is superior to the LC/A-nociceptin variant-HN/A fusion (CPN-LHA) at interacting with the ORL 1 receptor. Figure 9 - Expressed / purified LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion protein family with variable spacer length product(s) 15 Using the methodology outlined in Example 9, variants of the LC/A-CPN-HN/A fusion consisting of GS10, GS30 and HX27 are purified from E. coli cell paste. Samples from the purification of LC/A-CPN(GS1 0)-HN/A, LC/A-CPN(GS1 5)-HN/A, LC/A-CPN(GS25)-HN/A, LC/A-CPN(GS30)-HN/A and LC/A-CPN(HX27)-HN/A were assessed by SDS-PAGE prior to staining with Coomassie Blue. The 20 electrophoresis profile indicates purification of a disulphide-bonded di-chain species of the expected molecular mass of CPBE-A. Top panel: M = benchmark molecular mass markers; S = total E. coli protein soluble fraction; FT = proteins that did not bind to the Ni 2 +-charged Sepharose column; FUSION = fusion protein eluted by the addition of imidazole. Bottom panel: Lane 1 = benchmark 25 molecular mass markers; Lane 2 = total E. coi protein soluble fraction; Lane 3 = purified material following initial capture on Ni 2 +-charged Sepharose; Lane 4 = Factor Xa treated material prior to final capture on Ni 2 +-charged Sepharose; Lane 5 = purified final material post activation with Factor Xa (5 pl); Lane 6 = purified final material post activation with Factor Xa (10 pl); Lane 7 = purified final 30 material post activation with Factor Xa (20 pl); Lane 8 = purified final material post activation with Factor Xa + DTT (5 pl); Lane 9 = purified final material post 8 activation with Factor Xa + DTT (10 pl); Lane 10 = purified final material post activation with Factor Xa + DTT (20 pl). Figure 10 - Inhibition of SP release and cleavage of SNAP-25 by CPN-A 5 Briefly, primary cultures of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were exposed to varying concentrations of CPN-A for 24 hours. Cellular proteins were separated by SDS PAGE, Western blotted, and probed with anti-SNAP-25 to facilitate an assessment of SNAP-25 cleavage. The percentage of cleaved SNAP-25 was calculated by densitometric analysis and plotted against fusion concentration 10 (dashed line). Material was also recovered for an analysis of substance P content using a specific EIA kit. Inhibition of substance P release is illustrated by the solid line. The fusion concentration required to achieve 50% maximal SNAP-25 cleavage is estimated to be 6.30±2.48 nM. 15 Figure 11 - Inhibition of SP release and cleavage of SNAP-25 over extended time periods after exposure of DRG to CPN-A Primary cultures of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were exposed to varying concentrations of CPN-A for 24 hours. Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT/A) was used as a control. After this initial exposure, extracellular material was removed by 20 washing, and the cells incubated at 37 0 C for varying periods of time. At specific time points, cellular proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, Western blotted, and probed with anti-SNAP-25 to facilitate an assessment of SNAP-25 cleavage. The percentage of cleaved SNAP-25 was calculated by densitometric analysis and illustrated by the dotted lines. Material was also recovered for an analysis of 25 substance P content using a specific EIA kit. Inhibition of substance P release is illustrated by the solid lines. Figure 12 - Cleavage of SNAP-25 by CPNv-A Primary cultures of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were exposed to varying 30 concentrations of CPNv-A for 24 hours. Cellular proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, Western blotted, and probed with anti-SNAP-25 to facilitate an assessment of SNAP-25 cleavage. The percentage of cleaved SNAP-25 was 9 calculated by densitometric analysis. The fusion concentration required to achieve 50% maximal SNAP-25 cleavage is estimated to be 1.38±0.36 nM. Figure 13 - Cleavage of SNAP-25 over extended time periods after exposure 5 of DRG to CPNv-A Primary cultures of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were exposed to varying concentrations of CPNv-A for 24 hours. CPN-A was used as a control. After this initial exposure, extracellular material was removed by washing, and the cells incubated at 37 0 C for varying periods of time. At specific time points, cellular 10 proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, Western blotted, and probed with anti SNAP-25 to facilitate an assessment of SNAP-25 cleavage. The percentage of cleaved SNAP-25 was calculated by densitometric analysis. Figure 14 - CPNv-A fusion-mediated displacement of [3H]-nociceptin 15 binding The ability of nociceptin fusions to bind to the ORL 1 receptor was assessed using a simple competition-based assay. Primary cultures of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were exposed to varying concentrations of test material in the presence of 1 nM [3H]-nociceptin. The reduction in specific binding of the radiolabelled ligand was 20 assessed by scintillation counting, and plotted in comparison to the efficacy of unlabelled ligand (Tocris nociceptin). It is clear that the LC/A-nociceptin variant HN/A fusion (labelled as CPNv-LHnA) is superior to the LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion (labelled as CPN-LHnA) at interacting with the ORL 1 receptor. 25 Figure 15 - Expressed / purified CPNv(Ek)-A product Proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE prior to staining with Coomassie Blue. The electrophoresis profile indicates purification of a disulphide-bonded di-chain species of the expected molecular mass of CPNv(Ek)-A. Lane 1 = benchmark molecular mass markers; Lane 2 = total E. coli protein soluble fraction; Lane 3 = 30 purified material following initial capture on Ni 2 +-charged Sepharose; Lane 4 = purified final material post activation with enterokinase (5 pl); Lane 5 = purified final material post activation with enterokinase (10 pl); Lane 6 = purified final 10 material post activation with enterokinase (20 pl); Lane 7 = purified final material post activation with enterokinase + DTT (5 pl); Lane 8 = purified final material post activation with enterokinase + DTT (10 pl); Lane 9 = purified final material post activation with enterokinase + DTT (20 pl). 5 Figure 16 - Cleavage of SNAP-25 by CPNv(Ek)-A Primary cultures of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were exposed to varying concentrations of CPNv(Ek)-A for 24 hours. Cellular proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, Western blotted, and probed with anti-SNAP-25 to facilitate an 10 assessment of SNAP-25 cleavage. The percentage of cleaved SNAP-25 was calculated by densitometric analysis. CPNv-A as prepared in Example 9 was used for comparison purposes. The percentage cleavage of SNAP-25 by CPNv(Ek)-A (labelled as En activated) and CPNv-A (labelled as Xa activated) are illustrated. 15 Figure 17 - Expressed / purified CPNv-C product Proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE prior to staining with Coomassie Blue. The electrophoresis profile indicates purification of a disulphide-bonded di-chain species of the expected molecular mass of CPNv-C. Lane 1 = benchmark 20 molecular mass markers; Lane 2 = total E. co/i protein soluble fraction; Lane 3 = purified material following initial capture on Ni 2 +-charged Sepharose; Lane 4 = Factor Xa treated material prior to final capture on Ni 2 +-charged Sepharose; Lane 5 = purified material following second capture on Ni 2 +-charged Sepharose; Lane 6 = final purified material; Lane 7 = final purified material + DTT; Lane 8 = 25 benchmark molecular mass markers. Figure 18 - Cleavage of syntaxin by CPNv-C Primary cultures of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were exposed to varying concentrations of CPNv-C for 24 hours. Cellular proteins were separated by 30 SDS-PAGE, Western blotted, and probed with anti-syntaxin to facilitate an assessment of syntaxin cleavage. The percentage of cleaved syntaxin was 11 calculated by densitometric analysis. The fusion concentration required to achieve 50% maximal syntaxin cleavage is estimated to be 3.13±1.96 nM. Figure 19 - CPN-A efficacy in the Acute Capsaicin-Induced Mechanical 5 Allodynia model The ability of an LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion (CPN/A) to inhibit capsaicin-induced mechanical allodynia was evaluated following subcutaneous intraplantar injection in the rat hind paw. Test animals were evaluated for paw withdrawal frequency (PWF%) in response to a 10 g Von Frey filament stimulus series (10 stimuli x 3 10 trials) prior to recruitment into the study (Pre-Treat); after subcutaneous intraplantar treatment with CPN/A but before capsaicin (Pre-CAP); and following capsaicin challenge post-injection of CPN/A (average of responses at 15' and 30'; CAP). Capsaicin challenge was achieved by injection of 10 pL of a 0.3% solution. Sample dilutions were prepared in 0.5% BSA/saline. 15 Figure 20 - CPN-A efficacy in the Streptozotocin (STZ)-Induced Peripheral Diabetic Neuropathy (Neuropathic Pain) model Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) are treated with 65 mg/kg STZ in citrate buffer (l.V.) and blood glucose and lipid are measured weekly to define the 20 readiness of the model. Paw Withdrawal Threshold (PWT) is measured in response to a Von Frey filament stimulus series over a period of time. Allodynia is said to be established when the PWT on two consecutive test dates (separated by 1 week) measures below 6 g on the scale. At this point, rats are randomized to either a saline group" (negative efficacy control), gabapentin group (positive 25 efficacy control) or a test group (CPN/A). Test materials (20-25 pl) are injected subcutaneously as a single injection (except gabapentin) and the PWT is measured at 1 day post-treatment and periodically thereafter over a 2 week period. Gabapentin (30 mg/kg i.p. @ 3 ml/kg injection volume) is injected daily, 2 hours prior to the start of PWT testing. 30 Figure 21 - CPNv-A efficacy in the Acute Capsaicin-Induced Mechanical Allodynia model 12 The ability of an LC/A-nociceptin variant-HN/A fusion (CPNv/A) to inhibit capsaicin-induced mechanical allodynia was evaluated following subcutaneous intraplantar injection in the rat hind paw. Test animals were evaluated for paw withdrawal frequency (PWF%) in response to a 10 g Von Frey filament stimulus 5 series (10 stimuli x 3 trials) prior to recruitment into the study (Pre-Treat), after subcutaneous intraplantar treatment with CPNv/A but before capsaicin (Pre CAP), and following capsaicin challenge post-injection of CPNv/A (average of responses at 15' and 30'; CAP). Capsaicin challenge was achieved by injection of 10 pL of a 0.3% solution. Sample dilutions were prepared in 0.5% BSA/saline. 10 These data are expressed as a normalized paw withdrawal frequency differential, in which the difference between the peak response (post-capsaicin) and the baseline response (pre-capsaicin) is expressed as a percentage. With this analysis, it can be seen that CPNv/A is more potent than CPN/A since a lower dose of CPNv/A is required to achieve similar analgesic effect to that seen with 15 CPN/A. Figure 22 - Expressed I purified LC/A-CPLE-HN/A product Proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE prior to staining with Coomassie Blue. The electrophoresis profile indicates purification of a disulphide-bonded di-chain 20 species of the expected molecular mass of CPLE-A. Lane 1 = benchmark molecular mass markers; Lane 2 = total E coli protein soluble fraction; Lane 3 = purified material following initial capture on Ni 2 +-charged Sepharose; Lane 4 = Factor Xa treated material prior to final capture on Ni 2 +-charged Sepharose; Lane 5 = purified material following second capture on Ni 2 +-charged Sepharose; 25 Lane 6 = final purified material; Lane 7 = final purified material + DTT. Figure 23 - Expressed / purified LC/A-CPBE-HN/A product Proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE prior to staining with Coomassie Blue. The electrophoresis profile indicates purification of a disulphide-bonded di-chain 30 species of the expected molecular mass of CPBE-A. Lane 1 = total E. coli protein soluble fraction; Lane 2 = purified material following initial capture on Ni2+_ charged Sepharose; Lane 3 = Factor Xa treated material prior to final capture on 13 Ni 2 +-charged Sepharose; Lane 4 = purified final material post activation with Factor Xa (5 pl); Lane 5 = purified final material post activation with Factor Xa (10 pl); Lane 6 = purified final material post activation with Factor Xa (20 pl); Lane 7 = purified final material post activation with Factor Xa + DTT (5 pl); Lane 8 = 5 purified final material post activation with Factor Xa + DTT (10 pl); Lane 9 = purified final material post activation with Factor Xa + DTT (20 pl); Lane 10 = benchmark molecular mass markers. Figure 24 - Expressed / purified CPOP-A product 10 Proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE prior to staining with Coomassie Blue. The electrophoresis profile indicates purification of a disulphide-bonded di-chain species of the expected molecular mass of CPOP-A. Lane 1 = benchmark molecular mass markers; Lane 2 = purified material following initial capture on Ni 2 +-charged Sepharose; Lane 3 = Factor Xa treated material prior to final 15 capture on Ni 2 +-charged Sepharose; Lane 4 = purified material following second capture on Ni 2 +-charged Sepharose; Lane 5 = purified final material post activation with Factor Xa (5 pl); Lane 6 = purified final material post activation with Factor Xa (10 pl); Lane 7 = purified final material post activation with Factor Xa (20 pl); Lane 8 = purified final material post activation with Factor Xa + DTT (5 20 pl); Lane 9 = purified final material post activation with Factor Xa + DTT (10 pl); Lane 10 = purified final material post activation with Factor Xa + DTT (20 pl). Figure 25 - Expressed / purified CPOPv-A product Proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE prior to staining with Coomassie Blue. 25 The electrophoresis profile indicates purification of a disulphide-bonded di-chain species of the expected molecular mass of CPOPv-A. Lane 1 = benchmark molecular mass markers; Lane 2 = total E. coli protein soluble fraction; Lane 3 = purified material following initial capture on Ni 2 +-charged Sepharose; Lane 4 = Factor Xa treated material prior to final capture on Ni 2 +-charged Sepharose; 30 Lane 5 = purified final material post activation with Factor Xa (5 pl); Lane 6 = purified final material post activation with Factor Xa (10 pl); Lane 7 = purified final material post activation with Factor Xa (20 pl); Lane 8 = purified final material 14 post activation with Factor Xa + DTT (5 pl); Lane 9 = purified final material post activation with Factor Xa + DTT (10 pl); Lane 10 = purified final material post activation with Factor Xa + DTT (20 pl). 5 Figure 26 - In vitro SNAP-25 cleavage in a DRG cell model Primary cultures of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were exposed to varying concentrations of CPOPv-A for 24 hours. Cellular proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, Western blotted, and probed with anti-SNAP-25 to facilitate an assessment of SNAP-25 cleavage. The percentage of cleaved SNAP-25 was 10 calculated by densitometric analysis. Figure 27 - Expressed / purified CPNv-A-FXa-HT (removable his-tag) Proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE prior to staining with Coomassie Blue. The electrophoresis profile indicates purification of a disulphide-bonded di-chain 15 species of the expected molecular mass of CPNv-A-FXa-HT. Lane 1 = benchmark molecular mass markers; Lane 2 = total E. coi protein soluble fraction; Lane 3 = Factor Xa treated material prior to final capture on Ni 2 +-charged Sepharose; Lane 4 = purified final material post activation with Factor Xa; Lane 5 = purified final material post activation with Factor Xa + DTT. 20 Figure 28 - In vitro efficacy of LC/A-nociceptin-HNIA fusion proteins with variable spacer length, as assessed by ligand competition assay The ability of LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusions of variable spacer length to bind to the ORL 1 receptor was assessed using a simple competition-based assay. 25 Primary cultures of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were exposed to varying concentrations of test material in the presence of 1 nM [3H]-nociceptin. The reduction in specific binding of the radiolabelled ligand was assessed by scintillation counting, and plotted in comparison to the efficacy of unlabelled ligand (Tocris nociceptin). The upper panel illustrates the displacement 30 characteristics of the GSO, GS20, GS30 and Hx27 spacers, whilst the lower panel illustrates the displacement achieved by the GS10, GS15 and GS25 spaced fusion proteins. It is concluded that the GSO and GS30 spacers are 15 ineffective, and the GS10 is poorly effective, at displacing nociceptin from the ORL1 receptor. Figure 29 - In vitro efficacy of LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion proteins with 5 variable spacer length, as assessed by in vitro SNAP-25 cleavage Primary cultures of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were exposed to varying concentrations of CPN-A (of variable spacer length) for 24 hours. Cellular proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, Western blotted, and probed with anti SNAP-25 to facilitate an assessment of SNAP-25 cleavage. The percentage of 10 cleaved SNAP-25 was calculated by densitometric analysis. The poorly effective binding characteristics of the GS10 spaced fusion protein (see Figure 28) are reflected in the higher concentrations of fusion required to achieve cleavage of intracellular SNAP-25. GSO and GS30 spaced fusion proteins were completely ineffective (date not shown). GS15, 20 and 25 spaced fusion proteins were 15 similarly effective. Figure 30 - GALR1 receptor activation studies with a galanin fusion protein Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were transfected so that they express the GALR1 receptor and SNAP-25. Said cells were used to measure cAMP depletion 20 that occurs when the receptor is activated with a galanin ligand, using a FRET based cAMP kit (LANCE kit from Perkin Elmer). The transfected cells were exposed to varying concentrations of a galanin-16 (GA16) fusion protein of the present invention for 2 hours. cAMP levels were then detected by addition of a detection mix containing a fluorescently labelled cAMP tracer (Europium 25 streptavadin/biotin-cAMP) and fluorescently (Alexa) labelled anti-cAMP antibody and incubating at room temperature for 24 hours. Then samples are excited at 320 nM and emitted light measured at 665 nM to determine cAMP levels. It is clear from data that the GALR1 receptor is activated by the galanin fusion protein. 30 Figure 31- GALR2 receptor activation studies with a galanin fusion protein 16 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were transfected so that they express the GALR2 receptor. Said cells were used to measure calcium mobilisation that occurs when the receptor is activated with a galanin ligand, using a fluorescence imaging assay using a Flexstation 3 microplate reader (Molecular devices). The 5 transfected cells were pre-loaded with a calcium sensitive dye and then exposed to varying concentrations of galanin-16 (GA16) fusion proteins of the present invention. Calcium mobilisation was then detected in real time by the Flexstation by excitation at 485 nm and emitted light measured at 525 nM. It is clear from data that the GALR2 receptor is activated by the galanin fusion protein. 10 Figure 32 - GALRI receptor activation studies in the CHO-GALCHO-GALR1 SNAP-25 cleavage assay with galanin fusion proteins having different serotype backbones Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were transfected so that they express the 15 GALR1 receptor and SNAP-25. Said cells were used to measure cAMP deletion that occurs when the receptor is activated with a galanin ligand, using a FRET based cAMP kit (LANCE kit from Perkin Elmer). The transfected cells were exposed to varying concentrations of galanin (GA16) fusion proteins having different serotype backbones (i.e. botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A, B, C and D) 20 for 2 hours. cAMP levels were then detected by addition of a detection mix containing a fluorescently labelled cAMP tracer (Europium-streptavadi/biotin cAMP) and fluorescently (Alexa) labelled anti-cAMP antibody and incubating at room temperature for 24 hours. Then samples are excited at 320 nM and emitted light measured at 665 nM to determine cAMP levels. The data demonstrate that 25 galanin fusion proteins having different serotype backbones activated the GALR1 receptor. Figure 33 - GALR1 receptor activation studies with a range of different galanin (GA16 and GA30) fusion proteins 30 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were transfected so that they express the GALR1 receptor and SNAP-25. Said cells were used to measure cAMP deletion that occurs when the receptor is activated with a galanin ligand, using a FRET- 17 based cAMP kit (LANCE kit from Perkin Elmer). The transfected cells were exposed to varying concentrations of different galanin-16 (GA16) and galanin-30 (GA30) fusion proteins of the present invention for 2 hours. cAMP levels were then detected by addition of a detection mix containing a fluorescently labelled 5 cAMP tracer (Europium-streptavadi/biotin-cAMP) and fluorescently (Alexa) labelled anti-cAMP antibody and incubating at room temperature for 24 hours. Then samples are excited at 320 nM and emitted light measured at 665 nM to determine cAMP levels. The data demonstrate that galanin fusion proteins having galanin-16 and galanin-30 ligands activated the GALR1 receptor. 10 Figure 34 - Cleavage of SNARE protein by galanin (GA16) fusion proteins in CHO-GALR1 SNAP-25 cleavage assay Panels A & B: Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were transfected so that they express the GALR1 receptor. Said cells were further transfected to express a 15 SNARE protein (SNAP-25). The transfected cells were exposed to varying concentrations of different galanin fusion proteins for 24 hours. Cellular proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, Western blotted, and probed with anti-SNAP-25 to facilitate an assessment of SNAP-25 cleavage. The percentage of cleaved SNAP-25 was calculated by densitometric analysis. It is clear that galanin fusion 20 proteins are more potent than the unliganded LC/A-HN/A control molecule (labelled as LHA). Figure 35 - Results of in vivo paw guarding assay employing galanin fusion proteins 25 The nociceptive flexion reflex (also known as paw guarding assay) is a rapid withdrawal movement that constitutes a protective mechanism against possible limb damage. It can be quantified by assessment of electromyography (EMG) response in anesthetized rat as a result of low dose capsaicin, electrical stimulation or the capsaicin-sensitized electrical response. Intraplantar 30 pretreatment (24 hour) of fusion proteins of the fusion proteins into 300-380g male Sprague-Dawley rats. Induction of paw guarding was achieved by 0.006% capsaicin, 10pl in PBS (7.5%DMSO), injected in 10 seconds. This produced a 18 robust reflex response from biceps feroris muscle. A reduction/ inhibition of the nociceptive flexion reflex indicates that the test substance demonstrates an antinociceptive effect. The data demonstrated the antinociceptive effect of the galanin fusion proteins of the present invention. 5 Figure 36 - Galanin fusion protein efficacy in capsaicin-induced thermal hyperalgesia assay The ability of different galanin fusion proteins of the invention to inhibit capsaicin induced thermal hyperalgesia was evaluated. Intraplantar pretreatment of fusion 10 proteins into Sprague-Dawley rats and 24 hours later 0.3% capsaicin was injected and rats were put on 25 *C glass plate (rats contained in acrylic boxes, on 25 OC glass plate). Light beam (adjustable light Intensity) focused on the hind paw. Sensors detected movement of paw, stopping timer. Paw Withdrawal Latency is time to remove paw from heat source (Cut-off of 20.48 seconds). A 15 reduction/ inhibition of the paw withdrawal latency indicates that the test substance demonstrates an antinociceptive effect. Nos. 1&2 = galanin fusion proteins of the present invention; No. 3= BOTOX; No. 4= morphine. The data demonstrated the antinociceptive effect of the fusion proteins of the present invention 20 Detailed Description of the Invention The use of an "agonist", which would normally stimulate a biological process, particularly exocytosis (for example, an increase in cellular secretion, or an up regulation in membrane protein expression), is an exciting development in the 25 technical field of re-targeted toxins. Furthermore, it is particularly surprising that an agonist may be employed in a therapeutic composition to achieve a reduction or inhibition of a biological process that the agonist would normally stimulate. The agonist-containing fusion proteins of the present invention represent a 30 distinct sub-set of toxin conjugates. In more detail, the fusion proteins of the present invention comprise TMs that have been selected on the basis of specific 19 agonist properties rather than on the simple basis that they have a corresponding receptor on a pain-sensing target cell of interest. The non-cytotoxic protease component of the present invention is a non-cytotoxic 5 protease, or a fragment thereof, which protease or protease fragment is capable of cleaving different but specific peptide bonds in one of three substrate proteins, namely synaptobrevin, syntaxin or SNAP-25, of the exocytic fusion apparatus in a nociceptive sensory afferent. These substrates are important components of the neurosecretory machinery. The non-cytotoxic protease component of the present 10 invention is preferably a neisserial IgA protease or a fragment thereof or a clostridial neurotoxin L-chain or a fragment thereof. A particularly preferred non cytotoxic protease component is a botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) L-chain or a fragment thereof. 15 The translocation component of the present invention enables translocation of the non-cytotoxic protease (or fragment thereof) into the target cell such that functional expression of protease activity occurs within the cytosol of the target cell. The translocation component is preferably capable of forming ion-permeable pores in lipid membranes under conditions of low pH. Preferably it has been 20 found to use only those portions of the protein molecule capable of pore formation within the endosomal membrane. The translocation component may be obtained from a microbial protein source, in particular from a bacterial or viral protein source. Hence, in one embodiment, the translocation component is a translocating domain of an enzyme, such as a bacterial toxin or viral protein. The 25 translocation component of the present invention is preferably a clostridial neurotoxin H-chain or a fragment thereof. Most preferably it is the HN domain (or a functional component thereof), wherein HN means a portion or fragment of the H-chain of a clostridial neurotoxin approximately equivalent to the amino-terminal half of the H-chain, or the domain corresponding to that fragment in the intact H 30 chain.

