AU2009216080B2

AU2009216080B2 - Solar thermal energy storage method

Info

Publication number: AU2009216080B2
Application number: AU2009216080A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Noboru Kikuchi; Norihiko Nakamura
Original assignee: Toyota Motor Corp
Current assignee: Toyota Motor Corp
Priority date: 2008-02-22
Filing date: 2009-02-20
Publication date: 2011-11-03
Anticipated expiration: 2029-02-20
Also published as: WO2009104820A1; ZA201005919B; CN101946134B; EG26154A; IL207472A; CN101946134A; ES2363959B2; JP2009197733A; IL207472A0; ES2363959A1; JP5012559B2; MA32187B1; AU2009216080A1

Abstract

Disclosed in the invention of the present patent application is a method for storing solar energy. The solar thermal energy storage method disclosed in the present invention includes acquiring solar thermal energy, using a portion of the aforementioned solar thermal energy acquired to carry out a reaction to generate hydrogen from water, and using another portion of the aforementioned solar thermal energy acquired to carry out a reaction to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and the hydrogen obtained in step (b).

Description

C.NRPonbPDCC\TRN\115223_ .DOC-20/09/211 -1 METHOD FOR STORING SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY FIELD The present invention relates methods and systems for storing solar thermal energy. 5 BACKGROUND The recent global warming grows into an increasingly serious problem and comes to have a possibility of threatening the human survival in the future. The main cause thereof is considered to be carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) released into the 10 atmosphere from fossil fuels that have been used in a large amount as an energy source in the 20th century. Accordingly, it is believed that the continued use of fossil fuels will not be allowed in the near future. On the other hand, the increase in energy demand with the rapid economical growth in so-called 15 developing countries such as China, India and Brazil leads to a fear that the exhaustion of petroleum and natural gas, heretofore considered inexhaustible, becomes a reality. If this situation continues, as fully expected also from the recent sudden rise in oil price, fossil fuels such as 20 petroleum and natural gas cannot be used as an inexpensive energy source in twenty to thirty years. Consequently, it is demanded to find a new energy source and a new fuel which neither emits carbon dioxide nor depends on the limited fossil fuel. 25 As for the alternative energy to replace the fossil fuel energy such as petroleum and natural gas, studies are being made at present on coal energy, biomass energy, nuclear energy, and natural energy such as wind energy and solar energy. In the case of using coal energy as the alternative 30 energy, a large amount of carbon dioxide is released by the combustion of coal and this is thought to become a problem. For solving this problem, it has been proposed to collect carbon dioxide at the combustion of coal and store the collected carbon dioxide underground, and - 2 numerous research projects are being carried out regarding this matter. However, the long-term stable storage of carbon dioxide is not certain and also, the places suitable for storage are unevenly distributed. 5 Furthermore, the high cost required for the recovery and transfer of carbon dioxide and the injection of carbon dioxide into the ground will become a problem. In addition, the possibility that the combustion of coal will raise an environmental issue due to generation of 10 sulfur oxide (SOx), smoke and the like will also become a problem. The biomass energy as the alternative energy, particularly the biofuel mainly comprising ethanol, is attracting a great deal of attention. However, a large 15 amount of energy is necessary for the production and concentration of ethanol from plants, and this is sometimes disadvantageous from the viewpoint of energy efficiency. Furthermore, in the case of using corn, soybean, sugarcane or the like as the raw material for 20 biofuel, since these are of course used as food and feed, escalation in the price of food and feed is incurred. Accordingly, the biomass cannot be considered as a substantial energy source except for special regions such as Brazil. 25 Use of nuclear energy as the alternative energy source is not expected to make great and worldwide progress, because no satisfactory solution is found for the treatment of radioactive waste from nuclear power plants and there are many opposing opinions based on the 30 fear of nuclear proliferation. Instead, use of nuclear energy as the alternative energy will decrease in the long term with an increase in the abolishment of aging nuclear reactors. As described above, all of the coal energy, biomass 35 energy and nuclear energy cannot be said to succeed in solving the problems of sustainability and carbon dioxide generation giving rise to global warming. Consequently, - 3 the natural energy such as wind energy and solar energy is considered to be an ideal energy source. With respect to the use of wind energy as the alternative energy, wind-power-generation plants are 5 recently spreading around the world. However, the suitable places having stable wind and no danger of typhoon, hurricane, thunderbolt or the like, or where the noise generated from a windmill does not become a problem, is limited. Accordingly, wind energy is 10 insufficient