AU2009326173A1

AU2009326173A1 - 3,6-disubstituted xanthylium salts as medicaments

Info

Publication number: AU2009326173A1
Application number: AU2009326173A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Scott Clunas; Charles Robert Harrington; David Horsley; Janet Elizabeth Rickard; John Mervyn David Storey; Claude Michel Wischik
Original assignee: Wista Laboratories Ltd
Current assignee: Wista Laboratories Ltd
Priority date: 2008-12-10
Filing date: 2009-12-10
Publication date: 2010-06-17
Anticipated expiration: 2029-12-10
Also published as: EP2373660B1; KR102358299B1; DK3689346T3; PL3689346T3; DK2373660T3; CA2745203C; DK3112358T3; EP3689346A1; KR20200133394A; PT2373660T; MX339644B; KR20180054900A; ES2973458T3; MX367131B; BRPI0922326A2; WO2010067078A3; JP2012511560A; ES2799892T3; SI3112358T1; US9549933B2

Description

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 3,6-Disubstituted Xanthylium Salts Technical Field This invention pertains generally to processes, uses, methods and materials utilising 5 particular xanthylium compounds. These compounds are useful as drugs, for example, in the treatment of tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease. Background A number of patents and publications are cited herein in order to more fully describe and disclose the invention and the state of the art to which the invention pertains. Each of 10 these references is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety into the present disclosure, to the same extent as if each individual reference was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. Throughout this specification, including the claims which follow, unless the context 15 requires otherwise, the word "comprise," and variations such as "comprises" and "comprising," will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps. 20 It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a pharmaceutical carrier" includes mixtures of two or more such carriers, and the like. 25 Ranges are often expressed herein as from "about" one particular value, and/or to "about" another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes -from-the-one-particular-value-and/or-to-the-other-particular value?-Similarly-when-values are expressed as approximations, by the use of the antecedent "about," it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. 30 Conditions of dementia such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are frequently characterised by a progressive accumulation of intracellular and/or extracellular deposits of proteinaceous structures such as p-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brains of affected patients. The appearance of these lesions largely correlates with pathological 35 neurofibrillary degeneration and brain atrophy, as well as with cognitive impairment (see, e.g., Mukaetova-Ladinska, E.B., et al., 2000, Am. J. Pathol., Vol. 157, No. 2, pp. 623-636).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -2 In AD, both neuritic plaques and NFTs contain paired helical filaments (PHFs), of which a major constituent is the microtubule-associated protein tau (see, e.g., Wischik et al., 1988, PNAS USA, Vol. 85, pp. 4506-4510). Plaques also contain extracellular p-amyloid fibrils derived from the abnormal processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) (see, 5 e.g., Kang et al., 1987, Nature, Vol. 325, p. 733). An article by Wischik et al. (in 'Neurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease', 2nd Edition, 2000, Eds. Dawbarn, D. and Allen, S.J., The Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology Series, Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford) discusses in detail the putative role of tau protein in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative dementias. Loss of the normal form of tau, accumulation of 10 pathological PHFs, and loss of synapses in the mid-frontal cortex all correlate with associated cognitive impairment. Furthermore, loss of synapses and loss of pyramidal cells both correlate with morphometric measures of tau-reactive neurofibrillary pathology, which parallels, at a molecular level, an almost total redistribution of the tau protein pool from a soluble to a polymerised form (i.e., PHFs) in Alzheimer's disease. 15 Tau exists in alternatively-spliced isoforms, which contain three or four copies of a repeat sequence corresponding to the microtubule-binding domain (see, e.g., Goedert, M., et al., 1989, EMBO J., Vol. 8, pp. 393-399; Goedert, M., et al., 1989, Neuron, Vol. 3, pp. 519-526). Tau in PHFs is proteolytically processed to a core domain (see, e.g., 20 Wischik, C.M., et al., 1988, PNAS USA, Vol. 85, pp. 4884-4888; Wischik et al., 1988, PNAS USA, Vol. 85, pp. 4506-4510; Novak, M., et al., 1993, EMBO J., Vol. 12, pp. 365 370) which is composed of a phase-shifted version of the repeat domain; only three repeats are involved in the stable tau-tau interaction (see, e.g., Jakes, R., et al., 1991, EMBO J., Vol. 10, pp. 2725-2729). Once formed, PHF-like tau aggregates act as seeds 25 for the further capture and provide a template for proteolytic processing of full-length tau protein (see, e.g., Wischik et al., 1996, PNAS USA, Vol. 93, pp. 11213-11218). The phase shift which is observed in the repeat domain of tau incorporated into PHFs suggests that the repeat domain undergoes an induced conformational change during 30 incorporation into the filament. During the onset of AD, it is envisaged that this conformational change could be initiated by the binding of tau to a pathological substrate, such as damaged or mutated membrane proteins (see, e.g., Wischik, C.M., et al., 1997, in "Microtubule-associated proteins: modifications in disease", Eds. Avila, J., Brandt, R. and Kosik, K. S. (Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam) pp.185-241). 35 In the course of their formation and accumulation, PHFs first assemble to form amorphous aggregates within the cytoplasm, probably from early tau oligomers which become truncated prior to, or in the course of, PHF assembly (see, e.g., Mena, R., et al., 1995, Acta Neuropathol., Vol. 89, pp. 50-56; Mena, R., et al., 1996, Acta Neuropathol., 40 Vol. 91, pp. 633-641). These filaments then go on to form classical intracellular NFTs. In this state, the PHFs consist of a core of truncated tau and a fuzzy outer coat containing WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -3 full-length tau (see, e.g., Wischik et al., 1996, PNAS USA, Vol. 93, pp. 11213-11218). The assembly process is exponential, consuming the cellular pool of normal functional tau and inducing new tau synthesis to make up the deficit (see, e.g., Lai, R. Y. K., et al., 1995, Neurobiology of Ageing, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 433-445). Eventually, functional 5 impairment of the neurone progresses to the point of cell death, leaving behind an extracellular NFT. Cell death is highly correlated with the number of extracellular NFTs (see, e.g., Wischik et al., in 'Neurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease', 2nd Edition, 2001, Eds. Dawbarn, D. and Allen, S.J., The Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology Series, Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford). As tangles are extruded into the extracellular space, there 10 is progressive loss of the fuzzy outer coat of the neurone with corresponding loss of N-terminal tau immunoreactivity, but preservation of tau immunoreactivity associated with the PHF core (see, e.g., Bondareff, W. et al., 1994, J. Neuropath. Exper. Neurol., Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 158-164). 15 Xanthylium compounds (also known as pyronine compounds) have previously been shown to act as fluorescent dyes. Xanthylium compounds previously disclosed include: Compound Structure and Name Citation KCl0 A N+ ]CN See e.g.: US 3 932 415 2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-Octahydro-1H,5H,11H,15H diquinolizino[1,9-bc:1',9'-hi] xanthylium chloride CF3 C NSee e.g.: Haley et al. 8-(Trifluoromethyl)-2,3,5,6,11,12,14,15 octahydro-1 H,4H, 1 OH, 1 3H-diquinolizino[9,9a, 1 bc;9',9a'1'-hi] xanthylium perchlorate WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -4 Compound Structure and Name Citation CIOG N 0 N4 See e.g.: Prostota et al. 2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-Octahydro-1H,5H,11H,15H diquinolizino[1,9-bc:1',9'-hi] xanthylium perchlorate F 7 See e.g.: CI G J. Biehringer E Et 2 N O NEt Journal Fur Praktische Chemie 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride L i ®See e.g.: FeCI G Et 2 N 0 NEt 2 4 JP 2000 344684 Chamberlin et al. 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium iron tetrachloride ZnCI Me 2 N S NMe 2 3 See e.g.: L L---- D- -- Nealey-et-al.

3,6-Bis(dimethylamino)thioxanthylium zinc trichloride LP M N NMeI C104 See e.g.: LP 2 s J~e2 Muller et al. 3,6-Bis(dimethylamino)thioxanthylium perchlorate WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -5 Compound Structure and Name Citation ,a Na c,( e ~. MIC Et2 N NEt ' H D Gloster et al. 3,7-Bis(diethylamino)phenazinium chloride N MP Me 2 N N NMe 2 C104 See e.g.: H Mller et al. 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenazinium perchlorate F N CI 0 Me2N 0 NMe 2 0104 iller et al. 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)oxazinium perchlorate Et 2 N O ZnCI See e.g.: L ® Albert 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium zinc trichloride z MeHN 0 NHMe See e.g.: DE 65282 3,6-bis-methylamino xanthylium chloride WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -6 Compound Structure and Name Citation OOH '~ "-- - ~ Cl® See e.g.: Me 2 N 0 NMe 2 JP 2000/344684 9-(2-Carboxyethyl)-3,6-Bis-dimethylamino xanthylium chloride NEt 2 0 0 See e.g.: AL G Laursen, et al Et2N 0 NEt2 6 2,6,1 0-Tris-diethylamino-4,8,12-trioxatrianguleum hexafluorophosphate JP 2000/344684 describes the use of xanthylium compounds, such as compound G and AA, as probes for diseases which accumulate p-amyloid protein. 5 WO 96/30766 describes the use of a xanthylium compound, DMAXC, as capable of inhibiting tau-tau protein interactions: Compound Structure and Name N. N Cl DMAXC Me 2 N 0 NMe 2 3,6-Bis-dimethylamino xanthylium chloride Diaminophenothiazines have previously been shown to inhibit tau protein aggregation 10 and to disrupt the structure of PHFs, and reverse the proteolytic stability of the PHF core (see, e.g., WO 96/30766, F Hoffman-La Roche). Such compounds were disclosed for WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -7 use in the treatment or prophylaxis of various diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. These included, amongst others: Compound Structure and Name 5:F Na 1 I MeN NMe MTC L Me N Me Me Methyl-thioninium chloride Me Me C1G DMMTC MeN NMe Me Me 1,9-Dimethyl-methyl-thioninium chloride 5 It will be understood that the term 'xanthylium compounds', as used herein, refers generally to compounds having a xanthylium core structure and compounds having related core structures including, but not limited to thioxanthylium, phenazinium, oxazinium, and thioninium. 10 Notwithstanding the above disclosures, it will be appreciated that the provision of one or more xanthylium compounds, not previously specifically identified as being effective tau protein aggregation inhibitors, would provide a contribution to the art. Description of the Invention The present-inventors-have-now identifidcertainxanthyl ium compotunbsas eing 15 effective tau protein aggregation inhibitors and in preferred forms having certain other desirable properties, for example by comparison with the compounds of the prior art discussed above. As discussed above, tau proteins are characterised as being one among a larger number 20 of protein families which co-purify with microtubules during repeated cycles of assembly and disassembly (Shelanski et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1973, 70, 765-768), and are known as microtubule-associated-proteins (MAPs). Members of the tau family share the common features of having a characteristic N-terminal segment, sequences of approximately 50 amino acids inserted in the N-terminal segment, which are 25 developmentally regulated in the brain, a characteristic tandem repeat region consisting of 3 or 4 tandem repeats of 31-32 amino acids, and a C-terminal tail.

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -8 One or more of the xanthylium compounds are known in the art - for example compound A (2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-Octahydro-1 H,5H, 11 H, 1 5H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc: 1',9'-hi] xanthylium chloride) is described in US 3 932 415. However it is believed that none of these have 5 previously been disclosed in the prior art as tau protein aggregation inhibitors. The invention therefore relates to methods, uses, compositions and other materials employing these compounds as tau protein aggregation inhibitors and as therapeutics or prophylactics of diseases associated with tau protein aggregation ("tauopathies"). The 10 invention further provides processes for making these compounds. These and other aspects of the invention are discussed in more detail hereinafter. Compounds In one aspect the present invention provides compounds of formula (1), and particularly 15 their use in medicine: R 1a R 13b R5 R 14a R 14b N O N) R 15a R16 wherein: X- is an anion;

-R

5 is independently -H, or saturated C 1 -alkyl, which is unsubstituted or 20 substituted with one or more substituents -RSA, or phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R 5 A; each -R5A is independently selected from -F, -CI, -Br, -I, -OH, -OR , -SH, -SR , -CN, -NO 2 , -NH 2 , -NHR 6 , -NR 6 2 , -NHC(=O)R 6 , -NR 6

C(=O)R

6 , -C(=0)OR 6 , -OC(=O)R 6 ,

-C(=O)NH

2 , -C(=O)NHR 6 , -C(=O)NR 6 2 , -C(=O)R 6 , -C(=O)OH, -S(=O)R 6 , -S(=0) 2

R

6 , and 25 -S(=0) 2 0H; and each -R 6 is independently saturated aliphatic C 14 alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl; -R1 3 a, -R1 3 b, -R1 4 a, -R1 4 b, -R 5 a, -R15b, -R1a, and -R' 6 b are each independently selected from H and saturated aliphatic C14 alkyl. 30 In one embodiment - Rua, -Rl 3 b, -R1 4 a, -R1 4 b, -R a, -R' b, -Ra, and -Rl'b are all H, providing a compound of formula (Ic).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 R 5 XG (Ic) NO -N~ wherein X and R 5 are as defined above. 5 In one embodiment -R 5 is independently -H, or saturated C 16 alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R 5 A In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (I) or (I') with the proviso that the compound is not: 10 2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-octahydro-1 H,5H,1 1 H,1 5H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc:1 ',9'-hi] xanthylium chloride ("compound A"); 8-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3,5,6,11,12,14,15-octahydro-1 H,4H, 1 OH, 13H diquinolizino[9,9a,1-bc;9',9a'1'-hi] xanthylium perchlorate ("compound C"); or 2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-octahydro-1 H,5H, 11 H, 1 5H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc: 1',9'-hi] 15 xanthylium perchlorate ("compound X"). In a further aspect of the present invention there are provided compounds of formula (11) 20 and particularly their use in medicine: R 7 R a SR4 X Y2 Y3& R R wherein: X- is a counter ion; Y is 0, and Z is N or C-R 5 ; or 25 Y is NH, and Z is N; or WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 10 Y is S, and Z is C-R 5

-R

1 and -R 2 , are each independently saturated C 1

.

6 alkyl, or R 1 and R 2 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; 5 -R 3 and -R 4 are each independently saturated C 1

.

6 alkyl, or R 3 and R 4 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C 3

.

7 heterocycle;

-R

5 is independently -H, saturated C 1

.

6 alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -RSA, or phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 10 one or more substituents -R 5 A-. each -R 5 A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -1, -OH, -OR 6 , -SH, -SR 6 , -CN, -NO 2 , -NH 2 , -NHR 6 , -NR 6 2 , -NHC(=O)R 6 , -NR 6

C(=O)R

6 , -C(=O)OR 6 , -OC(=O)R 6 ,

-C(=O)NH

2 , -C(=O)NHR 6 , -C(=O)NR 6 2 , -C(=O)R 6 , -C(=O)OH, -S(=O)R 6 , -S(=0) 2

R

6 , and -S(=0) 2 0H; 15 each -R 6 is independently saturated aliphatic C1.4alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl; and

-R

7 and -R 8 are each independently selected from: -H, saturated C 14 alkyl,

C

2

.

4 alkenyl, and halogenated C1.4alkyl; and additionally, when Z is C-R 5 and R 5 is phenyl, -R 7 and -R 8 may each independently be a bridging group, W, which is bonded to said R 5 ; and 20 W is 0, NR 17 , S, or C(R 17

)

2 wherein each R 1 7 is independently selected from H, saturated aliphatic C1.4 alkyl, and R 5 A. In one embodiment, -R 1 , -R 2 , -R 3 and -R 4 are each independently saturated aliphatic

C

1

.

6 alkyl. 25 In one embodiment, -R 7 and -R" are each independently selected from: -H, saturated

C

1

.

4 alkyl, C 2 .4alkenyl, and halogenated C 1 .4alkyl. In one embodiment, -R 5 is independently -H, saturated C 1

.

6 alkyl, which is unsubstituted or 30 substituted with one or more substituents -R 5 A In one embodiment, at least one of -R 1 , -R 2 , -R 3 and -R 4 is independently unsubstituted saturated aliphatic C 2

-

6 alkyl. 35 In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (II) with the proviso that the compound is not: 3,6-bis(dimethylamino)thioxanthylium zinc trichloride ("compound LZ"); 3,6-bis(dimethylamino)thioxanthylium perchlorate ("compound LP"); WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 11 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenazinium choride ("compound MC"); 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenazinium perchlorate ("compound M"); or 3, 7-bis(dimethylamino)oxazinium chloride ("compound 0"). 5 In another embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (II) with the proviso that the compound is not: 3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride ("compound E"); 3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthylium iron tetrachloride ("compound G"); or 3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthylium zinc trichloride ("compound Y"). 10 In another embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (11) with the proviso that the compound is not 9-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,6-Bis-dimethylamino xanthylium chloride ("compound AA"). 15 In another embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (11) with the proviso that the compound is not 3,6-bis-dimethylamino xanthylium chloride ("DMAXC"). 20 In a preferred embodiment of the invention there are provided compounds of formula (Ila) and particularly their use in medicine: R 5 RK R X (Ila) R R wherein: X- is a counter ion; 25 -R 9 , and -R 1 0 are each independently saturated C 1 6 alkyl; or -R 9 and -R 1 0 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle;

-R

11 and -R 12 are each independently saturated Cl 6 alkyl, or -R 11 and -R , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a 30 saturated C3.7 heterocycle; and

-R

5 is defined according to the compounds of formula (11).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 12 In one embodiment, R 9 , -R'*, -R 11 and -R 12 are each independently saturated C 2

-

6 alkyl. In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (Ila) with the proviso that the compound is not: 5 3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride ("compound E"); 3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthylium iron tetrachloride ("compound G"); 3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthylium zinc trichloride ("compound Y"); In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (Ila) with 10 the proviso that the compound is not 3,6-bis-dimethylamino xanthylium chloride (DMAXC). In a preferred embodiment of the invention there are provided compounds of formula (11b) 15 and particularly their use in medicine: R7 R8 R R N Y NR 12 130 R R wherein: X- is a counter ion; Y is 0 or NH, and Z is N; or 20 Y is S, and Z is C-R 5 ; -R77R 2

~R

3

-R

4

--R

5 -R-an-d--R3-are--defined-trecordirg-to thecompound of formula (11). In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (11b) with 25 the proviso that the compound is not: 3,6-bis(dimethylamino)thioxanthylium zinc trichloride ("compound L"); 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenazinium chloride ("compound M"); or 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)oxazinium chloride ("compound 0"). 30 WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -13 In an alternative embodiment of the invention, there are provided compounds of formula (llc) and particularly their use in medicine: R 5 R R 1 2 X (llc) R IN Y N 1c R R wherein: 5 X- is a counter ion; Y is O or S;

-R

9 and -Rl 0 are each independently saturated C 1 .ralkyl; - or R 9 and R 10 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; 10 -R 11 and -R 12 are each independently saturated C 1 .alkyl, or R 1 1 and R , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C 3 .7 heterocycle; and

-R

5 is defined according to the compounds of formula (11). 15 In one embodiment, R 9 , -R 1 0 , -R 11 and -R 12 are each independently saturated C2-ealkyl. In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (1Ic) with the proviso that the compound is not: 3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride ("compound E); 20 3-6-bis--diethylamin-o-xanthyliam-iron-tetrachloride-("compound-G");-or 3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthylium zinc trichloride ("compound Y") In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (llc) with the proviso that the compound is not 3,6-bis-dimethylamino xanthylium chloride 25 (DMAXC).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 14 In an alternative embodiment, there are provided compounds wherein Z is C-R', R 5 is phenyl, and -R 7 and -RO are each independently a bridging group, W, which is bonded to said R 5 , and their use in medicine. 5 These compounds can also be described as compounds of formula (VI):

R

5 A W W (VI) R R4 xO N Y N' R R wherein X-, Y, W, -R',-R 2 , -R 3 , -R 4 and -R 5 A are as defined according to the compounds of formula (11). 10 In one embodiment, at least one of -R', -R 2 , -R 3 and -R 4 is independently unsubstituted saturated aliphatic C 2

-

6 alkyl. In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (VI) with the 15 proviso that the compound is not 2,6,1 0-tris-diethylamino-4,8,12-trioxatrianguleum hexafluorophosphate ('compound AL'). In a preferred embodiment of the invention, there are provided compounds of formula -(-Vla)-and-particularly-their-use-in-medicine:

R

5 A 0 0 (VIa) R NR4 D N0 N R R 20 wherein X-, -R',-R 2 , -R 3 , -R 4 , -R' and -R 5 A are as defined according to the compounds of formula (VI).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -15 In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (Via) with the proviso that the compound is not 2,6,10-tris-diethylamino-4,8,12-trioxatrianguleum hexafluorophosphate ('compound AL'). 5 In a further aspect of the present invention there are provided compounds of formula (111), and particularly their use in medicine:

R

5 R 9R 2 H+X-I( N Y N R R" 10 wherein: X- is a counter ion; Y is O or S;

-R

9 and -R' 0 are each independently saturated C 1 6 alkyl; or R 9 and R 10 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a 15 saturated C 3 7 heterocycle; -R" and -R 12 are each independently saturated C 16 alkyl, or R" and R , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C37 heterocycle; and

-R

5 is defined according to the compounds of formula (11). 20 In one embodiment, R 9 , -R 10 , -R" and -R 12 are each independently saturated C 26 alkyl. In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (111) with the proviso that the compound is not 3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthene dihydrochloride 25 ("compound H"). The compounds (1), (Ic), (II), (Ila), (Ilb), (llc), (111), (VI), and (Via) are described herein as "xanthylium compounds" or "compounds of the invention" or (unless context demands 30 otherwise) "active compounds".

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 16 The preferred counter ions and substituents for the compounds (1), (Ic), (II), (Ila), (1lb), (llc), (111). (VI) and (Via) are set out below. They are combinable in any combination, where appropriate. Each and every compatible combination of the embodiments described above, and below, is explicitly disclosed herein, as if each and every 5 combination was individually and explicitly recited. Preferences for X X- is a counter ion. X- is one or more anionic counter ions to achieve electrical neutrality. In one embodiment, X- is one anionic counter ion. 10 In one embodiment, each X- is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion. In one embodiment, each X- may be selected from the group consisting of: N03-, C10 4 , F, Cr, Br-, r, ZnCI3-, FeCI 4 , and PF 6 ~. 15 In one embodiment, each X may be selected from the group consisting of: N03-, C10 4 , C[ ,Br, 1-, FeCI 4 , and PF6-. In one embodiment, each X~ may be selected from NO3-, C1, and C10 4 . In one embodiment, each X- may be selected from N0 3 ~, Cr, Br and FeCI 4 . 20 In one embodiment, each X- may be selected from [, Br-, N03- and CI. In one embodiment, each X- may be selected from r, N03- and Cr. X- may be ZnCl3-. X- may be N03-. 25 X- may be Cr. X~ may be C10 4 . X- may be Br. X~ may be 1. X- may be FeC14-. 30 X- may be PF&. In one embodiment, X- is a mixed anionic counter ion. In one embodiment, the compound is in the form of a mixed salt, for example, a HNO 3 mixed salt. In one embodiment the compound is in the form of a N03- and HNO 3 mixed salt. 35 Preferences for -R* 13 , -R 3 b, -R"", -R1 4 b, -R 1 **, -R 5 b, -R 1 6 ", and -R1 6 b

-R"

3 a, -R' 3 b, -R 14 , -R1 4 b, -R" 15 , -R15b, -R 1 6 a, and -R1 6 b are each independently selected from H and saturated aliphatic C 1

.

4 alkyl.

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 17 In one embodiment, -R 13 , -R' 3 b, -R 14 ", -R1 4 b, -R15a, -R 5 b, -R6a, and -R1 6 b are each independently H. In one embodiment, -R 13 a, -R1 3 b, -R14a, -R' 4 b, -R 15 a, -R 5 b, -R 1 6 a, and -R1 6 b are all H. 5 In one embodiment, -R1 3 a, -R13b, -R 14 a, -R1 4 b, -R1 5 a, -R15b, -R1 6 a, and -R1 6 b are each independently saturated aliphatic C1.4 alkyl. In one embodiment, -R1 3 a, -R1 3 b, -R 14a, -R1 4 b, -R" 15 , -R'sb, -R 6 a, and -R1 6 b are each independently selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, and 10 t-butyl. In one embodiment, -R 13 , -R1 3 b, -R14a, -R14b, -R 1 5 a, R15b, -R1 6 a, and -Rl1b are each independently methyl or ethyl. In one embodiment, -R1 3 a, -R13b, -R 14 a, -R14b, -R" 15 , -R' 5 b, -R1 6 a, and -R1 6 b are each independently methyl. 15 In one embodiment, -R1 3 a, -R 13 b, -R14a, -R1 4 b, -R 5 a, -R15b, -R 16 a, and -R1 6 b are all methyl. Preferences for Y, Z, and W For the compounds of formula (11), Y is independently 0, NH or S. In one embodiment, Y is 0. In one embodiment, Y is NH. 20 In one embodiment, Y is S. In one embodiment, Y is 0 or NH, and Z is N. In one embodiment, Y is 0 or S, and Z is C-R 5 . In one embodiment, Y is 0, and Z is N or C-R 5 . In one embodiment, Y is 0, and Z is N. 25 In one embodiment, Y is 0, and Z is C-R. In one embodiment, Y is NH, and Z is N. In one embodiment, Y is S, and Z is C-R . For the compounds of formula (11b), Y is independently 0, NH or S. 30 In one embodiment, Y is 0, and Z is N. In one embodiment, Y is NH, and Z is N. In one embodiment, Y is S, and Z is C-R. For the compounds of formula (Ilc), Y is independently 0 or S. 35 In one embodiment, Y is 0. In one embodiment, Y is S. For the compounds of formula (111), Y is independently 0 or S. In one embodiment, Y is 0. 40 In one embodiment, Y is S.

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -18 For the compounds of formula (IV), Y is independently 0, NH or S. In one embodiment, Y is 0. In one embodiment, Y is NH. 5 In one embodiment, Y is S. Each W is independently 0, NR' , CR4 2 , or S. In one embodiment, each W is independently 0, NR 17 or S. In one embodiment, each W is independently 0, NH or S. 10 In one embodiment, each W is independently 0 or S. In one embodiment, each W is independently 0. In one embodiment, each W is independently CR 1 7 2 . 15 In one embodiment, each W is independently CH 2 . Preferences for -R 1 7 Each R 17 is independently H, saturated aliphatic C 1

-

4 alkyl, or is as defined for R 5 A In one embodiment, each R 17 is H. 20 In one embodiment, each R 17 is indedendently H or saturated aliphatic C1.4 alkyl. In one embodiment, each R 17 is indedendently saturated aliphatic C 1

-

4 alkyl. In one embodiment, each R 17 is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, and t-butyl. 25 In one embodiment, each R 17 is independently selected from H or methyl. In one embodiment W is NR 17 and R 17 is H or saturated aliphatic C1.4 alkyl. In one embodiment W is NR 1 7 and R 17 is H. In one emDoalment vv is NR 1 7 and R 17 is saturated aliphatic C1.4 alkyl. 30 In one embodiment W is C(R 17

)

2 and each R 17 is H or saturated aliphatic C1.4 alkyl. In one embodiment W is C(R 17

)

2 and each R 17 is H. In one embodiment W is C(R 17

)

2 wherein one R 17 is H and the other is saturated aliphatic C1.4 alkyl. 35 In one embodiment W is C(R 17

)

2 and each R 17 is saturated aliphatic C1.4 alkyl. Preferences for -R 1 , -R 2 , -R3 and -R4 In one embodiment, -R' and -R 2 , are each independently saturated C 1

.