20 The TM component of the present invention is responsible for binding the fusion protein of the present invention to a Binding Site on a target cell. Thus, the TM component is simply a ligand through which a fusion protein of the present invention binds to a selected target cell. 5 In the context of the present invention, the target cell is a nociceptive sensory afferent, preferably a primary nociceptive afferent (e.g. an A-fibre such as an AS fibre or a C-fibre). Thus, the fusion proteins of the present invention are capable of inhibiting neurotransmitter or neuromodulator [e.g. glutamate, substance P, 10 calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP), and/ or neuropeptide Y] release from discrete populations of nociceptive sensory afferent neurons. In use, the fusion proteins reduce or prevent the transmission of sensory afferent signals (e.g. neurotransmitters or neuromodulators) from peripheral to central pain fibres, and therefore have application as therapeutic molecules for the treatment of pain, in 15 particular chronic pain. It is routine to confirm that a TM binds to a nociceptive sensory afferent. For example, a simple radioactive displacement experiment may be employed in which tissue or cells representative of the nociceptive sensory afferent (for 20 example DRGs) are exposed to labelled (e.g. tritiated) ligand in the presence of an excess of unlabelled ligand. In such an experiment, the relative proportions of non-specific and specific binding may be assessed, thereby allowing confirmation that the ligand binds to the nociceptive sensory afferent target cell. Optionally, the assay may include one or more binding antagonists, and the assay may 25 further comprise observing a loss of ligand binding. Examples of this type of experiment can be found in Hulme, E.C. (1990), Receptor-binding studies, a brief outline, pp. 303-311, In Receptor biochemistry, A Practical Approach, Ed. E.C. Hulme, Oxford University Press. 30 The fusion proteins of the present invention generally demonstrate a reduced binding affinity (in the region of up to 100-fold) for nociceptive sensory afferent 21 target cells when compared with the corresponding 'free' TM. However, despite this observation, the fusion proteins of the present invention surprisingly demonstrate good efficacy. This can be attributed to two principal features. First, the non-cytotoxic protease component is catalytic - thus, the therapeutic effect of 5 a few such molecules is rapidly amplified. Secondly, the receptors present on the nociceptive sensory afferents need only act as a gateway for entry of the therapeutic, and need not necessarily be stimulated to a level required in order to achieve a ligand-receptor mediated pharmacological response. Accordingly, the fusion proteins of the present invention may be administered at a dosage that is 10 much lower that would be employed for other types of analgesic molecules such as NSAIDS, morphine, and gabapentin. The latter molecules are typically administered at high microgram to milligram (even up to hundreds of milligram) quantities, whereas the fusion proteins of the present invention may be administered at much lower dosages, typically at least 10-fold lower, and more 15 typically at 100-fold lower. The TM preferably comprises a maximum of 50 amino acid residues, more preferably a maximum of 40 amino acid residues, particularly preferably a maximum of 30 amino acid residues, and most preferably a maximum of 20 20 amino acid residues. Opioids represent a preferred group of TMs of the present invention. Within this family of peptides is included enkephalins (met and leu), endomorphins 1 and 2, p-endorphin and dynorphin. Opioid peptides are frequently used in the clinic to 25 modify the activity to nociceptors, and other cells involved in the pain response. As exemplified by the three-step World Health Organisation Analgesic Ladder, opioids have entry points into the pharmacological treatment of chronic cancer and non-cancer pain at all three stages, underlining their importance to the treatment of pain. Reference to opioids embraces fragments, variants and 30 derivatives thereof, which retain the ability to bind to nociceptive sensory afferents.

22 The TM of the invention can also be a molecule that acts as an "agonist" at one or more of the receptors present on a nociceptive sensory afferent, more particularly on a primary nociceptive afferent. Conventionally, an agonist has been considered any molecule that can either increase or decrease activities 5 within a cell, namely any molecule that simply causes an alteration of cell activity. For example, the conventional meaning of an agonist would include a chemical substance capable of combining with a receptor on a cell and initiating a reaction or activity, or a drug that induces an active response by activating receptors, whether the response is an increase or decrease in cellular activity. 10 However, for the purposes of this invention, an agonist is more specifically defined as a molecule that is capable of stimulating the process of exocytic fusion in a target cell, which process is susceptible to inhibition by a protease (or fragment thereof) capable of cleaving a protein of the exocytic fusion apparatus in 15 said target cell. Accordingly, the particular agonist definition of the present invention would exclude many molecules that would be conventionally considered as agonists. For example, nerve growth factor (NGF) is an agonist in respect of its ability to 20 promote neuronal differentiation via binding to a TrkA receptor. However, NGF is not an agonist when assessed by the above criteria because it is not a principal inducer of exocytic fusion. In addition, the process that NGF stimulates (i.e. cell differentiation) is not susceptible to inhibition by the protease activity of a non cytotoxic toxin molecule. 25 Agonist-mediated delivery according to the present invention provides the following significant advantage over previous non-cytotoxic protease-containing therapeutics: use of an agonist may confer preferential binding and/or internalisation properties 30 on the conjugate. This, in turn, may result in more efficient delivery of the protease component to a pain-sensing target cell.

23 In addition, use of an agonist as a TM is self-limiting with respect to side-effects. In more detail, binding of an agonist to a pain-sensing target cell increases exocytic fusion, which may exacerbate the sensation of pain. However, the exocytic process that is stimulated by agonist binding is subsequently reduced or 5 inhibited by the protease component of the fusion protein. The agonist properties of a TM that binds to a receptor on a nociceptive afferent can be confirmed using the methods described in Example 10. 10 In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the target for the TM is the ORL 1 receptor. This receptor is a member of the G-protein-coupled class of receptors, and has a seven transmembrane domain structure. The properties of the ORL 1 receptor are discussed in detail in Mogil & Pasternak (2001), Pharmacological Reviews, Vol. 53, No. 3, pages 381-415. 15 In one embodiment, the TM is a molecule that binds (preferably that specifically binds) to the ORL 1 receptor. More preferably, the TM is an "agonist" of the ORL 1 receptor. The term "agonist" in this context is defined as above. 20 The agonist properties of a TM that binds to an ORL 1 receptor can be confirmed using the methods described in Example 10. These methods are based on previous experiments [see Inoue et al. 1998 [Proc. NatL. Acad. Sci., 95, 10949 10953]), which confirm that the natural agonist of the ORL 1 receptor, nociceptin, causes the induction of substance P release from nociceptive primary afferent 25 neurons. This is supported by the fact that: > the nociceptin-induced responses are abolished by specific NK1 receptor (the substance P receptor) antagonists; and 30 > pre-treatment of the cells with capsaicin (which depletes substance P from small diameter primary afferent neurons) attenuates the nociceptin-induced responses.

24 Similarly, Inoue et al. confirm that an intraplantar injection of botulinum neurotoxin type A abolishes the nociceptin-induced responses. Since it is known that BoNT inhibits the release of substance P from primary afferent neurons (Welch et al., 5 2000, Toxicon, 38, 245-258), this confirms the link between nociceptin-ORL 1 interaction and subsequent release of substance P. Thus, a TM can be said to have agonist activity at the ORL 1 receptor if the TM causes an induction in the release of substance P from a nociceptive sensory 10 afferent neuron (see Example 10). In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the TM is nociceptin - the natural ligand for the ORL 1 receptor. Nociceptin targets the ORL 1 receptor with high affinity. Examples of other preferred TMs include: 15 Code Sequence Ref. SEQ ID No. Nociceptin 1-17 FGGFTGARKSARKLANQ [1] 37,38 Nociceptin 1-11 FGGFTGARKSA [1] 39,40 Nociceptin [Y1O]1-11 FGGFTGARKYA [1] 41,42 Nociceptin [Y11]1-11 FGGFTGARKSY [1] 43,44 Nociceptin [Y14]1-17 FGGFTGARKSARKYANQ [1] 45,46 Nociceptin 1-13 FGGFTGARKSARK [2] 47,48 Nociceptin [R14K15] 1- FGGFTGARKSARKRKNQ [3,4] 49,50 17 (also known in this specification as "variant" 25 Code Sequence Ref. SEQ ID No. nociceptin) Peptide agonist Peptide agonists from [5] combinatorial library approach [1] Mogil & Pasternak, 2001, Pharmacol. Rev., 53, 381-415 [2] Maile et al., 2003, Neurosci. Lett., 350, 190-192 [3] Rizzi et al., 2002, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap., 300, 57-63 5 [4] Okada et al., 2000, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 278, 493-498 [5] Dooley et al., 1997, J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 283(2), 735-41. The above-identified "variant" TM demonstrates particularly good binding affinity (when compared with natural nociceptin) for nociceptive sensory afferents. This is 10 surprising as the amino acid modifications occur at a position away from the N terminus of the TM. Moreover, the modifications are almost at the C-terminus of the TM, which in turn is attached to a large polypeptide sequence (i.e. the translocation domain). Generally speaking, a TM-containing fusion protein will demonstrate an approximate 100-fold reduction in binding ability vis-a-vis the TM 15 per se. The above-mentioned "variant" TM per se demonstrates an approximate 3- to 10-fold increase in binding ability for a nociceptive sensory afferent (e.g. via the ORL1 receptor) vis-d-vis natural nociceptin. Thus, a "variant" TM-containing fusion might be expected to demonstrate an approximate 10-fold reduction in binding ability for a nociceptive sensory afferent (e.g. via the ORL1 receptor) vis 20 e-vis 'free' nociceptin. However, the present inventors have demonstrated that such "variant" TM-containing fusion proteins demonstrate a binding ability that (most surprisingly) closely mirrors that of 'free' nociceptin - see Figure 14. In the context of the present invention, the term opioid or an agonist of the ORL 1 25 receptor (such as nociceptin, or any one of the peptides listed in the table above) embraces molecules having at least 70%, preferably at least 80%, more 26 preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 95% amino acid sequence acid identity/homology with said opioid or agonist. The agonist homologues retain the agonist properties of nociceptin at the ORL 1 receptor, which may be tested using the methods provided in Example 10. Similarly, an opioid 5 homologue substantially retains the binding function of the opioid with which it shows high amino acid sequence identity/homology. The invention also encompasses fragments, variants, and derivatives of any one of the TMs described above. These fragments, variants, and derivatives 10 substantially retain the properties that are ascribed to said TMs. In addition to the above-mentioned opioid and non-opioid classes of TMs, a variety of other polypeptides are suitable for targeting the fusion proteins of the present invention to nociceptive sensory afferents (e.g. to nociceptors). In this 15 regard, particular reference is made to galanin and derivatives of galanin. Galanin receptors are found pre- and post-synaptically in DRGs (Liu & Hokfelt, (2002), Trends Pharm. Sci., 23(10), 468-74), and are enhanced in expression during neuropathic pain states. Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are also a preferred group of TMs of the present invention, most particularly PAR-2. It is 20 known that agonists of PAR-2 induce/ elicit acute inflammation, in part via a neurogenic mechanism. PAR2 is expressed by primary spinal afferent neurons, and PAR2 agonists stimulate release of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) in peripheral tissues 25 A particularly preferred set of TMs of the present invention includes: Ligand Reference Nociceptin Guerrini, et al., (1997) J. Med. Chem., 40, pp. 1789-1793 p-endorphin Blanc, et al., (1983) J. Biol. Chem., 258(13), pp. 8277-8284 27 Ligand Reference Endomorphin-1; Zadina, et al., (1997). Nature, 386, pp. Endomorphin-2 499-502 Dynorphin Fields & Basbaum (2002) Chapter 11, In The Textbook of Pain, Wall & Melzack eds. Met-enkephalin Fields & Basbaum (2002) Chapter 11, In The Textbook of Pain, Wall & Melzack eds. Leu-enkephalin Fields & Basbaum (2002) Chapter 11, In The Textbook of Pain, Wall & Melzack eds. Galanin Xu et al., (2000) Neuropeptides, 34 (3&4), 137-147 PAR-2 peptide Vergnolle et al., (2001) Nat. Med., 7(7), 821-826 In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the target for the TM is the GALR1 and/ or the GALR2 receptor. These receptors are members of the G-protein coupled class of receptors, and have a seven transmembrane domain structure. 5 In one embodiment, the TM is a molecule that binds (preferably that specifically binds) to the GALR1 receptor and/or the GALR2 receptor. More preferably, the TM is an "agonist" of the GALR1 receptor and/or the GALR2 receptor. The term "agonist" in this context is defined as above. 10 In one embodiment, the TM comprises or consists of a galanin peptide. Wild-type human galanin peptide is a 30 amino acid peptide, abbreviated herein as "GA30" (represented by SEQ ID NO: 89). In one embodiment, the TM comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 89. 15 28 The invention also encompasses fragments, variants, and derivatives of the galanin TM described above. These fragments, variants, and derivatives substantially retain the properties that are ascribed to said galanin TM. For example, the fragments, variants, and derivatives may retain the ability to bind to 5 the GALR1 receptor and/ or GALR2 receptor. In one embodiment, the galanin TM of the invention comprises or consists of a 16 amino acid fragment of full-length galanin peptide and is referred to herein as GA16 (represented by SEQ ID NO: 90). 10 In one embodiment, the TM comprises or consist of an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, preferably at least 80% (such as at least 82, 84, 85, 86, 88 or 89%), more preferably at least 90% (such as at least 91, 92, 93 or 94%), and most preferably at least 95% (such as at least 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100%) amino acid sequence acid identity to SEQ ID NO: 89 or SEQ ID NO: 90. 15 In one embodiment, the Targeting Moiety comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 89 or a fragment comprising or consisting of at least 16 (such as at least 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15) contiguous amino acid residues thereof, or a variant amino acid sequence of said SEQ ID NO: 89 or said 20 fragment having a maximum of 6 (such as a maximum of 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1) conservative amino acid substitutions. The protease cleavage site of the present invention allows cleavage (preferably controlled cleavage) of the fusion protein at a position between the non-cytotoxic 25 protease component and the TM component. It is this cleavage reaction that converts the fusion protein from a single chain polypeptide into a disulphide linked, di-chain polypeptide. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the TM binds via a 30 domain or amino acid sequence that is located away from the C-terminus of the TM. For example, the relevant binding domain may include an intra domain or an amino acid sequence located towards the middle (i.e. of the linear peptide 29 sequence) of the TM. Preferably, the relevant binding domain is located towards the N-terminus of the TM, more preferably at or near to the N-terminus. In one embodiment, the single chain polypeptide fusion may include more than 5 one proteolytic cleavage site. However, where two or more such sites exist, they are different, thereby substantially preventing the occurrence of multiple cleavage events in the presence of a single protease. In another embodiment, it is preferred that the single chain polypeptide fusion has a single protease cleavage site. 10 The protease cleavage sequence(s) may be introduced (and/ or any inherent cleavage sequence removed) at the DNA level by conventional means, such as by site-directed mutagenesis. Screening to confirm the presence of cleavage sequences may be performed manually or with the assistance of computer 15 software (e.g. the MapDraw program by DNASTAR, Inc.). Whilst any protease cleavage site may be employed, the following are preferred: Enterokinase (DDDDK:) 20 Factor Xa (IEGRI / IDGRL) TEV(Tobacco Etch virus) (ENLYFQIG) Thrombin (LVPRIGS) PreScission (LEVLFQJGP). 25 Also embraced by the term protease cleavage site is an intein, which is a self cleaving sequence. The self-splicing reaction is controllable, for example by varying the concentration of reducing agent present. In use, the protease cleavage site is cleaved and the N-terminal region 30 (preferably the N-terminus) of the TM becomes exposed. The resulting polypeptide has a TM with an N-terminal domain or an intra domain that is substantially free from the remainder of the fusion protein. This arrangement 30 ensures that the N-terminal component (or intra domain) of the TM may interact directly with a Binding Site on a target cell. In a preferred embodiment, the TM and the protease cleavage site are distanced 5 apart in the fusion protein by at most 10 amino acid residues, more preferably by at most 5 amino acid residues, and most preferably by zero amino acid residues. Thus, following cleavage of the protease cleavage site, a fusion is provided with a TM that has an N-terminal domain that is substantially free from the remainder of the fusion. This arrangement ensures that the N-terminal component of the 10 Targeting Moiety may interact directly with a Binding Site on a target cell. One advantage associated with the above-mentioned activation step is that the TM only becomes susceptible to N-terminal degradation once proteolytic cleavage of the fusion protein has occurred. In addition, the selection of a 15 specific protease cleavage site permits selective activation of the polypeptide fusion into a di-chain conformation. Construction of the single-chain polypeptide fusion of the present invention places the protease cleavage site between the TM and the non-cytotoxic 20 protease component. It is preferred that, in the single-chain fusion, the TM is located between the protease cleavage site and the translocation component. This ensures that the TM is attached to the translocation domain (i.e. as occurs with native clostridial 25 holotoxin), though in the case of the present invention the order of the two components is reversed vis-e-vis native holotoxin. A further advantage with this arrangement is that the TM is located in an exposed loop region of the fusion protein, which has minimal structural effects on the conformation of the fusion protein. In this regard, said loop is variously referred to as the linker, the 30 activation loop, the inter-domain linker, or just the surface exposed loop (Schiavo et al 2000, Phys. Rev., 80, 717-766; Turton et al., 2002, Trends Biochem. Sci., 27, 552-558).

31 In another embodiment of the present invention, the TM is either N- or C terminally located with respect to the fusion protein. In other words, in one embodiment the TM is not located between the non-cytotoxic protease and 5 translocation domain components of the single-chain polypeptide fusion protein. In one embodiment, the invention provides a single-chain polypeptide fusion protein comprising (or consisting of) any one of SEQ ID NOs: 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 10 98, 99, 100 and/or 101, and/or a fusion protein having at least 80% (such as at least 85, 90, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100%) sequence identity thereto. In one embodiment, in the single chain polypeptide, the non-cytotoxic protease component and the translocation component are linked together by a disulphide 15 bond. Thus, following cleavage of the protease cleavage site, the polypeptide assumes a di-chain conformation, wherein the protease and translocation components remain linked together by the disulphide bond. To this end, it is preferred that the protease and translocation components are distanced apart from one another in the single chain fusion protein by a maximum of 100 amino 20 acid residues, more preferably a maximum of 80 amino acid residues, particularly preferably by a maximum of 60 amino acid residues, and most preferably by a maximum of 50 amino acid residues. In one embodiment, the non-cytotoxic protease component forms a disulphide 25 bond with the translocation component of the fusion protein. For example, the amino acid residue of the protease component that forms the disulphide bond is located within the last 20, preferably within the last 10 C-terminal amino acid residues of the protease component. Similarly, the amino acid residue within the translocation component that forms the second part of the disulphide bond may 30 be located within the first 20, preferably within the first 10 N-terminal amino acid residues of the translocation component.