by itself, though it is a strong candidate for alternative energy. Solar energy is believed to be a most stable and intensive natural energy as the alternative energy. Particularly, there are vast deserts near the equator 15 called the Sun Belt of the globe, and the solar energy there is almost inexhaustible. In this respect, it is assumed that energy as much as 7,000 GW can be obtained by the use of a few percent of the area of the deserts extending in the southwestern area of the United States, 20 and that all of the energy for all human beings can be supplied by the use of only a few percent of the area of the desserts in the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa. In this way, the solar energy is very potent as the alternative energy, however, from a practical use 25 standpoint, it is considered necessary to solve the problems that (1) the energy density of solar energy is low and (2) the storage and transfer of solar energy are difficult. As for the problem that the energy density of solar 30 energy is low, a resolution by collecting solar energy by means of a massive collector has been proposed. However, the storage and transport of solar energy are very difficult in particular when the transport distance is long and the amount of energy is large. 35 Solar energy is generally converted into electric power as the secondary energy directly by a solar cell or indirectly by a steam turbine or the like, and thereby turned into a form convenient for use and transport. When solar energy is converted into electric power, the electric power energy can be transferred on an electric power transmission line, and therefore the problem of 5 energy transfer is overcome in principle. However, in the case where a plant for obtaining electric power energy from solar energy is installed in a solar energy rich desert region, a high-capacity electric power transmission line needs to be newly built and maintained, 10 but this is difficult in many cases. Furthermore, it is thought to be very difficult to transfer the electric power energy obtained from solar energy, for example at a plant in a desert region to another continent or island country across the ocean. 15 Storage of the electric power sometimes becomes a problem. Development of a battery for storing electric power is a previously-existing major theme and is being continued all over the world. However, even the most advanced lithium ion battery is not satisfactory with 20 regard to the storage of a large amount of electric power, and a battery particularly for a large amount of electric power needs to be developed in terms of safety. Also, in the plant for obtaining electric power energy from solar energy, a massive thermal storage unit, an 25 auxiliary boiler and the like, as well as the battery, are required in case power generation becomes difficult due to bad whether or the like, and these constitute a huge construction cost. Studies are being also made to convert solar energy 30 as the primary energy into hydrogen as the secondary energy, and synthesize ammonia, methane or the like by using the obtained hydrogen as a raw material (Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2006-319291). Hydrogen is attracting attention as clean energy, 35 but similar to electric power, its storage is a major problem. For the supply to a fuel cell, much research on hydrogen storage have been recently carried out, and it C.NRPonbliDCC\TRN3K 15221 1 DOC-2i/09/21111 -5 is becoming apparent that the practical application thereof is not easy. Also, as for the transfer of hydrogen, the construction of hydrogen pipelines is more difficult than the construction of electric power transmission lines. In 5 particular, the construction of a hydrogen pipeline network infrastructure for the supply to users is difficult. Furthermore, liquid hydrogen must be stored at -2530C, and therefore storage of liquid hydrogen can not be considered at present, except for special usages such as space development. 10 As described above, although efforts to convert solar energy as the ultimate sustainable energy into electric power, hydrogen or the like as the secondary energy are being made at present all over the world, there are large problems in the storage and transfer of such secondary energy. Unless the 15 problems regarding the storage and transfer of the energy are overcome, worldwide distribution as well as usage in a mobile body such as a vehicle, airplane or ship will be very difficult to attain. It is desired to address or ameliorate one or more 20 disadvantages or limitations associated with the prior art, or to at least provide a useful alternative. SUMMARY In accordance with the present invention there is provided a method for storing solar thermal energy, comprising: 25 (a) acquiring solar thermal energy; (b) performing a reaction to produce hydrogen from water by using a part of the acquired solar thermal energy; and, (c) performing a reaction to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and the hydrogen obtained in the step (b), by using 30 another part of the acquired solar thermal energy. Embodiments of the present invention can contribute to a solution of the problem of solar energy regarding storage and transfer, and enable worldwide use of solar energy, and the problem of emission of carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas 35 and the problem of depletion of petroleum oil.