6 alkyl, or R' and R 2 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; and -R 3 and -R 4 are each independently saturated C 1

.

6 alkyl, WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 19 or R 3 and R 4 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated

C

3

.

7 heterocycle. In one embodiment, -R', -R 2 , -R 3 and -R 4 are each independently saturated aliphatic 5 C 1

.

6 alkyl. In one embodiment, at least one of -R 1 , -R 2 , -R 3 and -R 4 is independently saturated aliphatic C 2

-

6 alkyl. In one embodiment, -R 1 , -R 2 , -R 3 and -R 4 are each independently saturated aliphatic

C

2

-

6 alkyl. 10 In one embodiment, -R 1 , -R 2 , -R 3 and -R 4 are each independently saturated C 3

.

6 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, at least one of -R 1 , -R 2 , -R 3 and -R 4 is independently saturated

C

3

.

6 cycloalkyl. 15 In one embodiment, -R 1 , -R 2 , -R 3 and -R 4 are defined according to -R 9 , -R 10 , -R" and -R 12 respectively. In one embodiment, -R 1 and -R 2 are the same. In one embodiment, -R' and -R 2 are each -Me. 20 In one embodiment, -R' and -R 2 are each -Et. In one embodiment, -R' and -R 3 are the same. In one embodiment, -R 3 and -R 3 are the same. In one embodiment, -R 3 and -R 4 are each -Me. 25 In one embodiment, -R 3 and -R 4 are each -Et. In one embodiment, -R 2 and -R 4 are the same. In one embodiment, one of -R 1 and -R 2 is -Me. In one embodiment, one of -R 1 and -R 2 is -Et. 30 In one embodiment, one of -R 3 and -R 3 is -Me. In one embodiment, one of -R 3 and -R 3 is -Et. In one embodiment, -R 1 , -R 2 , -R 3 and -R 4 are each -Me. In one embodiment, -R 1 , -R 2 , -R 3 and -R 4 are each -Et. 35 In one embodiment, -R' and -R 2 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C 3

.

7 heterocycle; and -R 3 and -R 4 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, independently form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle. 40 In one embodiment the saturated C 3

.

7 heterocycle formed by R 1 and R 2 and the saturated

C

3

.

7 heterocycle formed by R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from: aziridine, WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 20 azetidine, pyrrolidine, imidazolidine, pyrazolidine, oxazolidine, isoxazolidine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, azepine, oxazepine, and diazepine. In one embodiment the saturated C3.7 heterocycle formed by- R' and R 2 and the saturated 5 C3.

7 heterocycle formed by R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from: morpholine, piperidine, and pyrrolidine. In one embodiment the saturated C 3

.

7 heterocycle is morpholine. In one embodiment the saturated C 3

.

7 heterocycle is piperidine. 10 In one embodiment the saturated C 3

.

7 heterocycle is pyrrolidine. In one embodiment the saturated C3.7 heterocycle formed by R 1 and R 2 and the saturated C3.7 heterocycle formed by R 3 and R 4 are the same. Preferences for -R 5 and -R 5 A 15 In one embodiment, -R 5 is independently -H, saturated C 1

.

6 alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -RSA, or phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R 5 A. -RSA is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -1, -OH, -OR 6 , -SH, -SR , -CN, -NO 2 , -NH 2 , -NHR , -NR 2 , -NHC(=0)R ,

-NR

6

C(=O)R

6 , -C(=O)OR 6 , -OC(=O)R 6 , -C(=O)NH 2 , -C(=O)NHR 6 , -C(=O)NR 6 2 , -C(=O)R , 20 -C(=O)OH, -S(=O)R 6 , -S(=O) 2

R

6 , and -S(=0) 2 OH. In one embodiment, -R 5 is -H. In one embodiment, -R 5 is saturated aliphatic C 1

.

6 alkyl, which is unsubstituted or 25 substituted with one or more substituents -RSA In one embodiment, -R 5 is saturated C 3

.

6 cycloalkyl or saturated aliphatic C 1

.

4 alkyl, both of which are unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R^. 30 In one embodiment, -R 5 is saturated C 3

.

6 cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R 5 A In one embodiment, -R 5 is unsubstituted saturated aliphatic C 1

.

4 alkyl. 35 In one embodiment, -R 5 is saturated aliphatic C 14 alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R 5 A. In one embodiment, -R 5 is C 1

.

4 alkyl substituted with one or more substituents -R 5 A In one embodiment, -R 5 is saturated aliphatic C 1 4 alkyl substituted with one or more substituents -R 5 A. 40 WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 21 In one embodiment, -R 5 is -Me or -Et, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -RSA In one embodiment, -R 5 is -CF 3 or -Et. 5 In one embodiment, -R 5 is -CF 3 In one embodiment, -R 5 is -Et. In one embodiment, -R 5 is independently phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R 5 A. 10 In one embodiment, -R 5 is independently phenyl, which is substituted with one or more substituents -R 5 A When R 5 is phenyl, it may be substituted with one or more substituents -R 5 A in a position ortho, meta or para to the tricyclic core. 15 In one embodiment, a substituent -R 5 A is in the ortho position. In one embodiment, a substituent -R 5 A is in the meta position. In one embodiment, a substituent -R 5 A is in the para position. In one embodiment, each -R 5 A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -1, -OH, -OR 6 , 20 -SR 6 , -NO 2 , -NH 2 , -NHR 6 , -NR 6 2 , -NHC(=O)R 6 , -NR 6 C(=0)R 6 , -C(=O)OR 6 , -OC(=O)R 6 , -C(=0)NH 2 , -C(=O)NHR 6 , -C(=O)NR 6 2 , -C(=O)R 6 , and -C(=O)OH. In one embodiment, each -R 5 A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -1, -OH, -OR 6 ,

-SR

6 , -NO 2 , -NH 2 , -NHR 6 , -NR 6 2 , -NHC(=0)R 6 , -NR 6

C(=O)R

6 , -C(=0)OR 6 , -OC(=O)R , 25 -C(=O)NH 2 , -C(=O)NHR , and -C(=O)NR 2 , and -C(=O)R . In one embodiment, each -R 5 A is independently selected from -F, -CI, -Br, -1, -OH, -OR,

-SR

6 , -NO 2 , -NH 2 , -NHR 6 , and -NR 6 2 , 30 In one embodiment, each -R 5 A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -1, or -OH. In one embodiment, each -R 5 A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, or -1. In one embodiment, each R 5 A is independently selected from - NH 2 , -NHR 6 , -NR 6 2 and

-NO

2 . 35 In one embodiment, each R 5 A is independently selected from -NR 6 2 and -NO 2 . In one embodiment, -R 5 is substituted with one substituent -R 5 A. In one embodiment, -R5 is substituted with two substituents -R 5 A. The substituents may be the same or different. 40 In one embodiment, -R 5 is substituted with three substituents -R 5 A. The substituents may be the same or different.

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 22 Preferences for -R 6 Each -R 6 is independently saturated aliphatic C 1 .4alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl. In one embodiment, -R 6 is saturated aliphatic C1Aalkyl. 5 In one embodiment, -R 6 is phenyl. In one embodiment, -R 6 is benzyl. Preferences for -R 7 and -R 8

-R

7 and -R 8 are each independently selected from: -H, saturated C 1 4 alkyl, C 2 Aalkenyl, and halogenated C 1 .4alkyl; and 10 additionally, when Z is C-R 5 and R 5 is phenyl, -R 7 and -R' may each independently be a bridging group, W, which is bonded to said R . In one embodiment -R 7 and -R 8 are each independently selected from: -H; saturated 15 C 1 4 alkyl; C 2 .4alkenyl; and halogenated C 14 alkyl. In one embodiment, -R 7 and -R 8 are each independently -H. In one embodiment, the C 1 4 alkyl groups are selected from: linear C1.4alkyl groups, such 20 as -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, and -nBu; branched C 3 .4alkyl groups, such as -iPr, -iBu, -sBu, and -tBu; and cyclic C 34 alkyl groups, such as -cPr and -cBu. In one embodiment, the C 2

.

4 alkenyl groups are selected from linear C 1 _alkenyl groups, such as -CH=CH 2 (vinyl) and -CH 2

-CH=CH

2 (allyl). 25 In one embodiment, the halogenated C 1 4 alkyl groups are selected from: -CF 3 , -CH 2

CF

3 , and -CF 2

CF

3 . In one embodiment, each of

-

Rand -R 8 1ifsidependently -H or saturated-aliph-atic 30 C 14 alkyl. In one embodiment, each of -R 7 and -R" is independently C 14 alkyl. In one embodiment, each of -R 7 and -R 8 is independently -H, -Me, -Et, or -CF 3 . In one embodiment, each of -R 7 and -R 8 is independently -H, -Me, or -Et. 35 In one embodiment, each of -R 7 and -R 8 is independently -H. In one embodiment, each of -R 7 and -R 8 is independently -Me. In one embodiment, each of -R 7 and -R 8 is independently -Et. In one embodiment, -R 7 and -R3 are the same. 40 In one embodiment, -R 7 and -R 8 are different.

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -23 In one embodiment, when Z is C-R 5 and R 5 is phenyl, -R 7 and -R 8 may each independently be a bridging group, W, which is bonded to said R 5 . In one embodiment, -R 7 and -R 8 are each a bridging group, W, which is bonded to said 5 phenyl group R 5 . In one embodiment, -R 7 and -R 8 are each a bridging group, W, which is bonded to said phenyl group R 5 at an ortho position, relative to the xanthylium core, to produce a six-membered fused ring. 10 In one embodiment, both -R 7 and -R 8 are bridging groups, W, and are each bonded to said phenyl group R 5 at respective ortho positions, to produce six-membered fused rings as shown in formula (VI). Preferences for -R 9 , -R 1 0 , -R" and -R 12

-R

9 , -R' 0 , -R' 1 and -R 12 are each independently saturated C 1 .6alkyl. 15 In one embodiment, -R 9 , -R 10 , -R 11 and -R 12 are each independently saturated C 2 6 alkyl. In one embodiment, the C 26 alkyl groups are selected from: linear C 2

-

6 alkyl groups, such as -Et, -nPr, -iPr, and -nBu; branched C 3 .4alkyl groups, such as -iPr, -iBu, -sBu, and -tBu; 20 and cyclic C 34 alkyl groups, such as -cPr and -cBu. In one embodiment, each -R 9 , -R 10 , -R 11 and -R 12 is independently saturated

C

3

.

6 cycloalkyl or unsubstituted saturated aliphatic C 2

-

6 alkyl. 25 In one embodiment, each -R 9 , -R 10 , -R 11 and -R 12 is independently saturated

C

3

.

6 cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, each -R 9 , -R 10 , -R 11 and -R 12 is independently saturated aliphatic

U

2

-

6 alKyl. 30 In one embodiment, each -R 9 , -R 10 , -R" and -R 12 is independently saturated aliphatic

C

24 alkyl. In one embodiment each -R 9 , -R' 1 , -R 11 and -R 12 is independently selected from -Et; -n-Pr, -iso-Pr, -n-Bu, -sec-Bu, -iso-Bu, and -tert-Bu. 35 In one embodiment, one of -R 9 and -R' 1 is -Et. In one embodiment, one of -R 11 and -R 12 is -Et. In one embodiment, -R 9 and -R 10 are the same. In one embodiment, -R' and -R 10 are each -Et. 40 WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 24 In one embodiment, -R" and -R 12 are the same. In one embodiment, -R" and -R 12 are each -Et. In one embodiment, -R 9 and -R" are the same. In one embodiment -R 9 and -R 11 are 5 each -Et. In one embodiment, -R 10 and -R 12 are the same. In one embodiment, -Rio and -R, 2 are each -Et. In one embodiment, -R 9 , -R 10 , -R 11 and -R 12 are the same. 10 In one embodiment, -R 9 , -R 10 , -R 11 and -R 12 are each -Et. In one embodiment, -R 9 and -R 10 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3-7 heterocycle; and -R 11 and -R , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, independently form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle. 15 In one embodiment the saturated C3.7 heterocycle formed by R 9 and R 1 0 and the saturated C3.7 heterocycle formed by R" and R 12 are independently selected from: aziridine, azetidine, pyrrolidine, imidazolidine, pyrazolidine, oxazolidine, isoxazolidine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, azepine, oxazepine, and diazepine. 20 In one embodiment the saturated C 3

.

7 heterocycle formed by R 9 and R 10 and the saturated C3.7 heterocycle formed by R" and R 12 are independently selected from: morpholine, piperidine, and pyrrolidine. 25 In one embodiment the saturated C3.7 heterocycle is morpholine. In one embodiment the saturated C3.7 heterocycle is piperidine. In one embodiment the saturated C3.7 heterocycle is pyrrolidine. In one embodiment the saturated C 3

.

7 heterocycle formed by R 9 and R 10 and the 30 saturated C3.7 heterocycle formed by R" and R 12 are the same. Preferred Compounds In general, the present invention relates to one or more compounds selected from the following compounds, and their use in medicine: WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 25 Compound Structure and Name Nc O(N A 2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-Octahydro-1H,5H,11 H,15H diquinolizino[1,9-bc:1',9'-hi] xanthylium chloride BNO( 2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-Octahydro-1H,5H,11H,15H diquinolizino[1,9-bc:1',9'-hi] xanthylium nitrate CF3 C 8-(Trifluoromethyl)-2,3,5,6,11,12,14,15-octahydro 1 H,4H, 1 OH, 1 3H-diquinolizino[9,9a, 1 -bc;9',9a'1'-hi] xanthylium perchlorate D N O N1 8-Ethyl-2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-octahydro 1 H,5H, 11 H, 1 5H-diquinolizino[1, 9-bc; 1',9'-hi] xanthylium chloride WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 26 Compound Structure and Name NCI E Et 2 N O NEt 2 Laj 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride F Et 2 N 0 NEt 2 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium bromide G EtN NEt2 FeCI( 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium iron tetrachloride H Et 2 N 0 NEt 2 2 HCI 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthene dihydrochloride NO EtN 0 NEt7 L 2 e01 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium nitrate I i N NO 3

HNO

3 1-HNO 3 Et2NO NEt 2 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium nitrate* HNO 3 WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 27 Compound Structure and Name Et 2 N 0 NEt 2 9-Ethyl-3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride K Et 2 N S NEt 2 LI 3,6-Bis(diethylamino)thioxanthylium iodide ZnCI L Me 2 N S NMe2 3 3,6-Bis(dimethylamino)thioxanthylium zinc trichloride M LMe 2 N S NMe 2 3 3,6-Bis(dimethylamino)-1,9-dimethylthioxanthylium - - -zinc-trichloride- N N C N Me 2 N N~l NMe 2 Cl( L H e 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenazinium chloride WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -28 Compound Structure and Name O Me 2 N O NMe 2 C10 4 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)oxazinium perchlorate AB Me 2 N O NMe 2

NO

3 3,6-Bis-dimethylamino xanthylium nitrate NEt2 AC 0 Et 2 N 0 N Et 2

NO

3 10 3,6-Bis-diethylamino-9-(4-diethylanilino) xanthylium nitrate

NO

2 AD0 NO NO A DE t N 2O 2 NEt2 N 3,6-Bis-diethylamino-9-(4-nitrophenyl) xanthylium nitrate WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 29 Compound Structure and Name N O N@(+ NO3 AE 1,1,7,7,11,11,17,17-Octamethyl-2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17 octahydro-1 H,5H, 11 H,15H-diquinolizino [1,9-bc:1',9'-hi] xanthylium nitrate AF N 0 N-' AF O O NO 3,6-Bis-morpholino xanthylium nitrate AG LN 3,6-Bis-piperidino xanthylium nitrate _N NG NO3 3,6-Bis-pyrrolidino xanthylium nitrate KAl

.

2 HCI 3,6-Bis-morpholino xanthene dihydrochloride WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 30 Compound Structure and Name AJ .2HCI 3,6-Bis-pyrrolidino xanthene dihydrochloride AK 0 .2HCI 3,6-Bis-piperidino xanthene dihydrochloride NEt 2 0 0 AL Et 2 N O NEt 2

PF

6 2,6,1 0-Tris-diethylamino-4,8,12-trioxotrianguleum hexafluorophosphate AM Et 2 N N NMe 2 CI H 3-Diethylamino-7-dimethylaminophenazinium chloride WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 31 Compound Structure and Name Et 2 N 0 NMe 2 C10 4 AN L 3-Diethylamino-7-dimethylaminooxazinium perchlorate In this and all other aspects of the invention, unless context demands otherwise, a compound may be selected from the list consisting of A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, 1, 1 - HNO 3 , J, K, L, M, N, 0, AB, AC, AD, AE, AF, AG, AH, Al, AJ, AK, AL, AM and AN. 5 In one embodiment, a compound may be selected from the list consisting of A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, I -HNO 3 , J, K, L, M, N, and 0. In one embodiment, a compound may be selected from the list consisting of A, B, C, D, E, 10 F, G, H, I, 1 - HNO 3 , and J. In one embodiment, the compound is selected from list consisting of A, B, C, and D. In one embodiment, the compound is selected from list consisting of B and D. 15 In one embodiment, the compound is selected from list consisting of E, F, G, H, I, I -HNO 3 , J, and K. In one embodiment, the compound is selected from list consisting of E, F, G, 1, 1 - HNO 3 , J, and K. In one embodiment, the compound is selected from list consisting of F, I, 1 - HNO 3 , and J. 20 In one embodiient,the compound-is selectedfr-omlistcnistirg-of-L--N--ad-O In one embodiment, the compound is selected from list consisting of N and 0. In one embodiment, the compound is selected from list consisting of K, L, and, M. 25 In one embodiment, the compound is selected from list consisting of L and M. In one embodiment, the compound is selected from list consisting of AB, AC, AD, AE, AF, AG, AH, Al, AJ, AK, and AL. In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the list consisting of AB, AC, AD, AE, 30 AF, AG, AH, Al, AJ, and AK. In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the list consisting of AC and AD.

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 32 In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the list consisting of AF, AG, AH, Al, AJ, and AK. In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the list consisting of AF, AG and AH. 5 In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the list consisting of Al, AJ, and AK. In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the list consisting of AM and AN. In one embodiment, it is compound A. 10 In one embodiment, it is compound B. In one embodiment, it is compound C. In one embodiment, it is compound D. In one embodiment, it is compound E. In one embodiment, it is compound F. 15 In one embodiment, it is compound G. In one embodiment, it is compound H. In one embodiment, it is compound I. In one embodiment, it is compound I - HNO 3 . In one embodiment, it is compound J. 20 In one embodiment, it is compound K. In one embodiment, it is compound L. In one embodiment, it is compound M. In one embodiment, it is compound N. In one embodiment, it is compound 0. 25 In one embodiment, it is compound AB. In one embodiment, it is compound AC. In one embodiment, it is compound AD. In one embodiment, it is compound AE. In one embodiment, it is compound AF. 30 In one embodiment, it is compound AU. In one embodiment, it is compound AH. In one embodiment, it is compound Al. In one embodiment, it is compound AJ. In one embodiment, it is compound AK. 35 In one embodiment, it is compound AL. In one embodiment, it is compound AM. In one embodiment, it is compound AN. In one embodiment the xanthylium compound may be one which is obtained by, or is 40 obtainable by, a method as described herein (see "Methods of Synthesis" below).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 33 Preferred compounds of the present invention are those which show high activity in the assays described herein, particularly the in vitro assay described below. Preferred compounds have a B50 of less than 500, more preferably less than 300, 200, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, or 40 pM, as determined with reference to the Examples herein. 5 In one embodiment the xanthylium compound has a RxIndex (Rxl) value obtained as determined with reference to the Examples herein of greater than or equal to 150, more preferably greater than or equal to 200, 250, 300, 500, 1000, 1500, or 2000. 10 The present invention also provides intermediates for use in the preparation of the compounds of the invention. Such intermediates are described below in the methods of synthesis section Isotopic Variation In one embodiment, one or more of the carbon atoms of the compound is 11C or 13C 15 or 14 C. In one embodiment, one or more of the carbon atoms of the compound is "C. In one embodiment, one or more of the carbon atoms of the compound is 13C. In one embodiment, one or more of the carbon atoms of the compound is 14C. In one embodiment, one or more of the nitrogen atoms of the compound is 15 N. 20 In one embodiment, one or more or all of the carbon atoms of one or more or all of the groups -R 1 , -R 2 , -R 3 , -R 4 , -R 9 , -R 10 , -R , and -R 12 is 11C. In one embodiment, the groups -R 1 , -R 2 , -R 3 and -R 4 are each -("CH 2 1

"CH

3 ). 25 In one embodiment, the groups -R 1 , -R 2 , -R 3 and -R 4 are each -("CH 3 ). In one embodiment, the groups -R 9 , -R 10 , -R 11 and -R 12 are each -("CH 2 1

CH

3 ). In one embodiment, one or more or all of the carbon atoms, where present, of the groups 30 -R 5 , -R 5 A, -R 6 , -R 7 , or -R 8 is 11C. In one embodiment, one or more or all of the carbon atoms, where present, of the groups