32 Alternatively, in the single chain polypeptide, the non-cytotoxic protease component and the TM may be linked together by a disulphide bond. In this regard, the amino acid residue of the TM that forms the disulphide bond is preferably located away from the N-terminus of the TM, more preferably towards 5 to C-terminus of the TM. In one embodiment, the non-cytotoxic protease component forms a disulphide bond with the TM component of the fusion protein. In this regard, the amino acid residue of the protease component that forms the disulphide bond is preferably 10 located within the last 20, more preferably within the last 10 C-terminal amino acid residues of the protease component. Similarly, the amino acid residue within the TM component that forms the second part of the disulphide bond is preferably located within the last 20, more preferably within the last 10 C-terminal amino acid residues of the TM. 15 The above disulphide bond arrangements have the advantage that the protease and translocation components are arranged in a manner similar to that for native clostridial neurotoxin. By way of comparison, referring to the primary amino acid sequence for native clostridial neurotoxin, the respective cysteine amino acid 20 residues are distanced apart by between 8 and 27 amino acid residues - taken from Popoff, MR & Marvaud, J-C, 1999, Structural & genomic features of clostridial neurotoxins, Chapter 9, in The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins. Ed. Alouf & Freer: Serotypel Sequence 'Native' length between C-C BoNT/Al CVRGIITSKTKS----LDKGYNKALNDLC 23 BoNT/A2 CVRGIIPFKTKS----LDEGYNKALNDLC 23 BoNT/B CKSVKAPG-------------------IC 8 BoNT/C CHKAIDGRS----------LYNKTLDC 15 BoNT/D CLRLTK--------NSRDDSTC 12 33 BoNT/E CKN-IVSVK----------GIRK---SIC 13 BoNT/F CKS-VIPRK----------GTKAPP-RLC 15 BoNT/G CKPVMYKNT----------GKSE----QC 13 TeNT CKKIIPPTNIRENLYNRTASLTDLGGELC 27 'Information from proteolytic strains only The fusion protein may comprise one or more purification tags, which are located 5 N-terminal to the protease component and/ or C-terminal to the translocation component. Whilst any purification tag may be employed, the following are preferred: 10 His-tag (e.g. 6 x histidine), preferably as a C-terminal and/ or N-terminal tag MBP-tag (maltose binding protein), preferably as an N-terminal tag GST-tag (glutathione-S-transferase), preferably as an N-terminal tag His-MBP-tag, preferably as an N-terminal tag GST-MBP-tag, preferably as an N-terminal tag 15 Thioredoxin-tag, preferably as an N-terminal tag CBD-tag (Chitin Binding Domain), preferably as an N-terminal tag. According to a further embodiment of the present invention, one or more peptide spacer molecules may be included in the fusion protein. For example, a peptide 20 spacer may be employed between a purification tag and the rest of the fusion protein molecule (e.g. between an N-terminal purification tag and a protease component of the present invention; and/ or between a C-terminal purification tag and a translocation component of the present invention). A peptide spacer may be also employed between the TM and translocation components of the present 25 invention.

34 A variety of different spacer molecules may be employed in any of the fusion proteins of the present invention. Examples of such spacer molecules include those illustrated in Figures 28 and 29. Particular mention here is made to GS15, GS20, GS25, and Hx27 - see Figures 28 and 29. 5 The present inventors have unexpectedly found that the fusion proteins (eg. CPNv/A) of the present invention may demonstrate an improved binding activity for nociceptive sensory afferents when the size of the spacer is selected so that (in use) the C-terminus of the TM and the N-terminus of the translocation 10 component are separated from one another by 40-105 angstroms, preferably by 50-100 angstroms, and more preferably by 50-90 angstroms. In another embodiment, the preferred spacers have an amino acid sequence of 11-29 amino acid residues, preferably 15-27 amino acid residues, and more preferably 20-27 amino acid residues. Suitable spacers may be routinely identified and obtained 15 according to Crasto, C.J. and Feng, J.A. (2000) May, 13(5), pp. 309-312 - see also http://www.fccc./edulresearch/labs/feng/limker.html. In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a DNA sequence that encodes the above-mentioned single chain polypeptide. In a 20 preferred aspect of the present invention, the DNA sequence is prepared as part of a DNA vector, wherein the vector comprises a promoter and terminator. In a preferred embodiment, the vector has a promoter selected from: 25 Promoter Induction Agent Typical Induction Condition Tac (hybrid) IPTG 0.2 mM (0.05-2.0mM) AraBAD L-arabinose 0.2% (0.002-0.4%) T7-lac operator IPTG 0.2 mM (0.05-2.0mM) 30 The DNA construct of the present invention is preferably designed in silico, and then synthesised by conventional DNA synthesis techniques.

35 The above-mentioned DNA sequence information is optionally modified for codon-biasing according to the ultimate host cell (e.g. E. coli) expression system that is to be employed. 5 The DNA backbone is preferably screened for any inherent nucleic acid sequence, which when transcribed and translated would produce an amino acid sequence corresponding to the protease cleave site encoded by the second peptide-coding sequence. This screening may be performed manually or with the assistance of computer software (e.g. the MapDraw program by DNASTAR, Inc.). 10 According to a further embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method of preparing a non-cytotoxic agent, comprising: a. contacting a single-chain polypeptide fusion protein of the invention with a protease capable of cleaving the protease 15 cleavage site; b. cleaving the protease cleavage site, and thereby forming a di-chain fusion protein. This aspect provides a di-chain polypeptide, which generally mimics the structure 20 of clostridial holotoxin. In more detail, the resulting di-chain polypeptide typically has a structure wherein: a. the first chain comprises the non-cytotoxic protease, or a fragment thereof, which protease or protease fragment is capable of cleaving a protein of the exocytic fusion apparatus 25 of a nociceptive sensory afferent; b. the second chain comprises the TM and the translocation domain that is capable of translocating the protease or protease fragment from within an endosome, across the endosomal membrane and into the cytosol of the nociceptive 30 sensory afferent; and the first and second chains are disulphide linked together.

36 In use, the single chain or di-chain polypeptide of the invention treat, prevent or ameliorate pain. In use, a therapeutically effective amount of a single chain or di-chain polypeptide 5 of the invention is administered to a patient. According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided use of a single chain or di-chain polypeptide of the invention, for the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing or ameliorating pain. 10 According to a related aspect, there is provided a method of treating, preventing or ameliorating pain in a subject, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a single chain or di-chain polypeptide of the invention. 15 The compounds described here may be used to treat a patient suffering from one or more types of chronic pain including neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, headache pain, somatic pain, visceral pain, and referred pain. 20 To "treat," as used here, means to deal with medically. It includes, for example, administering a compound of the invention to prevent pain or to lessen its severity. The term "pain," as used here, means any unpleasant sensory experience, 25 usually associated with a physical disorder. The physical disorder may or may not be apparent to a clinician. Pain is of two types: chronic and acute. An "acute pain" is a pain of short duration having a sudden onset. One type of acute pain, for example, is cutaneous pain felt on injury to the skin or other superficial tissues, such as caused by a cut or a burn. Cutaneous nociceptors terminate just 30 below the skin, and due to the high concentration of nerve endings, produce a well-defined, localized pain of short duration. "Chronic pain" is a pain other than 37 an acute pain. Chronic pain includes neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, headache pain, somatic pain visceral pain and referred pain. I. Neuropathic Pain 5 The compounds of the invention may be used to treat pain caused by or otherwise associated with any of the following neuropathic pain conditions. "Neuropathic pain" means abnormal sensory input, resulting in discomfort, from the peripheral nervous system, central nervous systems, or both. 10 A. Symptoms of neuropathic pain Symptoms of neuropathic pain can involve persistent, spontaneous pain, as well as allodynia (a painful response to a stimulus that normally is not painful), hyperalgesia (an accentuated response to a painful stimulus that usually causes only a mild discomfort, such as a pin prick), or hyperpathia (where a short 15 discomfort becomes a prolonged severe pain). B. Causes of neuropathic pain Neuropathic pain may be caused by any of the following. 1. A traumatic insult, such as, for example, a nerve compression injury (e.g., a 20 nerve crush, a nerve stretch, a nerve entrapment or an incomplete nerve transsection); a spinal cord injury (e.g., a hemisection of the spinal cord); a limb amputation; a contusion; an inflammation (e.g., an inflammation of the spinal cord); or a surgical procedure. 2. An ischemic event, including, for example, a stroke and heart attack. 25 3. An infectious agent 4. Exposure to a toxic agent, including, for example, a drug, an alcohol, a heavy metal (e.g., lead, arsenic, mercury), an industrial agent (e.g., a solvent, fumes from a glue) or nitrous oxide. 5. A disease, including, for example, an inflammatory disorder, a neoplastic 30 tumor, an acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), Lymes disease, a leprosy, a metabolic disease, a peripheral nerve disorder, like neuroma, a mononeuropathy or a polyneuropathy.

38 C. Types of neuropathic pain 1. Neuralgia. A neuralgia is a pain that radiates along the course of one or more specific 5 nerves usually without any demonstrable pathological change in the nerve structure. The causes of neuralgia are varied. Chemical irritation, inflammation, trauma (including surgery), compression by nearby structures (for instance, tumors), and infections may all lead to neuralgia. In many cases, however, the cause is unknown or unidentifiable. Neuralgia is most common in elderly persons, 10 but it may occur at any age. A neuralgia, includes, without limitation, a trigeminal neuralgia, a post-herpetic neuralgia, a postherpetic neuralgia, a glossopharyngeal neuralgia, a sciatica and an atypical facial pain. Neuralgia is pain in the distribution of a nerve or nerves. Examples are trigeminal 15 neuralgia, atypical facial pain, and postherpetic neuralgia (caused by shingles or herpes). The affected nerves are responsible for sensing touch, temperature and pressure in the facial area from the jaw to the forehead. The disorder generally causes short episodes of excruciating pain, usually for less than two minutes and on only one side of the face. The pain can be described in a variety of ways such 20 as "stabbing," "sharp," "like lightning," "burning," and even "itchy". In the atypical form of TN, the pain can also present as severe or merely aching and last for extended periods. The pain associated with TN is recognized as one the most excruciating pains that can be experienced. 25 Simple stimuli such as eating, talking, washing the face, or any light touch or sensation can trigger an attack (even the sensation of a gentle breeze). The attacks can occur in clusters or as an isolated attack. Symptoms include sharp, stabbing pain or constant, burning pain located 30 anywhere, usually on or near the surface of the body, in the same location for each episode; pain along the path of a specific nerve; impaired function of affected body part due to pain, or muscle weakness due to concomitant motor 39 nerve damage; increased sensitivity of the skin or numbness of the affected skin area (feeling similar to a local anaesthetic such as a Novacaine shot); and any touch or pressure is interpreted as pain. Movement may also be painful. 5 Trigeminal neuralgia is the most common form of neuralgia. It affects the main sensory nerve of the face, the trigeminal nerve ("trigeminal" literally means "three origins", referring to the division of the nerve into 3 branches). This condition involves sudden and short attacks of severe pain on the side of the face, along the area supplied by the trigeminal nerve on that side. The pain attacks may be 10 severe enough to cause a facial grimace, which is classically referred to as a painful tic (tic douloureux). Sometimes, the cause of trigeminal neuralgia is a blood vessel or small tumor pressing on the nerve. Disorders such as multiple sclerosis (an inflammatory disease affecting the brain and spinal cord), certain forms of arthritis, and diabetes (high blood sugar) may also cause trigeminal 15 neuralgia, but a cause is not always identified. In this condition, certain movements such as chewing, talking, swallowing, or touching an area of the face may trigger a spasm of excruciating pain. A related but rather uncommon neuralgia affects the glosso-pharyngeal nerve, 20 which provides sensation to the throat. Symptoms of this neuralgia are short, shock-like episodes of pain located in the throat. Neuralgia may occur after infections such as shingles, which is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, a type of herpesvirus. This neuralgia produces a constant 25 burning pain after the shingles rash has healed. The pain is worsened by movement of or contact with the affected area. Not all of those diagnosed with shingles go on to experience postherpetic neuralgia, which can be more painful than shingles. The pain and sensitivity can last for months or even years. The pain is usually in the form of an intolerable sensitivity to any touch but especially 30 light touch. Postherpetic neuralgia is not restricted to the face; it can occur anywhere on the body but usually occurs at the location of the shingles rash.

40 Depression is not uncommon due to the pain and social isolation during the illness. Postherpetic neuralgia may be debilitating long after signs of the original herpes 5 infection have disappeared. Other infectious diseases that may cause neuralgia are syphilis and Lyme disease. Diabetes is another common cause of neuralgia. This very common medical problem affects almost 1 out of every 20 Americans during adulthood. Diabetes 10 damages the tiny arteries that supply circulation to the nerves, resulting in nerve fiber malfunction and sometimes nerve loss. Diabetes can produce almost any neuralgia, including trigeminal neuralgia, carpal tunnel syndrome (pain and numbness of the hand and wrist), and meralgia paresthetica (numbness and pain in the thigh due to damage to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve). Strict control 15 of blood sugar may prevent diabetic nerve damage and may accelerate recovery in patients who do develop neuralgia. Other medical conditions that may be associated with neuralgias are chronic renal insufficiency and porphyria -- a hereditary disease in which the body cannot 20 rid itself of certain substances produced after the normal breakdown of blood in the body. Certain drugs may also cause this problem. 2. Deafferentation. Deafferentation indicates a loss of the sensory input from a portion of the body, 25 and can be caused by interruption of either peripheral sensory fibres or nerves from the central nervous system. A deafferentation pain syndrome, includes, without limitation, an injury to the brain or spinal cord, a post-stroke pain, a phantom pain, a paraplegia, a brachial plexus avulsion injuries, lumbar radiculopathies. 30 3. Complex regional pain syndromes (CRPSs) 41 CRPS is a chronic pain syndrome resulting from sympathetically-maintained pain, and presents in two forms. CRPS 1 currently replaces the term "reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome". It is a chronic nerve disorder that occurs most often in the arms or legs after a minor or major injury. CRPS 1 is associated with 5 severe pain; changes in the nails, bone, and skin; and an increased sensitivity to touch in the affected limb. CRPS 2 replaces the term causalgia, and results from an identified injury to the nerve. A CRPS, includes, without limitation, a CRPS Type I (reflex sympathetic dystrophy) and a CRPS Type II (causalgia). 10 4. Neuropathy. A neuropathy is a functional or pathological change in a nerve and is characterized clinically by sensory or motor neuron abnormalities. Central neuropathy is a functional or pathological change in the central nervous 15 system. Peripheral neuropathy is a functional or pathological change in one or more peripheral nerves. The peripheral nerves relay information from your central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) to muscles and other organs and from 20 your skin, joints, and other organs back to your brain. Peripheral neuropathy occurs when these nerves fail to carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord, resulting in pain, loss of sensation, or inability to control muscles. In some cases, the failure of nerves that control blood vessels, intestines, and other organs results in abnormal blood pressure, digestion problems, and loss of other 25 basic body processes. Risk factors for neuropathy include diabetes, heavy alcohol use, and exposure to certain chemicals and drugs. Some people have a hereditary predisposition for neuropathy. Prolonged pressure on a nerve is another risk for developing a nerve injury. Pressure injury may be caused by prolonged immobility (such as a long surgical procedure or lengthy illness) or 30 compression of a nerve by casts, splints, braces, crutches, or other devices. Polyneuropathy implies a widespread process that usually affects both sides of the body equally. The symptoms depend on which type of nerve is affected. The 42 three main types of nerves are sensory, motor, and autonomic. Neuropathy can affect any one or a combination of all three types of nerves. Symptoms also depend on whether the condition affects the whole body or just one nerve (as from an injury). The cause of chronic inflammatory polyneuropathy is an 5 abnormal immune response. The specific antigens, immune processes, and triggering factors are variable and in many cases are unknown. It may occur in association with other conditions such as HIV, inflammatory bowel disease, lupus erythematosis, chronic active hepatitis, and blood cell abnormalities. 10 Peripheral neuropathy may involve a function or pathological change to a single nerve or nerve group (monneuropathy) or a function or pathological change affecting multiple nerves (polyneuropathy). Peripheral neuropathies 15 Hereditary disorders Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease Friedreich's ataxia Systemic or metabolic disorders Diabetes (diabetic neuropathy) 20 Dietary deficiencies (especially vitamin B-12) Excessive alcohol use (alcoholic neuropathy) Uremia (from kidney failure) Cancer Infectious or inflammatory conditions 25 AIDS Hepatitis Colorado tick fever diphtheria Guillain-Barre syndrome 30 HIV infection without development of AIDS leprosy Lyme 43 polyarteritis nodosa rheumatoid arthritis sarcoidosis Sjogren syndrome 5 syphilis systemic lupus erythematosus amyloid Exposure to toxic compounds sniffing glue or other toxic compounds 10 nitrous oxide industrial agents -- especially solvents heavy metals (lead, arsenic, mercury, etc.) Neuropathy secondary to drugs like analgesic nephropathy Miscellaneous causes 15 ischemia (decreased oxygen/decreased blood flow) prolonged exposure to cold temperature a. Polyneuropathy Polyneuropathy is a peripheral neuropathy involving the loss of movement or sensation to an area caused by damage or destruction to multiple peripheral 20 nerves. Polyneuropathic pain, includes, without limitation, post-polio syndrome, postmastectomy syndrome, diabetic neuropathy, alcohol neuropathy, amyloid, toxins, AIDS, hypothyroidism, uremia, vitamin deficiencies, chemotherapy induced pain, 2',3'-didexoycytidine (ddC) treatment, Guillain-Barre syndrome or Fabry's disease. 25 b. Mononeuropathy Mononeuropathy is a peripheral neuropathy involving loss of movement or sensation to an area caused by damage or destruction to a single peripheral nerve or nerve group. Mononeuropathy is most often caused by damage to a local area resulting from injury or trauma, although occasionally systemic 30 disorders may cause isolated nerve damage (as with mononeuritis multiplex). The usual causes are direct trauma, prolonged pressure on the nerve, and compression of the nerve by swelling or injury to nearby body structures. The 44 damage includes destruction of the myelin sheath (covering) of the nerve or of part of the nerve cell (the axon). This damage slows or prevents conduction of impulses through the nerve. Mononeuropathy may involve any part of the body. Mononeuropathic pain, includes, without limitation, a sciatic nerve dysfunction, a 5 common peroneal nerve dysfunction. a radial nerve dysfunction, an ulnar nerve dysfunction, a cranial mononeuropathy VI, a cranial mononeuropathy VII, a cranial mononeuropathy Ill (compression type), a cranial mononeuropathy Ill (diabetic type), an axillary nerve dysfunction, a carpal tunnel syndrome, a femoral nerve dysfunction, a tibial nerve dysfunction, a Bell's palsy, a thoracic outlet 10 syndrome, a carpal tunnel syndrome and a sixth (abducent) nerve palsy c. Generalized peripheral neuropathies Generalized peripheral neuropathis are symmetrical, and usually due to various systematic illnesses and disease processes that affect the peripheral nervous system in its entirety. They are further subdivided into several 15 categories: i. Distal axonopathies are the result of some metabolic or toxic derangement of neurons. They may be caused by metabolic diseases such as diabetes, renal failure, deficiency syndromes such as malnutrition and alcoholism, or the effects of toxins or drugs. Distal axonopathy (aka dying back 20 neuropathy) is a type of peripheral neuropathy that results from some metabolic or toxic derangement of peripheral nervous system (PNS) neurons. It is the most common response of nerves to metabolic or toxic disturbances, and as such may be caused by metabolic diseases such as diabetes, renal failure, deficiency syndromes such as malnutrition and alcoholism, or the effects of toxins or drugs. 25 The most common cause of distal axonopathy is diabetes, and the most common distal axonopathy is diabetic neuropathy. ii. Myelinopathies are due to a primary attack on myelin causing an acute failure of impulse conduction. The most common cause is acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP; aka Guillain-Barre syndrome), 30 though other causes include chronic inflammatory demyelinating syndrome (CIDP), genetic metabolic disorders (e.g., leukodystrophy), or toxins. Myelinopathy is due to primary destruction of myelin or the myelinating Schwann 45 cells, which leaves the axon intact, but causes an acute failure of impulse conduction. This demyelination slows down or completely blocks the conduction of electrical impulses through the nerve. The most common cause is acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP, better known as Guillain 5 Barre syndrome), though other causes include chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), genetic metabolic disorders (e.g., leukodystrophy or Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease), or toxins. iii. Neuronopathies are the result of destruction of peripheral nervous system (PNS) neurons. They may be caused by motor neurone diseases, 10 sensory neuronopathies (e.g., Herpes zoster), toxins or autonomic dysfunction. Neurotoxins may cause neuronopathies, such as the chemotherapy agent vincristine. Neuronopathy is dysfunction due to damage to neurons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), resulting in a peripheral neuropathy. It may be caused by motor neurone diseases, sensory neuronopathies (e.g., Herpes 15 zoster), toxic substances or autonomic dysfunction. A person with neuronopathy may present in different ways, depending on the cause, the way it affects the nerve cells, and the type of nerve cell that is most affected. iv. Focal entrapment neuropathies (e.g., carpal tunnel syndrome). 20 II. Inflammatory pain The compounds of the invention may be used to treat pain caused by or otherwise associated with any of the following inflammatory conditions A. Arthritic disorder 25 Arthritic disorders include, for example, a rheumatoid arthritis; a juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; a systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); a gouty arthritis; a scleroderma; an osteoarthritis; a psoriatic arthritis; an ankylosing spondylitis; a Reiter's syndrome (reactive arthritis); an adult Still's disease; an arthritis from a viral infection; an arthritis from a bacterial infection, such as, e.g., a gonococcal 30 arthritis and a non-gonococcal bacterial arthritis (septic arthritis); a Tertiary Lyme disease; a tuberculous arthritis; and an arthritis from a fungal infection, such as, e,g. a blastomycosis 46 B. Autoimmune diseases Autoimmune diseases include, for example, a Guillain-Barre syndrome, a Hashimoto's thyroiditis, a pernicious anemia, an Addison's disease, a type I diabetes, a systemic lupus erythematosus, a dermatomyositis, a Sjogren's 5 syndrome, a lupus erythematosus, a multiple sclerosis, a myasthenia gravis, a Reiter's syndrome and a Grave's disease. C. Connective tissue disorder Connective tissue disorders include, for example, a spondyloarthritis a 10 dermatomyositis, and a fibromyalgia. D. Injury Inflammation caused by injury, including, for example, a crush, puncture, stretch of a tissue or joint, may cause chronic inflammatory pain. 15 E. Infection Inflammation caused by infection, including, for example, a tuberculosis or an interstitial keratitis may cause chronic inflammatory pain. 20 F. Neuritis Neuritis is an inflammatory process affecting a nerve or group of nerves. Symptoms depend on the nerves involved, but may include pain, paresthesias, paresis, or hypesthesia (numbness). Examples include: 25 a. Brachial neuritis b. Retrobulbar neuropathy, an inflammatory process affecting the part of the optic nerve lying immediately behind the eyeball. c. Optic neuropathy, an inflammatory process affecting the optic nerve causing sudden, reduced vision in the affected eye. The cause of optic neuritis is 30 unknown. The sudden inflammation of the optic nerve (the nerve connecting the eye and the brain) leads to swelling and destruction of the myelin sheath. The inflammation may occasionally be the result of a viral infection, or it may be 47 caused by autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Risk factors are related to the possible causes. d. Vestibular neuritis, a viral infection causing an inflammatory process affecting the vestibular nerve. 5 G. Joint inflammation Inflammation of the joint, such as that caused by bursitis or tendonitis, for example, may cause chronic inflammatory pain. 10 Il/. Headache Pain The compounds of the invention may be used to treat pain caused by or otherwise associated with any of the following headache conditions. A headache (medically known as cephalgia) is a condition of mild to severe pain in the head; sometimes neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted as a headache. It 15 may indicate an underlying local or systemic disease or be a disorder in itself. A. Muscular/myogenic headache Muscular/myogenic headaches appear to involve the tightening or tensing of facial and neck muscles; they may radiate to the forehead. Tension headache is 20 the most common form of myogenic headache. A tension headache is a condition involving pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck, usually associated with muscle tightness in these areas. Tension headaches result from the contraction of neck and scalp muscles. One cause of 25 this muscle contraction is a response to stress, depression or anxiety. Any activity that causes the head to be held in one position for a long time without moving can cause a headache. Such activities include typing or use of computers, fine work with the hands, and use of a microscope. Sleeping in a cold room or sleeping with the neck in an abnormal position may also trigger this type 30 of headache. A tension-type headache, includes, without limitation, an episodic tension headache and a chronic tension headache.