C :RPonbrDCC\TRWI813223_1 DOC-21PU9/2011 -5A A first set of methods of embodiments is described below as (Al) to (A20). (Al) A method for converting solar thermal energy obtained in a first region into motive power energy used in a second 5 region, the second region having a solar-radiation amount smaller than that of the first region, includes: synthesizing ammonia from air and water by using, as an energy source, only the solar thermal energy acquired in the first region, - 6 transferring the ammonia from the first region to the second region, and burning the ammonia in the second region such that nitrogen and water are produced, thereby obtaining motive 5 power energy. (A2) The method described in (Al) above can include in the transfer step, using the ammonia as a fuel to obtain at least a part of the electric power and/or motive power necessary for performing the transfer. 10 (A3) The method described in (Al) or (A2) above can include releasing the nitrogen and water produced in the burning step into the atmosphere and then reusing them as ammonia source in the synthesis step. (A4) The method described in any one of (Al) to (A3) 15 above can include acquiring the motive power energy by using an internal combustion engine. (A5) The method described in any one of (Al) to (A4) above can include, in the step of synthesizing the ammonia: 20 (1) performing a reaction to produce hydrogen from water by using a part of the acquired solar thermal energy; and (2) performing a reaction to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and the hydrogen obtained in the step (1), 25 by using another part of the acquired solar thermal energy. (A6) The method described in any one of (Al) to (A5) above can include obtaining at least a part of the electric power and/or motive power necessary for 30 performing the synthesis step by using the acquired solar thermal energy. (A7) The method described in any one of (Al) to (A6) above can include obtaining at least a part of the electric power, motive power and/or heat necessary for 35 performing the synthesis step by using the synthesized ammonia as a fuel. (A8) The method described in any one of (A5) to (A7) above can include in the step (1), performing the reaction to produce hydrogen from water by using the acquired solar thermal energy directly as a heat source. (A9) The method described in (A8) above can include 5 obtaining at least a part of the solar thermal energy used as a heat source in the step (1) by a parabolic dish-type collector and/or a solar tower-type collector. (A1O) The method described in (A6) or (A7) above can include in the step (1), performing the reaction to 10 produce hydrogen from water by using the electric power as a heat source. (All) The method described in (A6) or (A7) above can include in the step (1), performing the reaction to produce hydrogen from water by electrolyzing water with 15 use of the electric power. (A12) The method described in (AlO) or (All) above can include acquiring the solar thermal energy by a parabolic trough-type collector. (A13) The method described in any one of (A5) to 20 (A12) above can include in the step (2), synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen by using the acquired solar thermal energy directly as a heat source and/or as a motive power source. (A14) The method described in (A13) above can 25 include obtaining the solar thermal energy used as a heat source in the step (2) by a parabolic trough-type collector. (A15) The method described in any one of (A5) to (A7) above can include in the step (1), performing the 30 reaction to produce hydrogen from water by using the acquired solar thermal energy directly as a heat source; obtaining at least a part of the solar thermal energy used as a heat source in the step (1) by a parabolic dish-type collector and/or a solar tower-type collector; 35 in the step (2), performing the reaction to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen by using the acquired solar thermal energy directly as a heat source and/or as -8 a motive power source; and, obtaining the solar thermal energy used as a heat source in the step (2) by a parabolic trough-type collector. (A16) The method described in (A6) or (A7) above 5 can include obtaining the nitrogen by subjecting the air to cryogenic separation using the electric power and/or motive power. (A17) The method described in any one of (A5) to (A15) above can include obtaining the nitrogen by burning 10 the hydrogen obtained in the step (1) to consume oxygen in the air. (A18) A method for using solar thermal energy obtained in a first region, as motive power energy used in a second region, the second region having a solar 15 radiation amount smaller than that of the first region, includes: synthesizing ammonia from air and water by using, as an energy source, only the solar thermal energy acquired in the first region; and, 20 transferring the ammonia to the second region in order to obtain motive power energy by burning the ammonia in such a way that nitrogen and water are produced. (A19) A method for using solar thermal energy 25 obtained in a first region, as motive power energy used in a second region, the second region having a solar radiation amount smaller than that of the first region, includes: receiving, in the second region, ammonia synthesized 30 from air and water by using, as an energy source, only the solar thermal energy acquired in the first region; and burning the ammonia such that nitrogen and water are produced in the second region, thereby obtaining motive 35 power energy. (A20) A method for converting solar thermal energy obtained in a first region into motive power C.NRPonb\DCC\TRN3K15223_I-DOC-2W/9/2011 -9 energy used in a second region, the second region having a solar-radiation amount smaller than that of the first region, includes: collecting sunlight to acquire solar thermal energy by a 5 solar thermal energy acquisition apparatus in the first region; synthesizing ammonia from air and water by using, as an energy source, only the solar thermal energy acquired by an ammonia synthesis apparatus in the first region; liquefying the ammonia by an ammonia-liquefaction 10 apparatus in the first region; transferring the liquefied ammonia by an ammonia transportation apparatus from the first region to the second region; and burning the ammonia by a motive power energy-generation 15 apparatus in the second region such that nitrogen and water are produced, thereby obtaining motive power energy. A second set of methods of embodiments is described below as (B1) to (B14). (Bi) A method for storing solar thermal energy includes: 20 (a) acquiring solar thermal energy; (b) performing a reaction to produce hydrogen from water by using a part of the acquired solar thermal energy; and (c) performing a reaction to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and the hydrogen obtained in the step (b), by using 25 another part of the acquired solar thermal energy. (B2) The method described in (Bi) above can include obtaining at least a part of the electric power and/or motive power necessary for performing the method by using the solar thermal energy acquired in the step (a). 30 (B3) The method described in (Bl) or (B2) above can include obtaining at least a part of the electric power, motive power and/or heat necessary for performing the - 10 method by using the synthesized ammonia as a fuel. (B4) The method described in any one of (B1) to (B3) above can include using only the solar thermal energy acquired in the step (a) as an energy source. 5 (B5) The method described in any one of (Bl) to (B4) above can include in the step (b), performing the reaction to produce hydrogen from water by using the solar thermal energy acquired in the step (a) directly as a heat source. 10 (B6) The method described in (B5) above can include obtaining at least a part of the solar thermal energy used as a heat source in the step (b) by a parabolic dish-type collector and/or a solar tower-type collector. (B7) The method described in (B2) or (B3) above can 15 include performing in the step (b), the reaction to produce hydrogen from water by using the electric power as a heat source. (B8) The method described in (B2) or (B3) above can include in the step (b), performing the reaction to 20 produce hydrogen from water by electrolyzing water with use of the electric power. (B9) The method described in (B7) or (B8) above can include in the step (a), acquiring the solar thermal energy by a parabolic trough-type collector. 25 (B10) The method described in any one of (B1) to (B9) above can include in the step (c), synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen by using the solar thermal energy acquired in the step (a) directly as a heat source and/or as a motive power source. 30 (Bl) The method described in (BlO) above can include obtaining the solar thermal energy used as a heat source in the step (c) by a parabolic trough-type collector. (B12) The method described in any one of (B1) to 35 (B4) above can include: in the step (b), performing the reaction to produce hydrogen from water by using the solar thermal energy acquired in the step (a) directly as CANRPonbDCOTRM31I1223.I DOC-20A/Ir/201l -11 a heat source; obtaining at least a part of the solar thermal energy used as a heat source in the step (b) by a parabolic dish type collector and/or a solar tower-type collector; in the step (c), performing the reaction to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen 5 and hydrogen by using the solar thermal energy acquired in the step (a) directly as a heat source and/or as a motive power source; and obtaining the solar thermal energy used as a heat source in the step (c) by a parabolic trough-type collector. (B13) The method described in (B2) or (B3) above can 10 include obtaining the nitrogen by subjecting the air to cryogenic separation using the electric power and/or motive power. (B14) The method described in any one of (B1) to (B12) above can include obtaining the nitrogen by burning the hydrogen obtained in the step (b) to consume oxygen in the air. 15 According to the above-described methods, the problems of global warming and the depletion of petroleum oil and natural gas can be addressed using almost inexhaustible solar thermal energy through conversion or storage thereof. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 20 Preferred embodiments of the present invention are hereinafter further described, by way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is a view for explaining one example of a first conversion system. 25 Fig. 2 is a view for explaining one example of a second conversion system. Fig. 3 is a view for explaining energy flow of the first conversion system. Fig. 4 is a schematic view showing a parabolic dish-type 30 collector. Fig. 5 is a schematic view showing a solar tower-type collector. Fig. 6 is a schematic view showing a parabolic trough-type collector. 35 Fig. 7 is a view showing an example of equipment for - 12 performing the solar thermal energy storing method. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS As regards the storage and transfer of solar energy, the following three substances are considered to be 5 candidates for a liquid fuel which can be produced from water, air and solar thermal energy and are easy to store and transfer: (1) hydrogen peroxide (H 2 02); (2) hydrazine (NH 2