-R

5 , -R 5 A, or -R 6 is 110 35 In one embodiment, one or more or all of the carbon atoms, where present, of the groups -R or -R 8 is 11C. Uses to reverse or inhibit the aggregation of tau protein. One aspect of the invention is the use of a xanthylium compound to reverse or inhibit the aggregation of tau protein. This aggregation may be in vitro, or in vivo, and may be WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 34 associated with a tauopathy disease state as discussed herein. Also provided are methods of reversing or inhibiting the aggregation of tau protein comprising contacting the aggregate or protein with a compound as described herein. 5 As discussed below, various tauopathy disorders that have been recognized which feature prominent tau pathology in neurons and/or glia and this term has been used in the art for several years. The similarities between these pathological inclusions and the characteristic tau inclusions in diseases such as AD indicate that the structural features are shared and that it is the topographic distribution of the pathology that is responsible 10 for the different clinical phenotypes observed. In addition to specific diseases discussed below, those skilled in the art can identify tauopathies by combinations of cognitive or behavioural symptoms, plus additionally through the use of appropriate ligands for aggregated tau as visualised using PET or MRI, such as those described in W002/075318. 15 Methods of treatment or prophylaxis and 1 st & 2 nd medical uses One aspect of the present invention pertains to a method of treatment or prophylaxis of a tauopathy condition in a patient, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically-effective amount of a xanthylium compound, as described herein. 20 Aspects of the present invention relate to "tauopathies". As well as Alzheimer's disease (AD), the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Pick's disease and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) appears to correlate with an accumulation of pathological truncated tau aggregates in the dentate gyrus and stellate pyramidal cells of the neocortex, respectively. Other dementias include fronto-temporal dementia (FTD); 25 parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17); disinhibition-dementia-parkinsonism amyotrophy complex (DDPAC); pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND); Guam-ALS syndrome; pallido-nigro-luysian degeneration (PNLD); cortico-basal degeneration (CBD); Dementia with Argyrophilic grains (AgD); Dementia pugilistica (DP) wherein despite different topography, NFTs are similar to those observed in AD (Hof P.R., Bouras C., 30 Buee L., Delacourte A., Perl D.P. and Morrison J.H. (1992) Differential distribution of neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebral cortex of dementia pugilistica and Alzheimer's disease cases. Acta Neuropathol. 85, 23-30); Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a tauopathy including DP as well as repeated and sports-related concussion (McKee, A., Cantu, R., Nowinski, C., Hedley-Whyte, E., Gavett, B., Budson, A., Santini, V., Lee, H.-S., 35 Kubilus, C. & Stern, R. (2009) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 68, 709-735). Others are discussed in Wischik et a/. 2000, loc. cit, for detailed discussion - especially Table 5.1).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 35 Abnormal tau in NFTs is found also in Down's Syndrome (DS) (Flament S., Delacourte A. and Mann D.M.A. (1990) Phosphorylation of tau proteins: a major event during the process of neurofibrillary degeneration. A comparative study between AD and Down's syndrome. Brain Res., 516, 15-19). Also Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) (Harrington, 5 C.R., Perry, R.H., Perry, E.K., Hurt, J., McKeith, 1.G., Roth, M. & Wischik, C.M. (1994) Senile dementia of Lewy body type and Alzheimer type are biochemically distinct in terms of paired helical filaments and hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Dementia 5, 215-228). Tau-positive NFTs are also found in Postencephalitic parkinsonism (PEP) (Hof P.R., Charpiot, A., Delacourte A., Buee, L., Purohit, D., Perl D.P. and Bouras, C. (1992) 10 Distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in the cerebral cortex in postencephalitic parkinsonism. Neurosci. Lett. 139, 10-14). Glial tau tangles are observed in Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) (Ikeda K., Akiyama H., Kondo H., Arai T., Arai N. and Yagishita S. (1995) Numerous glial fibrillary tangles in oligodendroglia in cases of Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis with neurofibrillary 15 tangles. Neurosci. Lett., 194, 133-135). Other tauopathies include Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) (Love, S., Bridges, L.R. & Case, C.P. (1995), Brain, 118, 119-129); Sanfilippo syndrome type B (or mucopolysaccharidosis III B, MPS Ill B) (Ohmi, K., Kudo, L.C., Ryazantsev, S., et al. 20 (2009) PNAS, 106, 8332-8337; myotonic dystrophies (DM), DM1 (Sergeant, N., Sablonniere, B., Schraen-Maschke, S., et al. (2001) Human Molecular Genetics, 10, 2143-2155 and references cited therein) and DM2 (Maurage, C.A., Udd, B., Ruchoux, M.M., et al. (2005) Neurology, 65, 1636-1638). 25 Additionally there is a growing concensus in the literature that a tau pathology may also contribute more generally to cognitive deficits and decline, including in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (see e.g. Braak, H., Del Tredici, K, Braak, E. (2003) Spectrum of pathology. In Mild cognitive impairment: Aging to Alzheimer's disease edited by Petersen, R.C.Lpp. 149-189). 30 All of these diseases, which are characterized primarily or partially by abnormal tau aggregation, are referred to herein as "tauopathies" or "diseases of tau protein aggregation". 35 In this and all other aspects of the invention relating to tauopathies, preferably the tauopathy is selected from the list consisting of the indications above, i.e., AD, Pick's disease, PSP, FTD, FTDP-17, DDPAC, PPND, Guam-ALS syndrome, PNLD, and CBD and AgD, DS, SSPE, DP, PEP, DLB, CTE and MCI. 40 In one preferred embodiment the tauopathy is Alzheimer's disease (AD).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 36 One aspect of the present invention pertains to a xanthylium compound, as described herein, for use in a method of treatment or prophylaxis (e.g., of a tauopathy condition) of the human or animal body by therapy. 5 One aspect of the present invention pertains to use of a xanthylium compound, as described herein, in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of a tauopathy condition. A further embodiment is a method of treatment or prophylaxis of a disease of tau protein 10 aggregation as described herein, which method comprises administering to a subject a xanthylium compound, or therapeutic composition comprising the same, such as to inhibit the aggregation of the tau protein associated with said disease state. Other methods and uses In a further embodiment there is disclosed a xanthylium compound, or therapeutic 15 composition comprising the same, for use in a method of treatment or prophylaxis of a disease of tau protein aggregation as described above, which method comprises administering to a subject the xanthylium compound or composition such as to inhibit the aggregation of the tau protein associated with said disease state. 20 In a further embodiment there is disclosed use of a xanthylium compound in the preparation of a medicament for use in a method of treatment or prophylaxis of a disease of tau protein aggregation as described above, which method comprises administering to a subject the medicament such as to inhibit the aggregation of the tau protein associated with said disease state. 25 In one embodiment there is disclosed a method of regulating the aggregation of a tau protein in the brain of a mammal, which aggregation is associated with a disease state as described above, the treatment comprising the step of administering to said mammal in need of said treatment, a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of an 30 inhibitor of said aggregation, wherein the inhibitor is a xanthylium compound. One aspect of the invention is a method of inhibiting production of protein aggregates (e.g. in the form of paired helical filaments (PHFs), optionally in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs)) in the brain of a mammal, the treatment being as described herein. 35 In one aspect the invention provides a drug product for the treatment of a disease state associated with tau protein aggregation in a mammal suffering therefrom, comprising a container labeled or accompanied by a label indicating that the drug product is for the treatment of said disease, the container containing one or more dosage units each WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 37 comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and, as an active ingredient, an isolated pure xanthylium compound of the invention. Compositions, formulations and purity In one embodiment, the xanthylium compound may be provided or used in a composition 5 which is equal to or less than 100, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 91, or 90% pure. One aspect of the present invention pertains to a dosage unit (e.g., a pharmaceutical tablet or capsule) comprising 20 to 300 mg of a xanthylium compound as described herein (e.g., obtained by, or obtainable by, a method as described herein; having a purity 10 as described herein; etc.), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient. In one embodiment, the dosage unit is a tablet. In one embodiment, the dosage unit is a capsule. 15 Dosage units (e.g., a pharmaceutical tablet or capsule) comprising 20 to 300 mg of a xanthylium compound as described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient are discussed in more detail hereinafter. 20 In one embodiment, the amount is 30 to 200 mg. In one embodiment, the amount is about 25 mg. In one embodiment, the amount is about 35 mg. In one embodiment, the amount is about 50 mg. In one embodiment, the amount is about 70 mg. 25 In one embodiment, the amount is about 125 mg. In one embodiment, the amount is about 175 mg. In one embodiment, the amount is about 250 mg. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient is or 30 comprises one or both of a glyceride (e.g., Gelucire 44/14 @; lauroyl macrogol-32 glycerides PhEur, USP) and colloidal silicon dioxide (e.g., 2% Aerosil 200 @; Colliodal Silicon Dioxide PhEur, USP). Formulations While it is possible for the xanthylium compound to be used (e.g., administered) alone, it 35 is often preferable to present it as a composition or formulation. In one embodiment, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition (e.g., formulation, preparation, medicament) comprising a xanthylium compound, as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 38 In one embodiment, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one xanthylium compound, as described herein, together with one or more other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients well known to those skilled in the art, including, 5 but not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, excipients, adjuvants, fillers, buffers, preservatives, anti-oxidants, lubricants, stabilisers, solubilisers, surfactants (e.g., wetting agents), masking agents, colouring agents, flavouring agents, and sweetening agents. 10 In one embodiment, the composition further comprises other active agents, for example, other therapeutic or prophylactic agents. Suitable carriers, diluents, excipients, etc. can be found in standard pharmaceutical texts. See, for example, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives, 2nd Edition (eds. M. Ash and I. 15 Ash), 2001 (Synapse Information Resources, Inc., Endicott, New York, USA), Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20th edition, pub. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2000; and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 2nd edition, 1994. Another aspect of the present invention pertains to methods of making a pharmaceutical 20 composition comprising admixing at least one ["C]-radiolabelled xanthylium or xanthylium-like compound, as defined herein, together with one or more other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients well known to those skilled in the art, e.g., carriers, diluents, excipients, etc. If formulated as discrete units (e.g., tablets, etc.), each unit contains a predetermined amount (dosage) of the active compound. 25 The term "pharmaceutically acceptable," as used herein, pertains to compounds, ingredients, materials, compositions, dosage forms, etc., which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of the subject in question (e.g., human) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other 30 problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Each carrier, diluent, excipient, etc. must also be "acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation. The formulations may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. 35 Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active compound with a carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active compound with carriers (e.g., liquid carriers, finely divided solid carrier, etc.), and then shaping the product, if necessary. 40 WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 39 The formulation may be prepared to provide for rapid or slow release; immediate, delayed, timed, or sustained release; or a combination thereof. Formulations suitable for parenteral administration (e.g., by injection), include aqueous or 5 non-aqueous, isotonic, pyrogen-free, sterile liquids (e.g., solutions, suspensions), in which the active ingredient is dissolved, suspended, or otherwise provided (e.g., in a liposome or other microparticulate). Such liquids may additional contain other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients, such as anti-oxidants, buffers, preservatives, stabilisers, bacteriostats, suspending agents, thickening agents, and solutes which render 10 the formulation isotonic with the blood (or other relevant bodily fluid) of the intended recipient. Examples of excipients include, for example, water, alcohols, polyols, glycerol, vegetable oils, and the like. Examples of suitable isotonic carriers for use in such formulations include Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Solution, or Lactated Ringer's Injection. Typically, the concentration of the active ingredient in the liquid is from about 1 15 ng/ml to about 10 pg/ml, for example from about 10 ng/ml to about 1 pg/ml. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, for example, ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilised) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from 20 sterile powders, granules, and tablets. Dosage It will be appreciated by one of skill in the art that appropriate dosages of the xanthylium compound, and compositions comprising the xanthylium compound, can vary from patient to patient. Determining the optimal dosage will generally involve the balancing of the 25 level of therapeutic benefit against any risk or deleterious side effects. The selected dosage level will depend on a variety of factors including, but not limited to, the activity of the particular compound, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the compound, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds, and/or materials used in combination, the severity of the condition, and the species, sex, age, 30 weight, condition, general health, and prior medical history of the patient. The amount of compound and route of administration will ultimately be at the discretion of the physician, veterinarian, or clinician, although generally the dosage will be selected to achieve local concentrations at the site of action which achieve the desired effect without causing substantial harmful or deleterious side-effects. 35 Administration can be effected in one dose, continuously or intermittently (e.g., in divided doses at appropriate intervals) throughout the course of treatment. Methods of determining the most effective means and dosage of administration are well known to those of skill in the art and will vary with the formulation used for therapy, the purpose of 40 the therapy, the target cell(s) being treated, and the subject being treated. Single or WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 40 multiple administrations can be carried out with the dose level and pattern being selected by the treating physician, veterinarian, or clinician. In general, a suitable dose of the active compound is in the range of about 100 ng to 5 about 25 mg (more typically about 1 pg to about 10 mg) per kilogram body weight of the subject per day. Where the active compound is a salt, an ester, an amide, a prodrug, or the like, the amount administered is calculated on the basis of the parent compound and so the actual weight to be used is increased proportionately. 10 In one embodiment, the active compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 100 mg, 3 times daily. In one embodiment, the active compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 150 mg, 2 times daily. 15 In one embodiment, the active compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 200 mg, 2 times daily. However in one embodiment, the xanthylium compound is administered to a human 20 patient according to the following dosage regime: about 50 or about 75 mg, 3 or 4 times daily. In one embodiment, the xanthylium compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 100 or about 125 mg, 2 times daily. 25 Preferred combination therapies Combination treatments and therapies, in which two or more treatments or therapies are combined, for example, sequentially or simultaneously, are discussed in more detail hereinafter. Thus it will be understood that any of the medical uses or methods described herein may be used in a combination therapy. 30 In one embodiment, a treatment of the invention (e.g., employing a compound of the invention) is in combination with a cholinesterase inhibitor such as donepezil (Aricept

TM

), rivastigmine (Exelon

TM

) or galantamine (Reminyl

TM

). 35 In one embodiment, a treatment of the invention (e.g., employing a compound of the invention) is in combination with an NMDA receptor antagonist such as memantine (EbixaTM, Namenda T M ). In one embodiment, a treatment of the invention (e.g. employing a compound of the 40 invention) is in combination with a muscarinic receptor agonist.

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 41 In one embodiment, a treatment of the invention (e.g. employing a compound of the invention) is in combination with an inhibitor of amyloid precursor protein to beta-amyloid (e.g., an inhibitor of amyloid precursor protein processing that leads to enhanced 5 generation of beta-amyloid). Ligands and labels Xanthylium compounds discussed herein that are capable of inhibiting the aggregation of tau protein will also be capable of acting as ligands or labels of tau protein (or aggregated tau protein). Thus, in one embodiment, the xanthylium compound is a ligand of tau 10 protein (or aggregated tau protein). Such xanthylium compounds (ligands) may incorporate, be conjugated to, be chelated with, or otherwise be associated with, other chemical groups, such as stable and unstable detectable isotopes, radioisotopes, positron-emitting atoms, magnetic resonance labels, 15 dyes, fluorescent markers, antigenic groups, therapeutic moieties, or any other moiety that may aid in a prognostic, diagnostic or therapeutic application. For example, as noted above, in one embodiment, the xanthylium compound is as defined above, but with the additional limitation that the compound incorporates, is 20 conjugated to, is chelated with, or is otherwise associated with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) isotopes, radioisotopes, positron-emitting atoms, magnetic resonance labels, dyes, fluorescent markers, antigenic groups, or therapeutic moieties. In one embodiment, the xanthylium compound is a ligand as well as a label, e.g., a label 25 for tau protein (or aggregated tau protein), and incorporates, is conjugated to, is chelated with, or is otherwise associated with, one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) detectable labels. For example, in one embodiment, the xanthylium compound is as defined above, but with the additional limitation that the compound incorporates, is conjugated to, is chelated 30 with, or is otherwise associated with, one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) detectable labels. Labelled xanthylium compounds (e.g., when ligated to tau protein or aggregated tau protein) may be visualised or detected by any suitable means, and the skilled person will appreciate that any suitable detection means as is known in the art may be used. 35 For example, the xanthylium compound (ligand-label) may be suitably detected by incorporating a positron-emitting atom (e.g., "C) (e.g., as a carbon atom of one or more alkyl group substituents, e.g., methyl group substituents) and detecting the compound using positron emission tomography (PET) as is known in the art. 40 WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -42 Treatment The term "treatment," as used herein in the context of treating a condition, pertains generally to treatment and therapy, whether of a human or an animal (e.g., in veterinary applications), in which some desired therapeutic effect is achieved, for example, the 5 inhibition of the progress of the condition, and includes a reduction in the rate of progress, a halt in the rate of progress, regression of the condition, amelioration of the condition, and cure of the condition. Treatment as a prophylactic measure (i.e., prophylaxis, prevention) is also included. 10 The term "therapeutically-effective amount," as used herein, pertains to that amount of an active compound, or a material, composition or dosage from comprising an active compound, which is effective for producing some desired therapeutic effect, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, when administered in accordance with a desired treatment regimen. 15 Similarly, the term "prophylactically-effective amount," as used herein, pertains to that amount of an active compound, or a material, composition or dosage from comprising an active compound, which is effective for producing some desired prophylactic effect, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, when administered in accordance with 20 a desired treatment regimen. The term "treatment" includes combination treatments and therapies, in which two or more treatments or therapies are combined, for example, sequentially or simultaneously. Examples of treatments and therapies include, but are not limited to, chemotherapy (the 25 administration of active agents, including, e.g., drugs, antibodies (e.g., as in immunotherapy), prodrugs (e.g., as in photodynamic therapy, GDEPT, ADEPT, etc.); surgery; radiation therapy; and gene therapy. Routes of Administration The xanthylium compound, or pharmaceutical composition comprising it, may be 30 administered to a subject/patient by any convenient route of administration, whether systemically/peripherally or topically (i.e., at the site of desired action). Routes of administration include, but are not limited to, oral (e.g., by ingestion); buccal; sublingual; transdermal (including, e.g., by a patch, plaster, etc.); transmucosal (including, 35 e.g., by a patch, plaster, etc.); intranasal (e.g., by nasal spray); ocular (e.g., by eyedrops); pulmonary (e.g., by inhalation or insufflation therapy using, e.g., via an aerosol, e.g., through the mouth or nose); rectal (e.g., by suppository or enema); vaginal (e.g., by pessary); parenteral, for example, by injection, including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intracardiac, intrathecal, intraspinal, 40 intracapsular, subcapsular, intraorbital, intraperitoneal, intratracheal, subcuticular, WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -43 intraarticular, subarachnoid, and intrasternal (including, e.g., intracatheter injection into the brain); by implant of a depot or reservoir, for example, subcutaneously or intramuscularly. The Subject/Patient 5 The subject/patient may be an animal, mammal, a placental mammal, a marsupial (e.g., kangaroo, wombat), a monotreme (e.g., duckbilled platypus), a rodent (e.g., a guinea pig, a hamster, a rat, a mouse), murine (e.g., a mouse), a lagomorph (e.g., a rabbit), avian (e.g., a bird), canine (e.g., a dog), feline (e.g., a cat), equine (e.g., a horse), porcine (e.g., a pig), ovine (e.g., a sheep), bovine (e.g., a cow), a primate, 10 simian (e.g., a monkey or ape), a monkey (e.g., marmoset, baboon), an ape (e.g., gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutang, gibbon), or a human. Furthermore, the subject/patient may be any of its forms of development, for example, a foetus. 15 In one preferred embodiment, the subject/patient is a human. Suitable subjects for the method may be selected on the basis of conventional factors. Thus the initial selection of a patient may involve any one or more of: rigorous evaluation 20 by experienced clinician; exclusion of non-AD diagnosis as far as possible by supplementary laboratory and other investigations; objective evaluation of level of cognitive function using neuropathologically validated battery. In one embodiment, the subject/patient is not a human. 25 The invention will now be further described with reference to the following non-limiting Examples. Other embodiments of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art in the light of these. 30 The disclosure of all references cited herein, inasmuch as it may be used by those skilled in the art to carry out the invention, is hereby specifically incorporated herein by cross reference. Methods of Synthesis Methods for the chemical synthesis of compounds of the present invention are described 35 in the Examples herein. These and/or other well known methods may be modified and/or adapted in known ways in order to facilitate the synthesis of other compounds of the present invention.

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -44 Thus one aspect of the invention provides a method of synthesising a compound of the invention as described herein, described, or substantially as described, with reference to any of the Examples hereinafter. 5 The invention further provides a xanthylium compound of the invention which is obtained by or is obtainable by, a method as described herein. One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the preparation of xanthylium compounds, as described herein. 10 The present invention also provides intermediate compounds for use in the preparation of the compounds of the invention. Compounds (IVa) and (lVb) 15 The compounds of formula (Ic) may be prepared from a compound of formula (IVa) and the salts thereof, the compounds of formula (1) may be prepared from a compound of formula (lVd) and the salts thereof, and the compounds of formula (Ila) and (Ill) may be prepared from the compound of formula (lVb) and the salts thereof: 20 OH R 5 OH (IVa) R1" R13b OH R OH R 4 a 14b N N d R RR R R OH R 5 OH R N '12 (IVb) wherein substituents -R 5

,-R

9 to -R 1 , -Rea, -R'ab, -R1 4 a -Rl 4 ,Rla, -RS , -R 1 a and -R'1b are as defined for the compounds of formula (1), (Ic), (Ila) and (111) as appropriate.

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 45 In one aspect of the invention there is provided a compound of formula (IVa) and salts thereof, where -R 5 is saturated C 1

.

6 alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R 5 A, and -R 5 A is as defined for the compounds of formula (1). 5 In one embodiment, there is provided a compound of formula (IVa) with the proviso that

-R

5 is not -CF 3 . In another aspect of the invention there is provided a compound of formula (IVb) and salts 10 thereof, where -R 9 to -R 12 are defined according to the compounds of formula (Ila) and (lll), and -R 5 is saturated C 16 alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R 5 A, where -R 5 A is as defined for the compounds of formula (Ila) and (111). In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing a compound of 15 formula (IVa), the method comprising the step of reacting a mixture of 8-hydroxyjulolidine and a compound R -CHO in a solvent at room temperature or above, wherein -R 5 is as defined for the compounds of formula (IVa). In another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing a compound of 20 formula (lVb) from a compound of formula (V): OH R 1N (V) 1 14 R wherein -R' 3 and -R 14 are each independently saturated C 16 alkyl. 25 In one embodiment, -R" and -R" are each independently saturated C 2

-

6 alkyl. In one embodiment, the C 2

-

6 alkyl groups are selected from: linear C 2

-

6 alkyl groups, such as -Et, -nPr, -iPr, and -nBu; branched C 3

.

4 alkyl groups, such as -iPr, -iBu, -sBu, and -tBu; and cyclic C 3

.

4 alkyl groups, such as -cPr and -cBu. 30 In one embodiment, each -R 13 and -R' 4 is independently saturated aliphatic C 1 4 alkyl. In one embodiment, each -R 1 3 and -R 14 is independently saturated aliphatic C 2 4alkyl. In one embodiment each-R 13 and -R 14 is independently selected from -Me, -Et; -n-Pr, -iso-Pr, -n-Bu, -sec-Bu, -iso-Bu, and -tett-Bu. 35 In one embodiment, -R 13 and -R1 4 are the same.

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -46 In one embodiment, -R 13 and -R 14 are each -Et.In one embodiment, -R, 3 and -R 14 are each -Me. The method comprises the step of reacting a mixture of a compound of formula (V) and a 5 compound R -CHO in a solvent at room temperature or above, wherein -R 5 is as defined for the compounds of formula (IVb). The preferences for -R 5 for the compounds of formula (1) are also applicable to the compounds of formula (IVa) and (IVb), and compound R 5 -CHO, where appropriate. 10 Where -R 5 is -H, the compound R -CHO is formalin. Where -R 5 is -Et, the compound

R

5 -CHO is propionaldehyde. In the methods described above, the reaction may be performed at 35*C or above, 400C 15 or above, 500C or above, or 550C or above. In one embodiment, the temperature may be performed at ±20C of the temperature specified. 20 The solvent may be a Clalkyl alcohol. The solvent may be methanol or ethanol. The reaction may be performed in the presence of an acid. Preferably the acid is hydrochloric acid. In one embodiment, the compounds of formula (IVa) and (IVb) may be obtained as hydrochloride salts. 25 In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of adding sufficient base to the product of the reaction such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. In one embodiment the compounds of formula (IVa) and (IVb) may be obtained as a free base. Compound P In one embodiment, there is provided a method of preparing a compound P and the salts 30 thereof, the method comprising the step of reacting a mixture of 8-hydroxyjulolidine and formalin in a solvent at room temperature or above. OH OH ON I P 7,7'-Methylenebis-2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[i,j]quinolizine 8,8'-diol WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 47 The solvent may be methanol. The reaction mixture may be heated to reflux. 5 The reaction may be performed at 35*C or above, 40 0 C or above, 50 0 C or above, or 550C or above. In one embodiment the reaction is performed at 55*C or above. In one embodiment the temperature may be performed at ±2 0 C of the temperature 10 specified. The reaction may be performed in the presence of an acid. Preferably the acid is hydrochloric acid. In one embodiment, compound P may be obtained as a hydrochloride salt. 15 In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of adding sufficient base to the product of the reaction such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. In one embodiment, compound P may be obtained as a free base. 20 Compound P finds use as an intermediate in the synthesis of compounds A and B. In one aspect of the methods described herein, the hydrochloride salt of compound P finds use in the synthesis of compounds of formula (I), and preferably the synthesis of compounds A and B. 25 The method described herein provides a greater yield of compound P than described previously in US 3 932 415. The present method has a yield of 81%, whilst the method described in US 3 932 415 is said to have a yield of 68%. Furthermore, compound P may be obtained substantially free of impurities in the present method without the need for column chromatography in contrast to the method of US 3 932 415.

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -48 Compound Q The present invention provides an intermediate compound Q and the salts thereof: OH OH Q N N 7,7'-Propylidinebis-2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[i,j]quinolizine 8,8'-diol 5 Compound Q finds use as an intermediate in the synthesis of compound D. In one embodiment, there is provided a method of preparing a compound of formula Q and the salts thereof, the method comprising the step of reacting a mixture of 8-hydroxyjulolidine and propionaldehyde in a solvent at room temperature or above. 10 The solvent may be ethanol. The reaction may be performed at about 35*C or above, or about 40 0 C or above. In one embodiment the reaction is performed at about 40 0 C or above. 15 In one embodiment the reaction may be performed at ± 2 0 C of the temperature specified. The reaction may be performed in the presence of an acid. Preferably the acid is hydrochloric acid. In one embodiment, compound Q may be obtained as a hydrochloride 20 salt. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of adding sufficient base to the product of the reaction such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. In one embodiment, compound Q may be obtained as a free base.

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 49 Compound R The present invention provides an intermediate compound R and the salts thereof: OH OH R | | Et 2 N NEt 2 5,5'-Bis-diethylamino-2,2'-propylidine-di-phenol 5 Compound R finds use as an intermediate in the synthesis of compound J. In one embodiment, there is provided a method of preparing a compound of formula R and the salts thereof, the method comprising the step of reacting a mixture of 3-diethylaminophenol and propionaldehyde in a solvent at room temperature or above. 10 The solvent may be methanol. The reaction may be performed at about 35*C or above, or about 40 0 C or above. In one embodiment the reaction is performed at about 40 0 C or above. 15 In one embodiment the reaction may be performed at ± 2 0 C of the temperature specified. The reaction may be performed in the presence of an acid. Preferably the acid is hydrochloric acid. In one embodiment, compound R may be obtained as a hydrochloride 20 salt. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of adding sufficient base to the product of the reaction such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. In one embodiment, compound R may be obtained as a free base. 25 Compounds (I), (Ila) or (II/) In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing a compound of formula (1), (Ila) or (Ill), the method comprising the steps of (i) reacting a compound of 30 formula (IVa) or (lVb) with acid; and (ii) subsequently adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. The compound of formula (IVa) may be used to prepare compounds of formula (1). The compound of formula (lVb) may be used to prepare compounds of formula (11) and (Ill). 35 WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -50 The acid may be sulfuric acid. Step (i) may comprise reacting a compound of formula (IVa) or (IVb) with acid at 400C or above, 60*C or above, or 80*C or above. 5 Step (ii) may comprise adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 8 or more, or 9 or more. Step (ii) may comprise adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the 10 resulting mixture has a pH of around 7-8. Step (ii) may comprise adding sufficient sodium hydroxide to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. The sodium hydroxide may be an aqueous solution. 15 During the addition of the base, the mixture may be maintained at a temperature of 200C or below. The method described herein may provide a greater yield of the product, compared to the 20 reactions that have been previously described in the art. In another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing a compound of formula (1), (Ila) or (111), the method comprising the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (IVa) or (lVb) with acid; and (ii) subsequently adding an oxidant to the product of 25 step (i). In step (ii) the oxidant is independently selected from nitric acid, chloranil, benzoquinone, DDQ, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, chromium containing oxidants, manganese dioxide, sodium nitrite, isopentyl nitrite, tert-butyl nitrite 30 and FeCl 3 . In one embodiment, the oxidant is nitric acid. In another embodiment the oxidant is FeCl 3 . The inventors have established that use of the oxidant FeC1 3 allows the preparation of product having a greater purity compared to the products produced using other oxidants. 35 In one embodiment, step (i) comprises the step of (i) reacting a compound of formula (IVa) or (lVb) with acid and subsequently adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method for the preparation of 40 compounds formula (1), (Ila) or (111) where X is NO3-, the method comprising the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (IVa) or (lVb) with acid and, and then treating the WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 51 product with FeC1 3 and optionally an acid, and (ii) subsequently adding nitric acid to the product of step (i) . It has been found that the addition of nitric acid to the iron tetrachloride product formed in 5 this step (i) provides compounds (I), (Ila) or (Ill) with low levels of iron. Excessive levels of iron are generally unacceptable in pharmaceutical products. It has also been established such compounds may be produced having low levels of other pharmaceutically unacceptable metals such as lead, aluminium, and mercury. Compound A or Compound B 10 In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing compound A or compound B, the method comprising the steps of: (i) reacting compound P with acid; and (ii) subsequently adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. 15 The preferences for the method for the preparation of compounds of formula (1) described above, also apply to the methods for the preparation of compounds A and B, where appropriate. 20 The method described herein may provides a greater yield of compound A than described previously in US 3 932 415. The present method has a yield of 52%, whilst the method described in US 3 932 415 gives 33%. Compound E, Compound F, Compound H or Compound I 25 In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing compound E, compound F, compound H, or compound I, the method comprising the steps of: (i) reacting a compound of formula (IVb) with acid; and (ii) adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH ot 7 or more. 30 The preferences for the method for the preparation of compounds of formula (Ila) described above, also apply to the methods for the preparation of compounds E, F, H, and I, where appropriate. Compound AB, Compound AC, Compound AD, Compound AF, Compound AG, Compound AH, Compound Al, Compound AJ, and Compound AK, 35 In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing compound AB, compound AC, compound AD, compound AF, compound AG, compound AH, compound Al, compound AJ, and compound AK, the method comprising the steps of: (i) reacting a WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 52 compound of formula (IVb) with acid; and (ii) adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. The preferences for the method for the preparation of compounds of formula (Ila) 5 described above, also apply to the methods for the preparation of compounds AB, AC, AD, AF, AG, AH, Al, AJ, and AK, where appropriate. Compound (Ia) In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing a compound of formula (Ia): 10 R 5 NO3 (1a) wherein -R 5 is as defined according to the compounds of formula (1), the method comprising the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (IVa) with acid; and (ii) subsequently adding an oxidant to the product of step (i). 15 The acid may be sulfuric acid. Step (i) may comprise reacting a compound of formula (IVa) with acid at 40*C or above, 60 0 C or above, or 800C or above. 20 -Step-(i)-may-comprise-reacting-a-compound-of-formula-(lVa)-with-acid--then-adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. Sufficient base may be added to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 8 or more, or 9 or more. The step may comprise adding sufficient 25 sodium hydroxide to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. The sodium hydroxide may be an aqueous solution. During the addition of the base, the mixture may be maintained at a temperature of 200C or below. 30 In step (ii), the oxidant is preferably nitric acid or FeC1 3

.

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 53 In step (ii), nitric acid may be added to the product of step (i), and the resulting solid may be isolated from the reaction mixture. In step (ii), nitric acid may be added to the product of step (i), and the resulting mixture 5 heated to 40 0 C or above, or 50*C or above. The resulting solid may be further treated with nitric acid and the solid product may be isolated from the reaction mixture. Compound B 10 In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing compound B, the method comprising the steps of: (i) reacting compound P with acid; and (ii) subsequently adding nitric acid to the product of step (i). 15 The preferences for the method for the preparation of compounds of formula (Ia) described above, also apply to the methods for the preparation of compound B, where appropriate. Compound (Ib) In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing a compound of 20 formula (Ib) from a compound of formula (lVc). The compound of formula (lb) is represented thus: R 5 N +_ C CIG (I b) 25 wherein -R 5 is independently saturated C 1 6 alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R 5 A, where -RSA is as defined according to the compounds of formula (1).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 54 The compound of formula (IVc) is represented thus: OH R 5 OH (IVc) wherein -R 5 is independently saturated C 1

.

6 alkyl, which is unsubstituted or 5 substituted with one or more substituents -R5A, where -RSA is as defined according to the compounds of formula (1). The method comprises the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (lVc) with acid; and (ii) adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a 10 pH of 7 or more; then (iii) subsequently adding hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite to the reaction mixture, The acid may be sulfuric acid. 15 Step (ii) may comprise adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 8 or more, or 9 or more. Step (ii) may comprise adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of around 7-8. 20 Step (ii) may comprise adding sufficient sodium hydroxide to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. The sodium hydroxide may be an aqueous solution. Compound D 25 In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing compound D, the method comprising the steps of: (i) reacting 7,7'-propylidinebis(2,3,6,7 tetrahydrobenzo[i,j]quinolizine-8,8'-diol) with acid; and (ii) adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more; then (iii) 30 subsequently adding hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite to the reaction mixture, The preferences for the method for the preparation of compounds of formula (Ib) described above, also apply to the methods for the preparation of compound D, where appropriate.