48 B. Vascular headache The most common type of vascular headache is migraine. Other kinds of vascular headaches include cluster headaches, which cause repeated episodes of intense pain, and headaches resulting from high blood pressure 5 1. Migraine A migraine is a heterogeneous disorder that generally involves recurring headaches. Migraines are different from other headaches because they occur with other symptoms, such as, e.g., nausea, vomiting, or sensitivity to light. In most people, a throbbing pain is felt only on one side of the head. Clinical 10 features such as type of aura symptoms, presence of prodromes, or associated symptoms such as vertigo, may be seen in subgroups of patients with different underlying pathophysiological and genetic mechanisms. A migraine headache, includes, without limitation, a migraine without aura (common migraine), a migraine with aura (classic migraine), a menstrual migraine, a migraine 15 equivalent (acephalic headache), a complicated migraine, an abdominal migraine and a mixed tension migraine. 2. Cluster headache Cluster headaches affect one side of the head (unilateral) and may be associated with tearing of the eyes and nasal congestion. They occurs in 20 clusters, happening repeatedly every day at the same time for several weeks and then remitting. D. High blood pressure headache 25 E. Traction and inflammatory headache Traction and inflammatory headaches are usually symptoms of other disorders, ranging from stroke to sinus infection. F. Hormone headache 30 G. Rebound headache 49 Rebound headaches, also known as medication overuse headaches, occur when medication is taken too frequently to relieve headache. Rebound headaches frequently occur daily and can be very painful. 5 H. Chronic sinusitis headache Sinusitis is inflammation, either bacterial, fungal, viral, allergic or autoimmune, of the paranasal sinuses. Chronic sinusitis is one of the most common complications of the common cold. Symptoms include: Nasal congestion; facial pain; headache; fever; general malaise; thick green or yellow discharge; feeling 10 of facial 'fullness' worsening on bending over. In a small number of cases, chronic maxillary sinusitis can also be brought on by the spreading of bacteria from a dental infection. Chronic hyperplastic eosinophilic sinusitis is a noninfective form of chronic sinusitis. 15 1. An organic headache J. Ictal headaches Ital headaches are headaches associated with seizure activity. 20 IV. Somatic pain The compounds of the invention may be used to treat pain caused by or otherwise associated with any of the following somatic pain conditions. Somatic pain originates from ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels, and even nerves themselves. It is detected with somatic nociceptors. The scarcity of pain 25 receptors in these areas produces a dull, poorly-localized pain of longer duration than cutaneous pain; examples include sprains and broken bones. Additional examples include the following. A. Excessive muscle tension 30 Excessive muscle tension can be caused, for example, by a sprain or a strain. B. Repetitive motion disorders 50 Repetitive motion disorders can result from overuse of the hands, wrists, elbows, shoulders, neck, back, hips, knees, feet, legs, or ankles. C. Muscle disorders 5 Muscle disorders causing somatic pain include, for example, a polymyositis, a dermatomyositis, a lupus, a fibromyalgia, a polymyalgia rheumatica, and a rhabdomyolysis. D. Myalgia 10 Myalgia is muscle pain and is a symptom of many diseases and disorders. The most common cause for myalgia is either overuse or over-stretching of a muscle or group of muscles. Myalgia without a traumatic history is often due to viral infections. Longer-term myalgias may be indicative of a metabolic myopathy, some nutritional deficiencies or chronic fatigue syndrome. 15 E. Infection Infection can cause somatic pain. Examples of such infection include, for example, an abscess in the muscle, a trichinosis, an influenza, a Lyme disease, a malaria, a Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Avian influenza, the common cold, 20 community-acquired pneumonia, meningitis, monkeypox, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, trichinosis, typhoid fever, and upper respiratory tract infection. F. Drugs 25 Drugs can cause somatic pain. Such drugs include, for example, cocaine, a statin for lowering cholesterol (such as atorvastatin, simvastatin, and lovastatin), and an ACE inhibitor for lowering blood pressure (such as enalapril and captopril) V. Visceral pain 30 The compounds of the invention may be used to treat pain caused by or otherwise associated with any of the following visceral pain conditions. Visceral pain originates from body's viscera, or organs. Visceral nociceptors are located 51 within body organs and internal cavities. The even greater scarcity of nociceptors in these areas produces pain that is usually more aching and of a longer duration than somatic pain. Visceral pain is extremely difficult to localise, and several injuries to visceral tissue exhibit "referred" pain, where the sensation is localised 5 to an area completely unrelated to the site of injury. Examples of visceral pain include the following. A. Functional visceral pain Functional visceral pain includes, for example, an irritable bowel syndrome and a 10 chronic functional abdominal pain (CFAP), a functional constipation and a functional dyspepsia, a non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP) and a chronic abdominal pain. B. Chronic gastrointestinal inflammation 15 Chronic gastrointestinal inflammation includes, for example, a gastritis, an inflammatory bowel disease, like, e.g., a Crohn's disease, an ulcerative colitis, a microscopic colitis, a diverticulitis and a gastroenteritis; an interstitial cystitis; an intestinal ischemia; a cholecystitis; an appendicitis; a gastroesophageal reflux; an ulcer, a nephrolithiasis, an urinary tract infection, a pancreatitis and a hernia. 20 C. Autoimmune pain Autoimmune pain includes, for example, a sarcoidosis and a vasculitis. D. Orangic visceral pain 25 Organic visceral pain includes, for example, pain resulting from a traumatic, inflammatory or degenerative lesion of the gut or produced by a tumor impinging on sensory innervation. E. Treatment-induced visceral pain 30 Treatment-induced visceral pain includes, for example, a pain attendant to chemotherapy therapy or a pain attendant to radiation therapy.

52 VI. Referred pain The compounds of the invention may be used to treat pain caused by or otherwise associated with any of the following referred pain conditions. 5 Referred pain arises from pain localized to an area separate from the site of pain stimulation. Often, referred pain arises when a nerve is compressed or damaged at or near its origin. In this circumstance, the sensation of pain will generally be felt in the territory that the nerve serves, even though the damage originates elsewhere. A common example occurs in intervertebral disc herniation, in which 10 a nerve root arising from the spinal cord is compressed by adjacent disc material. Although pain may arise from the damaged disc itself, pain will also be felt in the region served by the compressed nerve (for example, the thigh, knee, or foot). Relieving the pressure on the nerve root may ameliorate the referred pain, provided that permanent nerve damage has not occurred. Myocardial ischaemia 15 (the loss of blood flow to a part of the heart muscle tissue) is possibly the best known example of referred pain; the sensation can occur in the upper chest as a restricted feeling, or as an ache in the left shoulder, arm or even hand. The present invention addresses a wide range of pain conditions, in particular 20 chronic pain conditions. Preferred conditions include cancerous and non cancerous pain, inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain. The opioid-fusions of the present application are particularly suited to addressing inflammatory pain, though may be less suited to addressing neuropathic pain. The galanin-fusions are more suited to addressing neuropathic pain. 25 In use, the polypeptides of the present invention are typically employed in the form of a pharmaceutical composition in association with a pharmaceutical carrier, diluent and/or excipient, although the exact form of the composition may be tailored to the mode of administration. Administration is preferably to a 30 mammal, more preferably to a human.

53 The polypeptides may, for example, be employed in the form of a sterile solution for intra-articular administration or intra-cranial administration. Spinal injection (e.g. epidural or intrathecal) is preferred. 5 The dosage ranges for administration of the polypeptides of the present invention are those to produce the desired therapeutic effect. It will be appreciated that the dosage range required depends on the precise nature of the components, the route of administration, the nature of the formulation, the age of the patient, the nature, extent or severity of the patient's condition, contraindications, if any, and 10 the judgement of the attending physician. Suitable daily dosages are in the range 0.0001-1 mg/kg, preferably 0.0001 0.5 mg/kg, more preferably 0.002-0.5 mg/kg, and particularly preferably 0.004 0.5 mg/kg. The unit dosage can vary from less that 1 microgram to 30mg, but 15 typically will be in the region of 0.01 to 1 mg per dose, which may be administered daily or preferably less frequently, such as weekly or six monthly. A particularly preferred dosing regimen is based on 2.5 ng of fusion protein (e.g. CPNv/A) as the 1X dose. In this regard, preferred dosages are in the range 1X 20 10OX (i.e. 2.5-250 ng). This dosage range is significantly lower (i.e. at least 10 fold, typically 100-fold lower) than would be employed with other types of analgesic molecules such as NSAIDS, morphine, and gabapentin. Moreover, the above-mentioned difference is considerably magnified when the same comparison is made on a molar basis - this is because the fusion proteins of the 25 present invention have a considerably greater Mw than do conventional 'small' molecule therapeutics. Wide variations in the required dosage, however, are to be expected depending on the precise nature of the components, and the differing efficiencies of various 30 routes of administration.

54 Variations in these dosage levels can be adjusted using standard empirical routines for optimisation, as is well understood in the art. Compositions suitable for injection may be in the form of solutions, suspensions 5 or emulsions, or dry powders which are dissolved or suspended in a suitable vehicle prior to use. Fluid unit dosage forms are typically prepared utilising a pyrogen-free sterile vehicle. The active ingredients, depending on the vehicle and concentration 10 used, can be either dissolved or suspended in the vehicle. In preparing administrable solutions, the polypeptides can be dissolved in a vehicle, the solution being made isotonic if necessary by addition of sodium chloride and sterilised by filtration through a sterile filter using aseptic techniques 15 before filling into suitable sterile vials or ampoules and sealing. Alternatively, if solution stability is adequate, the solution in its sealed containers may be sterilised by autoclaving. Advantageously additives such as buffering, solubilising, stabilising, preservative 20 or bactericidal, suspending or emulsifying agents may be dissolved in the vehicle. Dry powders which are dissolved or suspended in a suitable vehicle prior to use may be prepared by filling pre-sterilised drug substance and other ingredients into a sterile container using aseptic technique in a sterile area. 25 Alternatively the polypeptides and other ingredients may be dissolved in an aqueous vehicle, the solution is sterilized by filtration and distributed into suitable containers using aseptic technique in a sterile area. The product is then freeze dried and the containers are sealed aseptically. 30 Parenteral suspensions, suitable for intramuscular, subcutaneous or intradermal injection, are prepared in substantially the same manner, except that the sterile 55 components are suspended in the sterile vehicle, instead of being dissolved and sterilisation cannot be accomplished by filtration. The components may be isolated in a sterile state or alternatively it may be sterilised after isolation, e.g. by gamma irradiation. 5 Advantageously, a suspending agent for example polyvinylpyrrolidone is included in the composition/s to facilitate uniform distribution of the components. Definitions Section 10 Targeting Moiety (TM) means any chemical structure associated with an agent that functionally interacts with a Binding Site to cause a physical association between the agent and the surface of a target cell. In the context of the present invention, the target cell is a nociceptive sensory afferent. The term TM 15 embraces any molecule (i.e. a naturally occurring molecule, or a chemically/physically modified variant thereof) that is capable of binding to a Binding Site on the target cell, which Binding Site is capable of internalisation (e.g. endosome formation) - also referred to as receptor-mediated endocytosis. The TM may possess an endosomal membrane translocation function, in which 20 case separate TM and Translocation Domain components need not be present in an agent of the present invention. The TM of the present invention binds (preferably specifically binds) to a nociceptive sensory afferent (e.g. a primary nociceptive afferent). In this regard, 25 specifically binds means that the TM binds to a nociceptive sensory afferent (e.g. a primary nociceptive afferent) with a greater affinity than it binds to other neurons such as non-nociceptive afferents, and/ or to motor neurons (i.e. the natural target for clostridial neurotoxin holotoxin). The term "specifically binding" can also mean that a given TM binds to a given receptor, for example the ORL 1 , 30 GALR1 and/or GALR2 receptor, with a binding affinity (Ka) of 106 M- 1 or greater, preferably 10 7 M-' or greater, more preferably 108 M-1 or greater, and most preferably, 109 M- 1 or greater.

56 For the purposes of this invention, an agonist is defined as a molecule that is capable of stimulating the process of exocytic fusion in a target cell, which process is susceptible to inhibition by a protease (or fragment thereof) capable of 5 cleaving a protein of the exocytic fusion apparatus in said target cell. Accordingly, the particular agonist definition of the present invention would exclude many molecules that would be conventionally considered as agonists. 10 For example, nerve growth factor (NGF) is an agonist in respect of its ability to promote neuronal differentiation via binding to a TrkA receptor. However, NGF is not an agonist when assessed by the above criteria because it is not a principal inducer of exocytic fusion. In addition, the process that NGF stimulates (i.e. cell differentiation) is not susceptible to inhibition by the protease activity of a non 15 cytotoxic toxin molecule. The term "fragment", when used in relation to a protein, means a peptide having at least thirty-five, preferably at least twenty-five, more preferably at least twenty, and most preferably at least 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11 or 10 amino acid 20 residues of the protein in question. The term "variant", when used in relation to a protein, means a peptide or peptide fragment of the protein that contains one or more analogues of an amino acid (e.g. an unnatural amino acid), or a substituted linkage. 25 The term "derivative", when used in relation to a protein, means a protein that comprises the protein in question, and a further peptide sequence. The further peptide sequence should preferably not interfere with the basic folding and thus conformational structure of the original protein. Two or more peptides (or 30 fragments, or variants) may be joined together to form a derivative. Alternatively, a peptide (or fragment, or variant) may be joined to an unrelated molecule (e.g. a second, unrelated peptide). Derivatives may be chemically synthesized, but will 57 be typically prepared by recombinant nucleic acid methods. Additional components such as lipid, and/or polysaccharide, and/or polypeptide components may be included. 5 Throughout this specification, reference to the "ORL 1 receptor" embraces all members of the ORL 1 receptor family. Members of the ORL 1 receptor family typically have a seven transmembrane domain structure and are coupled to G proteins of the Gi and Go families. A method for determining the G-protein stimulating activity of ligands of the ORL 1 receptor is given in Example 12. A 10 method for measuring reduction in cellular cAMP levels following ORL 1 activation is given in Example 11. A further characteristic of members of the ORL 1 receptor family is that they are typically able to bind nociceptin (the natural ligand of

ORL

1 ). As an example, all alternative splice variants of the ORL 1 receptor, are members of the ORL 1 receptor family. 15 The term non-cytotoxic means that the protease molecule in question does not kill the target cell to which it has been re-targeted. The protease of the present invention embraces all naturally-occurring non 20 cytotoxic proteases that are capable of cleaving one or more proteins of the exocytic fusion apparatus in eukaryotic cells. The protease of the present invention is preferably a bacterial protease (or fragment thereof). More preferably the bacterial protease is selected from the 25 genera Clostridium or Neisseria (e.g. a clostridial L-chain, or a neisserial IgA protease preferably from N. gonorrhoeae). The present invention also embraces modified non-cytotoxic proteases, which include amino acid sequences that do not occur in nature and/or synthetic amino 30 acid residues, so long as the modified proteases still demonstrate the above mentioned protease activity.

58 The protease of the present invention preferably demonstrates a serine or metalloprotease activity (e.g. endopeptidase activity). The protease is preferably specific for a SNARE protein (e.g. SNAP-25, synaptobrevinNAMP, or syntaxin). 5 Particular mention is made to the protease domains of neurotoxins, for example the protease domains of bacterial neurotoxins. Thus, the present invention embraces the use of neurotoxin domains, which occur in nature, as well as recombinantly prepared versions of said naturally-occurring neurotoxins. 10 Exemplary neurotoxins are produced by clostridia, and the term clostridial neurotoxin embraces neurotoxins produced by C. tetani (TeNT), and by C. botulinum (BoNT) serotypes A-G, as well as the closely related BoNT-like neurotoxins produced by C. baratii and C. butyricum. The above-mentioned abbreviations are used throughout the present specification. For example, the 15 nomenclature BoNT/A denotes the source of neurotoxin as BoNT (serotype A). Corresponding nomenclature applies to other BoNT serotypes. The term L-chain fragment means a component of the L-chain of a neurotoxin, which fragment demonstrates a metalloprotease activity and is capable of 20 proteolytically cleaving a vesicle and/or plasma membrane associated protein involved in cellular exocytosis. A Translocation Domain is a molecule that enables translocation of a protease (or fragment thereof) into a target cell such that a functional expression of protease 25 activity occurs within the cytosol of the target cell. Whether any molecule (e.g. a protein or peptide) possesses the requisite translocation function of the present invention may be confirmed by any one of a number of conventional assays. For example, Shone C. (1987) describes an in vitro assay employing liposomes, 30 which are challenged with a test molecule. Presence of the requisite translocation function is confirmed by release from the liposomes of K* and/or 59 labelled NAD, which may be readily monitored [see Shone C. (1987) Eur. J. Biochem; vol. 167(1): pp. 175-180]. A further example is provided by Blaustein R. (1987), which describes a simple in 5 vitro assay employing planar phospholipid bilayer membranes. The membranes are challenged with a test molecule and the requisite translocation function is confirmed by an increase in conductance across said membranes [see Blaustein (1987) FEBS Letts; vol. 226, no. 1: pp. 115-120]. 10 Additional methodology to enable assessment of membrane fusion and thus identification of Translocation Domains suitable for use in the present invention are provided by Methods in Enzymology Vol 220 and 221, Membrane Fusion Techniques, Parts A and B, Academic Press 1993. 15 The Translocation Domain is preferably capable of formation of ion-permeable pores in lipid membranes under conditions of low pH. Preferably it has been found to use only those portions of the protein molecule capable of pore formation within the endosomal membrane. 20 The Translocation Domain may be obtained from a microbial protein source, in particular from a bacterial or viral protein source. Hence, in one embodiment, the Translocation Domain is a translocating domain of an enzyme, such as a bacterial toxin or viral protein. 25 It is well documented that certain domains of bacterial toxin molecules are capable of forming such pores. It is also known that certain translocation domains of virally expressed membrane fusion proteins are capable of forming such pores. Such domains may be employed in the present invention. 30 The Translocation Domain may be of a clostridial origin, namely the HN domain (or a functional component thereof). HN means a portion or fragment of the H chain of a clostridial neurotoxin approximately equivalent to the amino-terminal 60 half of the H-chain, or the domain corresponding to that fragment in the intact H chain. It is preferred that the H-chain substantially lacks the natural binding function of the Hc component of the H-chain. In this regard, the Hc function may be removed by deletion of the Hc amino acid sequence (either at the DNA 5 synthesis level, or at the post-synthesis level by nuclease or protease treatment). Alternatively, the Hc function may be inactivated by chemical or biological treatment. Thus, the H-chain is preferably incapable of binding to the Binding Site on a target cell to which native clostridial neurotoxin (i.e. holotoxin) binds. 10 In one embodiment, the translocation domain is a HN domain (or a fragment thereof) of a clostridial neurotoxin. Examples of suitable clostridial Translocation Domains include: Botulinum type A neurotoxin - amino acid residues (449-871) 15 Botulinum type B neurotoxin - amino acid residues (441-858) Botulinum type C neurotoxin - amino acid residues (442-866) Botulinum type D neurotoxin - amino acid residues (446-862) Botulinum type E neurotoxin - amino acid residues (423-845) Botulinum type F neurotoxin - amino acid residues (440-864) 20 Botulinum type G neurotoxin - amino acid residues (442-863) Tetanus neurotoxin - amino acid residues (458-879) For further details on the genetic basis of toxin production in Clostridium botulinum and C. tetani, we refer to Henderson et al (1997) in The Clostridia: 25 Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis, Academic press. The term HN embraces naturally-occurring neurotoxin HN portions, and modified HN portions having amino acid sequences that do not occur in nature and/or synthetic amino acid residues, so long as the modified HN portions still 30 demonstrate the above-mentioned translocation function.