NH

2 ) ; and, 10 (3) ammonia (NH 3 ). Among these substances, in view of easy handleability, ammonia is expected to be a useful candidate. Ammonia is a highly irritating gas and is a deleterious substance that causes damage to the 15 respiratory system when a high-concentration gas thereof is inhaled. However, by virtue of its strong odor, the gas leakage even in a small amount of about 5 ppm, which is 1/1,000 or less of the lethal amount, can be detected by a human being, and occurrence of accidental leakage on 20 the actual market is seldom reported. For example, ammonia is being used as a cooling medium for a refrigerator in a fishing boat or the like, along with chlorofluorocarbon, but fatal accidents due to the leakage of ammonia is about 1/10 of the death ratio at 25 the leakage of harmless and odorless chlorofluorocarbon. Also, the disaster by explosion during the transfer of ammonia is 1/5 or less of that for gasoline or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Furthermore, the global ammonia production at 30 present is about 150 million tons per year, and a large amount of ammonia is mainly used for fertilizers. Also from such actual use in a large amount on the market, ammonia is believed to have sufficiently high social receptivity 35 Ammonia has physical characteristics close to those of LPG and is easily liquefied under about 8 atms at ordinary temperature, and the storage and transfer - 13 thereof have satisfactory results and are not particularly problematic. Also, ammonia is defined as a nonflammable substance, and has small ignition ability, low combustion speed even on ignition, and narrow 5 combustion range, and therefore, its handling is considered to be no particular problem. The energy density of ammonia is about half that of gasoline and almost equal to that of methanol. However, in the theoretical mixing, the calorific value of ammonia 10 is greater than that of gasoline, and therefore ammonia is satisfactorily applicable as a fuel even for a mobile body. Furthermore, ammonia can be supplied to a remotely-located thermoelectric power generation plant by a tanker or the like, and burned instead of natural gas 15 or coal. In this case, the theoretical efficiency of ammonia is considered to surpass that of natural gas and coal. In the combustion of ammonia, a combustion reaction represented by the following formula A can be performed: 20 2NH 3 + 3/202 -+ N 2 + 3H 2 0 + (heat generation) ... (Formula A) That is, carbon dioxide is not produced in the combustion of ammonia, and there arises no problem regarding global warming. 25 Incidentally, it is described, for example in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 5-332152, to obtain the motive power by burning ammonia as above. <Energy Conversion Method> A conversion system 1 for converting solar thermal 30 energy into motive power energy is described below with reference to Fig. 1. The conversion system 1 comprises a solar thermal energy-acquisition apparatus 10 for collecting sunlight 200 to produce solar thermal energy, an ammonia-synthesis 35 apparatus 20 for synthesizing ammonia from water and air by using the solar thermal energy (details of ammonia synthesis are described later regarding the solar thermal - 14 energy storing method), an ammonia-transportation apparatus 30, and a motive power energy-generation apparatus 40 for burning the ammonia to produce motive power energy. 5 The solar thermal energy-acquisition apparatus 10 and the ammonia-synthesis apparatus 20 are disposed in a first region 3, and the motive power energy-generation apparatus 40 is disposed in a second region 5 geographically different from the first region 3. 10 The ammonia synthesis reaction from air and water is, as described later, an endothermal reaction as a whole. Accordingly, the ammonia-synthesis apparatus 20 uses the solar thermal energy as a reaction heat to produce ammonia (NH 3 ) and oxygen (02) from nitrogen (N 2 ) 15 contained in air and water (H 2 0). The produced ammonia is optionally liquefied, and then transferred as a fuel from the first region 3 to the second region 5 by the ammonia transportation apparatus 30. In the second region 5, the ammonia is burned by the motive power energy-generation 20 apparatus 40 such that nitrogen and water are produced, thereby motive power energy 240 and thermal energy 250 are produced. Nitrogen and water are harmless substances present in a large amount in the atmosphere. Therefore, when 25 nitrogen and water produced by the combustion are released into the atmosphere, they circulate according to convection flows present in the natural world and can be again used as raw materials of the ammonia-synthesis apparatus 20 located in the first region 3. 30 The conversion system 1 has an energy balance of inputting sunlight 200 and outputting motive power energy 240 and thermal energy 250 and, on the other hand, has a material balance by the following circulation loop: nitrogen + water -+ ammonia + oxygen (synthesis of 35 ammonia), and ammonia + oxygen -> nitrogen + water (combustion of ammonia). In all steps of the conversion system 1, a chemical substance containing a carbon atom - 15 is not required and therefore, carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) is not discharged at all. In this way, the conversion system 1 uses ammonia produced with use of air and water, as a conveyance 5 substance of the solar thermal energy, thereby the solar thermal energy acquired in the first region 3 can be used as the motive power energy in the second region 5. Also, the conversion system 1 performs the energy conversion by the circulation of chemical substances (water, nitrogen 10 in air, and ammonia) each having no carbon atom, and therefore does not discharge carbon dioxide in all steps of the system. Incidentally, the solar thermal energy-acquisition apparatus 10 is preferably disposed in a region having a 15 large solar-radiation amount, and therefore the first region is preferably a region having a solar-radiation amount larger than the second region in which the motive power energy is used. The ammonia-synthesis apparatus 20 also discharges oxygen. Oxygen is a valuable substance 20 for the production of chemical products, and therefore, equipment that uses oxygen may be provided in the first region. One example of the conversion system 2 is described below with reference to Fig. 2. 