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 55 Compound (le) In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing a compound of formula (le) from a compound of formula (IVe). 5 The compound of formula (le) is represented thus: R0 NO 3 (le) N~ OCN wherein -R 5 is as defined according to the compounds of formula (1). 10 The compound of formula (IVe) is represented thus: OH R 5 OH (IVe) wherein -R 5 is is as defined according to the compounds of formula (I). 15 The method comprises the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (IVe) with acid; and-(ii)-subsequently-adding-an-oxidant-to-the-product-of-step-(i) The acid may be sulfuric acid. 20 Step (i) may comprise reacting a compound of formula (IVe) with acid at 400C or above, 500C or above, or 6500 or above. Step (i) may comprise reacting a compound of formula (IVe) with acid then neutralising the reaction mixture. Sufficient base may be added to the reaction mixture such that the 25 resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more, 8 or more, or 9 or more. The step may comprise adding sufficient sodium hydroxide to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. The sodium hydroxide may be an aqueous solution.

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 56 During the addition of the base, the mixture may be maintained at a temperature of 20'C or below, or 18 'C or below. In step (ii), the oxidant comprises FeC1 3 . 5 In step (ii), the oxidant may be added to the product of step (i), and the resulting solid may be isolated from the reaction mixture. The resulting solid may be further treated with nitric acid and the solid product may be 10 isolated from the reaction mixture. Compound AE In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing compound AE, the 15 method comprising the steps of: (i) reacting 1,1,7,7,-tetramethyl-8-hydroxyjulolidine with acid; and (ii) subsequently adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. The preferences for the method for the preparation of compounds of formula (1) described 20 above, also apply to the methods for the preparation of compounds AE, where appropriate. Compound (lid) In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing a compound of formula (lid) from a compound of formula (lVb). 25 The compound of formula (lid) is represented thus: R 9R 12 XO (lid) NC 0 N 110 1 i R R wherein 30 X- is a counter ion selected from CI~, Br and NO 3

-;

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 57 -R 5 , -R 9 , -R 10 , -R 11 and -R 12 are as defined according to the compounds of formula (Ila), the method comprising the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (111) with acid; and (ii) subsequently adding hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid or nitric acid to the product of step (i); 5 with the proviso that where X- is Cl-, -R 5 is not -H. In one embodiment, the method comprises the step of preparing a compound of formula (lid) where the group -R 5 is independently saturated C 16 alkyl, which is unsubstituted or 10 substituted with one or more substituents -R 5 A. In one embodiment X~ is a counter ion selected from Br- and NO3-. Consequently step (ii) comprises subsequently adding hydrobromic acid or nitric acid to the product of step (i). 15 In step (ii) hydrobromic acid may be used to generate a product where X- is Br-. Step (ii) may comprise subsequently adding hydrobromic acid to the product of step (i), and then adding an alkali metal nitrite to the subsequent mixture. The alkali metal nitrite may be sodium nitrite. 20 In the embodiment above, step (ii) comprises subsequently adding hydrobromic acid to the product of step (i). Alternatively, step (ii) comprises subsequently nitric acid to the product of step (i), and then subsequently treating with product with KBr. In this embodiment, the method comprises the step of (i) reacting a compound of formula (Ill) with acid, and then subsequently treating the product with FeCl 3 and optionally an acid. 25 Step (i) may comprise reacting a compound of formula (Ill) with sulfuric acid. Step (i) may comprise reacting a compound of formula (Ill) with acid then subsequently adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 30 or more. The base may be sodium hydroxide. During the addition of the base, the mixture may be maintained at a temperature of 200C or below. In step (ii) nitric acid may be used to generate a product where X- is NO3 35 In an alternative embodiment, the method comprises the step of (i) reacting a compound of formula (111) with acid, and then subsequently treating the product with FeC1 3 and optionally an acid. The acid may be hydrochloric acid. Step (ii) comprises subsequently adding nitric acid to the product of step (i).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 58 As noted above, It has been found that the addition of nitric acid to the iron tetrachloride product formed in this step (i) provides compound (lid) with low levels of iron and other metals. 5 In step (ii) hydrochloric acid may be used to generate a product where X~ is CI-. Step (ii) may comprise subsequently adding hydrochloric acid to the product of step (i), and then adding an alkali metal nitrite to the subsequent mixture. The alkali metal nitrite may be sodium nitrite. Compound F, Compound I or Compound J 10 In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing compound F or compound I, the method comprising the steps of: (i) reacting 5,5'-bis-diethylamino-2,2' methandiyl-di-phenol or 5,5'-bis-diethylamino-2,2'-propylidine-di-pheno with acid; and (ii) subsequently adding hydrobromic acid, nitric acid or hydrochloric acid to the product of 15 step (i). The preferences for the method for the preparation of compounds of formula (lid) described above, also apply to the methods for the preparation of compounds F, I or J, where appropriate. 20 Compound (lie) In an alternative aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of preparing a compound of formula (lie) from a compound of formula (lVb), wherein the compound of formula (lie) is as defined according to the compound of formula (lid) except that X is FeC1 4 . 25 The method comprising the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (111) with acid; and (ii) subsequently adding FeC1 3 to the product of step (i). Step (i) may comprise reacting a compound of formula (Il1) with sulfuric acid. 30 Compound (lib) The present invention provides methods of preparing compounds of formula (11b) as described herein. Compound M 35 In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing compound M, the method comprising the step of reacting 4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)diphenylmethane with sulfur and acid.

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 59 The acid in step (i) may be sulfuric acid. In step (i), the sulfur may be added to the acid, followed subsequently by addition of 4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)diphenylmethane to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture 5 may be kept at 50C prior to addition of bis(dimethylamino)diphenylmethane. The reaction mixture may be maintained at 20 0 C or below during addition of bis(dimethylamino)diphenylmethane. The method may comprise the additional step of (ii) subsequently adding zinc chloride to 10 the product of step (i). Examples Example 1 - Methods of Synthesis 15 The following syntheses are provided solely for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as described herein. Synthesis 1 2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-Octahydro-1H,5H,11H,15H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc:1',9'-hi]xanthylium 20 chloride OH OH OH rN ~CH20, HC1, MeOH r 2 HC (i) H 2 SO4 C1 G (ii) HCI, NaNO 2 L N 0 Method A - From US 3,932,415 25 7,7'-Methylenebis(2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[ijquinolizine-8,8'-diol) Hydrochloric acid (0.8 cm 3 , 32%) was added drop wise to a solution of 8-hydroxyjulolidine (3.00 g, 15.9 mmol) in methanol (16 cm 3 ) at 5*C. Formalin (0.593 cm 3 , 40% in water) was then added to the reaction and the resulting mixture was allowed to stand overnight WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 60 at 5*C. The mixture was then poured into water (50 cm 3 ) before being neutralised with a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate. The mixture was extracted with chloroform (3 x 40 cm 3 ), the combined extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography (3:7 ethyl acetate/hexane) 5 gave the target material as a colourless solid (2.11 g, 68%). SH (250 MHz, CDC 3 ): 6.68 (2H, s, CH), 3.64 (2H, s, CH 2 ), 3.00 (8H, t, J1 = 6 Hz, CH 2 ), 2.67 (4H, J 1 = 6 Hz, CH 2 ), 2.60 (4H, t, J 2 = 7 Hz, CH 2 ), 1.97 - 1.90 (8H, m, CH 2 ); &C (100 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 149.3, 142.7, 127.6, 114.6, 114.5, 108.5, 50.2, 49.4, 30.9, 27.0, 22.5, 21.7, 10 21.2; vmax (KBr)/cm 1 : 3431, 2927, 2853, 2842, 1618, 1494, 1450, 1350, 1332, 1310, 1281, 1270, 1153, 1132; m/z (ESI): 389.3 (100%, [M-H]'). 2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-Octahydro-IH,5H, 1 IH, 15H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc;1',9'-hi]xanthylium chloride 15 7,7'-Methylenebis(2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[i,j]quinolizine-8,8'-diol) (630 mg, 1.62 mmol) was added to concentrated sulphuric acid (2.5 cm 3 ) at 25*C. The resulting solution was heated to 950C for 3 hours. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature before being poured onto ice (15 cm 3 ). The pH of the solution was adjusted to pH 5 with sodium 20 hydroxide (40%) whilst maintaining the temperature below 150C. Hydrochloric acid (1 cm 3 , 32%) was added and the reaction temperature was then allowed to rise to room temperature. A solution of sodium nitrite (222 mg, 3.23 mmol) in water (10 cm 3 ) was added drop wise with stirring and the reaction allowed to stand for 20 hours. The solution was then saturated with sodium chloride before being extracted with chloroform (6 x 30 25 cm 3 ). The combined extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure to give the target material as a green solid (214 mg, 33%). MethodB. 30 7,7'-Methylenebis(2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[i,jlquinolizine-8,8'-diol) dihydrochloride Hydrochloric acid (1 cm 3 , 32%) was added drop wise to a solution of 8-hydroxyjulolidine (3.51 g, 18.57 mmol) in methanol (17.5 cm 3 ) at 50C. Formalin (0.72 cm 3 , 40% in water) 35 was then added to the reaction and the resulting mixture was heated to 60*C for 6 hours. Hydrochloric acid (1 cm 3 , 32%) was added to the mixture, prior to cooling to room temperature. The product was then collected by filtration, washed with cold methanol (2 x 5 cm 3 ) and dried under vacuum overnight to give the target material as a colourless solid (3.49 g, 81%). 40 WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 61 .H (250 MHz, D 2 0): 6.76 (2H, s, CH), 3.76 (2H, s, CH 2 ), 3.46 - 3.38 (8H, m, CH 2 ), 2.78 - 2.72 (8H, m, CH 2 ), 2.10 - 2.04 (8H, m, CH 2 ); vmax (KBr)/cm 1 : 3463, 2930, 1634, 1477, 1435, 1306, 1224, 1095; m/z (ESI): 391.3 (89%, [M-HCl 2 ]*), 196.7 (100%). 5 2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-Octahydro-IH, 5H, 11H, 15H-diquinolizino[1, 9-bc; 1', 9'-hi]xanthylium chloride 7,7'-Methylenebis(2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[i,j]quinolizine-8,8'-diol) dihydrochloride (1.00 g, 2.15 mmol) was added to concentrated sulphuric acid (4 cm 3 ) at 25 0 C. The resulting 10 solution was heated to 90 0 C for 3 hours. The reaction was allowed to cool before being poured onto ice (5 cm 3 ). The pH of the solution was adjusted to pH 9 with sodium hydroxide (40%) whilst maintaining a temperature below 15*C. Hydrochloric acid (2 cm 3 , 32%) was added and the reaction temperature was allowed to rise to room temperature. A solution of sodium nitrite (298 mg, 4.32 mmol) in water (5 cm 3 ) was added drop wise 15 with stirring and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 20 hours. The mixture was filtered and solid collected and dried under vacuum overnight. The solid was then extracted with methanol (15 cm 3 ) and solvent removed under reduced pressure to yield the product as a green solid (455 mg, 52%). 20 SH (250 MHz, CD 3 0D): 8.18 (1H, s, CH), 7.32 (2H, s, CH), 3.63 (8H, t, J 1 = 6 Hz, CH 2 ), 3.00 (4H, J 1 = 6 Hz, CH 2 ), 2.87 (4H, t, J 2 = 7 Hz, CH 2 ), 2.09 - 2.02 (8H, m, CH 2 ); &C (100 MHz, CD 3 OD): 152.4, 151.7, 142.7, 128.0, 124.1, 113.7, 105.3, 50.8, 50.2, 27.2, 20.6, 19.6, 19.5; vmax (KBr)/cm': 3042, 3028, 2921, 1600, 1580, 1517, 1305, 1166, 1147; m/z (ESI): 371.3 (100%, [M-Cl]*). 25 Synthesis 2 2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-Octahydro-1 H,5H, 1 H, 1 5H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc:1 ',9'-hi]xanthylium nitrate -OH. OR (i) H 2

SO

4 , (ii) HNO 3 , H 2 0 N NO 2 HCI- 30 2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-Octahydro-IH,5H, 11 H, 15H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc:1',9'-hi]xanthylium nitrate 35 7,7'-Methylenebis(2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[i,j]quinolizine-8,8'-diol) dihydrochloride (1.00 g, 2.15 mmol) was added to concentrated sulphuric acid (3 cm 3 ) at 250C. The resulting solution was heated to 90 0 C for 2 hours. The reaction was allowed to cool to room WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -62 temperature before ice water (6 cm 3 ) was added. The pH of the solution was adjusted to pH 9 with sodium hydroxide (40%) whilst maintaining a temperature below 20 0 C. Nitric acid (0.5 cm 3 , 70%) was added and the reaction temperature was allowed to rise to room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, prior to filtration. 5 The solid was collected and dissolved in fresh water (50 cm 3 ). Nitric acid (0.5 cm 3 , 70%) was added and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The crude product was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight. The solid was re-dissolved in water (25 cm 3 ) and nitric acid (70%) added until turbidity point reached. Mixture heated to 50 0 C for 1 hour before cooling to room temperature over 1 hour. Precipitate collected 10 and dried under vacuum overnight to give the product as a green solid (323 mg, 34%). 6 H (250 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): 8.26 (1H, s, CH), 7.35 (2H, s, CH), 3.49-3.41 (8H, m, CH 2 ), 2.90 - 2.71 (8H, m, CH 2 ), 2.00 - 1.82 (8H, m, CH 2 ); 8c (100 MHz, DMSO-d): 152.2, 151.6, 143.1, 128.6, 124.0, 113.5, 105.3, 51.0, 50.4, 27.4, 20.7, 19.8, 19.7; vmax 15 (KBr)/cm 1 : 2972, 2853, 1600, 1514, 1436, 1361, 1336, 1299, 1200, 1164, 1093, 1030. Synthesis 3 8-(Trifluoromethyl)-2,3,5,6,11,12,14,15-octahydro-1 H,4H, 1 OH, 1 3H-diquinolizino[9,9a, 1 bc;9',9a'1'-hi]xanthylium perchlorate OH CFa TFAA, TFA, DCM CIO N /N 0 N- Oe N 20 Method described in N. F. Haley, Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry 1977, 14, 683. -8=(-Trifluoromethyl)=2,-3;-5 ;6;t21-t2t4;15=octahydrofH,4H,-1OH,-1-3Hdiquinolizino[9;9a;1= 25 bc; 9', 9a'1'-hi]xanthylium perchlorate Trifluoroacetic acid (0.25 cm 3 ), 8-hydroxyjulolidine (1.00 g, 5.29 mmol) and trifluoroacetic anhydride (3.94 g, 21.1 mmol) were stirred together in dichloromethane (8 cm 3 ) under nitrogen at room temperature for 4 days. The solvent was removed under vacuum and 30 remaining solid added to water (100 cm 3 ). The resulting mixture was filtered and the solid washed with water (2 x 10 cm 3 ). Perchloric acid (3 cm 3 ) was added to the filtrate and the mixture left to stand at room temperature overnight. The precipitate was collected by filtration and dried. Column chromatography (1:9 methanol/dichloromethane) gave the target material as a purple solid (67 mg, 5%). 35 WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 63 SH (250 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 7.52 (2H, s, CH), 3.60 (8H, t, J 1 = 6 Hz, CH 2 ), 2.97 (4H, J 1 = 6 Hz,

CH

2 ), 2.88 (4H, t, J 2 = 7 Hz, CH 2 ), 2.07 - 2.03 (8H, m, CH 2 ); 8c (100 MHz, CD 3 OD): 152.2, 151.4, 125.9, 124.0, 123.9, 110.0, 106.2, 51.0, 50.4, 27.7, 20.6, 19.7, 19.5; vmax (KBr)/cm- 1 : 2926, 1598, 1500, 1317, 1297, 1265, 1150, 1109; m/z (ESI): 439.3 (100%, 5 (M-CIO4]*). Synthesis 4 8-Ethyl-2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-Octahydro-1 H,5H, 11 H, 1 5H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc;1',9'-hi] xanthylium chloride OHOH O OH CH 3

CH

2 CHO, HCI, EtOH N N N (i) H 2 SO4 N O N CI (ii) HCI, NaNO 2 10 7,7'-Propylidine-bis-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[i,j]quinolizine-8,8'-diol) 8-Hydroxyjulolidine (5.00 g, 26.45 mmol) was dissolved in a solution of ethanol (50 cm 3 ) 15 and hydrochloric acid (1.3 cm 3 , 32%). Propionaldehyde (767 mg, 13.23 mmol) was added to the mixture and the reaction heated to 40 0 C for 18 hours. An additional quantity of propionaldehyde (767 mg, 13.23 mmol) was added and the reaction heated for a further-24-hours.-The-resulting- solution-was-cooled-and-poured-into-water-(-75-cm Y) -The mixture was neutralised with sodium bicarbonate (saturated solution) and extracted with 20 dichloromethane (3 x 40 cm 3 ). The combined extracts were dried over sodium sulphate and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography (3:7 ethyl acetate/hexane) gave the target material as a low melting colourless solid (2.76 g, 50%). 8 H (250 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 6.69 (2H, s, CH), 5.57 (2H, s, OH), 3.83 (1H, t, J 1 = 6.5 Hz, CH), 25 3.02 - 3.00 (8H, m, CH 2 ), 2.68-2.65 (4H, m, CH 2 ), 2.60 - 2.55 (4H, m, CH 2 ), 2.02 - 1.91 (6H, m, CH 2 ), 0.88 (3H, t, J 2 = 7 Hz, CH 3 ); vmax (KBr)/cm- 1 : 3411, 2930, 1626, 1493, 1353, 1197.

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -64 8-Ethyl-2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-Octahydro-1H,5H, 1 1H, 15H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc; 1 ',9'-hi] xanthylium chloride 7,7'-Propylidine-bis-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[i,j]quinolizine-8,8'-diol) (1.00 g, 2.39 mmol) 5 was dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid (4 cm 3 ) and the resulting solution heated to 90'C for 3 hours. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature prior to quenching with ice water (20 cm 3 ). The mixture was neutralised with sodium hydroxide (40%) whilst maintaining a reaction temperature of 15 0 C or below. Hydrochloric acid (2 cm 3 , 32%) was added and the mixture allowed to warm to room temperature. Sodium 10 nitrite (330 mg, 4.78 mmol) in water (15 cm 3 ) was added drop wise and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight. Column chromatography (1:9 methanol/dichloromethane) gave the target material as a green solid (94 mg, 9%). 15 6 H (250 MHz, CD 3 OD): 7.64 (2H, s, CH), 3.53 (8H, t, J 1 = 5 Hz, CH 2 ), 3.00-2.89 (8H, m,

CH

2 ), 2.03 - 2.01 (1OH, m, CH 2 ), 1.34 (3H, t, J 2 = 7 Hz, CH 3 ); m/z (ESI): 399.3 (100%, [M-Cl]*). Synthesis 5 20 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride OH OH OH Et2N'6

CH

2 0, HCI, IPA Et2N NEt2 (i) H2SO4 .CI -tEtNtN NtNEt2 (ii) HCI, NaNO 2 5,5'-Bis-diethylamino-2,2'-methandiyl-di-phenol 25 Adapted from J. Biehringer, Journal Fur Praktische Chemie 1896, 54, 235. A suspension of 3-diethylaminophenol (200 g, 1.21 mmol) and isopropanol (600 cm 3 ) was stirred in a 2L jacketed reactor vessel. The jacket was maintained at 200C whilst concentrated hydrochloric acid (67 cm 3 , 32%) was added. The reaction was allowed to 30 cool to 200C before formalin (47 cm 3 , 39% in water) was added drop wise over a 10 minute period. The resulting solution was stirred at 200C for 3.5 hour after which the WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 65 reaction was judged complete by TLC [R, = 0.4 (product) vs. 0.7 (starting material) (3:7 Ethyl acetate/Pet. Ether 40/60)]. A solution of ammonium bicarbonate (90.0 g) in water (800 cm 3 ) was prepared, and then added drop wise to the reaction over 35 minutes. The reaction was stirred for an additional 1 hours after which the resulting solid was filtered 5 and washed with water (2 x 200 cm 3 ). The solid was dried at 60 0 C overnight and then dissolved in isopropanol (250 cm 3 ) under reflux for 1 hour. The solution was cool to 5 *C over 90 minutes, and stirred at 5 *C for an additional 1 hour. The product was collected by filtration, washed with pre-chilled isopropanol (2 x 100 cm 3 ), and dried at 50 *C for 2 hours to give the target material as a light brown crystalline solid (141 g, 68%). 10 8H (250 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 7.03 (2H, d, J 1 = 8 Hz, CH), 6.20 (2H, dd, J 1 = 8 Hz, J 2 = 3 Hz, CH), 6.14 (2H, d, J 2 = 3 Hz, CH), 3.71 (2H, s, CH 2 ), 3.22 (8H, q, J 3 = 7 Hz, CH 2 ), 1.07 (12H, t, J3 = 7 Hz, CH 3 ); 5c (63 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 153.6, 147.7, 131.0, 116.2, 106.3, 100.9, 44.7, 29.8, 12.3; vma (KBr)/cm': 3446, 3383, 2975, 2925, 1596, 1519, 1396, 1374, 1262, 15 1169, 1152; m/z (ESI): 343.3 (100%, [M+H]*). 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride Adapted from J. Biehringer, Journal Fur Praktische Chemie 1896, 54, 217; 20 J. Biehringer, Chemische Berichte 1894, 27, 3299; and US Patent 3,932,415. 5,5'-Bis-diethylamino-2,2'-methandiyl-di-pheno (2.00 g, 5.85 mmol) was added portion wise to a mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid (7.2 cm 3 ) and water (0.8 cm 3 ). The solution was heated to 140 0 C for 2 hours under nitrogen. The solution was allowed to 25 cool to 5 0 C prior to the addition of ice water (10 cm 3 ). The pH of the solution was adjusted to pH 9 by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40%) whilst maintaining a temperature of 20 0 C or below. Hydrochloric acid (3.5 cm 3 , 32%) was added and the solution allowed to warm to room temperature. Sodium nitrite (807 mg, 11.7 mmol) dissolved in water (10 cm 3 ) was added drop wise. Once the addition was complete the 30 reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The mixture was filtered and the solid dried under vacuum for 20 hours. The solid was extracted with methanol and the solvent removed under reduced pressure to give the product as a green solid (1.18g, 56%). Scaled-up procedure: 35 5,5'-Bis-diethylamino-2,2'-methandiyl-di-phenol (10.00 g, 29.24 mmol) was added portion wise to a mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid (28.5 cm 3 ) and water (9.5 cm 3 ) pre cooled to 5 *C. The solution was heated to 140 0C for 2 hours under nitrogen. The solution was allowed to cool to 5*C prior to the addition of ice water (50 cm 3 ). The pH of 40 the solution was adjusted to pH 9 by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40%) whilst maintaining a temperature of 20*C or below. Hydrochloric acid (17.5 cm 3 , 32%) was WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -66 added and the solution allowed to warm to room temperature. Sodium nitrite (4.03 mg, 58.48 mmol) dissolved in water (25 cm 3 ) was added dropwise. Once the addition was complete the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was filtered and the solid dried under vacuum. The solid was extracted with methanol (60 cm 3 ) and 5 the solvent removed under reduced pressure to give the product as a green solid (5.78 g, 55%). 5H (250 MHz, CD 3 0D): 8.51 (1H, s, CH), 7.76 (2H, d, J 1 = 9 Hz, CH), 7.13 (2H, dd, J 1 = 9 Hz, J 2 = 3 Hz, CH), 6.88 (2H, d, J 2 = 3 Hz, CH), 3.68 (8H, q, J 3 = 7 Hz, CH 2 ), 1.31 (12H, t, 10 J 3 = 7 Hz, CH 3 ); 8c (100 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): 158.2, 156.2, 146.3, 134.2, 114.9, 114.3, 96.4, 46.0, 13.1; vmax (KBr)/cm 1 : 2975, 2925, 1596, 1579, 1519, 1347, 1169, 1132, 1076; m/z (ESI): 323.3 (100%, [M-Cl]*). Synthesis 6 15 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium bromide 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium bromide Method A OH OHF1 (i) H 2 S0 4 , H 2 0 I I (ii) HBr, NaN 2 Et2N NEt2 Et 2 N NEt 2 20 5,5'-Bis-diethylamino-2,2'-methandiyl-di-phenol (5.00 g, 14.62 mmol) was added portion wise to a mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid (15 cm 3 ) and water (5 cm 3 ). The solution was heated to 1600C for 2 hours under nitrogen. The solution was allowed to cool to 50C -25- prior-to-the-addition-of-ice-water-(25-cm).The-pH-of-the-solution-was-adjusted-to-pH-9-by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40%) whilst maintaining a temperature of 20*C or below. Hydrobromic acid (8 cm 3 , 48%) was added drop wise and the solution allowed to warm to room temperature. Sodium nitrite (2.02 mg, 29.24 mmol) dissolved in water (25 cm 3 ) was added drop wise. Once the addition was complete the reaction was stirred 30 at room temperature for 18 hours. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to give the product as a green/brown solid (2.51 g, 43%).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 67 Method B OH OH (i) H 2

SO

4 , H 20 ( i i ) H C I , F e C l a E t N N E t 2 B Et 2 N NEt 2 (iii) HNO 3 , H20 (iv) KBr, H 2 0 Concentrated sulphuric acid (10.8 cm 3 ) was added to water (1.2 cm 3 ) and the mixture 5 cooled to 5 0 C in ice. 5,5'-Bis-diethylamino-2,2'-methandiyl-di-phenol (4.00 g, 11.70 mmol) was added portion wise with stirring. The mixture was then heated at 1100C for 22 hours under nitrogen. The resulting dark orange solution was cooled in ice to 50C before the addition of ice water (20 cm 3 ). The mixture was neutralised by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40% in water) whilst maintaining a temperature of 200C or 10 below. Hydrochloric acid (12 cm 3 , 32%) was added drop wise and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Iron (111) chloride (12.64 g, 46.78 mmol) in water (12 cm 3 ) was added and the mixture heated to 900C for 4 hours. The solution was allowed to cool to room temperature over 3 hours. The resulting green precipitate was collected by filtration. The solid was dissolved in water (60 cm 3 ). Nitric acid (3 cm 3 , 70%) 15 was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight. The solid was dissolved in water (40 cm 3 ) and KBr (4.00 g, 33.61 mmol) was added and the mixture heated to 600C for 30 minutes. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature over 3 hours. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight 20 to give the product as a green crystalline solid (3.52 g, 74%). Method C OH OH (i) H 2