61 Alternatively, the Translocation Domain may be of a non-clostridial origin (see Table 4). Examples of non-clostridial Translocation Domain origins include, but not be restricted to, the translocation domain of diphtheria toxin [O=Keefe et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1992) 89, 6202-6206; Silverman et al., J. Biol. Chem. 5 (1993) 269, 22524-22532; and London, E. (1992) Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 1112, pp.25-51], the translocation domain of Pseudomonas exotoxin type A [Prior et al. Biochemistry (1992) 31, 3555-3559], the translocation domains of anthrax toxin [Blanke et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1996) 93, 8437-8442], a variety of fusogenic or hydrophobic peptides of translocating function [Plank et al. J. Biol. 10 Chem. (1994) 269, 12918-12924; and Wagner et al (1992) PNAS, 89, pp.7934 7938], and amphiphilic peptides [Murata et a! (1992) Biochem., 31, pp.1986 1992]. The Translocation Domain may mirror the Translocation Domain present in a naturally-occurring protein, or may include amino acid variations so long as the variations do not destroy the translocating ability of the Translocation Domain. 15 Particular examples of viral Translocation Domains suitable for use in the present invention include certain translocating domains of virally expressed membrane fusion proteins. For example, Wagner et al. (1992) and Murata et al. (1992) describe the translocation (i.e. membrane fusion and vesiculation) function of a 20 number of fusogenic and amphiphilic peptides derived from the N-terminal region of influenza virus haemagglutinin. Other virally expressed membrane fusion proteins known to have the desired translocating activity are a translocating domain of a fusogenic peptide of Semliki Forest Virus (SFV), a translocating domain of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) glycoprotein G, a translocating domain 25 of SER virus F protein and a translocating domain of Foamy virus envelope glycoprotein. Virally encoded Aspike proteins have particular application in the context of the present invention, for example, the El protein of SFV and the G protein of the G protein of VSV. 30 Use of the Translocation Domains listed in Table (below) includes use of sequence variants thereof. A variant may comprise one or more conservative nucleic acid substitutions and/ or nucleic acid deletions or insertions, with the 62 proviso that the variant possesses the requisite translocating function. A variant may also comprise one or more amino acid substitutions and/ or amino acid deletions or insertions, so long as the variant possesses the requisite translocating function. 5 Translocation Amino acid References domain source residues Diphtheria toxin 194-380 Silverman et al., 1994, J. Biol. Chem. 269, 22524-22532 London E., 1992, Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 1113, 25-51 Domain Il of 405-613 Prior eta., 1992, Biochemistry pseudomonas 31, 3555-3559 exotoxin Kihara & Pastan, 1994, Bioconj Chem. 5, 532-538 Influenza virus GLFGAIAGFIENGWE Plank et al., 1994, J. Biol. Chem. haemagglutinin GMIDGWYG, and 269, 12918-12924 Variants thereof Wagner et al., 1992, PNAS, 89, 7934-7938 Murata et al., 1992, Biochemistry 31, 1986-1992 Semliki Forest virus Translocation domain Kielian et al., 1996, J Cell Biol. fusogenic protein 134(4), 863-872 Vesicular Stomatitis 118-139 Yao et al., 2003, Virology 310(2), virus glycoprotein G 319-332 SER virus F protein Translocation domain Seth et al., 2003, J Virol 77(11) 6520-6527 Foamy virus Translocation domain Picard-Maureau et al., 2003, J envelope Virol. 77(8), 4722-4730 glycoprotein 63 SEQ ID NOs Where an initial Met amino acid residue or a corresponding initial codon is indicated in any of the following SEQ ID NOs, said residue/ codon is optional. 5 SEQ ID1 DNA sequence of the LC/A SEQ ID2 DNA sequence of the HN/A SEQ ID3 DNA sequence of the LC/B SEQ ID4 DNA sequence of the HN/B SEQ ID5 DNA sequence of the LC/C 10 SEQ ID6 DNA sequence of the HN/C SEQ ID7 DNA sequence of the CPN-A linker SEQ ID8 DNA sequence of the A linker SEQ ID9 DNA sequence of the N-terminal presentation nociceptin insert SEQ ID10 DNA sequence of the CPN-C linker 15 SEQ ID1 1 DNA sequence of the CPBE-A linker SEQ ID12 DNA sequence of the CPNvar-A linker SEQ ID13 DNA sequence of the LC/A-CPN-HN/A fusion SEQ ID14 Protein sequence of the LC/A-CPN-HN/A fusion SEQ ID15 DNA sequence of the N-LC/A-HN/A fusion 20 SEQ ID16 Protein sequence of the N-LC/A-HN/A fusion SEQ ID17 DNA sequence of the LC/C-CPN-HN/C fusion SEQ ID18 Protein sequence of the LC/C-CPN-HN/C fusion SEQ ID19 DNA sequence of the LC/C-CPN-HN/C (A-linker) fusion SEQ ID20 Protein sequence of the LC/C-CPN-HN/C (A-linker) fusion 25 SEQ ID21 DNA sequence of the LC/A-CPME-HN/A fusion SEQ ID22 Protein sequence of the LC/A-CPME-HN/A fusion SEQ ID23 DNA sequence of the LC/A-CPBE-HN/A fusion SEQ ID24 Protein sequence of the LC/A-CPBE-HN/A fusion SEQ ID25 DNA sequence of the LC/A-CPNv-HN/A fusion 30 SEQ ID26 Protein sequence of the LC/A-CPNv-HN/A fusion SEQ ID27 DNA sequence of the LC/A-CPN[1-1 1]-HN/A fusion SEQ ID28 Protein sequence of the LC/A-CPN[1-11]-HN/A fusion 64 SEQ ID29 DNA sequence of the LC/A-CPN[[Y10]1-11]-HN/A fusion SEQ ID30 Protein sequence of the LC/A-CPN[[Y1 0]1-1 1]-HN/A fusion SEQ ID31 DNA sequence of the LC/A-CPN[[Y 11]1-11]-HN/A fusion SEQ ID32 Protein sequence of the LC/A-CPN[[Y11]1-11]-HN/A fusion 5 SEQ ID33 DNA sequence of the LC/A-CPN[[Y14]1-17]-HN/A fusion SEQ ID34 Protein sequence of the LC/A-CPN[[Y14]1-17]-HN/A fusion SEQ ID35 DNA sequence of the LC/A-CPN[1-13]-HN/A fusion SEQ ID36 Protein sequence of the LC/A- CPN[1-13]-HN/A fusion SEQ ID37 DNA sequence of CPN[1 -17] 10 SEQ ID38 Protein Sequence of CPN[1-17] SEQ ID39 DNA sequence of CPN[1-11] SEQ ID40 Protein sequence of CPN[1-11] SEQ ID41 DNA sequence of CPN[[Y10]1-11] SEQ ID42 Protein sequence of CPN[[Y10]1-11] 15 SEQ ID43 DNA sequence of CPN[[Y 11]1-11] SEQ ID44 Protein sequence of CPN[[Y1 1]1-11] SEQ ID45 DNA sequence of CPN[[Y14]1-17] SEQ ID46 Protein sequence of CPN[[Y14]1-17] SEQ ID47 DNA sequence of CPN[1-13] 20 SEQ ID48 Protein sequence of CPN[1-13] SEQ ID49 DNA sequence of CPNv (also known as N[[R14K15]1-17]) SEQ ID50 Protein sequence of CPNv (also known as N[[R14K15]1-17]) SEQ ID51 DNA sequence of the nociceptin-spacer-LC/A-HN/A fusion SEQ ID52 Protein sequence of the nociceptin-spacer-LC/A-HN/A fusion 25 SEQ ID53 DNA sequence of the CPN-A GS10 linker SEQ ID54 DNA sequence of the CPN-A GS15 linker SEQ ID55 DNA sequence of the CPN-A GS25 linker SEQ ID56 DNA sequence of the CPN-A GS30 linker SEQ ID57 DNA sequence of the CPN-A HX27 linker 30 SEQ ID58 DNA sequence of the LC/A-CPN(GS1 5)-HN/A fusion SEQ ID59 Protein sequence of the LC/A-CPN(GS15)-HN/A fusion SEQ ID60 DNA sequence of the LC/A-CPN(GS25)-HN/A fusion 65 SEQ ID61 Protein sequence of the LC/A-CPN(GS25)-HN/A fusion SEQ ID62 DNA sequence of the CPNvar-A Enterokinase activatable linker SEQ ID63 DNA sequence of the LC/A-CPNv(Ek)-HN/A fusion SEQ ID64 Protein sequence of the LC/A-CPNv(Ek)-HN/A fusion 5 SEQ ID65 DNA sequence of the CPNvar-A linker SEQ ID66 DNA sequence of the LC/C-CPNv-HN/C fusion (act. A) SEQ ID67 Protein sequence of the LC/C-CPNv-HN/C fusion (act. A) SEQ ID68 DNA sequence of the LC/A-CPLE-HN/A fusion SEQ ID69 Protein sequence of the LC/A-CPLE-HN/A fusion 10 SEQ ID70 DNA sequence of the LC/A-CPOP-HN/A fusion SEQ ID71 Protein sequence of the LC/A-CPOP-HN/A fusion SEQ ID72 DNA sequence of the LC/A-CPOPv-HN/A fusion SEQ ID73 Protein sequence of the LC/A-CPOPv-HN/A fusion SEQ ID74 DNA sequence of the IgA protease 15 SEQ ID75 DNA sequence of the IgA-CPNv-HN/A fusion SEQ ID76 Protein sequence of the IgA-CPNv-HN/A fusion SEQ ID77 DNA sequence of the FXa-HT SEQ ID78 DNA sequence of the CPNv-A-FXa-HT SEQ ID79 Protein sequence of the CPNv-A-FXa-HT fusion 20 SEQ ID80 DNA sequence of the DT translocation domain SEQ ID81 DNA sequence of the CPLE-DT-A SEQ ID82 Protein sequence of the CPLE-DT-A fusion SEQ ID83 DNA sequence of the TeNT LC SEQ ID84 DNA sequence of the CPNv-TENT LC 25 SEQ ID85 Protein sequence of the CPNV-TeNT LC fusion SEQ ID86 DNA sequence of the CPNvar-C linker SEQ ID87 DNA sequence of the LC/C-CPNv-HN/C fusion (act. C) SEQ ID88 Protein sequence of the LC/C-CPNv-HN/C fusion (act. C) SEQ ID89 Protein sequence of galanin GA30 30 SEQ ID90 Protein sequence of galanin GA16 SEQ ID91 DNA sequence of LC/A-HN/A-GS20-GA30 fusion SEQ ID92 DNA sequence of LC/A-HN/A-GS20-GA16 fusion 66 SEQ ID93 Protein sequence of LC/A-HN/A-GS20-GA30 fusion SEQ ID94 Protein sequence of LC/A-HN/A-GS20-GA16 fusion SEQ ID95 Protein sequence of LC/A- GA16 (GS20)-HN/A fusion SEQ ID96 Protein sequence of LC/A- GA16 (GS30)-HN/A fusion 5 SEQ ID97 Protein sequence of LC/A- GA16 (HX27)-HN/A fusion SEQ ID98 Protein sequence of LC/A- GA16 (GSO)-HN/A fusion SEQ ID99 Protein sequence of IgA-GA16 -HN/A fusion SEQ ID100 Protein sequence of TeNT-GA16 LC fusion SEQ ID101 Protein sequence of LC/C-GA16 (GS20)-HN/C (A-linker) fusion 10 Examples Example 1 - Preparation of a LC/A and HN/A backbone clones The following procedure creates the LC and HN fragments for use as the component backbone for multidomain fusion expression. This example is based 15 on preparation of a serotype A based clone (SEQ IDI and SEQ ID2), though the procedures and methods are equally applicable to the other serotypes [illustrated by the sequence listing for serotype B (SEQ ID3 and SEQ ID4) and serotype C (SEQ ID5 and SEQ ID6)]. 20 Preparation of cloning and expression vectors pCR 4 (Invitrogen) is the chosen standard cloning vector, selected due to the lack of restriction sequences within the vector and adjacent sequencing primer sites for easy construct confirmation. The expression vector is based on the pMAL (NEB) expression vector, which has the desired restriction sequences within the 25 multiple cloning site in the correct orientation for construct insertion (BamHl-Sal Pstl-Hindlll). A fragment of the expression vector has been removed to create a non-mobilisable plasmid and a variety of different fusion tags have been inserted to increase purification options. 30 Preparation of protease (e.g. LC/A) insert The LC/A (SEQ ID1) is created by one of two ways: 67 The DNA sequence is designed by back translation of the LC/A amino acid sequence [obtained from freely available database sources such as GenBank (accession number P10845) or Swissprot (accession locus BXA1_CLOBO) using one of a variety of reverse translation software tools (for example EditSeq best E. 5 coli reverse translation (DNASTAR Inc.), or Backtranslation tool v2.0 (Entelechon)]. BamHI/Sall recognition sequences are incorporated at the 5' and 3' ends respectively of the sequence, maintaining the correct reading frame. The DNA sequence is screened (using software such as MapDraw, DNASTAR Inc.) for restriction enzyme cleavage sequences incorporated during the back 10 translation. Any cleavage sequences that are found to be common to those required by the cloning system are removed manually from the proposed coding sequence ensuring common E. coli codon usage is maintained. E. coli codon usage is assessed by reference to software programs such as Graphical Codon Usage Analyser (Geneart), and the %GC content and codon usage ratio 15 assessed by reference to published codon usage tables (for example GenBank Release 143, 13 September 2004). This optimised DNA sequence containing the LC/A open reading frame (ORF) is then commercially synthesized (for example by Entelechon, Geneart or Sigma-Genosys) and is provided in the pCR 4 vector. 20 The alternative method is to use PCR amplification from an existing DNA sequence with BamHl and Sall restriction enzyme sequences incorporated into the 5' and 3' PCR primers respectively. Complementary oligonucleotide primers are chemically synthesised by a supplier (for example MWG or Sigma-Genosys), so that each pair has the ability to hybridize to the opposite strands (3' ends 25 pointing "towards" each other) flanking the stretch of Clostridium target DNA, one oligonucleotide for each of the two DNA strands. To generate a PCR product the pair of short oligonucleotide primers specific for the Clostridium DNA sequence are mixed with the Clostridium DNA template and other reaction components and placed in a machine (the 'PCR machine') that can change the incubation 30 temperature of the reaction tube automatically, cycling between approximately 94 0 C (for denaturation), 551C (for oligonucleotide annealing), and 72 0 C (for 68 synthesis). Other reagents required for amplification of a PCR product include a DNA polymerase (such as Taq or Pfu polymerase), each of the four nucleotide dNTP building blocks of DNA in equimolar amounts (50-200 pM) and a buffer appropriate for the enzyme optimised for Mg 2 l concentration (0.5-5 mM). 5 The amplification product is cloned into pCR 4 using either, TOPO TA cloning for Taq PCR products or Zero Blunt TOPO cloning for Pfu PCR products (both kits commercially available from Invitrogen). The resultant clone is checked by sequencing. Any additional restriction sequences which are not compatible with 10 the cloning system are then removed using site directed mutagenesis [for example, using Quickchange (Stratagene Inc.)]. Preparation of translocation (e.g. HN) insert The HN/A (SEQ ID2) is created by one of two ways: 15 The DNA sequence is designed by back translation of the HN/A amino acid sequence [obtained from freely available database sources such as GenBank (accession number P10845) or Swissprot (accession locus BXA1_CLOBO)] using one of a variety of reverse translation software tools [for example EditSeq best E. coli reverse translation (DNASTAR Inc.), or Backtranslation tool v2.0 20 (Entelechon)]. A Pstl restriction sequence added to the N-terminus and Xbal stop codon-Hindlll to the C-terminus ensuring the correct reading frame is maintained. The DNA sequence is screened (using software such as MapDraw, DNASTAR Inc.) for restriction enzyme cleavage sequences incorporated during the back translation. Any sequences that are found to be common to those 25 required by the cloning system are removed manually from the proposed coding sequence ensuring common E. coli codon usage is maintained. E. coli codon usage is assessed by reference to software programs such as Graphical Codon Usage Analyser (Geneart), and the %GC content and codon usage ratio assessed by reference to published codon usage tables (for example GenBank 30 Release 143, 13 September 2004). This optimised DNA sequence is then commercially synthesized (for example by Entelechon, Geneart or Sigma Genosys) and is provided in the pCR 4 vector.

69 The alternative method is to use PCR amplification from an existing DNA sequence with Pstl and Xbal-stop codon-Hindlll restriction enzyme sequences incorporated into the 5' and 3' PCR primers respectively. The PCR amplification 5 is performed as described above. The PCR product is inserted into pCR 4 vector and checked by sequencing. Any additional restriction sequences which are not compatible with the cloning system are then removed using site directed mutagenesis [for example using Quickchange (Stratagene Inc.)]. 10 Example 2 - Preparation of a LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion protein (nociceptin is N-terminal of the HN-chain) Preparation of linker-nociceptin-spacer insert The LC-HN linker can be designed from first principle, using the existing sequence information for the linker as the template. For example, the serotype A linker (in 15 this case defined as the inter-domain polypeptide region that exists between the cysteines of the disulphide bridge between LC and HN) is 23 amino acids long and has the sequence VRGIITSKTKSLDKGYNKALNDL. Within this sequence, it is understood that proteolytic activation in nature leads to an HN domain that has an N-terminus of the sequence ALNDL. This sequence information is freely 20 available from available database sources such as GenBank (accession number P10845) or Swissprot (accession locus BXA1_CLOBO). Into this linker a Factor Xa site, nociceptin and spacer are incorporated; and using one of a variety of reverse translation software tools [for example EditSeq best E. coli reverse translation (DNASTAR Inc.), or Backtranslation tool v2.0 (Entelechon)], the DNA 25 sequence encoding the linker-ligand-spacer region is determined. Restriction sites are then incorporated into the DNA sequence and can be arranged as BamHI-Sall-linker-protease site-nociceptin-Nhel-spacer-Spel-Pstl-Xbal-stop codon-Hindill (SEQ ID7). It is important to ensure the correct reading frame is maintained for the spacer, nociceptin and restriction sequences and that the Xbal 30 sequence is not preceded by the bases, TC, which would result on DAM methylation. The DNA sequence is screened for restriction sequence incorporation, and any additional sequences are removed manually from the 70 remaining sequence ensuring common E. coli codon usage is maintained. E. coli codon usage is assessed by reference to software programs such as Graphical Codon Usage Analyser (Geneart), and the %GC content and codon usage ratio assessed by reference to published codon usage tables (for example, GenBank 5 Release 143, 13 September 2004). This optimised DNA sequence is then commercially synthesized (for example by Entelechon, Geneart or Sigma Genosys) and is provided in the pCR 4 vector. Preparation of the LC/A-nociceptin-Hp/A fusion 10 In order to create the LC-linker-nociceptin-spacer-HN construct (SEQ ID13), the pCR 4 vector encoding the linker (SEQ ID7) is cleaved with BamHI + Sall restriction enzymes. This cleaved vector then serves as the recipient vector for insertion and ligation of the LC/A DNA (SEQ ID1) cleaved with BamH1 + San. The resulting plasmid DNA is then cleaved with Pst + Xbal restriction enzymes 15 and serves as the recipient vector for the insertion and ligation of the HN/A DNA (SEQ ID2) cleaved with Pstl + Xbal. The final construct contains the LC-linker nociceptin-spacer-HN ORF (SEQ ID13) for transfer into expression vectors for expression to result in a fusion protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID14. 20 Example 3 - Preparation of a nociceptin-LC/A-HN/A fusion protein (nociceptin is N-terminal of the LC-chain) The LC/A-HN/A backbone is constructed as described in Example 2 using the synthesised A serotype linker with the addition of a Factor Xa site for activation, arranged as BamHI-Sa/I-linker-protease site-linker-Pstl-Xbal-stop codon-HindIll 25 (SEQ ID8). The LC/A-HN/A backbone and the synthesised N-terminal presentation nociceptin insert (SEQ ID9) are cleaved with BamHI + Hindlll restriction enzymes, gel purified and ligated together to create a nociceptin spacer-LC-linker-HN. The ORF (SEQ ID15) is then cut out using restriction enzymes Aval + Xbal for transfer into expression vectors for expression to result 30 in a fusion protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID16. Example 4 - Preparation of a LC/C-nociceptin-HN/C fusion protein 71 Following the methods used in Examples 1 and 2, the LC/C (SEQ D5) and HN/C (SEQ ID6) are created and inserted into the C serotype linker arranged as BamHI-Sal-linker-protease site-nociceptin-Nhel-spacer-Spel-Pstl-Xbal-stop codon-HindIll (SEQ ID10). The final construct contains the LC-linker-nociceptin 5 spacer-HN ORF (SEQ ID17) for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID18. Example 5 - Preparation of a LC/C-nociceptin-HN/C fusion protein with a serotype A activation sequence 10 Following the methods used in Examples 1 and 2, the LC/C (SEQ ID5) and HN/C (SEQ ID6) are created and inserted into the A serotype linker arranged as BamHI-Sal-linker-protease site-nociceptin-Nhel-spacer-Spel-Pstl-Xbal-stop codon-Hindill (SEQ ID7). The final construct contains the LC-linker-nociceptin spacer-HN ORF (SEQ ID19) for expression as a protein of the sequence 15 illustrated in SEQ ID20. Example 6 - Preparation of a LC/A-met enkephalin-HN/A fusion protein Due to the small, five-amino acid, size of the met-enkephalin ligand the LC/A-met enkephalin-HN/A fusion is created by site directed mutagenesis [for example 20 using Quickchange (Stratagene Inc.)] using the LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion (SEQ ID13) as a template. Oligonucleotides are designed encoding the YGGFM met-enkephalin peptide, ensuring standard E.coli codon usage is maintained and no additional restriction sites are incorporated, flanked by sequences complimentary to the linker region of the LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion (SEQ ID13) 25 either side on the nociceptin section. The SDM product is checked by sequencing and the final construct containing the LC-linker-met enkephalin spacer-HN ORF (SEQ ID21) for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID22. 30 Example 7 - Preparation of a LC/A-p endorphin-HN/A fusion protein Following the methods used in Examples 1 and 2, the LC/A (SEQ ID1) and HN/A (SEQ ID2) are created and inserted into the A serotype P endorphin linker 72 arranged as BamHI-Sa/l-linker-protease site-p endorphin-Nhel-spacer-Spel-Pst Xbal-stop codon-Hindll (SEQ ID11). The final construct contains the LC-linker-p endorphin-spacer-HN ORF (SEQ ID23) for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID24. 5 Example 8 - Preparation of a LC/A-nociceptin variant-HN/A fusion protein Following the methods used in Examples 1 and 2, the LC/A (SEQ ID1) and HN/A (SEQ ID2) are created and inserted into the A serotype nociceptin variant linker arranged as BamHI-Sal-linker-protease site-nociceptin variant-Nhel-spacer 10 Spel-PstI-Xbal-stop codon-Hindill (SEQ ID12). The final construct contains the LC-linker-nociceptin variant-spacer-HN ORF (SEQ ID25) for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID26. Example 9 - Purification method for LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion protein 15 Defrost falcon tube containing 25 ml 50 mM HEPES pH 7.2, 200 mM NaCl and approximately 10 g of E. coli BL21 cell paste. Make the thawed cell paste up to 80 ml with 50 mM HEPES pH 7.2, 200 mM NaCl and sonicate on ice 30 seconds on, 30 seconds off for 10 cycles at a power of 22 microns ensuring the sample remains cool. Spin the lysed cells at 18 000 rpm, 4 0 C for 30 minutes. Load the 20 supernatant onto a 0.1 M NiSO 4 charged Chelating column (20-30 ml column is sufficient) equilibrated with 50 mM HEPES pH 7.2, 200 mM NaCl. Using a step gradient of 10 and 40 mM imidazol, wash away the non-specific bound protein and elute the fusion protein with 100 mM imidazol. Dialyse the eluted fusion protein against 5 L of 50 mM HEPES pH 7.2, 200 mM NaCl at 4 0 C overnight and 25 measure the OD of the dialysed fusion protein. Add 1 unit of factor Xa per 100 pg fusion protein and Incubate at 25*C static overnight. Load onto a 0.1 M NiSO 4 charged Chelating column (20-30 ml column is sufficient) equilibrated with 50 mM HEPES pH 7.2, 200 mM NaCl. Wash column to baseline with 50 mM HEPES pH 7.2, 200 mM NaCl. Using a step gradient of 10 and 40 mM imidazol, wash away 30 the non-specific bound protein and elute the fusion protein with 100 mM imidazol. Dialyse the eluted fusion protein against 5 L of 50 mM HEPES pH 7.2, 200 mM 73 NaCI at 4 0 C overnight and concentrate the fusion to about 2 mg/ml, aliquot sample and freeze at -20 0 C. Test purified protein using OD, BCA, purity analysis and SNAP-25 assessments. 5 Example 10 - Confirmation of TM Agonist Activity by measuring release of substance P from neuronal cell cultures Materials Substance P EIA is obtained from R&D Systems, UK. 10 Methods Primary neuronal cultures of eDRG are established as described previously (Duggan et al., 2002). Substance P release from the cultures is assessed by EIA, essentially as described previously (Duggan et al., 2002). The TM of interest is added to the neuronal cultures (established for at least 2 weeks prior to 15 treatment); control cultures are performed in parallel by addition of vehicle in place of TM. Stimulated (100 mM KCI) and basal release, together with total cell lysate content, of substance P are obtained for both control and TM treated cultures. Substance P immunoreactivity is measured using Substance P Enzyme Immunoassay Kits (Cayman Chemical Company, USA or R&D Systems, UK) 20 according to manufacturers' instructions. The amount of Substance P released by the neuronal cells in the presence of the TM of interest is compared to the release obtained in the presence and absence of 100 mM KCI. Stimulation of Substance P release by the TM of interest above 25 the basal release, establishes that the TM of interest is an "agonist ligand" as defined in this specification. If desired the stimulation of Substance P release by the TM of interest can be compared to a standard Substance P release-curve produced using the natural ORL-1 receptor ligand, nociceptin (Tocris). 30 Example 11 - Confirmation of ORL 1 receptor activation by measuring forskolin-stimulated cAMP production 74 Confirmation that a given TM is acting via the ORL 1 receptor is provided by the following test, in which the TMs ability to inhibit forskolin-stimulated cAMP production is assessed. 5 Materials