25 As shown in the figure, the ammonia-synthesis apparatus 20 comprises an ammonia-synthesis plant 22, an ammonia liquefaction apparatus 24 for compressing and liquefying ammonia with cooing water and then chilling the liquefied ammonia by refrigerant which is obtained by 30 expanding the compressed ammonia; an electric power generating plant 25 for generating an electric power with use of a steam turbine using steam produced by the solar heat or with use of a gas turbine (including a combined type with a steam turbine) using the combustion of 35 ammonia; offloading equipment for liquefied ammonia 26; a cooling tower (not shown) for cooling water; and, a water-treatment apparatus (not shown) for purifying water - 16 from well water, seawater and the like. Incidentally, as for the ammonia-synthesis plant 22, the description regarding the solar thermal energy storing method below may be referred to. 5 The ammonia-transportation apparatus 30 is a liquefied-ammonia ship 32 in the case of marine transportation, and a tank truck 34 or a pipeline 36 in the case of ground transportation. In the second region 5, the ammonia is received by 10 ammonia-receiving equipment 42, or the ammonia is directly supplied to a motive power energy-generation apparatus 40. The motive power energy-generation apparatus 40 (e.g. gas turbine, automobile) acquires the motive power energy from the ammonia combustion by an 15 internal combustion engine. In this way, the conversion system 2 uses ammonia produced from air and water, as a conveyance substance of the solar thermal energy, thereby the solar thermal energy acquired in the first region 3 can be used as the 20 motive power energy in the second region 5. Also, the conversion system 2 performs the energy conversion by the circulation of chemical substances (water, nitrogen in air, and ammonia) each having no carbon atom and therefore, carbon dioxide is not discharged in the solar 25 thermal energy-acquisition apparatus 10 and ammonia synthesis apparatus 20 of the first region, as well as in the motive power energy-generation apparatus 40 of the second region. The energy flow of the conversion system 1 is 30 described below with reference to Fig. 3. Sunlight 200 is converted into solar thermal energy 210 through a solar thermal energy-acquisition apparatus 10. The solar thermal energy 210 is converted into chemical energy 220 as potential energy of ammonia by an 35 ammonia-synthesis apparatus 20. A part 215 of the solar thermal energy 210 is used as a heat source, a motive power source and/or an electric power source in the - 17 ammonia-synthesis apparatus 20. The chemical energy 220 is transferred by an ammonia-transportation apparatus 30 from the first region 3 to the second region 5. In the transfer, the ammonia 5 transportation apparatus 30 can use a part of the chemical energy 220 (i.e. energy obtained by burning a part of the transferred ammonia by an internal combustion engine of the ammonia-transportation apparatus 30) as transfer energy 225 (i.e. as at least part of electric 10 power and/or motive power necessary for the transportation). In this case, the chemical energy 220 is partially consumed by the ammonia-transportation apparatus 30, and after the transfer to the second region 5, becomes chemical energy 230. 15 The chemical energy 230 is converted into motive power energy 240 and thermal energy 250 through a motive power energy-generation apparatus 40 which burns the ammonia such that nitrogen and water are produced. (Although not shown, waste heat energy may be generated 20 in the ammonia-synthesis apparatus 20 and the ammonia transportation apparatus 30.) In this way, by using the chemical energy of ammonia, the sunlight 200 input in the first region 3 is transferred to the second region 5 in the form of the 25 motive power energy 240 and thermal energy 250. The conversion system 1 does not require use of an energy source other than sunlight 200. Accordingly, the conversion system 1 enables converting solar thermal energy 210 into motive power energy 240 without 30 discharging carbon dioxide in all steps of the system. <Solar Thermal Energy Storing Method> The method for storing solar thermal energy comprises: (a) acquiring solar thermal energy; (b) performing a reaction to produce hydrogen from water by 35 using a part of the acquired solar thermal energy, for example as a part of a heat source, a motive power source and/or an electric power source, particularly by using - 18 the energy directly as a heat source or as an electric power source; and, (c) performing a reaction to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and the hydrogen obtained in the step (b) by using another part of the 5 acquired solar thermal energy, for example as a heat source, a motive power source and/or an electric power source, particularly by using the energy as a heat source and/or a motive power source. According to this energy storing method, ammonia is 10 synthesized using solar thermal energy, so that the solar thermal energy can be stored in the form of chemical energy of ammonia. In a preferred embodiment of this method, at least a part of the electric power and/or motive power necessary 15 for performing this method is obtained by using the solar thermal energy acquired in the step (a). In another preferred embodiment, at least a part of the electric power, motive power and/or heat necessary for performing this method is obtained by using the synthesized ammonia 20 as a fuel. In still another preferred embodiment, only the solar thermal energy acquired in the step (a) is used as an energy source. Examples of the electric power necessary for performing this method include electric power used in 25 driving a pump/compressor for flowing and/or compressing a fluid such as raw material, and electric power for further heating the heat source. Examples of the motive power necessary for performing this method include motive power used in driving of a pump/compressor for flowing 30 and/or compressing a fluid such as raw material. Examples of the heat necessary for performing this method include heat for further heating the heat source. In order to elevate the temperature of the heat source to a temperature which is higher than that obtained directly 35 by the solar thermal energy, it is sometimes preferred to supply a part of the thermal energy for the heat source by electric power.