SO

4 , H 2 0 (ii) FeC l 3 , H 2 0 '(3 a-- Et 2 ] Et2N - NEt 2 (iii) HNO 3 , H 2 0 K Et 2 N - 0-- (iv) KBr, H 2 0 25 Concentrated sulphuric acid (162 cm 3 ) was added to water (18 cm 3 ) and the mixture cooled to 50C in ice. 5,5'-Bis-diethylamino-2,2'-methandiyl-di-phenol (60.00 g, 0.175 mol) was added portion wise with stirring. The mixture was then heated at 1100C for 22 hours under argon. The resulting dark orange solution was cooled in ice to 50C before the addition of ice water (300 cm 3 ). Iron (ll) chloride (94.74 g, 0.351 mol) in water (240 cm 3 ) 30 was added and the mixture heated to 900C for 22 hours in air. The solution was allowed to cool to room temperature over 3 hours. The resulting green precipitate was collected by filtration. The solid was dissolved in water (90 cm 3 ). Nitric acid (50 cm 3 , 70%) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The resulting solid WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -68 was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight. The solid was dissolved in water (170 cm 3 ) and KBr (38.00 g, 0.319 mol) was added and the mixture heated to 600C for 30 minutes. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature over 3 hours. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight to give the 5 product as a green crystalline solid (34.34 g, 48%). 8H.( 2 5 0 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): 8.74 (1H, s, CH), 7.85 (2H, d, J 1 = 9 Hz, CH), 7.19 (2H, d, J 1 = 9 Hz, CH), 6.88 (2H, s, CH), 3.65 (8H, q, J 2 = 6 Hz, CH), 1.20 (12H, t, J 2 = 6 Hz, CH 3 ); 8c (100 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): 158.1, 156.2, 146.2, 134.2, 114.9, 114.3, 96.4, 46.0, 19.1; 10 vmax (KBr)/cm 1 : 2970, 1650, 1594, 1520, 1489, 1428, 1396, 1346, 1265, 1168, 1073, 1006, 968; m/z (ESI): 323.2 (100%, [M-Br}*). Synthesis 7 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium iron tetrachloride 15 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium iron tetrachloride Method A I I N ICl® Et 2 N 0 NEt 2 G FeCI 3 , NaCI, H20 " E2N NEt FeCI 20 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride (40 mg, 0.111 mmol), was dissolved in water (5 cm 3 ). Iron (11l) chloride (30 mg, 0.111 mmol) was added and the solution was allowed to stand at room temperature for 2 hours. Sodium chloride was added until a green precipitate was observed. This was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum 25 overnight (53 mg, 91%). Modified method: 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride (100 mg, 0.279 mmol), was dissolved in water 30 (15 cm 3 ). Iron (111) chloride (75 mg, 0.279 mmol) was added and the solution was allowed WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 69 to stand at room temperature for 30 minuntes. Sodium chloride was added until a green precipitate was observed. This was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight (141 mg, 97%). 5 Method B OH OH Et 2 N NEt 2 (i) H 2

SO

4 , HCI, H 2 0 r 0 I Et 2 0 NE FeCI 4 (ii) FeCl 3 , H 2 0 L N 2J Concentrated sulphuric acid (27 cm 3 ) was added to water (3 cm 3 ) and the mixture cooled to 5oC in ice. 5,5'-Bis-diethylamino-2,2'-methandiyl-di-phenol (10.00 g, 29.24 mmol) was 10 added portion wise with stirring. The mixture was then heated at 140 0 C for 90 minutes under nitrogen. The resulting dark orange solution was cooled in ice to 5*C before the addition of ice water (60 cm 3 ). The mixture was neutralised by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40% in water) whilst maintaining a temperature of 20 0 C or below. Hydrochloric acid (10 cm 3 , 32%) was added drop wise and the mixture stirred at room 15 temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture was filtered and the solid sodium sulphate washed with water (3 x 50 cm 3 ). Iron (111) chloride (15.79 g, 58.47 mmol) in water (50 cm 3 ) was added to the filtrate and the mixture heated to 90*C for 2 hours. The solution was allowed to cool to room temperature and concentrated hydrochloric acid was added slowly until precipitation of the product occurred (pH - 1). The mixture was filtered and 20 the solid dried under vacuum overnight to give the product as a green solid (11.43 g, (070). 5H (250 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): 8.76 (1H, s, CH), 7.85 (2H, d, J 1 = 9 Hz, CH), 7.16 (2H, dd, J 1 = 9 Hz, J 2 = 3 Hz, CH), 6.86 (2H, d, J 2 = 3 Hz, CH), 3.64 (8H, q, J 3 = 7 Hz, CH 2 ), 1.27 25 (12H, t, J 3 = 7 Hz, CH 3 ); vmax (KBr)/cm 1 : 2970, 2926, 1585, 1495, 1396, 1343, 1252, 1074; m/z (ESI): 323.2 (100%, [M-FeCl 4

]*).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 70 Synthesis 8 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthene dihydrochloride OH OH (i) H 2

SO

4 , H20 I Et 2 N O NEt 2 Et 2 N NEt 2 (ii) HCI, MeOH 2 HCI 2 HCI 5 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthene dihydrochloride Concentrated sulphuric acid (6 cm 3 ) was added to water (2 cm 3 ) and the mixture cooled to 5 0 C in ice. 5,5'-Bis-diethylamino-2,2'-methandiyl-di-phenol (2.00 g, 5.85 mmol) was 10 added portion wise with stirring. The mixture was then heated at 160 0 C for 2 hours under nitrogen. The resulting dark orange solution was cooled in ice to 5 0 C before the addition of ice water (10 cm 3 ). The mixture was neutralised by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40% in water) keeping the temperature below 20 0 C. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water (2 x 10 cm 3 ) and dried under vacuum 15 overnight. The intermediate was added to a solution of methanol (20 cm 3 ) and hydrochloric acid (1.3 cm 3 , 32%) and stirred for 1 hour until homogeneous. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the solid dried under vacuum overnight to give the product as a purple solid (1.03 g, 44%). 20 8H (250 MHz, D 2 0): 7.49 (2H, d, J 1 = 8 Hz, CH), 7.26 - 7.21 (4H, m, CH), 4.16 (2H, s,

CH

2 ), 3.63 (8H, q, J 3 = 7 Hz, CH 2 ), 1.12 (12H, t, J 3 = 7 Hz, CH 3 ); vm.x (KBr)/cm- 1 : 2980, 2614, 1612, 1479, 1414, 1344, 1290, 1153, 1106, 1015; m/z (ESI): 325.3 (41%, (M-HCl2]*). 25 Synthesis 9 3,6-5Is-diethylamino xanthylium nitrate 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium nitrate 30 Method A OH OHF1 (i) H 2

SO

4 , H 2 0 E Et2 NEt (ii) HNO, NaNO2, H 2 0 L N Concentrated sulphuric acid (5.4 cm 3 ) was added to water (0.6 cm 3 ) and the mixture cooled to 5 0 C in ice. 5,5'-Bis-diethylamino-2,2'-methandiyl-di-phenol (2.00 g, 5.85 mmol) WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 71 was added portion wise with stirring. The mixture was then heated to 140 0 C for 90 minutes under nitrogen. The resulting dark orange solution was cooled in ice to 5 0 C before the addition of ice water (12 cm 3 ). The mixture was neutralised by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40% in water) whilst maintaining a temperature of 20*C or 5 below. Nitric acid (1 cm 3 , 70%) was added drop wise and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture was filtered and the solid sodium sulphate washed with water (3 x 10 cm 3 ). Nitric acid (1 cm 3 , 70%) was added to the filtrate followed by the drop wise addition of sodium nitrite (807 mg, 11.70 mmol) in water (10 cm 3 ). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes, whereupon the 10 resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight to give the product as a purple/green solid (643 mg, 29%). SH (250 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): 8.55 (1H, s, CH), 7.79 (2H, d, J 1 = 9 Hz, CH), 7.17 (2H, dd, J 1 = 9 Hz, J 2 = 2 Hz, CH), 6.93 (2H, d, J 2 = 2 Hz, CH), 3.69 (8H, q, J 3 = 7 Hz, CH 2 ), 1.32 (12H, 15 t, J 3 = 7 Hz, CH 3 ); 8c (100 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): 158.2, 156.2, 146.3, 134.2, 114.9, 96.4, 45.0, 13.1; vmax (KBr)/cm- 1 : 2978, 1596, 1522, 1493, 1387, 1347, 1264, 1168, 1074, 1007; m/z (ESI): 323.2 (100%, [M-NO 3 ]*). 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium nitrate - HNO 3 20 Method B OH OH (i) H 2

SO

4 , H 2 0 E N t NO HN I I tN 0N-a 3 03 Et2 NEt (ii) HNO 3 , H 2 0 2 0 Concentrated sulphuric acid (5.4 cm 3 ) was added to water (0.6 cm 3 ) and the mixture 25 cooled to 5OC in ice. 5,5'-Bis-diethylamino-2,2'-methandiyl-di-phenol (2.00 g, 5.85 mmol) was added portion wise with stirring. The mixture was then heated at 140 0 C for 90 minutes under nitrogen. The resulting dark orange solution was cooled in ice to 5*C before the addition of ice water (12 cm 3 ). The mixture was neutralised by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40% in water) whilst maintaining a temperature of 20 0 C or 30 below. Nitric acid (6 cm 3 , 70%) was added drop wise and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes until the precipitate completely dissolved. The reaction was heated to 100*C for 24 hours and then cooled to room temperature. Nitric acid (0.5 cm 3 , 70%) was added and the resulting solid collected by filtration. 35 The crude product was dissolved in fresh water (20 cm 3 ) and nitric acid (few drops, 70%) added until product began to precipitate. The mixture was then heated to 60 0 C for 30 minutes before cooling to room temperature over 4 hours. The mixture was then filtered WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 72 and the precipitate dried under vacuum overnight to give the product as a green/purple solid (467 mg, 21%). Alternatively, the crude product was dissolved in fresh water (20 cm 3 ) and nitric acid (few 5 drops, 70%) added until the product precipitated. The mixture was then filtered and the precipitate dried under vacuum overnight. Material was dissolved in the minimum volume of hot IPA, cooled to 5 0 C overnight, and the solid collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to give the product as a green/purple solid (401 mg, 18%). 10 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium nitrate - HNO 3 Method C OH OHF7 (i) H 2 S0 4 , H 2 0INO H Et 2 N NEt (ii) HC, Fe 3 C Et2N Et N HN3 (iii) HNO 3 , H 2 0 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium iron tetrachloride (11.00 g, 21.11 mmol) was dissolved in 15 water (40 cm 3 ). Nitric acid (2 cm 3 , 70%) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight to give the product as a purple solid (7.11 g, 54%). 6 H (250 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): 8,73 (1H, s, CH), 7.86 (2H, d, J = 9 Hz, CH), 7.21 (2H, d, J = 9 20 Hz, CH), 6.90 (2H, s, CH), 3.72 - 3.55 (8H, m, CH 2 ), 1.21 (12H, t, J = 7 Hz, CH 3 ). Method C described above involves the preparation of an intermediate having an iron tetrachloride counter ion. Nitric acid may be used to replace that counter ion. Excessive levels of iron are generally unacceptable in pharmaceutical products. Table 1 below 25_shows-the-metallevels-withinaproduct obtained byMethod C (Pyronin BNO3. HNO 3 ) in comparison with the intermediate iron tetrachloride salt (Pyronin FeCI 4 ). Table 1: Metal levels in the product of Method C Sample Pyronin FeCI 4 Pyronin B N0 3 - HNO 3 Metals (pglg) B 31.5 1.7 Mg 3.6 2.3 Al 12 1.8 V 3.7 0.2 Cr 2.7 0.3 WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -73 Sample Pyronin FeCI 4 Pyronin B N03- - HNO 3 Mn 23.3 1.2 Fe 78982 126.8 Co 0.3 <0.04 Ni 1.8 0.5 Cu 12.9 <1.01 Zn 62.6 11.5 Ga 5.0 <0.01 Sb 0.1 <0.04 Sn 10.4 0.8 Ba 1.7 1.9 Pb 0.4 <0.1 Hg 54 24 Nb Present Absent Ta Present Absent Ge Present Absent indicates an inhomogeneity between samples. Synthesis 10 5 9-Ethyl-3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride OH OH OH

CH

3

CH

2 CHO, HCI, MeOH Et 2 N Et2N NEt 2 (i) H 2 SO4 Cl Et2 Nx ONEt2 C (ii) HCI, NaNO 2 , H 2 0 5,5'-Bis-diethylamino-2,2'-propylidine-di-phenol 10 3-Diethylaminophenol (10.00 g, 60.61 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (15 cm 3 ). The solution was cooled to 5 0 C before hydrochloric acid (3 cm 3 , 32%) was added. Propionaldehyde (1.76 g, 30.30 mmol) was then added drop wise and the resulting solution was heated to 40*C overnight. A second portion of propionaldehyde (1.76 g, 30.30 mmol) was added and the mixture heated for a further 24 hours. The mixture was WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 74 poured into water (30 cm 3 ) before the pH was adjusted to pH 8 with a saturated solution of ammonium bicarbonate. The mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (3 x 20 cm 3 ). The combined organic extracts were dried (sodium sulphate), filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography (3:7 ethyl 5 acetate/hexane) gave the target material as a pink solid (2.11 g, 19%). SH (250 MHz, CDC1 3 ): 7.05 (2H, d, J 1 = 8.5 Hz, CH), 6.23 (2H, dd, J 1 = 8.5 Hz, J 2 = 2.5 Hz, CH), 6.09 (2H, d, J 2 = 2.5 Hz, CH), 3.96 (1H, t, J 3 = 7 Hz, CH), 3.23 (8H, q, J 4 = 7 Hz,

CH

2 ), 2.06-2.00 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 1.08 (12H, t, J 4 = 7 Hz, CH 3 ), 0.90 (3H, t, J 3 = 7 Hz, CH 3 ); 10 8 c (62.5 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 153.8, 147.4, 127.5, 118.5, 105.8, 99.9, 44.3, 36.6, 26.3, 12.8, 12.5; vmax (KBr)/cm-1: 2967, 2899, 1620, 1517, 1354, 1210, 1091, 1076; m/z (ESI+): 371.3 (100%, [M+H]*). 9-Ethyl-3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride 15 Adapted from US 3,932,415 5,5'-Bis-diethylamino-2,2'-propylidine-di-phenol (500 mg, 1.35 mmol) was added portion wise to concentrated sulphuric acid (2 cm 3 ). The solution was heated to 900C for 3 hours. 20 The solution was allowed to cool to room temperature and then poured into ice water (20 cm 3 ). The pH of the solution was adjusted to pH 6 by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40% in water). Hydrochloric acid (1 cm 3 , 32%) was added and the solution allowed to warm to room temperature. Sodium nitrite (186 mg, 2.70 mmol) dissolved in water (10 cm 3 ) was added drop wise. Once the addition was complete the reaction was 25 stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum. The solid was extracted with methanol/dichloromethane (1:20, 3 x 10 cm 3 ). The solvent was removed under vacuum to give a green solid. This was then dissolved in water (10 cm 3 ), filtered and the solid residue-washed-with-water (2_x-5-cm).-The-aqueous-solutiottwas saturate-dwith-sodium_ 30 chloride before it was extracted with chloroform (7 x 30 cm 3 ). The combined organic extracts were dried (sodium sulphate), filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure to give the product as a green solid (59 mg, 11%). 8H (250 MHz, CD 3 OD): 8.11 (2H, d, J 1 = 8 Hz, CH), 7.17 (2H, dd, J 1 = 8 Hz, J 2 = 3 Hz, 35 CH), 6.89 (2H, d, J 2 = 3 Hz, CH), 3.65 (8H, J 3 = 7 Hz, CH 2 ), 3.45 - 3.38 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 1.40 - 1.20 (15H, m, CH 3 ); vmax (KBr)/cm- 1 : 2972, 1592, 1469, 1398, 1343, 1248, 1185, 1132, 1073; m/z (ESI): 351.2 (100%, [M-Cl]*).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 75 Synthesis 11 3,6-Bis(diethylamino))thioxanthylium iodide t2N CH 2 0, CH 3

CO

2 H Et2N NEt Et2N D Et 2 N" E2 S, KI, H 2 SO4 Et 2 N S NEt 2 5 4,4 '-Bis(diethylamino)diphenylmethane Acetic acid (8.05 g, 0.134 mol) was added drop wise to N,N-diethylaniline (10.0 g, 67.1 mmol). Formalin (3.00 cm 3 , 37% in water) was added with stirring and the mixture heated 10 to reflux for 90 minutes. The reaction was allowed to cool, before dilution with ice water (50 cm 3 ). The reaction was basified with saturated sodium bicarbonate (pH 9). The resulting mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 50 cm 3 ), the combined extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography (1:9 ethyl acetate/hexane, Rr 0.3) gave the target material as a 15 colourless oil (10.01 g, 96%). 8H (250 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 7.02 (4H, d, J = 8.5 Hz, CH), 6.61 (4H, d, J = 8.5 Hz, CH), 3.77 (2H, s, CH 2 ), 3.30 (8H, q, J = 7 Hz, CH 2 ), 1.21 (12H, t, J = 7 Hz, CH 3 ); 5 (63 MHz,

CDCI

3 ): 146.1, 129.9, 129.6, 129.2, 112.2, 44.5, 39.8, 12.7; vmax (neat)/cm- 1 : 2969, 2928, -20 -1-6-1- 4

-

5 64 ,151-774 4 6 5A1- 3 54- 26 4 -1 4 95 -1451, -10751012; m/z-(ES I) -3-1-.3-(-100%i [M+H]*). 3,6-Bis(diethylamino)thioxanthylium iodide 25 Adapted from R. H. Nealey, J. S. Driscoll, J. Hetero. Chem. 1966, 3, 228. Sulphur (1.65 g, 51.6 mmol) was added in small portions with vigorous stirring to fuming sulphuric acid (8.00 g) over a 15 minute period. The reaction was cooled to 5 0 C and 4,4'-bis(diethylamino)diphenylmethane (2.00 g, 6.45 mmol) was added at such a rate to 30 maintain the temperature below 200C. The reaction was then stirred at ambient temperature for 90 minutes and then poured into 40 cm 3 of ice. The resulting red mixture was boiled for 1 hour and then allowed to cool to ambient temperature before filtration.

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 76 Potassium iodide was added to the filtrate until a precipitate was observed. The mixture was cooled in ice before the green solid was collected by filtration and dried under reduced pressure (253 mg, 8%). 5 5H (250 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): 8.62 (1H, s, CH), 7.98 (2H, d, J = 9 Hz, CH), 7.36 (2H, d, J = 3 Hz, CH), 7.23 (2H, dd, J= 9 Hz, 3 Hz, CH), 3.68, (8H, q, J= 7 Hz, CH 2 ), 1.23 (12H, t, J 7 Hz, CH 3 ); Vmax (KBr)/cm 1 : 3456, 3393, 1593, 1560, 1509, 1392, 1343, 1191, 1152, 1071; m/z (ESI): 339.4 (100%, [M-1]*). 10 Synthesis 12 3,6-Bis(dimethylamino)thioxanthylium zinc trichloride

CH

2 0, CH 3

CO

2 H Me2N N MeN I NJ~ ~ ae2 S, ZnC 2 , H 2

SO

4 r ZnCI Me 2 N S NMe 2 4,4'-Bis(dimethylamino)diphenylmethane 15 Acetic acid (9.91 g, 0.165 mol) was added drop wise to N,N-dimethylaniline (10.00 g, 82.6 mmol). Paraformaldehyde (1.23 g, 41.3 mmol) was added with stirring and the mixture heated to reflux for 90 minutes. The reaction was allowed to cool, before dilution with ice water (50 cm 3 ). The reaction was basified with 10 % sodium hydroxide (pH 9) and the 20 resulting solid collected by filtration. The solid was washed with water (2 x 5 cm ), and dried. Recrystallisation from ethanol gave the target material as a colourless solid (6.54 g, 63%). 6 H (250 MHz, CDC1 3 ): 7.05 (4H, d, J = 8.5 Hz, CH), 6.68 (4H, d, J = 8.5 Hz, CH), 3.80 25 (2H, s, CH 2 ), 2.62 (12H, s, CH 3 ); c (62.5 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 149.1, 130.4, 129.5, 113.1, 41.0, 39.9; vmax (KBr)/cm-1: 2886, 2797, 1615, 1499, 1361, 1230, 1070, 828, 796; m/z (ESI): 253.2 (100%, [M-H]*).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 77 3,6-Bis(dimethylamino)thioxanthylium zinc trichloride From R. H. Nealey, J. S. Driscoll, J. Hetero. Chem. 1966, 3, 228. 5 Sulphur (10.0 g, 0.33 mol) was added in small portions with vigorous stirring to fuming sulphuric acid (50 g) over a 15 minute period. The reaction was cooled to 5 0C and 4,4' bis(dimethylamino)diphenylmethane (10.00 g, 39.4 mmol) was added at such a rate to maintain the temperature below 20 0C. The reaction was then stirred at ambient temperature for 90 minutes and then poured into 250 cm 3 of ice. The resulting red 10 mixture was boiled for 1 hour and then allowed to cool to ambient temperature before filtration. A 40% aqueous solution of zinc chloride was added to the filtrate until a green colour was observed. The mixture was cooled in an ice bath and the solid collected by filtration. The solid was dried overnight under reduced pressure to give the target material as a green solid (1.81 g, 10%). 15 SH (250 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): 8.68 (1 H, s, CH), 8.01 (2H, d, J = 9 Hz, CH), 7.37 (2H, d, J = 3 Hz, CH), 7.25 (2H, dd, J = 9 Hz, 3 Hz, CH), 3.28(12H, s, CH 3 ); 6c (62.5 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): 154.5, 149.3, 143.6, 138.1, 119.0, 116.2, 106.4, 41.0; vmax (KBr)/cm-': 3755, 3381, 1614, 1599, 1527, 1395, 1179, 1073; m/z (ESI): 283.2 (100%, [M-ZnCl 3 ]*). 20 Synthesis 13 3,6-Bis(dimethylamino)-1,9-dimethylthioxanthylium zinc trichloride

CH

2 0, CH 3 C0 2 H Me 2 N Me 2 N NMe 2 S, ZnCl 2 , H 2 SO4 ZnC13 Me2N S NMe2 25 4,4 '-Bis(dimethylamino)-2,2-dimethyldiphenylmethane Hydrochloric acid (1.5 cm 3 , 10 M) was added drop wise to a solution of 3-N,N trimethylaniline (5.00 g, 37.0 mmol) in methanol (10 cm 3 ) cooled to 5'C. Formalin (1.50 cm 3 , 40% in water) was added and the reaction allowed to stand at 60C for 48 WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 78 hours. The resulting colourless crystals were collected by filtration, washed with cold methanol (5 cm 3 ) and dried under reduced pressure (4.13 g, 79%). SH (250 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 6.77 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz, CH), 6.64 (2H, d, J = 3 Hz, CH), 6.54 (2H, 5 dd, J= 8.5, 3 Hz, CH), 3.75 (2H, s, CH 2 ), 2.91 (12 H, s, CH 3 ), 2.24 (6H, s CH 3 ); 8, (62.5 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 149.2, 137.1, 129.9, 127.7, 114.9, 110.7, 41.0, 34.9, 20.2; Vmax (KBr)/cm 1 : 3341, 3328, 1613, 1507, 1344, 1330, 1226, 1059, 1010, 841, 799; m/z (ESI): 283.2 (100%, [M+H]*). 10 3,6-Bis(dimethylamino)- 1,9-dimethylthioxanthylium zinc trichloride Adapted from R. H. Nealey, J. S. Driscoll, J. Hetero. Chem. 1966, 3, 228. Sulphur (907 mg, 28.4 mmol) was added in small portions with vigorous stirring to fuming 15 sulphuric acid (5.0 cm 3 ) over a 15 minute period. The reaction was cooled to 50C and 4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)-2,2-dimethyldiphenylmethane (1.00 g, 3.55 mmol) was added at such a rate to maintain the temperature below 20 0C. The reaction was then stirred at ambient temperature for 90 minutes and then poured into 30 cm 3 of ice. The resulting red mixture was boiled for 1 hour and then allowed to cool to ambient temperature before 20 filtration. A 40% aqueous solution of zinc chloride was added to the filtrate until a green colour was observed. The mixture was cooled in an ice bath and the solid collected by filtration. This precipitation was repeated and the resulting solid was dried overnight under reduced pressure to give the target material as a green solid (98 mg, 6%). 25 8 H (250 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): 8.58 (1H, s, CH), 7.19 (2H, s, CH), 7.17 (2H, s, CH), 3.24 (12H, s, CH 3 ), 2.84 (6H, s, CH 3 ); Sc (62.5 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): 154.1, 145.7, 144.2, 141.6, 118.1, 116.7, 104.6, 40.9, 20.2; m/z (ESI): 311.2 (100%, [M-ZnCl 3

]*).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 79 Synthesis 14 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenazinium chloride SnCl 2 EtOH N Me 2 N NO 2 Me 2 N NH 2 MsCI, NaOH, H O NH+CN Me 2 N NHMs Me 2 N N

K

2 Cr 2 O, H 2 0 NGCI Me2N W' N Ne2 N, N-dimethyl- 1,3-phenylenediamine 5 N,N-dimethyl-3-nitroaniline (3.00 g, 18.1 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (40 cm 3 ). Tin dichloride (16.3 g, 72.0 mmol) was added and the reaction heated under reflux for 16 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool before the bulk of the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was poured in to water (100 cm 3 ), and 10 basified with sodium hydroxide (3M). The mixture was extracted with chloroform (3 x 30 cm 3 ). The combined extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure to give the product as a brown oil (2.01 g, 82%). 15 8H (250 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 7.02 (1H, t, J= 8 Hz, CH), 6.23 (1H, dd, J= 6 Hz, J= 3 Hz, CH), 6712~(lHTR f/ 3~H CH) 6-09 (T HsCH)~-2.94 (6H7, CH3)6c 62-5-MHzCDCI): 151.8, 147.4, 129.9, 104.3, 103.8, 99.6, 40.7; Vmax (neat)/cm 1 : 2879, 2800, 1611, 1504, 1443,1354,1260,1174,994. 20 N-[3-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methanesulphonamide Methanesulphonyl chloride (838 mg, 7.35 mmol) was added slowly to a cooled solution (5 0C) of NN-dimethyl-1,3-phenylenediamine (1.00 g, 7.35 mmol) and sodium hydroxide (5M, 1.5 cm 3 ) in water (10 cm 3 ). The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature 25 overnight. The mixture was extracted with chloroform (3 x 15 cm 3 ). The combined extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and the solvent removed under WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 80 reduced pressure. Column chromatography (1:20 methanol/dichloromethane) gave the target material as a brown oil (1.24 g, 79%). SH (250 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 7.20 (1 H, t, J = 8 Hz, CH), 6.55 - 6.47 (3H, m, CH), 3.00 (3H, s, 5 CH 3 ), 2.95(6H, s, CH 3 ); 6c (62.5 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 151.6, 137.8, 130.1, 109.5, 108.5, 104.6, 40.8, 38.7; vmax (neat)/cm~ 1 : 2929, 2806, 1607, 1511, 1394, 1321, 1231, 1148, 1004, 940; 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenazinium chloride 10 Adapted from D. F. Gloster, L. Cincotta, J. W Foley, J. Heterocyclic Chem. 1999, 36, 25. N,N-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine hydrochloride (402 mg, 2.34 mmol) in water (40 cm 3 ) was added slowly to N-[3-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methanesulphonamide (500 mg, 2.34 mmol) in methanol (20 cm 3 ). A saturated solution of potassium dichromate (1 cm 3 ) was 15 added and the mixture refluxed for 15 min. The mixture was cooled and diluted with water (80 cm 3 ), acidified with hydrochloric acid (1M) and then extracted with chloroform (3 x 30 cm 3 ). The combined extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography (1:9 methanol/dichloromethane) gave the target material as a green solid (153 mg, 22%). 20 6 H (250 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 7.90 (2H, d, J= 10 Hz, CH), 7.35 (2H, dd J= 10 Hz, J= 3 Hz, CH), 7.02 (2H, d, J = 3 Hz, CH), 3.18 (12H, s, CH 3 ); vmax (KBr)/cm- 1 : 2854, 1596, 1506, 1475, 1428, 1338, 1167, 1142,807. 25 Synthesis 15 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)oxazinium chloride NO Me 2 N OH Me 2 N