[

3 H]adenine and [ 14 C]cAMP are obtained from GE Healthcare Methods The test is conducted essentially as described previously by Meunier et al. 10 [Isolation and structure of the endogenous agonist of opioid receptor-like ORL 1 receptor. Nature 377: 532-535, 1995] in intact transfected-CHO cells plated on 24-well plastic plates. To the cells is added [3H]adenine (1.0 pCi) in 0.4 ml of culture medium. The cells 15 remain at 37 0 C for 2 h to allow the adenine to incorporate into the intracellular ATP pool. After 2 h, the cells are washed once with incubation buffer containing: 130 mM NaCl, 4.8 mM KCI, 1.2 mM KH 2

PO

4 , 1.3 mM CaCl 2 , 1.2 mM MgSO 4 , 10 mM glucose, 1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin and 25 mM HEPES pH 7.4, and replaced with buffer containing forskolin (10 pM) and isobutylmethylxanthine (50 20 pM) with or without the TM of interest. After 10 min, the medium is aspirated and replaced with 0.5 ml, 0.2 M HCI. Approximately 1000 cpm of [ 14 C]cAMP is added to each well and used as an internal standard. The contents of the wells are then transferred to columns of 0.65 g dry alumina powder. The columns are eluted with 4 ml of 5 mM HCI, 0.5 ml of 0.1 M ammonium acetate, then two additional 25 millilitres of ammonium acetate. The final eluate is collected into scintillation vials and counted for 1 4 C and tritium. Amounts collected are corrected for recovery of

[

14 C]cAMP. TMs that are agonists at the ORL 1 receptor cause a reduction in the level of cAMP produced in response to forskolin. 30 Example 12 - Confirmation of ORL 1 receptor activation using a GTPyS binding functional assay 75 Confirmation that a given TM is acting via the ORL 1 receptor is also provided by the following test, a GTPyS binding functional assay. Materials 5 [ 35 S]GTPyS is obtained from GE Healthcare Wheatgerm agglutinin-coated (SPA) beads are obtained from GE Healthcare Methods This assay is carried out essentially as described by Traynor and Nahorski 10 [Modulation by p-opioid agonists of guanosine-5 -O-(3-[ 3 S]thio)triphosphate binding to membranes from human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 47: 848-854, 1995]. Cells are scraped from tissue culture dishes into 20 mM HEPES, 1 mM 15 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, then centrifuged at 500 x g for 10 min. Cells are resuspended in this buffer and homogenized with a Polytron Homogenizer. The homogenate is centrifuged at 27,000 x g for 15 min, and the pellet resuspended in buffer A, containing: 20 mM HEPES, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 100 mM 20 NaCl, pH 7.4. The suspension is recentrifuged at 20,000 x g and suspended once more in buffer A. For the binding assay, membranes (8-15 pg protein) are incubated with [ 3 S]GTP S (50 pM), GDP (10 pM), with and without the TM of interest, in a total volume of 1.0 ml, for 60 min at 25 0 C. Samples are filtered over glass fibre filters and counted as described for the binding assays. 25 Example 13 - Preparation of a LCIA-nociceptin-HN/A fusion protein (nociceptin is N-terminal of the HN-chain) The linker-nociceptin-spacer insert is prepared as described in Example 2. 30 Preparation of the LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion 76 In order to create the LC-linker-nociceptin-spacer-HN construct (SEQ ID13), the pCR 4 vector encoding the linker (SEQ ID7) is cleaved with BamHI + Sall restriction enzymes. This cleaved vector then serves as the recipient for insertion and ligation of the LC/A DNA (SEQ ID1) also cleaved with BamHI + Sal. The 5 resulting plasmid DNA is then cleaved with BamHI + Hindlll restriction enzymes and the LC/A-linker fragment inserted into a similarly cleaved vector containing a unique multiple cloning site for BamHl, Sall, Pstl, and Hindlll such as the pMAL vector (NEB). The HN/A DNA (SEQ ID2) is then cleaved with Pstl + Hindill restriction enzymes and inserted into the similarly cleaved pMAL-LC/A-linker 10 construct. The final construct contains the LC-linker-nociceptin-spacer-HN ORF (SEQ ID1 3) for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID14. Example 14 - Preparation of a nociceptin-LC/A-HN/A fusion protein (nociceptin is N-terminal of the LC-chain) 15 In order to create the nociceptin-spacer-LC/A-HN/A construct, an A serotype linker with the addition of a Factor Xa site for activation, arranged as BamHI-Sail linker-protease site-linker-Pstl-Xbal-stop codon-Hindlli (SEQ ID8) is synthesised as described in Example 13. The pCR 4 vector encoding the linker is cleaved with BamHI + Sal restriction enzymes. This cleaved vector then serves as the 20 recipient for insertion and ligation of the LC/A DNA (SEQ IDI) also cleaved with BamHI + Sal. The resulting plasmid DNA is then cleaved with BamHI + HindIll restriction enzymes and the LC/A-linker fragment inserted into a similarly cleaved vector containing the synthesised N-terminal presentation nociceptin insert (SEQ ID9). This construct is then cleaved with Aval + Hindill and inserted into an 25 expression vector such as the pMAL plasmid (NEB). The HN/A DNA (SEQ ID2) is then cleaved with Pstl + HindIll restriction enzymes and inserted into the similarly cleaved pMAL-nociceptin-LC/A-linker construct. The final construct contains the nociceptin-spacer-LC/A-HN/A ORF (SEQ ID51) for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID52. 30 Example 15 - Preparation and purification of an LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion protein family with variable spacer length 77 Using the same strategy as employed in Example 2, a range of DNA linkers were prepared that encoded nociceptin and variable spacer content. Using one of a variety of reverse translation software tools [for example EditSeq best E. coli reverse translation (DNASTAR Inc.), or Backtranslation tool v2.0 (Entelechon)], 5 the DNA sequence encoding the linker-ligand-spacer region is determined. Restriction sites are then incorporated into the DNA sequence and can be arranged as BamHI-Sal-linker-protease site-nociceptin-Nhel-spacer-Spel-Pst Xbal-stop codon-Hindill (SEQ ID53 to SEQ ID57). It is important to ensure the correct reading frame is maintained for the spacer, nociceptin and restriction 10 sequences and that the Xbal sequence is not preceded by the bases, TC which would result on DAM methylation. The DNA sequence is screened for restriction sequence incorporation and any additional sequences are removed manually from the remaining sequence ensuring common E. coli codon usage is maintained. E. coli codon usage is assessed by reference to software programs 15 such as Graphical Codon Usage Analyser (Geneart), and the %GC content and codon usage ratio assessed by reference to published codon usage tables (for example GenBank Release 143, 13 September 2004). This optimised DNA sequence is then commercially synthesized (for example by Entelechon, Geneart or Sigma-Genosys) and is provided in the pCR 4 vector. 20 The spacers that were created included: Code Protein sequence of the linker SEQ ID of the linker DNA GS10 ALAGGGGSALVLQ 53 GS15 ALAGGGGSGGGGSALVLQ 54 GS25 ALAGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSALVLQ 55 GS30 ALAGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSALVLQ 56 HX27 ALAAEAAAKEAAAKEAAAKAGGGGSALVLQ 57 Table I 78 By way of example, in order to create the LC/A-CPN(GS1 5)-HN/A fusion construct (SEQ ID58), the pCR 4 vector encoding the linker (SEQ ID54) is cleaved with BamHl + Sall restriction enzymes. This cleaved vector then serves as the recipient vector for insertion and ligation of the LC/A DNA (SEQ ID1) also cleaved 5 with BamHI + Sall. The resulting plasmid DNA is then cleaved with BamHI + Hindlll restriction enzymes and the LC/A-linker fragment inserted into a similarly cleaved vector containing a unique multiple cloning site for BamHl, Sall, PstI, and Hindlll such as the pMAL vector (NEB). The HN/A DNA (SEQ ID2) is then cleaved with Pstl + Hindlll restriction enzymes and inserted into the similarly 10 cleaved pMAL-LC/A-linker construct. The final construct contains the LC/A CPN(GS15)-HN/A ORF (SEQ ID58) for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID59. As a further example, to create the LC/A-CPN(GS25)-HN/A fusion construct (SEQ 15 ID60), the pCR 4 vector encoding the linker (SEQ ID55) is cleaved with BamHl + Sall restriction enzymes. This cleaved vector then serves as the recipient vector for insertion and ligation of the LC/A DNA (SEQ ID1) cleaved with BamHI + Sal. The resulting plasmid DNA is then cleaved with BamHI + Hindlll restriction enzymes and the LC/A-linker fragment inserted into a similarly cleaved vector 20 containing a unique multiple cloning site for BamHl, Sal, Pst, and Hindlll such as the pMAL vector (NEB). The HN/A DNA (SEQ ID2) is then cleaved with Pstl + Hindlll restriction enzymes and inserted into the similarly cleaved pMAL-LC/A linker construct. The final construct contains the LC/A-CPN(GS25)-HN/A ORF (SEQ ID60) for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID61. 25 Variants of the LC/A-CPN-HN/A fusion consisting of GS10, GS30 and HX27 are similarly created. Using the purification methodology described in Example 9, fusion protein is purified from E. coli cell paste. Figure 9 illustrates the purified product obtained in the case of LC/A-CPN(GS10)-HN/A, LC/A-CPN(GS15)-HN/A, 30 LC/A-CPN(GS25)-HN/A, LC/A-CPN(GS30)-HN/A and LC/A-CPN(HX27)-HN/A.

79 Example 16 - Assessment of in vitro efficacy of an LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion Fusion protein prepared according to Examples 2 and 9 was assessed in the eDRG neuronal cell model. 5 Assays for the inhibition of substance P release and cleavage of SNAP-25 have been previously reported (Duggan et al., 2002, J. Biol. Chem., 277, 34846 34852). Briefly, dorsal root ganglia neurons are harvested from 15-day-old fetal Sprague-Dawley rats and dissociated cells plated onto 24-well plates coated with 10 Matrigel at a density of 1 x 106 cells/well. One day post-plating the cells are treated with 10 pM cytosine p-D-arabinofuranoside for 48 h. Cells are maintained in Dulbecco's minimal essential medium supplemented with 5% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, 5 mM L-glutamine, 0.6% D-glucose, 2% B27 supplement, and 100 ng/ml 2.5S mouse nerve growth factor. Cultures are maintained for 2 weeks 15 at 371C in 95% air/5% CO 2 before addition of test materials. Release of substance P from eDRG is assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Briefly, eDRG cells are washed twice with low potassium balanced salt solution (BSS: 5 mM KCI, 137 mM NaCl, 1.2 mM MgCl 2 , 5 mM 20 glucose, 0.44 mM KH 2