- 19 According to these embodiments, the method can be performed while reducing or preferably eliminating the use of conventional fossil fuels such as petroleum. The entire reaction in the synthesis of ammonia from 5 water and nitrogen is represented by the following formula (B):

N

2 + 3H 2 0 -+ 2NH 3 + 3/202 (endothermic) ... (Formula B) In the solar thermal energy storing method, ammonia 10 (NH 3 ) is synthesized from water (H 2 0) and nitrogen (N 2 ) through a reaction between hydrogen (H2) and nitrogen (N 2 ) by using the solar thermal energy as an energy source for the reaction. The solar thermal energy storing method is described in detail below. 15 <Solar Thermal Energy Storing Method - Step (a) (acquisition of solar thermal energy)> In the solar thermal energy storing method, solar thermal energy is acquired in the step (a). In the step (a), any light collector can be used for 20 acquiring solar thermal energy. For example, the following light collectors (1) to (3) can be used (1) Parabolic Dish Type The parabolic dish-type collector 140 shown in Fig. 4 comprises a dish reflector part 141 for collecting 25 light by reflecting sunlight 200, and a light-receiving part 142 for receiving the collected light. The solar thermal energy is acquired in this light-receiving part 142. The solar thermal energy obtained in the light receiving part 142 can be transferred to an appropriate 30 portion by optionally using a heat medium such as molten alkali metal (e.g. molten metal sodium), molten salt, oil and steam. The light collector of this type is suitable for a relatively small plant and is preferably used in the 35 solar thermal energy range of approximately from 10 kW to several hundreds kW. In general, the light collector of this type has high light-collecting power, and a high- - 20 temperature heat source of 2,000*C or more can be obtained, but the cost is relatively high. (2) Solar Tower Type The solar tower-type collector 150 shown in Fig. 5 5 comprises a plurality of heliostats (reflector parts) 151 for collecting light by reflecting sunlight 200, and a light-receiving part 153 for receiving the collected light. The solar thermal energy is acquired in this light-receiving part 153. The light-receiving part 153 10 is disposed at the top of the light-receiving tower 152. The solar thermal energy obtained in the light-receiving part 153 can be transferred to an appropriate portion by optionally using a heat medium. The light collector of this type is suitable for a 15 large plant of 10 MW to several hundreds MW. In general, the light collector of this type has large light collecting power, and a high-temperature heat source of several thousands *C can be obtained, but the construction cost of the tower is high and a high-level technique is 20 required to control the mirror reflectors. (3) Parabolic Trough Type The parabolic trough-type collector 160 shown in Fig. 6 comprises a trough reflector part 161 for collecting light by reflecting sunlight 200 and a light 25 receiving part 162 for receiving the collected light. The solar thermal energy is acquired in this light receiving part 162. The solar thermal energy obtained in the light-receiving part 162 can be transferred to an appropriate portion by optionally conducting a heat 30 medium through a heat medium flow path 163. The light collector of this type enjoys a simple structure and a low cost, and is suitable for a large plant of generally several hundreds MW, but the light collecting power is low and the heat source obtained is a 35 low-temperature heat source of 400 to 5000C. In this way, the light collector each has advantages - 21 and disadvantages. Accordingly, in the energy storing method, any one of these light collectors or a combination thereof may be used. Specifically, the solar thermal energy for a high-temperature heat source can be 5 obtained by a light collector having large light collecting power (for example a parabolic dish-type collector and/or a solar tower-type collector) and at the same time, the other solar thermal energy, for example solar thermal energy for a low-temperature heat source or 10 generation of motive power and/or electric power can be obtained by a light collector having small light collecting power (for example a parabolic trough-type collector). For instance, the solar thermal energy obtained by a 15 light collector having large light-collecting power can be set to be 1/2 or less, for example from 1/3 to 1/2, of the total solar thermal energy obtained by a light collector having large light-collecting power and a light collector having small light-collecting power. In view 20 of the cost of the entire collector equipment, it is sometimes preferred that the ratio of a light collector having large light-collecting power, which generally costs high, is limited in this way. <Solar Thermal Energy Storing Method - Step (b) 25 (production of hydrogen)> In the solar thermal energy storing method, a reaction to produce hydrogen from water is performed in the step (b) by using a part of the acquired solar thermal energy, particularly by using only the acquired 30 solar thermal energy, as an energy source. In the step (b), for obtaining hydrogen from water, any method can be used. Specifically, for example the following water splitting processes (1) to (3) are well known, along with electrolysis of water. These processes 35 focus on lowering the reaction temperature required for the decomposition reaction of water. (1) Direct Process .