HCIO

4 , EtOH !N ] O Me2 O1 WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -81 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)oxazinium chloride Adapted from A. Kanitz, H, Hartmann, Eur, J, Org, Chem. 1999, 923. 5 3-Dimethylaminophenol (910 mg, 6.67 mmol), NN-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline (1.00 g, 6.67 mmol) and perchloric acid (1 cm 3 ) were heated together in ethanol (20 cm 3 ) for 5 min. The reaction was left to stand at room temperature overnight. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and washed with EtOAc (2 x 5 cm 3 ). Column chromatography (1:9 methanol/dichloromethane) gave the product as a green/blue solid (13 mg, 1%). 10 5H (250 MHz, CD 3 OD): 7.80 (2H, d, J= 10 Hz, CH), 7.41 (2H, dd, J= 10 Hz, 3 Hz, CH), 6.96 (2H, d, J= 3 Hz, CH), 3.31 (12H, s, CH 3 ); Vmax (KBr)/cm': 1607, 1526, 1490, 1397, 1346, 1179,1094,772. 15 Synthesis 16 3,6-Bis-(dimethylamino)xanthylium nitrate OH OH Me 2 N OH Me 2 N NMe2 NO® Me 2 N 0 NMe 2 3 20 5,5'-Bis-(dimethylamino)-2,2'-methandiyl-di-phenol 3-(Dimethylamino)phenol (3.00 g, 21.87 mmol) was added to MeOH (30 cm 3 ). The mixture was cooled to 6 *C in ice before HCI (1.24 cm 3 , 10.93 mmol, 32 %) was added. Formalin (842 pi, 10.93 mmol, 39 %) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction 25 was stirred at -6 *C for 22 h after which TLC analysis [2:3 EtOAc/Hexane (Rr: 0.3)] showed the reaction to be complete. The reaction mixture was poured into H 2 0 (40 cm 3 ) and the resulting mixture neutralised by the addition of an aqueous solution of NaHCO 3 (sat.). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 30 cm 3 ) and the combined extracts dried (Na 2 SO4). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield a purple solid. 30 Column chromatography (2:3 EtOAc/Hexane) gave the product as a purple solid (1.74 g, 56 %).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 82 SH (250 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 7.05 (2H, d, J= 8 Hz, 2ArH), 6.27 (2H, d, J= 8 Hz, 2ArH), 6.13 (2H, s, 2ArH), 3.73 (2H, s, CH 2 ), 2.75 (12H, s, 4CH 3 ); 8, (62.5 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 153.5, 150.9, 130.8, 116.5, 106.5, 101.2, 41.0, 29.8; vmax (KBr)/cm 1 : 3366, 2975, 2929, 1626, 1561, 5 1519, 1438, 1362, 1241, 1142, 1112, 980; m/z (ESI): 287.17 (100%, [M+H]*). 3,6-Bis-(dimethylamino)xanthylium nitrate

H

2

SO

4 (1.6 cm 3 , 98 %) was added to H 2 0 (160 0l) and cooled to 6 *C in ice. 5,5'-Bis 10 (dimethylamino)-2,2'-methandiyl-di-phenol (440 mg, 1.40 mmol) was added and the mixture heated to 90 *C under N 2 for 17 h. The resulting solution was cooled to 6 *C in ice and H 2 0 (4 cm 3 ) added. The mixture was neutralised by the addition of NaOH (40 %) whilst maintaining a reaction temperature of less than 15 *C. HCI (800 pi, 32 %) was added and the reaction stirred at 20 *C for 30 min. under N 2 . FeCl 3 .6H 2 0 (755 mg, 2.80 15 mmol) in H 2 0 (4 cm 3 ) was added and the mixture heated to 90 *C for 2 h in air. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature overnight whereupon a green oil precipitated. The bulk pinkish solution was decanted and the remaining oil taken up in MeOH (20 cm 3 ). The mixture was filtered and the solvent removed under vacuum. The oil was dissolved in H 2 0 (8 cm 3 ) and HNO 3 (few drops, 70 %) was added slowly until a 20 purple/green solid precipitated. This was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight to give the product as a green solid (190 mg, 41 %). SH (250 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): 8.72, (1H, s ArH), 7.83 (2H, d, J = 7 Hz, 2ArH), 7.17 (2H, d, J 7 Hz, 2ArH), 6.83 (2H, s, 2ArH), 3.27 (12H, s, 4CH 3 ); S (62.5 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 157.8, 157.7, 25 145.9, 132.8, 114.1, 114.0, 95.9, 39.6; vmax (KBr)/cm 1 : 2921, 1653, 1604, 1528, 1497, 1384, 1168, 918; m/z (ESI): 267.15 (100%, [M-NO 3

]').

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 83 Synthesis 17 3,6-Bis-diethylamino-9-(4-diethylanilino)xanthylium nitrate NEt 2 NEt 2 -a + | , OH OH Et 2 N OH CHOIR Et 2 N NEt 2 NEt 2

NO

9 I o 00 Et 2 N 0 NEt2 5 5,5'-Bis-dimethylamino-2,2'-(4-diethylaminobenzilidine)-di-phenol 3-Dimethylamino-phenol (5.00 g, 30.30 mmol) was added to MeOH (20 cm3). HCI (1.73 cm3, 15.15 mmol, 32 %) was then added to the mixture. 4-diethylamino-benzaldehyde 10 (2.68 g, 15.15 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 20 h after which TLC analysis [2:3 EtOAc/Hexane (Rf: 0.25)] showed the reaction to be complete. The reaction mixture was poured into H20 (40 cm3) and the resulting mixture neutralised by the addition of an aqueous solution of NaHCO3 (sat.). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 40 cm3) and the combined extracts dried 45- -(Na2-SQ4)--The-solvent-was-removed-under -reduced- pressure to- yield-a-red-oil.-Column chromatography (2:3 EtOAc/Hexane) gave the product as a red solid (4.15 g, 57 %). SH (250 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 7.03 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz, 2ArH), 6.71 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz, 2ArH), 6.57 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz, 2ArH), 6.23 - 6.18 (2H, m, 2ArH), 6.21 (2H, s, 2ArH), 5.33 (1 H, s, CH), 20 4.98 (2H, bs, OH), 3.33 - 3.24 (12H, m, 6CH 2 ), 1.12 (18H, t, J = 7 Hz, 6CH 3 ); 8C (100 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 155.1, 148.3, 146.7, 130.5, 130.2, 130.1, 128.1, 116.1, 112.1, 104.7, 100.0, 44.3, 44.0, 12.7, 12.6; vmax (KBr)/cm- 1 : 2969, 2929, 2869, 1618, 1516, 1465, 1399, 1374, 1355, 1266,1228, 1199,1094; m/z (ESI): 490.34 (100%, [M+H]*).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 84 3,6-Bis-diethylamino-9-(4-diethylanilino)xanthylium nitrate

H

2

SO

4 (5.4 cm 3 , 98 %) was added to H 2 0 (600 pl) and cooled to 5 *C in ice. 5,5'-Bis dimethylamino-2,2'-(4-diethylaminobenzilidine)-di-phenol (2.00 g, 4.19 mmol) was added 5 and the mixture heated to 150 *C under N 2 for 3 h. The resulting solution was cooled to 5 *C in ice and H 2 0 (20 cm 3 ) added. The mixture was neutralised by the addition of NaOH (40 %) whilst maintaining a reaction temperature of less than 20 *C. HCI (4 cm 3 , 32 %) was added and the reaction stirred at 5 *C for 2 h under N 2 . FeCl 3 .6H 2 0 (2.26 g, 8.39 mmol) in H 2 0 (20 cm 3 ) was added and the mixture heated to 90 *C for 2 h in air. The 10 reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature overnight. NaCl was added until a precipitate appeared. The solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum. The solid was extracted with MeOH (40 cm 3 ). The solvent was removed under vacuum to yield a green solid. This material was dissolved in H 2 0 (12 cm 3 ) and HNO 3 (1 cm 3 , 70 %) was added slowly until a purple/green solid precipitated. After 10 min the solid was 15 collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to give the product as a green solid (1.11 g, 50 %). 5H (250 MHz, CD 3 OD): 7.50 - 7.40 (4H, m, 4ArH), 7.20 - 7.03 (4H, m, 4ArH), 6.93 (2H, s, 2ArH), 3.72 - 3.45 (12H, m, 6CH 2 ), 1.30 - 1.15 (18H, t, J = 7 Hz, 6CH 3 ); Sc (100 MHz, 20 CDCI 3 ): 159.6, 157.3, 156.5, 141.3, 133.4, 123.5, 115.9, 97.7, 54.5, 47.1, 13.0, 11.2; vmax (KBr)/cm- 1 : 1646, 1594, 1473, 1419, 1384, 1349, 1186, 1073; m/z (ESI): 470.32 (100%,

[M-NO

3 ]*). Synthesis 18 25 3,6-Bis-diethylamino-9-(4-nitrophenyl)xanthylium nitrate

NO

2

NO

2 SH OH Et 2 N OH CHN1 Et 2 N NEt 2

NO

2 N0

NO

3 Et 2 N 0 NEt 2 WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 85 5,5'-Bis-dimethylamino-2,2'-(4-nitrobenzilidine)-di-phenol 3-Dimethylamino-phenol (3.00 g, 18.18 mmol) was added to MeOH (30 cm 3 ). HCI (1.04 cm 3 , 9.09 mmol, 32 %) was then added to the mixture. 4-nitro-benzaldehyde (1.37 g, 5 9.09 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction was heated to 40 *C for 18 h and the 50 *C for 24 h after which TLC analysis [1:1 EtOAc/Hexane (R,: 0.3)] showed the reaction to be almost complete. The reaction mixture was poured into H 2 0 (40 cm 3 ) and the pH of resulting mixture basified by the addition of an aqueous solution of NaHCO 3 (sat.). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 30 cm 3 ) and the combined extracts dried 10 (Na 2 SO4). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield a red oil. Column chromatography (1:1 EtOAc/Hexane) gave the product as an orange red solid (2.84 g, 69 %). 5H (250 MHz, CDC13): 8.11 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz, 2ArH), 7.34 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz, 2ArH), 6.65 15 (2H, d, J= 8 Hz, 2ArH), 6.20 - 6.15 (4H, m, 4ArH), 5.71 (1H, s, CH), 3.27 (8H, q, J= 7 Hz, 4CH 2 ), 1.11 (12H, t, J = 7 Hz, 4CH 3 ); c (100 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 154.5, 151.8, 148.4, 146.2, 130.6, 130.0, 123.4, 115.1, 104.9, 99.8, 44.4, 43.9, 12.6; vmax (KBr)/cm 1 : 2971, 1618, 1559, 1540, 1522, 1457, 1343, 1375, 1228, 1094; m/z (ESI): 464.25 (100%, [M+H]*). 20 3,6-Bis-diethylamino-9-(4-nitrophenyl)xanthylium nitrate

H

2

SO

4 (1.2 cm 3 , 98 %) was added to H 2 0 (120 pl) and cooled to 5 0C in ice. 5,5'-Bis dimethylamino-2,2'-(4-nitrobenzilidine)-di-phenol (400 mg, 0.863 mmol) was added and 25 the mixture heated to 70 *C under N 2 for 20 h and then at 90 *C for 29 h. The resulting solution was cooled to 6 0C in ice and H 2 0 (4 cm 3 ) added. The mixture was neutralised by the addition of NaOH (20 %) whilst maintaining a reaction temperature of less than 16 *C. HCI (1.2 cm 3 , 32 %) was added and the reaction stirred at 19 *C for 30 min under N2. FeCl 3 .6H 2 0 (467 mg, 1.73 mmol) in H 2 0 (4 cm 3 ) was added and the mixture heated 30 to 88 0C for 3 h in air. The reaction was allowed to cool to 20 *C overnight. The resulting green precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight. This material was dissolved in H 2 0 (4 cm 3 ) and HNO 3 (few drops, 70 %) was added slowly until a purple/green solid precipitated. After 10 min the solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum. Column chromatography (1:9 MeOH/DCM) gave the product as 35 a green solid (243 mg, 56 %). 8 H (250 MHz, CD 3 0D): 8.53 (2H, d, J = 7 Hz, 2ArH), 7.76 (2H, d, J = 7 Hz, 2ArH), 7.30 (2H, d, J = 7 Hz, 2ArH), 7.10 (2H, d, J = 7 Hz, 2ArH), 7.02 (2H, s, 2ArH), 3.83 - 3.57 (8H, m, 4CH 2 ), 1.44 - 1.18 (12H, m, 4CH 3 ); 8c (100 MHz, CD 3 0D): 158.0, 155.9, 154.5, 148.9, 40 138.7, 131.1, 130.8, 123.6, 114.4, 112.8, 96.2, 45.5, 11.4; vmax (KBr)/cm- 1 : 2977, 1647, 1593, 1467, 1384, 1347, 1184, 1074; m/z (ESI): 444.23 (100%, (M-NO 3

]*).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 86 Synthesis 19 1,1,7,7,11,11,17,17-Octamethyl-2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-octahydro-1H,5H,11H,15H diquinolizino[1,9-bc;1',9'-hi]xanthylium nitrate 5 -- N OMe -' N OMe

H

2 N OMeCI OH OH N O N N N N OH1 -- .2HCI NO( 3-Methoxy-N, N-Bis(3-methylbut-2-ene)aniline 10 Uddin, M. J., Marnett L., J., Organic Letters, 10, 2008, 4799. To a solution of anisidine (5.00 g, 40 65 mmol) in CH 3 CN (20 cm 3 ), K 2

CO

3 (11.22 g, 80.13 mmol) and 1-chloror-3-methylbut-2-ene (8.49 g, 80.13 mmol) were added. Molecular sieves (4 A, 10 g) were added and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 48 h. The 15 resulting mixture was filtered and the solid washed with CH 3 CN (2 x 15 cm 3 ). The solvent was removed from the filtrate under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [1:1 40:60 petrol/DCM (Rf, 0.4)] gave the product as a colourless oil (8.54 g, 81 %). SH (250 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 7.14 - 7.07 (1H, m, ArH), 6.32 (1H, d, J = 8 Hz, ArH), 6.30 - 6.25 20 (2H, m, 2ArH), 5.23 - 5.19 (2H, m, 2CH), 3.84 (4H, d, J = 6 Hz, 2CH 2 ), 3.77 (3H, s,

OCH

3 ), 1.72 (6H, s, 2CH 3 ), 1.70 (6H, s, 2CH 3 ); Sc (62.5 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 160.8, 150.5, 134.1, 129.8, 121.8, 105.9, 101.0, 99.1, 55.1, 48.4, 25.8, 18.0; vmax (neat)/cm 1 : 2967, 2927, 1671, 1610, 1498, 1452, 1376, 1327, 1263, 1214, 1164, 1060, 1043, 986, 941; m/z (ESI): 260.20 (100%, [M+H]*). 25 WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -87 3-Methoxy-N,N-Bis(3-methylbut-2-ene)aniline hydrochloride Based on Uddin, M. J., Marnett L., J., Organic Letters, 10, 2008, 4799. 5 3-Methoxy-NN-Bis(3-methylbut-2-ene)aniline (7.50 g, 28.96 mmol) was dissolved in EtOH (20 cm 3 ). HCI (9.65 cm 3 , 32 %) was added and the reaction mixture stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The solvent was removed under vacuum overnight to yield the product as a colourless sticky solid (8.33 g, 97 %). 10 6 (250 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): 7.55 - 7.35 (3H, m, 3ArH), 7.04 - 6.95 (1H, m, ArH), 5.30 - 5.02 (2H, m, 2CH), 4.30 - 4.01 (4H, m, 2CH 2 ), 3.78 (3H, s, OCH 3 ), 1.56 (6H, s, 2CH 3 ), 1.52 (6H, s, 2CH 3 ); 1,1,7,7-tetramethyl-8-hydroxyjulolidine 15 3-Methoxy-N,N-Bis(3-methylbut-2-ene)aniline hydrochloride (7.00 g, 17.68 mmol) was added to methanesulphonic acid (70 cm 3 ). The resulting solution was heated to 95 *C for 24 h. It was then cooled to room temperature and ice water (140 cm 3 ) added. The mixture was neutralised by the addition of NH 4 0H (sat.) and then extracted with CHC1 3 20 (3 x 60 cm 3 ). The extracts were dried (Na 2

SO

4 ) and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [3:2 40:60 petrol/DCM (Rf: 0.25)]gave the product as a pink solid (3.04 g, 52 %). SH (250 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 6.89 (1 H, d, J = 8 Hz, ArH), 6.00 (1 H, d, J = 8 Hz, ArH), 4.50 (1 H, s, 25 OH), 3.09 - 2.99 (4H, m, 2CH2), 1.80 - 1.72 (4H, m, 2CH 2 ), 1.42 (6H, s, 2CH 3 ), 1.24 (6H, s, 2CH 3 ); c (62.5 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 153.2, 143.6, 125.0, 124.3, 116.8, 105.3, 47.8, 47.4, 40.6, 37.4, 32.4, 32.3, 29.2; vmax (KBr)/cm 1 : 2953, 2928, 2859, 2826, 1586, 1424, 1385, 1272, 1165, 1133, 1102, 952, 800; m/z (ESI): 246.19 (100%, [M+H]*). 30 7,7-Methylene-bis(1, 1,7,7-tetramethyl-8-hydroxyjulolidine) dihydrochloride 1,1,7,7-tetramethyl-8-hydroxyjulolidine (800 mg, 3.27 mmol) was added to MeOH (10 cm 3 ). HCl (186 pi, 1.63 mmol, 32 %) was then added to the mixture. Formalin (122 pl, 1.63 mmol, 39 %) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction was heated 35 to 60 *C for 16 h and the after which TLC analysis [3:7 EtOAc/Hexane (R: 0.6)] showed the reaction to be complete. The reaction volume was reduced by half under reduced pressure and the remainder cooled to - 6 0C overnight. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to give the product as a green solid (494 mg, 60 %). 40 WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 88 5H (250 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): 8.95 (2H, bs, 20H), 7.08 (2H, s, 2ArH), 3.90 (2H, s, CH 2 ), 3.39 3.25 (4H, m, 2CH 2 ), 2.19 - 1.86 (4H, m, 2CH 2 ), 1.41 (6H, s, 2CH 3 ), 1.17 (6H, s, 2CH 3 ); Vmax (KBr)/cm 1 : 3390, 2960, 2928, 2619, 2531, 1472, 1428, 1386, 1361, 1265, 1177; m/z (ESI): 503.36 (100%, [M-HCl 2 1]). 5 1, 1,7,7,11,11,17,17-Octamethyl-2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-octahydro-IH, 5H, 11H, 15H diquinolizino[l, 9-bc; 1', 9'-hijxanthylium nitrate

H

2

SO

4 (600 pl, 98 %) was added to H 2 0 (60 pl) and cooled to 5 *C in ice. 7,7-Methylene 10 bis(1,1,7,7-tetramethyl-8-hydroxyjulolidine) dihydrochloride (200 mg, 0.348 mmol) was added and the mixture heated to 50 0 C under N 2 for 4 h and then 65 *C for 2 h. The resulting solution was cooled to 6 0C in ice and H 2 0 (2 cm 3 ) added. The mixture was neutralised by the addition of NaOH (20 %) whilst maintaining a reaction temperature of less than 18 *C. HCI (400 pi, 32 %) was added and the reaction stirred at 20 *C for 30 15 min under N 2 . FeCl 3 .6H 2 0 (188 mg, 0.696 mmol) in H 2 0 (1 cm 3 ) was added and the mixture heated to 89 0C for 3 h in air. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature overnight. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight. This material was dissolved in H 2 0 (20 cm 3 ) and HNO 3 (70 %) was added slowly until a green solid precipitated. After 10 min the solid was collected by 20 filtration and dried under vacuum to give the product as a green solid (126 mg, 66 %). 8 H (250 MHz, CD 3 0D): 8.29 (1 H, s, ArH), 7.58 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz, 2ArH), 3.66 (4H, t, J = 6 Hz, 2CH 2 ), 3.57 (4H, t, J= 5 Hz, 2CH 2 ), 1.87 (4H, t, J= 5 Hz, 2CH 2 ), 1.82 (4H, t, J= 6 Hz, 2CH 2 ), 1.71 (13H, s, 4CH 2 ), 1.37 (12H, s, 4CH 3 ); 5c (100 MHz, CD 3 OD): 154.3, 151.8, 25 144.3, 132.9, 126.7, 114.3, 114.2, 38.8, 33.8, 31.9, 31.6, 27.8, 27.6; vmax (KBr)/cm 1 : 2957, 1596, 1507, 1384, 1309, 1202, 1038; m/z (ESI): 483.34 (100%, [M-NO 3

]*).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 89 Synthesis 20 3,6-Bis-morpholino-xanthylium nitrate OH OH 'N N OH N N Br OH 0 O0 N 0 N NO 0 O" O0 3 N-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)morpholine 5 Pd(OAc) 2 (78 mg, 0.347 mmol) was added to morpholine (1.81 g, 20.81 mmol) and 3 bromophenol (3.00 g, 17.34 mmol) under N 2 . 2,8,9-triisobutyl-2,5,8,9-tetraaza-1 phosphabicyclo[3,3,3lundecane (238 mg, 0.694 mmol), LiHMDS (39.88 cm 3 , 1 M in THF) and dry toluene (80 cm 3 ) were added sequentially. The mixture was heated to 80 *C for 10 18 h, before being cooled to room temperature. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue extracted with hot EtOAc/DCM (1:1, 200 cm 3 ). The mixture was filtered and the solvent removed. Column chromatography [1:1 EtOAc/DCM (Rf: 0.25)] gave the product as an off-white solid (2.38 g, 77 %). 15 6 H (250 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 7.14 - 7.08 (1H, m, ArH), 6.48 (1H, d, J = 8 Hz, ArH), 6.36 - 6.32 (2H, m, 2ArH), 5.82 (1 H, bs, OH), 3.85 (4H, t, J = 5 Hz, 2CH 2 ), 3.11 (4H, t, J = 5 Hz, 2CH 2 ); 6c (62.5 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 156.9, 152.6, 130.2, 108.2, 107.6, 103.2, 66.8, 49.4; vmax (KBr)/cm-': 3242, 2974, 2816, 1610, 1582, 1491, 1448, 1267, 1191, 1104, 1064, 975, 773; m/z (ESI): 180.10 (100%, [M+H]*). 20 5,5'-Bis-morpholino-2,2'-methandiyl-di-phenol N-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)morpholine (2.00 g, 11.17 mmol) was added to MeOH (25 cm 3 ). The mixture was cooled to 5 *C in ice before HCI (637 pl, 5.89 mmol, 32 %) was added. 25 Formalin (419 pi, 5.89 mmol, 39 %) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction was stirred at 5 *C for 18 h, and then at room temperature for 24 h. The reaction mixture was poured into H 2 0 (40 cm 3 ) and the resulting mixture neutralised by the addition of an aqueous solution of NaHCO 3 (sat.). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 30 cm 3

)

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 90 and the combined extracts dried (Na 2 SO4). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [4:1 EtOAc/Hexane (R: 0.3)] gave the product as a purple solid (684 mg, 33 %). 5 6 H (250 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): 9.08 (2H, s, OH), 6.76 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz, 2ArH), 6.35 (2H, s, 2ArH), 6.29 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz, 2ArH), 3.72 - 3.68 (8H, m, 4CH 2 ), 3.59 (2H, s, CH 2 ), 2.98 2.94 (8H, m, 4CH 2 ); 8c (62.5 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): 155.3, 150.5, 130.4, 118.7, 106.5, 102.2, 66.2, 49.0, 28.0; vmax (KBr)/cm 1 : 3246, 2965, 2825, 1618, 1584, 1527, 1451, 1261, 1191, 1112, 981, 882; m/z (ESI): 371.19 (100%, [M+H]*). 10 3,6-Bis-(morpholino)xanthylium nitrate

H

2

SO

4 (900 pI, 98 %) was added to H 2 0 (100 pl) and cooled to room temperature. 5,5'-bis-morpholino-2,2'-methandiyl-di-phenol (300 mg, 0.811 mmol) was added and the 15 mixture heated to 140 *C under N 2 for 3 h. The resulting solution was cooled to room temperature and H 2 0 (2 cm 3 ) added. The mixture was neutralised by the addition of NaOH (40 %) whilst maintaining a reaction temperature of less than 15 *C. HCI (600 pl, 32 %) was added and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 30 min. under N 2 . FeCl 3 .6H 2 0 (438 mg, 1.62 mmol) in H 2 0 (2 cm 3 ) was added and the mixture heated to 20 90 0 C for 2 h in air. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum. This material was dissolved in

H

2 0 (10 cm 3 ) and HNO 3 (300 pl, 70 %) was added slowly until a green solid precipitated. After 10 min the solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to give the product as a green solid (198 mg, 67 %). 25 SH (250 MHz, CD 3 OD): 8.70 (1H, s, ArH), 7.87 (2H, d, J= 7 Hz, 2ArH), 7.37 (2H, d, J= 7 Hz, 2ArH), 7.15 (2H, s, 2ArH), 3.86 - 3.85 (8H, m, 4CH 2 ), 3.79 - 3.67 (8H, m, 4CH 2 ); 6c (100 MHz, CD 3 0D): 158.4, 157.9, 146.5, 133.3, 115.2, 114.6, 96.9, 66.0, 46.9; vmax XKBr)im-*:-2865,1598- 1-489; 1384, 1244--11-70y1 09;1-034--903;-m/z~(ESt):-351.1-7 30 (100%, [M-NO 3

]*).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 91 Synthesis 21 3,6-Bis-piperidino-xanthylium nitrate OH OH Br OHN OH N N N 0 N NO® 5 N-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)piperidine Pd(OAc) 2 (129 mg, 0.578 mmol) was added to piperidine (2.95 g, 34.68 mmol) and 3 bromophenol (5.00 g, 28.90 mmol) under N 2 . 2,8,9-triisobutyl-2,5,8,9-tetraaza-1 phosphabicyclo[3,3,3]undecane (397 mg, 1.16 mmol), LiHMDS (66.50 cm 3 , 1 M in THF) 10 and dry toluene (110 cm 3 ) were added sequentially. The mixture was heated to 80 "C for 18 h, before being cooled to room temperature. H 2 0 (50 cm 3 ) was added and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with toluene (3 x 30 cm 3 ). The combined organics were dried (Na 2