PO

4 , 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 2 mM CaCl 2 ). Basal samples are obtained by incubating each well for 5 min. with 1 ml of low potassium BSS. After removal of this buffer, the cells are stimulated to release by incubation with 1 ml of high potassium buffer (BSS as above with modification to include 100 mM KCI isotonically balanced with NaCl) for 5 min. All samples 25 are removed to tubes on ice prior to assay of substance P. Total cell lysates are prepared by addition of 250 pl of 2 M acetic acid/0.1% trifluoroacetic acid to lyse the cells, centrifugal evaporation, and resuspension in 500 pl of assay buffer. Diluted samples are assessed for substance P content. Substance P immunoreactivity is measured using Substance P Enzyme Immunoassay Kits 30 (Cayman Chemical Company or R&D Systems) according to manufacturers' 80 instructions. Substance P is expressed in pg/ml relative to a standard substance P curve run in parallel. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis were performed using standard protocols 5 (Novex). SNAP-25 proteins were resolved on a 12% Tris/glycine polyacrylamide gel (Novex) and subsequently transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. The membranes were probed with a monoclonal antibody (SMI-81) that recognises cleaved and intact SNAP-25. Specific binding was visualised using peroxidase conjugated secondary antibodies and a chemiluminescent detection system. 10 Cleavage of SNAP-25 was quantified by scanning densitometry (Molecular Dynamics Personal SI, ImageQuant data analysis software). Percent SNAP-25 cleavage was calculated according to the formula: (Cleaved SNAP 25/(Cleaved+1ntact SNAP-25))x100. 15 Following exposure of eDRG neurons to an LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion (termed CPN-A), both inhibition of substance P release and cleavage of SNAP-25 are observed (Figure 10). After 24 h exposure to the fusion, 50% of maximal SNAP 25 cleavage is achieved by a fusion concentration of 6.3±2.5 nM. 20 The effect of the fusion is also assessed at defined time points following a 16 h exposure of eDRG to CPN-A. Figure 11 illustrates the prolonged duration of action of the CPN-A fusion protein, with measurable activity still being observed at 28 days post exposure. 25 Example 17 - Assessment of in vitro efficacy of an LC/A-nociceptin variant HN/A fusion Fusion protein prepared according to Examples 8 and 9 was assessed in the eDRG neuronal cell mode using the method described in Example 16. 30 Following exposure of eDRG neurons to an LC/A-nociceptin variant-HN/A fusion (termed CPNv-A), both inhibition of substance P release and cleavage of SNAP- 81 25 are observed. After 24 h exposure to the fusion, 50% of maximal SNAP-25 cleavage is achieved by a fusion concentration of 1.4±0.4 nM (Figure 12). The effect of the fusion is also assessed at defined time points following a 16 h 5 exposure of eDRG to CPN-A. Figure 13 illustrates the prolonged duration of action of the CPN-A fusion protein, with measurable activity still being observed at 24 days post exposure. The binding capability of the CPNv-A fusion protein is also assessed in 10 comparison to the CPN-A fusion. Figure 14 illustrates the results of a competition experiment to determine binding efficacy at the ORL-1 receptor. CPNv-A is demonstrated to displace [3H]-nociceptin, thereby confirming that access to the receptor is possible with the ligand in the central presentation format. 15 Example 18 - Preparation of an LC/A-nociceptin variant-HNIA fusion protein that is activated by treatment with Enterokinase Following the methods used in Examples 1 and 2, the LC/A (SEQ ID1) and HN/A (SEQ 1D2) are created and inserted into the A serotype nociceptin variant linker arranged as BamHI-Sall-linker-enterokinase protease site-nociceptin variant 20 Nhel-spacer-Spel-PstI-Xbal-stop codon-Hindlll (SEQ ID62). The final construct contains the LC-linker-nociceptin variant-spacer-HN ORF sequences (SEQ ID63) for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID64. The fusion protein is termed CPNv(Ek)-A. Figure 15 illustrates the purification of CPNv(Ek) A from E. coli following the methods used in Example 9 but using Enterokinase 25 for activation at 0.00064 pg per 100 pg of fusion protein. Example 19 - Assessment of in vitro efficacy of a LC/A-nociceptin variant HN/A fusion that has been activated by treatment with enterokinase The CPNv(Ek)-A prepared in Example 18 is obtained in a purified form and 30 applied to the eDRG cell model to assess cleavage of SNAP-25 (using methodology from Example 16). Figure 16 illustrates the cleavage of SNAP-25 following 24 h exposure of eDRG to CPNv(Ek)-A. The efficiency of cleavage is 82 observed to be similar to that achieved with the Factor Xa-cleaved material, as recorded in Example 17. Example 20 - Preparation of an LC/C-nociceptin variant-HN/C fusion protein 5 with a Factor Xa activation linker derived from serotype A Following the methods used in Example 4, the LC/C (SEQ D5) and HN/C (SEQ ID6) are created and inserted into the A serotype nociceptin variant linker arranged as BamH I-Sail-linker-nociceptin variant-Nhel-spacer-Spel-PsI-Xbal stop codon-Hindlll (SEQ ID65). The final construct contains the LC-linker 10 nociceptin variant-spacer-HN ORF sequences (SEQ ID66) for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID67. The fusion protein is termed CPNv-C (act. A). Figure 17 illustrates the purification of CPNv-C (act. A) from E. coi following the methods used in Example 9. 15 Example 21 - Assessment of in vitro efficacy of an LC/C-nociceptin variant HN/C fusion protein Following the methods used in Example 9, the CPNv-C (act. A) prepared in Example 20 is obtained in a purified form and applied to the eDRG cell model to assess cleavage of SNAP-25 (using methodology from Example 16). After 24 h 20 exposure to the fusion, 50% of maximal syntaxin cleavage is achieved by a fusion concentration of 3.1±2.0 nM. Figure 18 illustrates the cleavage of syntaxin following 24 h exposure of eDRG to CPNv-C (act. A). Example 22 - Assessment of in vivo efficacy of an LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A 25 fusion The ability of an LC/A-nociceptin- HN/A fusion (CPN/A) to inhibit acute capsaicin induced mechanical allodynia is evaluated following subcutaneous intraplantar injection in the rat hind paw. Test animals are evaluated for paw withdrawal frequency (PWF%) in response to a 10 g Von Frey filament stimulus series (10 30 stimuli x 3 trials) prior to recruitment into the study, after subcutaneous treatment with CPN/A but before capsaicin, and following capsaicin challenge post-injection of CPN/A (average of responses at 15' and 30'). Capsaicin challenge is achieved 83 by injection of 10 pL of a 0.3% solution. Sample dilutions are prepared in 0.5% BSA/saline. Figure 19 illustrates the reversal of mechanical allodynia that is achieved by pre-treatment of the animals with a range of concentrations of LC/A nociceptin-HN/A fusion. 5 The ability of an LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion (CPN/A) to inhibit streptozotocin (STZ)- induced mechanical (tactile) allodynia in rats is evaluated. STZ-induced mechanical allodynia in rats is achieved by injection of streptozotocin (i.p. or i.v.) which yields destruction of pancreatic -cells leading to loss of insulin production, 10 with concomitant metabolic stress (hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia). As such, STZ induces Type I diabetes. In addition, STZ treatment leads to progressive development of neuropathy, which serves as a model of chronic pain with hyperalgesia and allodynia that may reflect signs observed in diabetic humans (peripheral diabetic neuropathy). 15 Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) are treated with 65 mg/kg STZ in citrate buffer (l.V.) and blood glucose and lipid are measured weekly to define the readiness of the model. Paw Withdrawal Threshold (PWT) is measured in response to a Von Frey filament stimulus series over a period of time. Allodynia 20 is said to be established when the PWT on two consecutive test dates (separated by 1 week) measures below 6 g on the scale. At this point, rats are randomized to either a saline group (negative efficacy control), gabapentin group (positive efficacy control) or a test group (CPN/A). Test materials (20-25 pl) are injected subcutaneously as a single injection (except gabapentin) and the PWT is 25 measured at 1 day post-treatment and periodically thereafter over a 2-week period. Gabapentin (30 mg/kg i.p. @ 3 ml/kg injection volume) is injected daily, 2 hours prior to the start of PWT testing. Figure 20 illustrates the reversal of allodynia achieved by pre-treatment of the animals with 750 ng of CPN/A. Data were obtained over a 2-week period after a single injection of CPN/A 30 Example 23 - Assessment of in vivo efficacy of an LC/A-nociceptin variant HN/A fusion 84 The ability of an LC/A-nociceptin variant-HN/A fusion (CPNv/A) to inhibit capsaicin-induced mechanical allodynia is evaluated following subcutaneous intraplantar injection in the rat hind paw. Test animals are evaluated for paw withdrawal frequency (PWF%) in response to a 10 g Von Frey filament stimulus 5 series (10 stimuli x 3 trials) prior to recruitment into the study (Pre-Treat); after subcutaneous intraplantar treatment with CPNv/A but before capsaicin (Pre CAP); and following capsaicin challenge post-injection of CPNv/A (average of responses at 15' and 30'; CAP). Capsaicin challenge is achieved by injection of 10 pL of a 0.3% solution. Sample dilutions are prepared in 0.5% BSA/saline. 10 Figure 21 illustrates the reversal of allodynia that is achieved by pre-treatment of the animals with a range of concentrations of LC/A-nociceptin variant-HN/A fusion in comparison to the reversal achieved with the addition of LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion. These data are expressed as a normalized paw withdrawal frequency 15 differential, in which the difference between the peak response (post-capsaicin) and the baseline response (pre-capsaicin) is expressed as a percentage. With this analysis, it can be seen that CPNv/A is more potent than CPN/A since a lower dose of CPNv/A is required to achieve similar analgesic effect to that seen with CPN/A. 20 Example 24 - Preparation of an LC/A-leu enkephalin-HN/A fusion protein Due to the small, five-amino acid, size of the leu-enkephalin ligand the LC/A-leu enkephalin-HN/A fusion is created by site directed mutagenesis [for example using Quickchange (Stratagene Inc.)] using the LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion 25 (SEQ ID13) as a template. Oligonucleotides are designed encoding the YGGFL leu-enkephalin peptide, ensuring standard E coli codon usage is maintained and no additional restriction sites are incorporated, flanked by sequences complimentary to the linker region of the LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion (SEQ ID13) either side on the nociceptin section. The SDM product is checked by 30 sequencing and the final construct containing the LC-linker-leu enkephalin spacer-HN ORF (SEQ ID68) for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID69. The fusion protein is termed CPLE-A. Figure 22 85 illustrates the purification of CPLE-A from E. coli following the methods used in Example 9. Example 25 - Expression and purification of an LC/A-beta-endorphin-HNIA 5 fusion protein Following the methods used in Example 9, and with the LC/A-beta-endorphin HN/A fusion protein (termed CPBE-A) created in Example 7, the CPBE-A is purified from E. coli. Figure 23 illustrates the purified protein as analysed by SDS-PAGE. 10 Example 26 - Preparation of an LC/A-nociceptin mutant-HN/A fusion protein Due to the single amino acid modification necessary to mutate the nociceptin sequence at position 1 from a Phe to a Tyr, the LC/A-nociceptin mutant-HN/A fusion is created by site directed mutagenesis [for example using Quickchange 15 (Stratagene Inc.)] using the LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion (SEQ ID13) as a template. Oligonucleotides are designed encoding tyrosine at position 1 of the nociceptin sequence, ensuring standard E. coli codon usage is maintained and no additional restriction sites are incorporated, flanked by sequences complimentary to the linker region of the LC/A-nociceptin-HN/A fusion (SEQ ID13) 20 either side on the nociceptin section. The SDM product is checked by sequencing and the final construct containing the LC/A-nociceptin mutant-spacer HN/A fusion ORF (SEQ ID70) for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID71. The fusion protein is termed CPOP-A. Figure 24 illustrates the purification of CPOP-A from E. coli following the methods used in 25 Example 9. Example 27 - Preparation and assessment of an LC/A-nociceptin variant mutant-HN/A fusion protein Due to the single amino acid modification necessary to mutate the nociceptin 30 sequence at position 1 from a Phe to a Tyr, the LC/A-nociceptin variant mutant HN/A fusion is created by site directed mutagenesis [for example using Quickchange (Stratagene Inc.)] using the LC/A-nociceptin variant-HN/A fusion 86 (SEQ ID25) as a template. Oligonucleotides are designed encoding tyrosine at position 1 of the nociceptin sequence, ensuring standard E. coli codon usage is maintained and no additional restriction sites are incorporated, flanked by sequences complimentary to the linker region of the LC/A-nociceptin variant-HN/A 5 fusion (SEQ ID25) either side on the nociceptin section. The SDM product is checked by sequencing and the final construct containing the LC/A-nociceptin mutant-spacer-HN/A fusion ORF (SEQ ID72) for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID73. The fusion protein is termed CPOPv-A. Figure 25 illustrates the purification of CPOPv-A from E. coli following the 10 methods used in Example 9. Using methodology described in Example 16, CPOPv-A is assessed for its ability to cleave SNAP-25 in the eDRG cell model. Figure 26 illustrates that CPOPv-A is able to cleave SNAP-25 in the eDRG model, achieving cleavage of 50% of the 15 maximal SNAP-25 after exposure of the cells to approximately 5.9 nM fusion for 24 h. Example 28 - Preparation of an IgA protease-nociceptin variant-HNIA fusion protein 20 The IgA protease amino acid sequence was obtained from freely available database sources such as GenBank (accession number P09790). Information regarding the structure of the N. Gonorrhoeae IgA protease gene is available in the literature (PohIner et al., Gene structure and extracellular secretion of Neisseria gonorrhoeae IgA protease, Nature, 1987, 325(6103), 458-62). Using 25 Backtranslation tool v2.0 (Entelechon), the DNA sequence encoding the IgA protease modified for E. coli expression was determined. A BamHI recognition sequence was incorporated at the 5' end and a codon encoding a cysteine amino acid and Sall recognition sequence were incorporated at the 3' end of the IgA DNA. The DNA sequence was screened using MapDraw, (DNASTAR Inc.) for 30 restriction enzyme cleavage sequences incorporated during the back translation. Any cleavage sequences that are found to be common to those required for cloning were removed manually from the proposed coding sequence ensuring 87 common E. coli codon usage is maintained. E. coli codon usage was assessed Graphical Codon Usage Analyser (Geneart), and the %GC content and codon usage ratio assessed by reference to published codon usage tables. This optimised DNA sequence (SEQ ID74) containing the IgA open reading frame 5 (ORF) is then commercially synthesized. The IgA (SEQ ID74) is inserted into the LC-linker-nociceptin variant-spacer-HN ORF (SEQ ID25) using BamHI and Sall restriction enzymes to replace the LC with the IgA protease DNA. The final construct contains the IgA-linker-nociceptin 10 variant-spacer-HN ORF (SEQ ID75) for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID76. Example 29 - Preparation and assessment of a nociceptin targeted endopeptidase fusion protein with a removable histidine purification tag. 15 DNA was prepared that encoded a Factor Xa removable his-tag (his6), although it is clear that alternative proteases site such as Enterokinase and alternative purification tags such as longer histidine tags are also possible. Using one of a variety of reverse translation software tools [for example EditSeq best E. coli reverse translation (DNASTAR Inc.), or Backtranslation tool v2.0 (Entelechon)], 20 the DNA sequence encoding the Factor Xa removable his-tag region is determined. Restriction sites are then incorporated into the DNA sequence and can be arranged as Nhel-linker-Spel-Pst-HWA-Xbal-LEIEGRSGHHHHHHStop codon-Hindlll (SEQ ID77). The DNA sequence is screened for restriction sequence incorporated and any additional sequences are removed manually 25 from the remaining sequence ensuring common E. coli codon usage is maintained. E. coli codon usage is assessed by reference to software programs such as Graphical Codon Usage Analyser (Geneart), and the %GC content and codon usage ratio assessed by reference to published codon usage tables (for example GenBank Release 143, 13 September 2004). This optimised DNA 30 sequence is then commercially synthesized (for example by Entelechon, Geneart or Sigma-Genosys) and is provided in the pCR 4 vector. In order to create CPNv-A-FXa-HT (SEQ ID78, removable his-tag construct) the pCR 4 vector 88 encoding the removable his-tag is cleaved with Nhel and Hindll. The Nhel Hindill fragment is then inserted into the LC/A-CPNv-HN/A vector (SEQ ID25) that has also been cleaved by Nhel and Hindlll. The final construct contains the LC/A-linker-nociceptin variant-spacer-HN-FXa-Histag-HindllI ORF sequences 5 (SEQ ID78) for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID79. Figure 27 illustrates the purification of CPNv-A-FXa-HT from E. coli following the methods used in Example 9. Example 30 - Preparation of a leu-enkephalin targeted endopeptidase fusion 10 protein containing a translocation domain derived from diphtheria toxin The DNA sequence is designed by back translation of the amino acid sequence of the translocation domain of the diphtheria toxin (obtained from freely available database sources such as GenBank (accession number 1XDTT) using one of a variety of reverse translation software tools [for example EditSeq best E. coli 15 reverse translation (DNASTAR Inc.), or Backtranslation tool v2.0 (Entelechon)]. Restriction sites are then incorporated into the DNA sequence and can be arranged as Nhel-Linker-Spel-Pstl- diphtheria translocation domain-Xbal-stop codon-Hindlll (SEQ ID80). PstI/Xbal recognition sequences are incorporated at the 5' and 3' ends of the translocation domain respectively of the sequence 20 maintaining the correct reading frame. The DNA sequence is screened (using software such as MapDraw, DNASTAR Inc.) for restriction enzyme cleavage sequences incorporated during the back translation. Any cleavage sequences that are found to be common to those required by the cloning system are removed manually from the proposed coding sequence ensuring common E. coli 25 codon usage is maintained. E. coli codon usage is assessed by reference to software programs such as Graphical Codon Usage Analyser (Geneart), and the %GC content and codon usage ratio assessed by reference to published codon usage tables (for example GenBank Release 143, 13 September 2004). This optimised DNA sequence containing the diphtheria translocation domain is then 30 commercially synthesized as Nhel-Linker-Spel-PstI- diphtheria translocation domain-Xbal-stop codon-Hindill (for example by Entelechon, Geneart or Sigma Genosys) and is provided in the pCR 4 vector (Invitrogen). The pCR 4 vector 89 encoding the diphtheria translocation domain is cleaved with Nhel and Xbal. The Nhel - Xbal fragment is then inserted into the LC/A-CPLE-HN/A vector (SEQ ID68) that has also been cleaved by Nhel and Xbal. The final construct contains the LC/A-leu-enkephalin-spacer-diphtheria translocation domain ORF sequences 5 (SEQ ID81) for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID82. Example 31 - Preparation of a nociceptin variant targeted endopeptidase fusion protein containing a LC domain derived from tetanus toxin. The DNA sequence is designed by back translation of the tetanus toxin LC amino 10 acid sequence (obtained from freely available database sources such as GenBank (accession number X04436) using one of a variety of reverse translation software tools [for example EditSeq best E. coi reverse translation (DNASTAR Inc.), or Backtranslation tool v2.0 (Entelechon)]. BamHI/Sall recognition sequences are incorporated at the 5' and 3' ends respectively of the 15 sequence maintaining the correct reading frame (SEQ ID83). The DNA sequence is screened (using software such as MapDraw, DNASTAR Inc.) for restriction enzyme cleavage sequences incorporated during the back translation. Any cleavage sequences that are found to be common to those required by the cloning system are removed manually from the proposed coding sequence 20 ensuring common E. coli codon usage is maintained. E. coi codon usage is assessed by reference to software programs such as Graphical Codon Usage Analyser (Geneart), and the %GC content and codon usage ratio assessed by reference to published codon usage tables (for example GenBank Release 143, 13 September 2004). This optimised DNA sequence containing the tetanus toxin 25 LC open reading frame (ORF) is then commercially synthesized (for example by Entelechon, Geneart or Sigma-Genosys) and is provided in the pCR 4 vector (invitrogen). The pCR 4 vector encoding the TeNT LC is cleaved with BamHI and Sail. The BamHI - Sail fragment is then inserted into the LC/A-CPNv-HN/A vector (SEQ ID25) that has also been cleaved by BamHI and Sail. The final 30 construct contains the TeNT LC-linker-nociceptin variant-spacer-HN ORF sequences (SEQ ID84) for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID85.