SO

4 ) and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [3:7 EtOAc/Hexane (R: 0.4)] gave the product as an off-white solid (2.56 15 g, 50 %). 8H (250 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 7.11 - 7.04 (1H, m, ArH), 6.52 (1H, d, J= 8 Hz, ArH), 6.35 (1H, s, ArH), 6.29 (1 H, d, J = 8 Hz, ArH), 5.84 (1 H, bs, OH), 3.08 (4H, t, J = 5 Hz, 2CH 2 ), 1.75 1.62 (4H, m, 2CH 2 ), 1.60 - 1.50 (2H, m, CH 2 ); 5c (62.5 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 156.7, 153.4, 130.0, 20 109.3, 107.4, 104.6, 51.0, 25.5, 24.2; Vmax (KBr)/cm': 3064, 2959, 2937, 2921, 2856, 1597, 1503, 1454, 1276, 1201, 1133, 1104, 971, 877; m/z (ESI): 178.12 (100%, [M+H]*). 5,5'-Bis-piperidino-2,2'-methandiyl-di-phenol 25 N-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)piperidine (1.50 g, 8.52 mmol) was added to MeOH (20 cm 3 ). The mixture was cooled to 5 *C in ice before HCI (486 pi, 4.26 mmol, 32 %) was added. Formalin (327 pi, 4.26 mmol, 39 %) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction was stirred at 5 *C for 18 h, and then at 30 *C for 18 h. The reaction mixture was poured into WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 92 H 2 0 (30 cm 3 ) and the resulting mixture neutralised by the addition of an aqueous solution of NaHCO 3 (sat.). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 30 cm 3 ) and the combined extracts dried (Na 2 SO4). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography (3:7 EtOAc/Hexane (Rf: 0.4)] gave the product as a purple/pink solid 5 (886 mg, 57 %). 5H (250 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 7.06 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz, ArH), 6.44 (2H, d, J= 8 Hz, ArH), 6.23 (2H, s, ArH), 3.72 (2H, s, CH 2 ), 2.96 - 2.83 (8H, m, 4CH 2 ), 1.70 - 1.56 (8H, m, 4CH 2 ), 1.56 - 1.40 (4H, m, 2CH 2 ); Sc (62.5 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 153.4, 151.7, 130.8, 119.9, 110.1, 105.4, 51.3, 10 30.2, 25.4, 24.2; vmax (KBr)/cm-': 3268, 2928, 2854, 2798, 1618, 1577, 1522, 1497, 1447, 1383, 1253, 1177, 1115, 969; m/z (ESI): 367.24 (100%, [M+H]*). 3,6-Bis-(piperidino)xanthylium nitrate 15 H 2

SO

4 (900 pI, 98 %) was added to H 2 0 (100 pl) and cooled to room temperature. 5,5'-bis-piperidino-2,2'-methandiyl-di-phenol (350 mg, 0.956 mmol) was added and the mixture heated to 140 *C under N 2 for 3 h. The resulting solution was cooled to room temperature and H 2 0 (5 cm 3 ) added. The mixture was neutralised by the addition of NaOH (40 %) whilst maintaining a reaction temperature of less than 20 *C. HCI (700 pl, 20 32 %) was added and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 30 min. under N 2 . FeCl 3 .6H 2 0 (516 mg, 1.91 mmol) in H 2 0 (3 cm 3 ) was added and the mixture heated to 80 *C for 2 h in air. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature overnight whereupon a green oil precipitated. The bulk pinkish solution was decanted and the remaining oil taken up in fresh H 2 0 (8 cm 3 ). HNO 3 (few drops, 70 %) was added slowly 25 until a green solid precipitated. This was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum. Column chromatography (1:9 MeOH/DCM (R,: 0.2)] gave the product as a green solid (117 mg, 30 %). -6-(-250-MHz-GD 3 0D): 851-(41H-s-FArH)7--74-7-(2HyddJ-=-9-Hz-ArH)7-30 (2He-d,-J= 9 30 Hz, ArH), 7.07 (2H, s, ArH), 3.86 - 3.72 (8H, m, 4CH 2 ), 1.90 - 1.66 (12H, m, 6CH 2 ); 5c (100 MHz, CD 3 OD): 158.5, 157.1, 144.9, 133.1, 114.5, 96.6, 46.9, 25.7, 23.9; Vmax (KBr)/cm- 1 : 2928, 1653, 1577, 1560, 1490, 1384, 1244, 1169, 1017; m/z (ESI): 347.21 (100%, [M-NO 3

]*).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 93 Synthesis 22 3,6-Bis-pyrolidino-xanthylium nitrate OH OH a H--- Na OH N N Br OH N N N® 0 NNO 3 N-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)pyrolidine 5 Pd(OAc) 2 (129 mg, 0.578 mmol) was added to pyrolidine (2.46 g, 34.68 mmol) and 3 bromophenol (5.00 g, 28.90 mmol) under N 2 . 2,8,9-triisobutyl-2,5,8,9-tetraaza-1 phosphabicyclo[3,3,3]undecane (397 mg, 1.16 mmol), LiHMDS (66.50 cm 3 , 1 M in THF) and dry toluene (110 cm 3 ) were added sequentially. The mixture was heated to 80 *C for 10 18 h, before being cooled to room temperature. H 2 0 (50 cm 3 ) was added and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with toluene (3 x 40 cm 3 ). The combined organics were dried (Na 2

SO

4 ) and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [3:7 EtOAc/Hexane (Rf: 0.5)] gave the product as an off-white solid (1.92 g, 51 %). 15 SH (250 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 7.10 - 7.04 (1H, m, ArH), 6.18 - 6.11 (2H, m, 2ArH), 6.05 (1H, s, H), 4.701 (TH 5s OH), 3.- 3720(4H72CH) 2Y0V-1 196~(4HnT2CHG) S-(625 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 156.5, 149.5, 130.1, 104.8, 102.5, 98.7, 47.7, 25.5; vmax (KBr)/cm- 1 : 3315, 2979, 2891, 2852, 1618, 1578, 1518, 1491, 1459, 1217, 1202, 1170, 817; m/z (ESI): 20 164.11 (100%, [M+H]*). 5,5'-Bis-pyrolidino-2,2'-methandiyl-di-phenol N-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)pyrolidine (1.00 g, 6.13 mmol) was added to MeOH (15 cm 3 ). HCI 25 (350 pl, 3.07 mmol, 32 %) was then added. Formalin (236 pl, 3.07 mmol, 39 %) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight, and then at 30 0C for 24 h. The reaction mixture was poured into H 2 0 (30 cm 3 ) and the resulting mixture neutralised by the addition of an aqueous solution of NaHCO 3 (sat.).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 94 The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 30 cm 3 ) and the combined extracts dried (Na 2 SO4). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [3:7 EtOAc/Hexane (R: 0.3)] gave the product as an off-white solid (384 mg, 37 %). 5 8H (250 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 7.01 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz, ArH), 6.92 (2H, bs, OH), 6.05 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz, 2ArH), 5.93 (2H, s, ArH), 3.72 (2H, s, CH 2 ), 3.13 - 3.00 (8H, m, 4CH 2 ), 1.96 - 1.85 (8H, m, 4CH 2 ); 8c (62.5 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 153.2, 148.2, 130.8, 114.9, 105.3, 99.5, 47.7, 29.7, 25.4; vmax (KBr)/cm- 1 : 3389, 2967, 2834, 1624, 1560, 1515, 1483, 1431, 1371, 1204, 1176, 1126; m/z (ESI): 339.21 (100%, [M+H]*). 10 3,6-Bis-(pyrolidino)xanthylium nitrate

H

2

SO

4 (500 pl, 98 %) was added to H 2 0 (50 pl) and cooled to room temperature. 5,5'-bis-pyrollidino-2,2'-methandiyl-di-phenol (150 mg, 0.419 mmol) was added and the 15 mixture heated to 140 *C under N 2 for 3 h. The resulting solution was cooled to room temperature and ice H 2 0 (1 cm 3 ) added. The mixture was neutralised by the addition of NaOH (40 %) whilst maintaining a reaction temperature of less than 20 *C. HCI (300 pi, 32 %) was added and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 30 min. under N 2 . FeC1 3 .6H 2 0 (226 mg, 0.838 mmol) in H 2 0 (1 cm 3 ) was added and the mixture heated to 20 90 *C for 2 h in air. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature overnight. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum. This material was dissolved in H 2 0 (5 cm 3 ) and HNO 3 (few drops, 70 %) was added slowly until a green solid precipitated. After 10 min the solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to give the product as a green solid (121 mg, 71 %). 25 6 H (250 MHz, CD 3 0D): 8.51 (1 H, s, ArH), 7.74 (2H, d, J = 9 Hz, ArH), 7.00 (2H, d, J = 9 Hz, 2ArH), 6.72 (2H, s, ArH), 3.69 - 3.52 (8H, m, 4CH 2 ), 2.23 - 2.10 (8H, m, 4CH 2 ); 8c (100 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 157.4, 155.0, 145.6, 132.8, 114.7, 114.0, 96.2, 47.0, 24.7; -vmax (KBr)-/cm-*:-2961 2865--1652; 1601-, -- 518, 13847-1-345, 1 165y820;-m1z-(ESI): 319: 18 30 (100%, [M-NO 3

]*).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 95 Synthesis 23 3,6-Bis-morpholino xanthene dihydrochloride OH OH N N N N O o 0 0 .2HCI 5 3,6-Bis-morpholino xanthene dihydrochloride

H

2

SO

4 (1 cm 3 ' 98 %) was added to water (100 pl) and the mixture cooled to room temperature. 5,5'-Bis-morpholino-2,2'-methandiyl-di-phenol (300 mg, 0.811 mmol) was added portion wise with stirring. The mixture was then heated at 140 "C for 3 h under 10 nitrogen. The resulting solution was cooled to room temperature before the addition of ice water (5 cm 3 ). The mixture was neutralised by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40% in water) keeping the temperature below 20 *C. The resulting pink precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water (2 x 3 cm 3 ). The intermediate was added to a solution of methanol (5 cm 3 ) and HCI (600 p1, 32%) and stirred for 30 min until 15 homogeneous. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the solid dried under vacuum overnight to give the product as a purple solid (276 mg, 80 %). 6 H (250 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): 7.24 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz, 2ArH), 7.10 - 7.00 (2H, m, 2ArH), 7.05 (2H, s, 2ArH), 3.94 (2H, s, CH 2 ), 3.92 - 3.81 (8H, m, 4CH 2 ), 3.35 - 3.27 (8H, m, 4CH 2 ); 20 vmax (KBr)/cm 1 : 2916, 2866, 2637, 2581, 1649, 1597, 1487, 1459, 1384, 1246, 1167, 1118, 1058; m/z (ESI): 353.19 (100%, [M-HCl 2 ]'). Synthesis 24 3,6-Bis-pyrrolidino xanthene dihydrochloride OH OH N N .2HCI 25 3,6-Bis-pyrolidino xanthene dihydrochloride

H

2

SO

4 (900 pi, 98 %) was added to water (100 pl) and the mixture cooled to room 30 temperature. 5,5'-Bis-pyrolidino-2,2'-methandiyl-di-phenol (100 mg, 0.296 mmol) was added portion wise with stirring. The mixture was then heated at 140 *C for 3 h under nitrogen. The resulting solution was cooled to room temperature before the addition of WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 96 ice water (5 cm 3 ). The mixture was neutralised by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40 %) keeping the temperature below 20 *C. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water (5 cm 3 ). The intermediate was added to a solution of methanol (5 cm 3 ) and HCI (400 pi, 32%) and stirred for 30 min until homogeneous. The 5 solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the solid dried under vacuum overnight to give the product as a purple solid (84 mg, 72 %). SH (250 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): 7.13 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz, ArH), 6.70 - 6.58 (6H, m, 6ArH), 3.87 (2H, s, CH 2 ), 3.40 - 3.29 (4H, m, 4CH 2 ), 2.10 - 1.94 (4H, m, 4CH 2 ); vmax (KBr)/cm': 2984, 10 2658, 1604, 1508, 1492, 1384, 1345, 1221, 1164, 1117, 1059, 1000; m/z (ESI): 321.20 (100%, [M-HCl21*). Synthesis 25 3,6-Bis-piperidino xanthene dihydrochloride OH OH N N 0 N No 0 2HCl 15 3,6-Bis-piperidino xanthene dihydrochloride

H

2

SO

4 (900 pI, 98 %) was added to water (100 pl) and the mixture cooled to room 20 temperature. 5,5'-Bis-piperidino-2,2'-methandiyl-di-phenol (350 mg, 0.956 mmol) was added portion wise with stirring. The mixture was then heated at 140 *C for 3 h under nitrogen. The resulting solution was cooled to room temperature before the addition of ice water (5 cm 3 ). The mixture was neutralised by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40 %) keeping the temperature below 20 *C. The resulting pink precipitate was collected 25 -Ffiltration, wash-edwithl watef-(2-x~5~ii 3 )~The iiterin diateWas -dds-d-to--a -stion of methanol (5 cm 3 ) and HCI (600 pl, 32%) and stirred for 30 min until homogeneous. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the solid dried under vacuum overnight to give the product as a purple solid (298 mg, 74 %). 30 8H (250 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): 7.73 (2H, s, ArH), 7.65 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz, ArH), 6.47 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz, ArH), 4.12 (2H, s, CH 2 ), 3.64 - 3.47 (8H, m, 4CH 2 ), 2.20 - 1.89 (8H, m, 4CH 2 ), 1.77 1.57 (4H, m, 2CH 2 ); vmax (KBr)/cm 1 : 2951, 2522, 1613, 1504, 1479, 1447, 1412, 1300, 1272, 1225, 1198, 1154, 1119; m/z (ESI): 349.23 (100%, [M-HCl 2

]').

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 97 Synthesis 26 2,6,10-tris-diethylamino-4,8,12-trioxatrianguleum hexafluorophosphate OMe OMe MeO - OMe MeO OMe MeO + OMe BF 4 | | MeO OMe OMeOMe NEt2 NEt 2 MeO / OMe 0 0 MeO + OMe PF PF 6 2I NEt Et 2 N O NEt 2 2 OMeOMe 2 + 5 Laursen, B. W., Krebs, F. C., Nielsen, M. F., Bechgaard, K., Christensen, J. B., Harrit, N., Journal of the American Chemical Society, 120, 1998, 12255. Tris-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)carbenium tetrafluoroborate 10 PhLi (20 cm 3 , 35.71 mmol, 1.8 M dibutyl ether) was added to trimethoxybenzene (5.00 g, 29.76 mmol) in dry benzene (20 cm 3 ) under N 2 . The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 5 days. Diethyl carbonate (1.17 g, 9.22 mmol) in benzene (30 cm 3 ) was added and the reaction heated to reflux for 3 days, before being cooled to room 15 temperature. The reaction mixture was poured into NaOH (60 cm 3 , 1 M). the mixture was extracted with diethyl ether (3 x 40 cm 3 ) and the combined extracts dried (MgSO 4 ). HBF 4 (2.3 cm 3 , 48 %) was added to the solution and the resulting precipitate collected by filtration and dried under vacuum. The solid was dissolved in CH 3 CN (30 cm 3 ) and H 2 0 was added until precipitation of the product occurred. The bulk solution was decanted and 20 the residue dried under vacuum. Column chromatography [1:9 MeOH/DCM (R: 0.2)] gave the product as a green solid (1.68 g, 28 %). 5H (250 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 6.04 (6H, s, 6ArH), 3.97 (9H, s, 30CH 3 ), 3.57 (18H, s, 60CH 3 ); Vmax (KBr)/cm 1 : 2941, 1594, 1560, 1474, 1420, 1260, 1229, 1166, 1118, 1084, 1060, 1022; 25 m/z (ESI): 513.21 (100%, [M-HBF 4

]*).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -98 Tris(4-diethylamino-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl) carbenium hexafluorophosphate Tris-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)carbenium tetrafluoroborate (270 mg, 0.450 mmol) was dissolved in NMP (3 cm 3 ). Diethylamine (7.56 g, 0.103 mol) was added and the reaction 5 stirred at room temperature for 9 days. The mixture was then poured into an aqueous solution of KPF 6 (20 cm 3 , 0.2 M). The mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 1 h, collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to give the product as a green/blue solid (295 mg, 84 %) 10 8H (250 MHz, CDC 3 ): 5.71 (6H, s, 6ArH), 3.60 - 3.21 (30H, m, 60CH 3 and 6CH 2 ), 1.24 (18H, t, J = 7 Hz, 6CH 3 ); 5, (100 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 163.3, 153.9, 114.9, 88.4, 56.0, 45.2, 13.0 (1 carbon missing); vmax (KBr)/cm- 1 : 2974, 1595, 1507, 1458, 1386, 1340, 1269, 1124, 1076, 843; m/z (ESI): 636.40 (100%, [M-HPF 6 ]*). 15 2,6, 10-Tris-diethylamino-4,8,12-trioxatrianguleum hexafluorophosphate Tris(4-diethylamino-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl) carbenium hexafluorophosphate (250 mg, 0.32 mmol) and Lil (428 mg, 3.20 mmol) were added to NMP (25 cm 3 ). The mixture was heated to 170 *C for 4 h under N 2 . The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature 20 overnight before being poured into an aqueous solution of KPF 6 (125 cm 3 , 0.2 M). The resulting orange precipitate was collected by filtration, and then dissolved in DCM (100 cm 3 ). The solution was washed with an aqueous solution of KPF 6 (2 x 30 cm 3 , 0.2 M), dried (Na 2

SO

4 ) and the solvent removed. Column chromatography [1:2 EtOAc/DCM (R: 0.35)] gave the product as an orange solid (96 mg, 47 %). 25 8H (250 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 6.45 (6H, s, 6ArH), 3.53 (12H, q, J= 7 Hz, 6CH 2 ), 1.24 (18H, t, J 7 Hz, 6CH 3 ); Sc (100 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 155.8, 150.3, 94.3, 94.2, 46.0, 12.3; vmax (KBr)/cm 1 : 2977, 1647, 1605, 1509, 1446, 1349, 1281, 1139, 843; m/z (ESI): 498.27 (100%, [M- WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 99 Synthesis 27 3-Diethylamino-7-dimethylaminophenazinium chloride SnCl2 EtOH Me 2 N NO 2 Me 2 N NH 2 MsCI, NaOH, H20 NH3C Me 2 N NHMs Et 2 N N7 K2r2O, H20 N(C Et 2 N N NMe 2 H 5 3-Diethylamino-7-dimethylaminophenazinium chloride Adapted from D. F Gloster, L. Cincotta, J. W Foley, J. Heterocyclic Chem., 36, 1999, 25. N,N-diethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (1.00 g, 6.17 mmol) was added slowly to dilute HCI 10 (700 pl, 32%) in H 2 0 (100 cm 3 ). The mixture was stirred until it was homogeneous. N-[3-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methanesulphonamide (1.32 g, 6.17 mmol) in methanol (60 cm 3 ) was added, followed by a saturated aqueous solution of potassium dichromate (2 cm 3 ). The mixture refluxed for 15 min. The mixture was cooled and diluted with water (200 cm 3 ), acidified with hydrochloric acid (1 M) and then extracted with chloroform (6 x 15 30 cm 3 ). The combined extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and the solvent removed-u nder-reduced-pressure-Column-chromatography- (1:9 methanol/dichloromethane) gave the target material as a green solid (451 mg, 22%). 6 H (250 MHz, CDCI 3 ): 7.85 (2H, d, J = 10 Hz, 2ArH), 7.30 - 7.25 (2H, m, 2ArH), 6.97 (2H, 20 s, 2ArH), 3.51 (4H, q, J = 7 Hz, 2CH 2 ), 3.13 (6H, s, 2CH 3 ), 1.26 (6H, J = 7 Hz, 2CH 3 ); m/z (ESI): 295 (26%, [M-Cl]*), 324 (100%).

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 100 Synthesis 28 3-Diethylamino-7-dimethylaminooxazinium perchlorate NO Et 2 N OH Me 2 N

HCIO

4 , EtOH N ]0CIO Et2 N O NOe2 5 3-Diethylamino-7-dimethylaminooxazinium perchlorate Adapted from a procedure by: A. Kanitz, H, Hartmann, Eur, J, Org, Chem., 1999, 923. 3-Diethylaminophenol (1.10 g, 6.67 mmol), NN-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline (1.00 g, 6.67 10 mmol) and perchloric acid (1 cm 3 ) were heated together in ethanol (30 cm 3 ) for 5 min. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight. Column chromatography (1:9 methanol/dichloromethane) gave the product as a green solid (184 mg, 7%). 15 6, (250 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 7.76 - 7.71 (2H, m , 2ArH), 7.19 - 7.14 (2H, m, 2ArH), 6.98 - 6.95 (2H, m, 2ArH), 3.75 (4H, q, J = 7 Hz, 2CH 2 ), 3.43 (6H, s, 2CH 3 ), 1.39 (6H, J = 7 Hz, 2CH 3 ); m/z (ESI): 296 (100%, [M-Cl]*). Example 2 - Activity and Therapeutic Index In vitro assay for establishing B50 2U This is described in detail in WO 96/30766. Briefly, a fragment of tau corresponding to the core repeat domain, which has been adsorbed to a solid phase substrate, is able to capture soluble full-length tau and bind tau with high affinity. This association confers stability against proteolytic digestion of the aggregated tau molecules. The process is 25 self-propagating, and can be blocked selectively by prototype pharmaceutical agents. More specifically, truncated tau (residues 297-390; dGA) diluted in carbonate buffer (pH 9.6) was bound to the assay plate, and full-length tau (T40) was added in the aqueous phase. The aqueous phase binding buffer contained 0.05% Tween-20 and 1% gelatine in 30 phosphate-buffered saline (pH7.4). Bound tau was detected using mAb 499 that WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 101 recognises an N-terminal epitope within the aqueous phase full-length tau but that fails to recognise the solid phase-bound truncated tau fragment. The concentration of compound required to inhibit the tau-tau binding by 50% is referred 5 to as the B50 value. Cell-based assay for establishing EC50 The process is described in more detail in WO 02/055720. In essence, fibroblast cells 10 (3T6) express full-length tau ("T40") under control of an inducible promotor, and low constitutive levels of the PHF-core tau fragment (12 kD fragment). When T40 expression is induced, it undergoes aggregation-dependent truncation within the cell, N-terminally at - cxa 295 and C-terminally at - aa 390, thereby producing higher levels of the 12 kD PHF-core domain fragment. Production of the 12 kD fragment can be blocked in a dose 15 dependent manner by tau-aggregation inhibitors. Indeed the quantitation of inhibitory activity of compounds with respect to proteolytic generation of the 12 kD fragment within cells can be described entirely in terms of the same parameters which describe inhibition of tau-tau binding in vitro. That is, the extent of proteolytic generation of the 12 kD fragment within cells is determined entirely by the extent to tau-tau binding through the 20 repeat domain. The availability of the relevant proteases within the cell is non-limiting. Results are expressed as the concentration at which there is a 50% inhibition of generation of the 12 kD fragment. This is referred to as the EC50 value. 25 Toxicity in cells - LD50 and therapeutic index (Rxl) Toxicity of the compounds described herein was assessed in the cell based assay used to assess EC50. Toxicity was measured by cell numbers after 24 hrs exposure to the compound using a lactate dehydrogenase assay kit TOX-7(Sigma Biosciences) according 30 to the manufacturer's instructions after lysis of remaining cells. Alternatively a kit from Promega UK (CytoTox 96) was used, again according to the manufacturer's instructions. The therapeutic index (Rxl) was calculated as follows: Rxl = LD50 / EC50.

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 102 Table 2: Activity and Therapeutic Index of Compounds A to 0 Compound B50 (pM) EC50 (pM) LD50 (pM) RxI MTC 218 20.1 (6) 0.59 0.04 (69) 65.0 ±5.0 (38) 110 DMMTC 3.4 0.2 (2) 0.04 ± 0.004 (22) 2.7 ± 1.2 (6) 67 DMAXC 38.5 6.9 (3) 0.2 t 0.11 (2) 39.2 ± 10.5 (5) 196 A 33.8 5.2 (3) 0.0061 ±0.0024 (9) 19 ±2.7 (22) 3115 B 254.1 26.4 (3) 0.0081 ± 0.0035 (9) 30.8 4.6 (4) 3802 C 461 130 (3) 0.47 5.99 2.6 (4) 13 D 49.4 7.6 (5) 0.017 0.01 (4) 30 ± 3.4 (10) 1764 312.1 t 28.4 (7) 0.014 0.002 (7) 15.8 ± 2.8 (16) 1131 E* 389.6 322.0 (2) 0.048 ±0.008 (17) 19.37 2.3 (7) 404 F 260.1 57.1 (3) 0.042 ± 0.030 (5) 24.6 6.3 (5) 586 G 89.4 15.7 (3) 0.079 ± 0.024 (6) 35.8 5.5 (6) 453 H NE 0.054 0.01 (10) 113 18 (11) 2093 1 HNO 3 NE 0.032 0.007 (6) 20.4 ± 3.5 (8) 638 J NE 0.011 0.006 (5) 17 3 (10) 1545 K NE 0.23 0.13 (3) 21.2 ± 12 (3) 91 L 21.7 2.7 (3) 0.30 22 ± 8.6 (3) 73 M 110.4 6.2 (3) 0.44 NT NT N 93.1 17 (3) NT 136 19.3 (4) NT 0 190.2 33.2 (3) 3.9 3.5 (3) 115 17 (9) 29 AB 413.5 1.72 1.0 (4) 78 54 (6) 45 AC 129.4 ± 11.9 (3) 1.43 0.14 (4) 14.5 8.4 (8) 34 AD 126.4 3.0 (3) 0.35 0.10 (5) 19 ±9 (5) 54 AE 324.5 87.1 (3) 0.051 ± 0.012 (5) 21 ± 8 (7) 412 AF 186.7 28.3 (4) 22 4.2 (5) 144 ±67 (10) 7 ---- AG--- -- 257--- -50.3-(5)- 1-42-±-0-75-(5)- -13.8-+-6.2-(8) -. 12 AH 129.4 ± 15.5 (3) 0.26 0.073 (9) 121 52 (12) 465 Al NE 16 11 (3) 280 121 (10) 17 AJ NE 0.37 0.1 (6) 125 57 (10) 334 AK 284.1 ± 101.2 (5) 0.64 0.27 (5) 44 ± 26 (8) 69 AL 8.5 ±0.9 (3) 0.13 0.07 (4) 8 4 (6) 62 AM 634.1 1.1 0.24 (5) 93 19 (6) 85 AN NE 0.54 0.08 (4) 167 29 (6) 309 NE = no effect when tested to 500 ptM. NT = not tested B50, EC50, LD50 values are expressed as mean values (in tM) ± SE, with number of 5 replications in parentheses. RxI = EC50/LD50. * results from two different synthetic batches of compound E WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 103 References: The following references are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety: 5 US 3,932,415 DE 65282 JP 2000/344684 WO 96/30766 WO 02/055720 10 W002/075318 Albert, Journal of the Chemical Society 1947, 244. Biehringer, Chemische Berichte 1894, 27, 3299. Biehringer, Journal Fur Praktische Chemie 1896, 54, 217. 15 Bondareff, W. et al., 1994, J. Neuropath. Exper. Neurol., Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 158-164. Braak et al. (2003) Spectrum of pathology. In Mild cognitive impairment: Aging to Alzheimer's disease edited by Petersen, R.C.; pp. 149-189. Chamberlin et al. Journal of Organic Chemistry 1962, 27, 2263. Flament et al. Brain Res. 1990, 516, 15-19. 20 Goedert et al., 1989, EMBO J., Vol. 8, pp. 393-399. Goedert et al., 1989, Neuron, Vol. 3, pp. 519-526. Gloster et al. J. Heterocyclic Chem. 1999, 36, 25. Haley Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry 1977, 14, 683. Harrington et al. Dementia 1994, 5, 215-228. 25 Hof et al. Acta Neuropathol. 1992, 85, 23-30. Hof et al. Neurosci. Lett. 1992, 139, 10-14. Ikeda et al. Neurosci. Lett. 1995, 194, 133-135. Jakes et al., 1991, EMBO J., Vol. 10, pp. 2725-2729. Kang et al., 1987, Nature, Vol. 325, p733k 30 Kanitz and Hartmann, Eur, J, Org, Chem. 1999, 923. Lai et al., 1995, Neurobiology of Ageing, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 433-445. Mena et al., 1995, Acta Neuropathol., Vol. 89, pp. 50-56. Mena et al., 1996, Acta Neuropathol., Vol. 91, pp. 633-641. Mukaetova-Ladinska, E.B., et al., 2000, Am. J. Pathol., Vol. 157, No. 2, pp. 623-636. 35 Muller et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 54, 1975, 267. Nealey and Driscoll, J. Hetero. Chem. 1966, 3, 228. Novak et al., 1993, EMBO J., Vol. 12, pp. 365-370. Prostota and Kovtun Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds 2003, 39, 1537-1538. Shelanski et a/. (1973) Proc. Nat/. Acad. Sci. USA 1973, 70, 765-768 40 Wischik et al., 1988, PNAS USA, Vol. 85, pp. 4506-4510.

WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -104 Wischik, et al., 1988, PNAS USA, Vol. 85, pp. 4884-4888. Wischik et al., 1996, PNAS USA, Vol. 93, pp. 11213-11218. Wischik et al., 1997, in "Microtubule-associated proteins: modifications in disease", Eds. Avila, J., Brandt, R. and Kosik, K. S. (Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam) 5 pp.185-241. Wischik et al. (in 'Neurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease', 2nd Edition, 2000, Eds. Dawbarn, D. and Allen, S.J., The Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology Series, Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives, 2nd Edition (eds. M. Ash and I. Ash), 2001 10 (Synapse Information Resources, Inc., Endicott, New York, USA). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20th edition, pub. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2000. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 2nd edition, 1994. Uddin, M. J., Marnett L., J., Organic Letters, 10, 2008, 4799. 15 Laursen, B. W., Krebs, F. C., Nielsen, M. F., Bechgaard, K., Christensen, J. B., Harrit, N., Journal of the American Chemical Society, 120, 1998, 12255. Love, S., Bridges, L.R. & Case, C.P., Brain, 1995, 118, 119-129 "Neurofibrillary tangles in Niemann-Pick disease type C". Ohmi, K., Kudo, L.C., Ryazantsev, S., et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of 20 Sciences 2009, 106, 8332-8337 "Sanfilippo syndrome type B, a lysosomal storage disease, is also a tauopathy'. Sergeant, N., Sablonniere, B., Schraen-Maschke, S., et al. Human Molecular Genetics, 2001, 10, 2143-2155 "Dysregulation of human brain microtubule-associated tau mRNA maturation in myotonic dystrophy type 1", and references therein. 25 Maurage, C.A., Udd, B., Ruchoux, M.M., et al. Neurology, 2005, 65, 1636-1638, "Similar brain tau pathology in DM2/PROMM and DMI/Steinert disease". McKee, A., Cantu, R., Nowinski, C., Hedley-Whyte, E., Gavett, B., Budson, A., Santini, V., Lee, H.-S., Kubilus, C. & Stern, R. (2009) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury. Journal of Neuropathology & 30 Experimental Neurology 68, 709-735

Claims

1. A compound for use in a method of treatment or prophylaxis of the human or animal body by therapy, wherein the compound is a compound of formula (1), (II) 5 or (111): R13a R13b R R 14R b N O N3 R 1R1a R 15a R16 R 7R Rx R HX (Ill) N Y N 12 13& R R RR R N NR 1 2 H+X 10 11l R Ri wherein: X~ is a counter ion; where Z is present: 10 Y is 0, and Z is N or C-R 5 ; or Y is NH, and Z is N; or Y is S, and Z is C-R 5 ; where Z is absent: 15 Yis OorS; WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 106 -R 1 , and -R 2 are each independently saturated C 1 . 6 alkyl, or R 1 and R 2 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; 5 -R 3 and -R 4 are each independently saturated C 1 . 6 alkyl, or R 3 and R 4 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C 3 . 7 heterocycle; -R 9 , and -R 10 are each independently saturated C 1 . 6 alkyl; 10 or -R 9 and -R 10 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; -R' 1 and -R 12 are each independently saturated C 1 . 6 alkyl, or -R 11 and -R , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a 15 saturated C3.7 heterocycle; -R 5 is independently -H, or saturated C 1 6 alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -RSA, or phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R 5 A 20 each -R 5 A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -1, -OH, -OR 6 , -SH, -SR 6 , -CN, -NO 2 , -NH 2 , -NHR 6 , -NR 6 2 , -NHC(=O)R 6 , -NR 6 C(=O)R 6 , -C(=O)OR 6 , -OC(=O)R 6 , -C(=O)NH 2 , -C(=O)NHR 6 , and -C(=O)NR 6 2 , -C(=O)R 6 , -C(=O)OH, -S(=O)R 6 , -S(=O) 2 R 6 , and -S(=0) 2 OH; 25 each -R 6 is independently saturated aliphatic Clalkyl, phenyl, or benzyl; -R 7 and -R8 are each independently selected from: -H, saturated Cl-alkyl, C 2 - 4 alkenyl, and halogenated Calkyl; and 6U additionally, when Z is C-R 5 and R 5 is phenyl, -R 7 and -R 8 may each independently be a bridging group, W, which is bonded to said R 5 ; W is 0, NR 1 7 , S, or C(R 17 ) 2 wherein each R 17 is independently selected from H, saturated aliphatic C1 alkyl, and R 5 A; 35 -R1 3 a, -R1 3 b, -R14a, -R1 4 b, -R1 5 a, -R5b, -R 1 6a, and -R1 6 b are each independently selected from H and saturated aliphatic C- alkyl; with the proviso that the compound is not 3,6-bis-dimethylamino xanthylium 40 chloride (DMAXC). WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -107

2. A compound for use according to claim 1, wherein X- is selected from the group consisting of: N03-, C10 4 , F, C[, Br, 1~, ZnCl 3 ~, FeC 4 and PF6-. 5

3. A compound for use according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein -R 5 is independently -H, or saturated aliphatic C 1 . 6 alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R 5 A.

4. A compound according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein -R 5 is -H. 10

5. A compound according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein -R 5 is saturated aliphatic C 1 4 alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R 5 A.

6. A compound according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein -R 5 is saturated aliphatic 15 C 1 . 4 alkyl, which is substituted with one or more substituents -RSA

7. A compound according to claim 5, wherein each -R 5 A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, or -1. 20

8. A compound according to claim 6, wherein -R 5 is -CF 3 .

9. A compound according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein -R 5 is phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R 5 A 25

10. A compound according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein -R 5 is phenyl, which is substituted with one or more substituents -R 5 A

11. A compound according to claim 9 or claim 10, wherein each -R 5 A is independently selected from NH 2 and NO 2 . 30

12. A compound according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein -R 5 is unsubstituted saturated aliphatic C 1 . 4 alkyl.

13. A compound according to claim 12, wherein -R 5 is -Et. 35

14. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the compound is a compound of formula (1). 40 WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 108

15. A compound according to claim 14, wherein the compound is a compound of formula (Ic): R 5 X(D (Ic) NS O NCD+ 5 wherein X and R 5 are as defined for the compounds of formula (I).

16. A compound according to claim 15, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: Compound Structure and Name Cl® A 2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-Octahydro-1 H,5H, 11 H,1 5H diquinolizino[1,9-bc:1',9'-hi] xanthylium chloride NO9 N O Ne 3 -B_ T"________ 2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-Octahydro-1H,5H,11H,15H diquinolizino[1,9-bc:1',9'-hi] xanthylium nitrate WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 109 Compound Structure and Name CF CIG 8-(Trifluoromethyl)-2,3,5,6,11,12,14,15-octahydro 11H,4H, 1 OH, 1 3H-diquinolizino[9,9a, 1 -bc;9',9a'1'-hi] xanthylium perchlorate CI D N0 O Na 8-Ethyl-2,3,6,7,12,13,16,1 7-octahydro 1 H,5H, 11 H, 1 5H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc; 1',9'-hi] xanthylium chloride

17. A compound according to claim 14, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: Compound Structure and Name N O N NO 3- AE 1,1,7,7,11,11,17,17-Octamethyl-2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17 octahydro-1 H,5H, 11 H, 1 5H-diquinolizino [1,9-bc:1',9'-hi] xanthylium nitrate 5

18. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the compound is a compound of formula (II). 10 WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -110

19. A compound according to claim 18, wherein -R 1 , -R 2 , -R 3 and -R 4 are each independently saturated aliphatic C 1 . 6 alkyl.

20. A compound according to claim 18 or claim 19, wherein -R 7 and -R 8 are each 5 independently selected from: -H, saturated C14alkyl, C 2 . 4 alkenyl, and halogenated C 1 . 4 alkyl.

21. A compound according to any one of claims 18 to 20, wherein the compound is a compound of formula (Ila): 10 R 5 R 9R 1 XG (Ila) R R wherein: X~ is a counter ion; 15 -R', and -R 1 * are each independently saturated C 1 . 6 alkyl; or -R 9 and -Rl , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C 3 . 7 heterocycle; 20 -R 1 ' and -R 1 2 are each independently saturated C 1 . 6 alkyl, or -R 1 and -R', together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a -saturated-G 3 : 7 -heterocyclet and -R 5 is as defined according to the compounds of formula (11). 25

22. A compound according to claim 21, wherein R 9 , -R' , -R 1 and -R 12 are each independently saturated C 2 - 6 alkyl.

23. A compound according to claim 22, wherein each of -R 9 , -R'", -Rll and -R 12 is 30 independently saturated aliphatic C2- 6 alkyl.

24. A compound according to claim 23, wherein one of -R 9 and -Rl 0 , and one of -Rll and -R 1 2 is -Et. WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -111

25. A compound according to claim 24, wherein -R 9 , -R' 0 , -R 11 and -R 12 are each -Et.

26. A compound according to claim 21, wherein R 9 and R 10 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C 3 . 7 heterocycle and R" 5 and R , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, independently form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle.

27. A compound according to claim 26, wherein the saturated C3-7 heterocycle formed by R 9 and R 10 and the saturated C3.7 heterocycle formed by R" and R 12 are 10 independently selected from: morpholine, piperidine, and pyrrolidine.

28. A compound according to claim 21 wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: Compound Structure and Name FN N 1Cl CI E Et 2 N O NEt 2 Li 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride N Nz N 7 N I Br® F Et2N 0 NEt 2 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium bromide FeCI G Et 2 N 0 NEt 2 4 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium iron tetrachloride NO Et 2 N MO NEt 2 3 L3yl 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthyliumn nitrate WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -112 Compound Structure and Name NO 3 HNO 3 1 -HNO 3 Et 2 N 0 NEt 2 L 0] 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium nitrate - HNO 3 Et 2 N 0 NEt 2 CI 9-Ethyl-3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride

29. A compound according to claim 21 wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: Compound Structure and Name F I ] NO AB Me 2 N O NMe 2 3 3,6-Bis-dimethylamino xanthylium nitrate NEt 2 AC (~ Et 2 N O NEt 2 NO 3 3,6-Bis-diethylamino-9-(4-diethylanilino) xanthylium nitrate WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -113 Compound Structure and Name NO 2 AD NO G Et 2 N 0 NEt 2 NO 3 3,6-Bis-diethylamino-9-(4-nitrophenyl) xanthylium nitrate N N A ~N 0 GN AF NOJNO 3 3,6-Bis-morpholino xanthylium nitrate 'N N AG r C) NOG 3,6-Bis-piperidino xanthylium nitrate AH N NO3 3,6-Bis-pyrrolidino xanthylium nitrate

30. A compound according to any one of claims 18 to 20 of formula (11b): 5 WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -114 R7 R8 R1 X (11b) R R N2 Y3N R R wherein: Y is 0 or NH, and Z is N; or 5 Y is S, and Z is C-R 5 ; and X~, -R1, -R 2 , -R 3 , -R 4 , -R 5 , -R 7 and -R 8 are defined according to the compound of formula (11). 10

31. A compound according to claim 30, wherein -R 1 , -R 2 , -R 3 , and -R 4 are each -Me.

32. A compound according to claim 30 or claim 31 wherein Y is S and Z is C-R 5 .

33. A compound according to claim 30 or claim 31, wherein Y is 0 or NH, and Z is N. 15

34. A compound according to any one of claims 30 to 33, wherein each of -R 7 and -R 8 is independently -H, saturated C1.4alkyl or halogenated C 1 4 alkyl.

35. A compound according to any one of claims 30 to 33, wherein each of -R 7 and 20 R 8 is -H.

36. A compound according to claim 30 wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: Compound Structure and Name K Et 2 N S 'N NEt 2 0 L3a 3,6-Bis(diethylamino)thioxanthylium iodide WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -115 Compound Structure and Name joc ZnCI L Me 2 N S NMe 2 3 3,6-Bis(dimethylamino)thioxanthylium zinc trichloride M Me 2 N S NMe 2 3 Le 3,6-Bis(dimethylamino)-1,9-dimethylthioxanthylium zinc trichloride N Me2N NMe2 H 2 H 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenazinium chloride N C Me 2 N 0 NMe 2 - -- - 3-7=Bis(dimethylamino)oxazinium-perchlorate- - AM Et2 N NMe 2 J H 2 li 3-Diethylamino-7-dimethylaminophenazinium chloride WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -116 Compound Structure and Name N CIO Et 2 N 0 NMe 2 4 ANL 3-Diethylamino-7-dimethylaminooxazinium perchlorate

37. A compound according to any one of claims 18 to 20 of formula (VI): R 5 A W W (VI) 1 4 XG R N Y N' 2 3e R R 5 wherein X-, Y, W, -R 1 ,-R 2 , -R 3 , -R 4 and -R 5 A are as defined according to the compounds of formula (11).

38. A compound according to claim 37, wherein each W is independently selected 10 from O, NH or S.

39. A compound according to claim 38, wherein each W is independently 0.

40. A compound according to claim 39 which is a compound of formula (Vla): 15 WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -117 R 5 A o o (Vla) 1R 4 XO N O NR R R wherein X-, -R 1 ,-R 2 , -R 3 , -R 4 , -R 5 and -R 5 A are as defined according to the compounds of formula (VI). 5

41. A compound according to claim 37 wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: NEt 2 0 0 AL N N N Et 2 N 0 NEt 2 P 2,6,1 0-Tris-diethylamino-4,8,12-trioxotrianguleum hexafluorophosphate 10

42. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the compound is a compound of formula (Ill).

43. A compound according to claim 42, wherein each of -R 9 , -R 1 , -R 11 and -R1 2 is 15 independently saturated aliphatic C 2 - 6 alkyl.

44. A compound according to claim 43, wherein -R 9 , -R 10 , -R 11 and -R 12 are each -Et. WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -118

45. A compound according to claim 42 wherein the compound is: Compound Structure and Name H Et 2 N O NEt 2 2 HCI 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthene dihydrochloride

46. A compound according to claim 42 wherein R 9 and R 10 , together with the nitrogen 5 atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle and R" and R' 2 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, independently form a saturated C 3 . 7 heterocycle.

47. A compound according to claim 46, wherein the saturated C3.7 heterocycle formed 10 by R 9 and R 1 0 and the saturated C3.7 heterocycle formed by R" and R 12 are independently selected from: morpholine, piperidine, and pyrrolidine.

48. A compound according to claim 42 wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: 15 Al N N O 0 .2HCI 3,6-Bis-morpholino xanthene dihydrochloride N N AJ .2HCI 3,6-Bis-pyrrolidino xanthene dihydrochloride WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -119 AK N N L ]) .2HCI 3,6-Bis-piperidino xanthene dihydrochloride

49. A compound for use in a method of treatment or prophylaxis of a tauopathy 5 condition in a patient, wherein the compound is a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 48.

50. A compound for use in a method of treatment or prophylaxis of a disease of tau protein aggregation in a patient, wherein the compound is a compound as defined 10 in any one of claims 1 to 48.

51. A compound for use in a method of treatment or prophylaxis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Pick's disease, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 15 (FTDP-17), disinhibition-dementia-parkinsonism-amyotrophy complex (DDPAC), pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND), Guam-ALS syndrome, pallido-nigro-luysian degeneration (PNLD), cortico-basal degeneration (CBD), Dementia with Argyrophilic grains (AgD), Dementia pugilistica (DP), Down's Syndrome (DS), Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) Subacute sclerosing 20 panencephalitis (SSPE), MCI, Neumann Pick disease, type C (NPC), Sanfilippo syndrome type B, mucopolysaccharidosis Ill B (MPS Ill B), myotonic dystrophies (DM), DM1 or DM2, or chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in a patient, wherein the compound is a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 48. 25

52. A compound for use in a method of treatment or prophylaxis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a patient, wherein the compound is a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 48. 30

53. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 52, wherein the compound is provided in the form of a dosage unit comprising the compound in an amount of from 20 to 300 mg and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient. WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 120

54. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 53, wherein the treatment or prophylaxis comprises administration of the compound according to the following dosage regime: about 50 or about 75 mg, 3 or 4 times daily. 5

55. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 53, wherein the treatment or prophylaxis comprises administration of the compound according to the following dosage regime: about 100 or about 125 mg, 2 times daily.

56. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 55, wherein the treatment or 10 prophylaxis comprises oral administration of the compound.

57. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 56, wherein the treatment or prophylaxis further comprises treatment with a cholinesterase inhibitor. 15

58. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 56, wherein the treatment or prophylaxis further comprises treatment with Donepezil (AriceptTM), Rivastigmine (Exelon TM ), or Galantamine (Reminyl TM ).

59. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 56, wherein the treatment or 20 prophylaxis further comprises treatment with an NMDA receptor antagonist.

60. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 56, wherein the treatment or prophylaxis further comprises treatment with Memantine (Ebixa T M , Namenda T M ). 25

61 A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 56, wherein the treatment or prophylaxis further comprises treatment with a muscarinic receptor agonist.

62. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 56, wherein the treatment or prophylaxis further comprises treatment with an inhibitor of amyloid precursor 30 protein processing to beta-amyloid.

63. Use of a compound in the manufacture of a medicament for use in a method of 35 treatment or prophylaxis of a tauopathy condition in a patient, wherein the compound is a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 48.

64. Use of a compound in the manufacture of a medicament for use in a method of treatment or prophylaxis of a disease of tau protein aggregation in a patient, 40 wherein the compound is a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 48. WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB20091002865 -121

65. Use of a compound in the manufacture of a medicament for use in a method of treatment or prophylaxis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Pick's disease, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), disinhibition-dementia-parkinsonism-amyotrophy 5 complex (DDPAC), pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND), Guam-ALS syndrome, pallido-nigro-luysian degeneration (PNLD), cortico-basal degeneration (CBD), Dementia with Argyrophilic grains (AgD), Dementia pugilistica (DP), Down's Syndrome (DS), Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE),MCI, Neumann Pick disease, type C (NPC), Sanfilippo 10 syndrome type B, mucopolysaccharidosis Ill B (MPS IlIl B), myotonic dystrophies (DM), DM1 or DM2, or chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in a patient, wherein the compound is a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 48.

66. Use of a compound in the manufacture of a medicament for use in a method of 15 treatment or prophylaxis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a patient, wherein the compound is a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 47.

67. Use according to any one of claims 63 to 66, wherein the medicament is a dosage unit comprising the compound in an amount of from 20 to 300 mg and a 20 pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.

68. Use according to any one of claims 63 to 67, wherein the treatment or prophylaxis comprises administration of the compound according to the following dosage regime: about 50 or about 75 mg, 3 or 4 times daily. 25

69. Use according to any one of claims 63 to 67, wherein the treatment or prophylaxis comprises administration of the compound according to the following dosage regime: about 100 or about 125 mg, 2 times daily. 30

70. Use according to any one of claims 63 to 69, wherein the treatment or prophylaxis comprises oral administration of the compound.

71. Use according to any one of claims 63 to 70, wherein the treatment or prophylaxis further comprises treatment with a cholinesterase inhibitor. 35

72. Use according to any one of claims 63 to 71, wherein the treatment or prophylaxis further comprises treatment with Donepezil (AriceptTM), Rivastigmine (Exelon T M), or Galantamine (ReminylTM). 40

73. Use according to any one of claims 63 to 72, wherein the treatment or prophylaxis further comprises treatment with an NMDA receptor antagonist. WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 122

74. Use according to any one of claims 63 to 73, wherein the treatment or prophylaxis further comprises treatment with Memantine (Ebixa TM , Namenda TM ). 5

75. Use according to any one of claims 63 to 74, wherein the treatment or prophylaxis further comprises treatment with a muscarinic receptor agonist.

76. Use according to any one of claims 63 to 75, wherein the treatment or prophylaxis further comprises treatment with an inhibitor of amyloid precursor protein 10 processing to beta-amyloid.

77. A method of reversing or inhibiting the aggregation of tau protein comprising 15 contacting the aggregate or protein with a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 48.

78. A method of regulating the.aggregation of a tau protein in the brain of a mammal, which aggregation is associated with a disease of tau protein aggregation, 20 comprising the step of administering to said mammal a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 48.

79 A method of inhibiting production of protein aggregates in the brain of a mammal, 25 comprising the step of administering to said mammal a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 48.

80. A method of treatment or prophylaxis of a tauopathy condition in a patient Ju comprising administering to said patient a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 48.

81. A method of treatment or prophylaxis of a disease of tau protein aggregation in a patient comprising administering to said patient a compound as defined in any one 35 of claims 1 to 48.

82. A method of treatment or prophylaxis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Pick's disease, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), disinhibition-dementia 40 parkinsonism-amyotrophy complex (DDPAC), pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND), Guam-ALS syndrome, pallido-nigro-luysian degeneration (PNLD), WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 123 cortico-basal degeneration (CBD), Dementia with Argyrophilic grains (AgD), Dementia pugilistica (DP), Down's Syndrome (DS), Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), MCI, Neumann Pick disease, type C (NPC), Sanfilippo syndrome type B, mucopolysaccharidosis Ill B (MPS III 5 B), myotonic dystrophies (DM), DM1 or DM2, or chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in a patient, comprising administering to said patient a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 48.

83. A method of treatment or prophylaxis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a patient, 10 comprising administering to said patient a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 48. 15

84. A compound for use in a method of diagnosis or prognosis of a tau proteinopathy, wherein the compound is a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 48; and wherein the compound incorporates, is conjugated to, is chelated with, or is otherwise associated with, one or more detectable labels. 20

85. Use of a compound in the manufacture of a diagnostic or prognostic reagent for use in the diagnosis or prognosis of a tau proteinopathy of patient, wherein the compound is a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 48; and wherein the compound incorporates, is conjugated to, is chelated with, or is otherwise associated with, one or more detectable labels. 25

86. A method of labelling tau protein or aggregated tau protein comprising the step of: contacting the tau protein or aggregated tau protein with a compound as 30 defined in any one of claims 1 to 48; wherein the compound incorporates, is conjugated to, is chelated with, or is otherwise associated with, one or more detectable labels.

87. A method of detecting tau protein or aggregated tau protein comprising the steps 35 of: contacting the tau protein or aggregated tau protein with a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 48; wherein the compound incorporates, is conjugated to, is chelated with, or is otherwise associated with, one or more detectable labels; and 40 detecting the presence and/or amount of said compound bound to tau protein (or aggregated tau protein). WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -124

88. A method of diagnosis or prognosis of a tau proteinopathy in a subject believed to suffer from the disease, comprising the steps of: (i) introducing into the subject a compound as defined in any one of claims 5 1 to 48; wherein the compound incorporates, is conjugated to, is chelated with, or is otherwise associated with, one or more detectable labels, (ii) determining the presence and/or amount of said compound bound to tau protein or aggregated tau protein in the brain of the subject, (iii) correlating the result of the determination made in (ii) with the disease 10 state of the subject.

89. A compound of formula (1): R13a R13b R5 R14a R14b N O N R 1sa R16 15 wherein X, R 5 , -R" 13 , -R13b, -R1 4 a, -R14b, -R1a, -R1b, -Ra 16 , and -R1 6 b are as defined in any one of claims 14 to 17, with the proviso that the compound is not: 20 2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-octahydro-1H,5H,1 1H,15H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc:1',9' hi] xanthylium chloride ("compound A); 8-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3,5,6,11,12,14,15-octahydro-1 H,4H, 1 OH, 13H diquinolizino[9,9a,1-bc;9',9a'1'-hi] xanthylium perchlorate ("compound C"); or 2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-octahydro-1H,5H,11H,15H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc:1',9'-hi] 25 xanthylium perchlorate ("compound X"). WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 125

90. A compound of formula (Ic): R 5 NO (Ic) wherein X and R 5 are as defined in any one of claims 14 to 16, with the proviso that the compound is not: 5 2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-octahydro-1 H,5H, 11 H, 1 5H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc: 1',9'-hi] xanthylium chloride ("compound A"); 8-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3,5,6,11,12,14,15-octahydro-1 H,4H, 1 OH, 13H diquinolizino[9,9a,1-bc;9',9a'1'-hi] xanthylium perchlorate ("compound C"); or 2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-octahydro-1H,5H,1 1H,15H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc:1',9'-hi] 10 xanthylium perchlorate ("compound X").

91. A compound of formula (11): R7 R8 R Ra RK R~ N XO (11) N Y N'R3 R R 15 wherein X, Y, Z, R', R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 7 and R 8 are as defined in any one of claims 18 to 41, with the proviso that the compound is not: 3,6-bis(dimethylamino)thioxanthylium zinc trichloride ("compound LZ"); 20 3,6-bis(dimethylamino)thioxanthylium perchlorate ("compound LP"); 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenazinium chloride ("compound MC"); 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenazinium perchlorate ("compound MP"); 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)oxazinium chloride ("compound 0"); 3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride ("compound E"); 25 3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthylium iron tetrachloride ("compound G"); 3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthylium zinc trichloride ("compound Y"); WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 126 9-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,6-Bis-dimethylamino xanthylium chloride ("compound AX'); 3,6-bis-dimethylamino xanthylium chloride (DMAXC); 2,6,10-tris-diethylamino-4,8,12-trioxatrianguleum hexafluorophosphate 5 ("compound AL").

92. A compound according to claim 89, of formula (Ila): R 5 RN N ' R 12 XO (Ila) 110 I 1 i R R 10 wherein X, R 5 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 and R1 2 are as defined in any one of claims 21 to 29, with the proviso that the compound is not: 3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride ("compound E"); 3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthylium iron tetrachloride ("compound G"); 15 3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthylium zinc trichloride ("compound Y") 3,6-bis-dimethylamino xanthylium chloride ("DMAXC").

93. A compound according to claim 89, of formula (1lb): R 7 R 8 R R4 X (11b) R 2 3a R R 20 wherein X, Y, Z, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R and R are as defined in any one of claims claims 30 to 36, with the proviso that the compound is not: 25 3,6-bis(dimethylamino)thioxanthylium zinc trichloride ("compound LZ"); 3,6-bis(dimethylamino)thioxanthylium perchlorate ("compound LP"); 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenazinium chloride ("compound MC"); WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 -127 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenazinium perchlorate ("compound MP"); or 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)oxazinium chloride ("compound 0").

94. A compound according to claim 89, of formula (VI): 5 R 5 A W W (VI) 1 4 XG R N Y N R 1 2 1 3a R R wherein X-, Y, W, -R',-R 2 , -R 3 , -R 4 and -R 5 A are as defined in any one of claims 37 to 41, with the proviso that the compound is not 2,6,10-tris-diethylamino-4,8,12 trioxotrianguleum hexafluorophosphate. 10

95. A compound according to claim 89, of formula (Via): R 5 A 0 0 (Via) R R N 0 W' R R wherein X-, Y, W, -R 1 ,-R 2 , -R 3 , -R 4 and -R 5 A are as defined in any one of claims 39 15 to 40, with the proviso that the compound is not 2,6,10-tris-diethylamino-4,8,12 trioxotrianguleum hexafluorophosphate. WO 2010/067078 PCT/GB2009/002865 - 128

96. A compound of formula (1ll): R 5 R,- R 2 H+X- (l) R R" wherein Y, X, R 5 , R 9 , R 10 , R 1 and R 12 are as defined in any one of claims 42 to 5 48, with the proviso that the compound is not 3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthene dihydrochloride ("compound H").