90 Example 32 - Preparation of an LC/C-nociceptin variant-HNIC fusion protein with a native serotype C linker that is susceptible to Factor Xa cleavage Following the methods used in Example 4, the LC/C (SEQ ID5) and HN/C (SEQ 5 ID6) are created and inserted into the C serotype nociceptin variant linker arranged as BamHI-Sal-linker-nociceptin variant-Nhe\-spacer-Spel-Pstl-Xbal stop codon-Hindill (SEQ ID86). The final construct contains the LC-linker nociceptin variant-spacer-HN ORF sequences (SEQ ID87) for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID88. The fusion protein is termed 10 CPNv-C (act. C). Example 33 - Construction of CHO-K1 GALR1 & GALR2 receptor activation assay and SNAP-25 cleavage assay Cell-line creation 15 CHO-K1 cells stably expressing either the human galanin 1 receptor (CHO-K1 Gal-1R; product number ES-510-C) or human galanin 2 receptor (CHO-K1-Gal 2R; product number ES-51 1-C) were purchased from Perkin-Elmer (Bucks, UK). Where required, cells were transfected with SNAP-25 DNA using LipofectamineTm 2000 and incubated for 4 hours before media replacement. 20 After 24 hours, cells were transferred to a T175 flask. 100ug/ml Zeocin was added after a further 24 hours to begin selection of SNAP-25 expressing cells, and 5ug/ml Blasticidin added to maintain selective pressure for the receptor. Cells were maintained in media containing selection agents for two weeks, passaging cells every two to three days to maintain 30-70% confluence. Cells 25 were then diluted in selective media to achieve 0.5 cell per well in a 96 well microplate. After a few days, the plates were examined under a microscope, and those containing single colonies were marked. Media in these wells was changed weekly. As cells became confluent in the wells, they were transferred to T25 flasks. When they had expanded sufficiently each clone was seeded to 24 wells 30 of a 96 well plate, plus a frozen stock vial created. Galanin fusion proteins of the invention and LC/A-HNA (LHA) were applied to the cells for 24 hours, and then western blots performed to detect SNAP-25 cleavage. Clones from which SNAP- 91 25 bands were strong and cleavage levels were high with fusion were maintained for further investigation. Full dose curves were run on these, and the clone with the highest differential between galanin fusion protein and LC/A-HNA cleavage levels was selected. 5 GALR1 receptor activation assay The GALR1 receptor activation assay measures the potency and intrinsic efficacy of ligands at the GALR1 receptor in transfected CHO-K1 cells by quantifying the reduction of forskolin-stimulated intracellular cAMP using a FRET-based cAMP 10 (Perkin Elmer LANCE cAMP kit). After stimulation, a fluorescently labelled cAMP tracer (Europium-streptavadin/biotin-cAMP) and fluorescently (Alexa) labelled anti-cAMP antibody are added to the cells in a lysis buffer. cAMP from the cells competes with the cAMP tracer for antibody binding sites. When read, a light pulse at 320 nm excites the fluorescent portion (Europium) of the cAMP tracer. 15 The energy emitted from the europium is transferred to the Alexa fluor-labelled antibodies bound to the tracer, generating a TR-FRET signal at 665 nm (Time resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer is based on the proximity of the donor label, europium, and the acceptor label, Alexa. fluor, which have been brought together by a specific binding reaction). Residual energy from the 20 europium produces light at 615 nm. In agonist treated cells there will be less cAMP to compete with the tracer so a dose dependant increase in signal at 665nm will be observed compared with samples treated with forskolin alone. The signal at 665nm signal is converted to cAMP concentration by interpolation to a cAMP standard curve which is included in each experiment. 25 Using Gilson pipettes and Sigmacoted or lo-bind tips, test materials and standards were diluted to the appropriate concentrations in the wells of the first two columns of an eppendorf 500pl deep-well lo-bind plate, in assay buffer containing 10pM forskolin. The chosen concentrations in columns one and two were half a log unit apart. From these, serial 1:10 dilutions were made across the 30 plate (using an electronic eight channel pipette with sigmacote or lo-bind tips) until eleven concentrations at half log intervals had been created. In the twelfth column, assay buffer only was added as a 'basal'. Using a 12 channel digital 92 pipette, 10pl of sample from the lo-bind plate was transferred to the optiplate 96 well microplate. To wells containing the standard curve, 10ul of assay buffer was added using a 5 multichannel digital pipette. To wells containing the test materials, 1Oul of cells in assay buffer at the appropriate concentration were added. Plates were sealed and incubated for 120 min at room temperature, for the first hour on an IKA MTS 2/4 orbital shaker set to maximum speed. 10 LANCE Eu-W8044 labelled streptavidin (Eu-SA) and Biotin-cAMP (b-cAMP) were diluted in cAMP Detection Buffer (both from Perkin Elmer LANCE cAMP kit) to create sub-stocks, at dilution ratios of 1:17 and 1:5, respectively. The final detection mix was prepared by diluting from the two sub stocks into detection buffer at a ratio of 1:125. The mixture was incubated for 15-30 min at room 15 temperature before addition of 1:200 Alexa Fluor@ 647-anti cAMP Antibody (Alexa-Fluor Ab). After briefly vortex mixing, 20 pl was immediately added to each well using a digital multichannel pipette. Microplate sealers were applied and plates incubated for 24h at room temperature (for the first hour on an IKA MTS 2/4 orbital shaker set to maximum speed). Plate sealers were removed prior 20 to reading on the Envision. GALR2 receptor activation assay The GALR2 receptor activation assay measures the potency and intrinsic efficacy 25 of ligands at GALR2 receptor in transfected CHO-K1 cells by measuring the calcium mobilisation that occurs when the receptor is activated. The transfected cells are pre-loaded with a calcium sensitive dye (FLIPR) before treatment. When read using Flexstation 3 microplate reader (Molecular devices) a light pulse at 485 nm excites the fluorescent dye and causes an emission at 525 nm. This 30 provides real-time fluorescence data from changes in intracellular calcium. In agonist treated cells there will be activation of the receptor, leading to an increase 93 in calcium mobilisation. This will be measured as an increase in the relative fluorescence units (RFU) at 525 nM. Culture of cells for receptor activation assay: 5 Cells were seeded and cultured in T175 flasks containing Ham F12 with Glutamax, 10% Foetal bovine serum, 5pg ml-1 Blasticidin and 100pg ml-1 Zeocin. The flasks were incubated at 37"C in a humidified environment containing 5% CO 2 until 60-80% confluent. On the day of harvest the media was removed and the cells washed twice with 25 ml PBS. The cells were removed 10 from the flask by addition of 10ml of Tryple Express, and incubation at 37 *C for 10 min followed by gentle tapping of the flask. The dislodged cells were transferred to a 50 ml centrifuge tube and the flask washed twice with 10 ml media which was added to the cell suspension. The tube was centrifuged at 1300 x g for 3 min and the supernatant removed. Cells were gently re-suspended in 10 15 ml media (if freezing cells) or assay buffer (if using 'fresh' cells in assay), and a sample was removed for counting using a nucleocounter (ChemoMetec). Cells for use 'fresh' in an assay were diluted further in assay buffer to the appropriate concentration. Cells harvested for freezing were re-centrifuged (1300 x g; 3 min), the supernatant removed and cells re-suspended in Synth-a-freeze at 4 *C to 3x 20 106 cells/ml. Cryovials containing 1 ml suspension each were placed in a chilled Nalgene Mr Frosty freezing container (-1*C/minute cooling rate), and left overnight in a -80 0 C freezer. The following day vials were transferred to the vapour phase of a liquid nitrogen storage tank. 25 Figures 30-33 demonstrate that galanin fusion proteins of the present invention having different galanin ligands (i.e. galanin-16 and galanin-30) and different serotype backbones (i.e. LC/A-HN/A, LC/B-HN/B, LC/C-HN/C and LC/D-HN/D) activate both the GALR1 and the GALR2 receptors. 30 CHO-KI GALRI SNAP-25 cleavage assays 94 Cultures of cells were exposed to varying concentrations of galanin fusion protein for 24 hours. Cellular proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and western blotted with anti-SNAP-25 antibody to facilitate assessment of SNAP-25 cleavage. SNAP-25 cleavage calculated by densitometric analysis (Syngene). 5 Plating cells Prepare cells at 2x10e5 cells/ml and seed 125 pl per well of 96 well plate. Use the following media: 500 ml Gibco Ham F12 with Glutamax (product code 10 31765068), 50 ml FBS, Sug/ml Blasticidin (250 pl aliquot from box in freezer, G13) (Calbiochem #203351, 10 ml at 10 mg/ml), 100 ug/ml Zeocin (500 pl from box in freezer, G35). (Invitrogen from Fisher, 1 g in 8x 1.25 ml tubes at 100 mg/ml product code VXR25001). Allow cells to grow for 24hrs (37 *C, 5 % C0 2 , humidified atmosphere). 15 Cell treatment Prepare dilutions of test protein for a dose range of each test proteins (make up double (2x) the desired final concentrations because 125 pl will be applied directly onto 125 pl of media already in each well). Filter sterilize CHO GALR1 20 feeding medium (20 ml syringe, 0.2 pm syringe filter) to make the dilutions. Add the filtered medium into 5 labelled bijoux's (7 ml tubes), 0.9 ml each using a Gilson pipette or multi-stepper. Dilute the stock test protein to 2000 nM (working stock solution 1) and 600 nM (working stock solution 2). Using a Gilson pipette prepare 10-fold serial dilutions of each working stock, by adding 100 pl to the 25 next concentration in the series. Pipette up and down to mix thoroughly. Repeat to obtain 4 serial dilutions for solution 1, and 3 serial dilutions for solution 2. A OnM control (filtered feeding medium only) should also be prepared as a negative control for each plate. Repeat the above for each test protein. In each experiment a 'standard' batch of material must be included as control/reference 30 material , this is unliganded LC/A-HN/A. Apply diluted Sample to CHO GALRI Plates 95 Apply 125 pl of test sample (double concentration) per well. Each test sample should be applied to triplicate wells and each dose range should include a 0 nM control. Incubate for 24hrs (37 *C, 5 % C0 2 , humidified atmosphere). 5 Cell Lysis Prepare fresh lysis buffer (20 mls per plate) with 25 % (4x) NuPAGE LDS sample buffer, 65 % dH 2 0 and 10 % 1 M DTT. Remove medium from the CHO GALRI plate by inverting over a waste receptacle. Drain the remaining media from each well using a fine-tipped pipette. Lyse the cells by adding 125 pl of lysis 10 buffer per well using a multi-stepper pipette. After a minimum of 20 mins, remove the buffer from each well to a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube. Tubes must be numbered to allowing tracking of the CHO GALR1 treatments throughout the blotting procedure. A1-A3 down to H1-H3 numbered 1-24, A4-A6 down to H4-H6 numbered 25-48, A7-A9 down to H7-H93 numbered 49-72, A10-A12 down to 15 H10-H12 numbered 73-96. Vortex each sample and heat at 90*C for 5-10 mins in a prewarmed heat block. Store at -20 0 C or use on the same day on an SDS gel. Gel electrophoresis 20 If the sample has been stored o/n or longer, put in a heat block prewarmed to 900C for 5-10 mins. Set up SDS page gels, use 1 gel per 12 samples, prepare running buffer (1x, Invitrogen NuPAGE MOPS SDS Running Buffer (20x) (NP0001)) = 800 ml / gel tank. Add 500pl of NuPAGE antioxidant to the upper buffer chamber. Load 15ul samples onto gel lanes from left to right as and load 25 2.5ul of Invitrogen Magic Marker XP and Sul Invitrogen See Blue Plus 2 pre stained standard and 15ul of non-treated control. It is important to maximize the resolution of separation during SDSPAGE. This can be achieved by running 12 % bis-tris gels at 200 V for 1 hour and 25 minutes (until the pink (17 kDa) marker reaches the bottom of the tank). 30 Westem blotting 96 Complete a Semi-dry transfer: using an Invitrogen iBlot (use iBlot Programme 3 for 6 minutes). Put the nitrocellulose membranes in individual small trays. Incubate the membranes with blocking buffer solution (5 g Marvel milk powder per 100 ml 0.1 %PBS/Tween) at room temperature, on a rocker, for 1 hour. Apply 5 primary antibody (Anti-SNAP-25 1:1000 dilution) and incubate the membranes with primary antibody (diluted in blocking buffer) for 1 hour on a rocker at room temperature. Wash the membranes by rinsing 3 times with PBSITween (0.1 %). Then apply the secondary (Anti-Rabbit-HRP conjugate diluted 1:1000) and incubate the membranes with secondary antibody (diluted in blocking buffer) at 10 room temperature, on a rocker, for 1 hour. Wash the membranes by rinsing 3 times with PBS/Tween (0.1%), leave membrane a minimum of 20 mins for the last wash. Detect the bound antibody using Syngene: Drain blots of PBSlTween, mix WestDura reagents 1:1 and add to blots for 5 minutes. Ensure enough solution is added to the membranes to completely cover them. Place membrane 15 in Syngene tray, set up Syngene software for 5min expose time. Figure 34 demonstrates that galanin fusion proteins of the invention effectively cleave SNAP-25. 20 Example 34 - Construction and activation of galanin fusion proteins Preparation of a LC/A and HN/A backbone clones The following procedure creates the LC and HN fragments for use as the component backbone for multidomain fusion expression. This example is based on preparation of a serotype A based clone (SEQ ID1 and SEQ ID2), though the 25 procedures and methods are equally applicable to the other serotypes [illustrated by the sequence listing for serotype B (SEQ ID3 and SEQ ID4) and serotype C (SEQ ID5 and SEQ ID6)]. Preparation of cloning and expression vectors 30 pCR 4 (Invitrogen) is the chosen standards cloning vector, selected due to the lack of restriction sequences within the vector and adjacent sequencing primer sites for easy construct confirmation. The expression vector is based on the 97 pMAL (NEB) expression vector, which has the desired restriction sequences within the multiple cloning site in the correct orientation for construct insertion (BamHI-Sall-Pstl-HindllI). A fragment of the expression vector has been removed to create a non-mobilisable plasmid and a variety of different fusion tags 5 have been inserted to increase purification options. Preparation of protease (e.g. LC/A) insert The LC/A (SEQ ID1) is created by one of two ways: The DNA sequence is designed by back translation of the LC/A amino acid 10 sequence [obtained from freely available database sources such as GenBank (accession number P10845) or Swissprot (accession locus BXA1_CLOBO) using one of a variety of reverse translation software tools (for example EditSeq best E. coli reverse translation (DNASTAR Inc.), or Backtranslation tool v2.0 (Entelechon)]. BamHl/Safl recognition sequences are incorporated at the 5' and 15 3' ends respectively of the sequence, maintaining the correct reading frame. The DNA sequence is screened (using software such as MapDraw, DNASTAR Inc.) for restriction enzyme cleavage sequences incorporated during the back translation. Any cleavage sequences that are found to be common to those required by the cloning system are removed manually from the proposed coding 20 sequence ensuring common E. coli codon usage is maintained. E. coli codon usage is assessed by reference to software programs such as Graphical Codon Usage Analyser (Geneart), and the %GC content and codon usage ratio assessed by reference to published codon usage tables (for example GenBank Release 143, 13 September 2004). This optimised DNA sequence containing the 25 LC/A open reading frame (ORF) is then commercially synthesized (for example by Entelechon, Geneart or Sigma-Genosys) and is provided in the pCR 4 vector. The alternative method is to use PCR amplification from an existing DNA sequence with BamHI and Sal restriction enzyme sequences incorporated into 30 the 5' and 3' PCR primers respectively. Complementary oligonucleotide primers are chemically synthesised by a supplier (for example MWG or Sigma-Genosys), so that each pair has the ability to hybridize to the opposite strands (3' ends 98 pointing "towards" each other) flanking the stretch of Clostridium target DNA, one oligonucleotide for each of the two DNA strands. To generate a PCR product the pair of short oligonucleotide primers specific for the Clostridium DNA sequence are mixed with the Clostridium DNA template and other reaction components and 5 placed in a machine (the 'PCR machine') that can change the incubation temperature of the reaction tube automatically, cycling between approximately 94*C (for denaturation), 550C (for oligonucleotide annealing), and 72*C (for synthesis). Other reagents required for amplification of a PCR product include a DNA polymerase (such as Taq or Pfu polymerase), each of the four nucleotide 10 dNTP building blocks of DNA in equimolar amounts (50-200 pM) and a buffer appropriate for the enzyme optimised for Mg 2 l concentration (0.5-5 mM). The amplification product is cloned into pCR 4 using either, TOPO TA cloning for Taq PCR products or Zero Blunt TOPO cloning for Pfu PCR products (both kits 15 commercially available from Invitrogen). The resultant clone is checked by sequencing. Any additional restriction sequences which are not compatible with the cloning system are then removed using site directed mutagenesis [for example, using Quickchange (Stratagene Inc.)]. 20 Preparation of translocation (e.g. HN) insert The HN/A (SEQ ID2) is created by one of two ways: The DNA sequence is designed by back translation of the HN/A amino acid sequence [obtained from freely available database sources such as GenBank (accession number P10845) or Swissprot (accession locus BXA1_CLOBO)] 25 using one of a variety of reverse translation software tools [for example EditSeq best E. coli reverse translation (DNASTAR Inc.), or Backtranslation tool v2.0 (Entelechon)]. A Pstl restriction sequence added to the N-terminus and Xbal stop codon-Hindill to the C-terminus ensuring the correct reading frame is maintained. The DNA sequence is screened (using software such as MapDraw, 30 DNASTAR Inc.) for restriction enzyme cleavage sequences incorporated during the back translation. Any sequences that are found to be common to those 99 required by the cloning system are removed manually from the proposed coding sequence ensuring common E. coli codon usage is maintained. E. coli codon usage is assessed by reference to software programs such as Graphical Codon Usage Analyser (Geneart), and the %GC content and codon usage ratio 5 assessed by reference to published codon usage tables (for example GenBank Release 143, 13 September 2004). This optimised DNA sequence is then commercially synthesized (for example by Entelechon, Geneart or Sigma Genosys) and is provided in the pCR 4 vector. 10 The alternative method is to use PCR amplification from an existing DNA sequence with Pstl and Xbal-stop codon-Hindlli restriction enzyme sequences incorporated into the 5' and 3' PCR primers respectively. The PCR amplification is performed as described above. The PCR product is inserted into pCR 4 vector and checked by sequencing. Any additional restriction sequences which are not 15 compatible with the cloning system are then removed using site directed mutagenesis [for example using Quickchange (Stratagene Inc.)]. Preparation of LC/A-HWA-GS20-GA30 and LC/A-HWA-GS20-GA 16 fusion In order to create the LC/A-HN/A-GS20-GA30 construct, an A serotype linker with 20 the addition of a Factor Xa site for activation, arranged as BamHI-Sal-linker protease site-linker-Pstl-Xbal-stop codon-HindIll (SEQ ID8) is synthesised. The pCR 4 vector encoding the linker is cleaved with BamHI + Sal restriction enzymes. This cleaved vector then serves as the recipient for insertion and ligation of the LC/A DNA (SEQ ID1) also cleaved with BamHI + Sal. This 25 construct is then cleaved with BamHl + Hindlll and inserted into an expression vector such as the pMAL plasmid (NEB). The resulting plasmid DNA is then cleaved with Psti + Xbal restriction enzymes and the HN/A DNA (SEQ ID2) is then cleaved with Pstl + Xbal restriction enzymes and inserted into the a similarly cleaved pMAL vector to create pMAL-LC/A-HN/A-Xbal-stop codon-Hindill. The 30 final construct contains the GS20 spacer-GA30 ORF for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID93, therefore, Xbal-Spacer-GA30-Stop Hindlll was synthesised. The pCR4 vector encoding this spacer and ligand is 100 cleaved with Xbal and Hindill for insertion into pMAL-LC/A-HN/A-Xbal-stop codon-Hindill to create LC/A-HN/A-GS20-GA30 (SEQID91). Alternatively, LC/A HN/A-GS20-GA16 (SEQID92) was created by synthesising Xbal-Spacer-GA16 Stop-HindlIlI and cleaving the pCR4 vector encoding this spacer and ligand with 5 Xbal and HindIll for insertion into pMAL-LC/A-HN/A-Xbal-stop codon-Hindlli. The final construct contains the GS20 spacer-GA16 ORF for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID94. Example 35 - Preparation of an LC/A-GA16-HN/A fusion protein family with 10 variable spacer length Using the same strategy as employed in Example 34, a range of DNA linkers were prepared that encoded galanin16 and variable spacer content. Using one of a variety of reverse translation software tools [for example EditSeq best E. coli reverse translation (DNASTAR Inc.), or Backtranslation tool v2.0 (Entelechon)], 15 the DNA sequence encoding the linker-ligand-spacer region is determined. Restriction sites are then incorporated into the DNA sequence and can be arranged as BamHI-Sanl-linker-protease site-GA16-Nhel-spacer-Spel-Pstl-Xbal stop codon-Hindll. It is important to ensure the correct reading frame is maintained for the spacer, GA16 and restriction sequences and that the Xbal 20 sequence is not preceded by the bases, TC which would result on DAM methylation. The DNA sequence is screened for restriction sequence incorporation and any additional sequences are removed manually from the remaining sequence ensuring common E. coli codon usage is maintained. E. coli codon usage is assessed by reference to software programs such as Graphical 25 Codon Usage Analyser (Geneart), and the %GC content and codon usage ratio assessed by reference to published codon usage tables (for example GenBank Release 143, 13 September 2004). This optimised DNA sequence is then commercially synthesized (for example by Entelechon, Geneart or Sigma Genosys) and is provided in the pCR 4 vector. 30 The spacers that were created included: 101 Code Protein sequence of the linker SEQ ID of the linker GSO ALVQ 98 HX27 ALAAEAAAKEAAAKEAAAKAGGGGSALVLQ 97 GS30 ALAGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSALVLQ 96 GS20 ALAGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSALVLQ 95 By way of example, in order to create the LC/A-CPGA16(GS20)-HN/A fusion construct (SEQ ID95), the pCR 4 vector encoding the linker is cleaved with BamHl + Sall restriction enzymes. This cleaved vector then serves as the 5 recipient vector for insertion and ligation of the LC/A DNA (SEQ ID1) also cleaved with BamHl + Sall. The resulting plasmid DNA is then cleaved with BamHl + HindIll restriction enzymes and the LC/A-linker fragment inserted into a similarly cleaved vector containing a unique multiple cloning site for BamHl, Sai, Pst, and Hindlll such as the pMAL vector (NEB). The HN/A DNA (SEQ ID2) is then 10 cleaved with Pstl + HindIll restriction enzymes and inserted into the similarly cleaved pMAL-LC/A-linker construct. The final construct contains the LC/A CPGA16(GS20)-HN/A ORF for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID95. 15 Example 36 - Purification method for galanin fusion protein Defrost falcon tube containing 25 ml 50 mM HEPES pH 7.2, 200 mM NaCl and approximately 10 g of E. coli BL21 cell paste. Make the thawed cell paste up to 80 ml with 50 mM HEPES pH 7.2, 200 mM NaCI and sonicate on ice 30 seconds on, 30 seconds off for 10 cycles at a power of 22 microns ensuring the sample 20 remains cool. Spin the lysed cells at 18 000 rpm, 40C for 30 minutes. Load the supernatant onto a 0.1 M NiSO 4 charged Chelating column (20-30 ml column is sufficient) equilibrated with 50 mM HEPES pH 7.2, 200 mM NaCl. Using a step gradient of 10 and 40 mM imidazole, wash away the non-specific bound protein and elute the fusion protein with 100 mM imidazole. Dialyse the eluted fusion 25 protein against 5 L of 50 mM HEPES pH 7.2, 200 mM NaCl at 4*C overnight and 102 measure the OD of the dialysed fusion protein. Add 1 pg of Factor Xa per 100 pg of purified fusion protein Factor Xa (lmg/ml)and incubate at 25 0 C static overnight. Load onto a 0.1 M NiSO 4 charged Chelating column (20-30 ml column is sufficient) equilibrated with 50 mM HEPES pH 7.2, 200 mM NaCl. Wash 5 column to baseline with 50 mM HEPES pH 7.2, 200 mM NaCl. Using a step gradient of 10 and 40 mM imidazole, wash away the non-specific bound protein and elute the fusion protein with 100 mM imidazole. Dialyse the eluted fusion protein against 5 L of 50 mM HEPES pH 7.2, 200 mM NaCl at 4 0 C overnight and concentrate the fusion to about 2 mg/ml, aliquot sample and freeze at -20 0 C. 10 Example 37 - Preparation of a LC/C-GA16-HN/C fusion protein with a serotype A activation sequence Following the methods used in Examples 1 and 2, the LC/C (SEQ ID5) and HN/C (SEQ ID6) are created and inserted into the A serotype linker arranged as 15 BamHI-Sa/I-linker-protease site-GA16-Nhel-spacer-Spel-Pstl-Xbal-stop codon HindIll. The final construct contains the LC-linker-GA16-spacer-HN ORF for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID101. Example 38 - Preparation of an IgA protease-GA16-HN/A fusion protein 20 The IgA protease amino acid sequence was obtained from freely available database sources such as GenBank (accession number P09790). Information regarding the structure of the N. Gonorrhoeae IgA protease gene is available in the literature (PohIner et al., Gene structure and extracellular secretion of Neisseria gonorrhoeae IgA protease, Nature, 1987, 325(6103), 458-62). Using 25 Backtranslation tool v2.0 (Entelechon), the DNA sequence encoding the IgA protease modified for E. coi expression was determined. A BamHl recognition sequence was incorporated at the 5' end and a codon encoding a cysteine amino acid and Sall recognition sequence were incorporated at the 3' end of the IgA DNA. The DNA sequence was screened using MapDraw, (DNASTAR Inc.) for 30 restriction enzyme cleavage sequences incorporated during the back translation. Any cleavage sequences that are found to be common to those required for 103 cloning were removed manually from the proposed coding sequence ensuring common E. coli codon usage is maintained. E. coli codon usage was assessed Graphical Codon Usage Analyser (Geneart), and the %GC content and codon usage ratio assessed by reference to published codon usage tables. This 5 optimised DNA sequence (SEQ ID74) containing the IgA open reading frame (ORF) is then commercially synthesized. The IgA (SEQ ID74) is inserted into the LC-linker-GA16 -spacer-HN ORF using BamHI and Sal restriction enzymes to replace the LC with the IgA protease 10 DNA. The final construct contains the IgA-linker-GA16-spacer-HN ORF for expression as a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID99. Example 39 - Preparation of a galanin targeted endopeptidase fusion protein containing a LC domain derived from tetanus 15 The DNA sequence is designed by back translation of the tetanus toxin LC amino acid sequence (obtained from freely available database sources such as GenBank (accession number X04436) using one of a variety of reverse translation software tools [for example EditSeq best E. coli reverse translation (DNASTAR Inc.), or Backtranslation tool v2.0 (Entelechon)]. BamH I/Sall 20 recognition sequences are incorporated at the 5' and 3' ends respectively of the sequence maintaining the correct reading frame (SEQ ID83). The DNA sequence is screened (using software such as MapDraw, DNASTAR Inc.) for restriction enzyme cleavage sequences incorporated during the back translation. Any cleavage sequences that are found to be common to those required by the 25 cloning system are removed manually from the proposed coding sequence ensuring common E. coli codon usage is maintained. E. coli codon usage is assessed by reference to software programs such as Graphical Codon Usage Analyser (Geneart), and the %GC content and codon usage ratio assessed by reference to published codon usage tables (for example GenBank Release 143, 30 13 September 2004). This optimised DNA sequence containing the tetanus toxin LC open reading frame (ORF) is then commercially synthesized (for example by Entelechon, Geneart or Sigma-Genosys) and is provided in the pCR 4 vector 104 (invitrogen). The pCR 4 vector encoding the TeNT LC is cleaved with BamHI and Sall. The BamHl - Sall fragment is then inserted into the LC/A-GA16-HN/A vector that has also been cleaved by BamHI and Sall. The final construct contains the TeNT LC-linker-GA16-spacer-HN ORF sequences for expression as 5 a protein of the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID100. Example 40 A method of treating, preventing or ameliorating pain in a subject, comprising administration to said patient a therapeutic effective amount of galanin fusion 10 protein, wherein said pain is selected from the group consisting of: chronic pain arising from malignant disease, chronic pain not caused by malignant disease (peripheral neuropathies). Patient A 15 A 73 year old woman suffering from severe pain caused by posthepatic neuralgia is treated by a peripheral injection with galanin fusion protein to reduce neurotransmitter release at the synapse of nerve terminals to reduce the pain. The patient experiences good analgesic effect within 2 hours of said injection. 20 Patient B A 32 year old male suffering from phantom limb pain after having his left arm amputated following a car accident is treated by peripheral injection with galanin fusion protein to reduce the pain. The patient experiences good analgesic effect within 1 hour of said injection. 25 Patient C A 55 year male suffering from diabetic neuropathy is treated by a peripheral injection with galanin fusion protein to reduce neurotransmitter release at the synapse of nerve terminals to reduce the pain. The patient experiences good 30 analgesic effect within 4 hours of said injection. Patient D 105 A 63 year old woman suffering from cancer pain is treated by a peripheral injection with galanin fusion protein to reduce neurotransmitter release at the synapse of nerve terminals to reduce the pain. The patient experiences good analgesic effect within 4 hours of said injection. 5 All documents, books, manuals, papers, patents, published patent applications, guides, abstracts and other reference materials cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. While the foregoing specification teaches the principles of the present invention, with examples provided for the purpose of 10 illustration, it will be appreciated by one skilled in the art from reading this disclosure that various changes in form and detail can be made without departing from the true scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A single chain, polypeptide fusion protein, comprising: a. a non-cytotoxic protease, or a fragment thereof, which protease or 5 protease fragment cleaves a protein of the exocytic fusion apparatus of a nociceptive sensory afferent; b. a galanin Targeting Moiety that binds to a Binding Site on the nociceptive sensory afferent, which Binding Site endocytoses to be incorporated into an endosome within the nociceptive sensory 10 afferent; c. a protease cleavage site at which site the fusion protein is cleavable by a protease, wherein the protease cleavage site is located between the non-cytotoxic protease or fragment thereof and the Targeting Moiety; 15 d. a translocation domain that translocates the protease or protease fragment from within an endosome, across the endosomal membrane and into the cytosol of the nociceptive sensory afferent; wherein the polypeptide fusion protein comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs: 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 or 101. 20

2. A polynucleotide molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide fusion protein according to Claim 1.

3. An expression vector, which comprises a promoter, the polynucleotide 25 molecule according to Claim 2, wherein said polynucleotide molecule is located downstream of the promoter, and a terminator located downstream of the polynucleotide molecule.

4. A polynucleotide molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence that is the 30 complement of the nucleic acid sequence according to Claim 2.

5. A method for preparing a single-chain polypeptide fusion protein, comprising: a. transfecting a host cell with the expression vector of Claim 3, and 107 b. culturing said host cell under conditions promoting expression of the polypeptide fusion protein by the expression vector.

6. A method of preparing a non-cytotoxic agent, comprising: 5 a. contacting a single-chain polypeptide fusion protein according to Claim 1 with a protease capable of cleaving the protease cleavage site; b. cleaving the protease cleavage site; and thereby forming a di-chain fusion protein. 10

7. A non-cytotoxic polypeptide, obtained by the method of Claim 6, wherein the polypeptide is a di-chain polypeptide, and wherein: a. the first chain comprises the non-cytotoxic protease, or a fragment thereof, which protease or protease fragment is capable of cleaving 15 a protein of the exocytic fusion apparatus of a nociceptive sensory afferent; b. the second chain comprises the galanin TM and the translocation domain that is capable of translocating the protease or protease fragment from within an endosome, across the endosomal 20 membrane and into the cytosol of the nociceptive sensory afferent; and the first and second chains are disulphide linked together.

8. A method of treating, preventing or ameliorating pain in a subject, 25 comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of the fusion protein according to Claim 1.

9. A method according to Claim 8, wherein the pain is chronic pain selected from neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, headache pain, somatic pain, 30 visceral pain, and referred pain.

10. A method of treating, preventing or ameliorating pain in a subject, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a polypeptide according to Claim 7. 108

11. A method according to Claim 10, wherein the pain is chronic pain selected from neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, headache pain, somatic pain, visceral pain, and referred pain. 5

12. Use of a fusion protein according to Claim 1 or a polypeptide according to Claim 7 for the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing or ameliorating pain. 10

13. Use according to Claim 12, wherein the pain is chronic pain selected from neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, headache pain, somatic pain, visceral pain, and referred pain.

14. A single chain, polypeptide fusion protein according to claim 1, 15 substantially as hereinbefore described.

15. A polynucleotide molecule according to claim 2 or 4, substantially as hereinbefore described. 20

16. An expression vector according to claim 3, substantially as hereinbefore described.

17. A method according to claim 5 or 6, substantially as hereinbefore described. 25

18. A non-cytotoxic polypeptide according to claim 7, substantially as hereinbefore described.

19. A method according to claim 8 or 10, substantially as hereinbefore 30 described.

20. Use according to claim 12, substantially as hereinbefore described.