- 22 This is a most fundamental process, and water is directly decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen at a high temperature according to the reaction represented by the following formula 1: 5 H 2 0 -+ H 2 + 1/202 (at 2,000*C or more) ... (Formula 1) This reaction originally requires a temperature of several thousands 0C, but can be achieved at a temperature around 2,000*C by using a catalyst. 10 (2) Zn (Zinc) Process In order to lower the temperature required in the reaction shown by the formula (1) above, there is a process of decomposing water through mediation of a third substance. A representative example thereof is a process 15 of performing the decomposition through mediation of zinc. In this case, the reactions are as follows: Zn + H 2 0 -+ ZnO + H 2 (about 400"C) ... (Formula 2) ZnO -+ Zn + 1/202 (about 1,500*C) 20 ... (Formula 3) Total Reaction:H 2 0 -+ H 2 + 1/202 This process requires two kinds of heat sources: a high-temperature heat source (about 1,5000C), and a low temperature heat source (400*C). 25 (3) I-S (Iodine-Sulfur) Cycle Process As regards the method for further decreasing the reaction temperature more than in the process (2) above, an I-S cycle process is known and the reactions thereof are as follows: 30 H 2

SO

4 -+ H 2 0 + SO 2 + 1/202 (about 950*C) ... (Formula 4) 2H 2 0 + SO 2 + 12 -+ H 2

SO

4 + 2HI (about 130*C) ... (Formula 5) 2HI -+ H 2 + 12 (about 400"C) 35 ... (Formula 6) - 23 Total reaction:H 2 0 -> H 2 + 1/202 This process requires two kinds of heat sources: a high-temperature heat source (950*C) and a low-temperature heat source (400 0 C). 5 As described above, at least in a part of these reactions of (1) to (3) for producing hydrogen from water by using heat, a heat source having a relatively high temperature is required. This heat source having a relative high temperature 10 can be provided by using the solar thermal energy acquired in the step (a) directly as a heat source. In this case, at least a part of the required solar thermal energy can be obtained by a light collector having large light-collecting power, for example a parabolic dish-type 15 collector and/or a solar tower-type collector. Also, in order to obtain this heat source having a relative high temperature, electric power, particularly electric power obtained by using the solar thermal energy acquired in the step (a), or electric power obtained by 20 using the synthesized ammonia as a fuel. Furthermore, in the case of obtaining hydrogen without using a heat source having a relatively high temperature, that is in the case of obtaining hydrogen by the electrolysis of water, electric power, particularly electric power 25 obtained by using the solar thermal energy acquired in the step (a), or electric power obtained by using the synthesized ammonia as a fuel can be used. In this way, in the case of providing a heat source having a relatively high temperature by using electric 30 power or in the case of hydrolyzing water by using electric power, the acquisition of solar thermal energy in the step (a) can be performed by a light collector having small light-collecting power, for example by a parabolic trough-type collector. This is preferred in 35 view of cost of the entire collector equipment. <Solar Thermal Energy Storing Method - Step (c) - 24 (synthesis of ammonia)> In the solar thermal energy storing method, a reaction to produce ammonia from nitrogen and the hydrogen obtained in the step (b) is performed in the 5 step (c) by using a part of the acquired solar thermal energy, particularly by using only the acquired solar thermal energy, as an energy source. In the step (c), synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen can be achieved by any method. 10 About one hundred years ago, Haber and Bosch in Germany first succeeded in the mass production of ammonia by chemical synthesis, and the ammonia contributes as a nitrogen fertilizer to the increased production of food. The Haber-Bosch process is an endothermic reaction shown 15 below, and because of its simplicity and relatively high efficiency, is still being used at present fundamentally without any change, and this process can be used also in the energy storing method.

N

2 + 3H 2 -+ 2NH 3 (about 400*C) 20 ... (Formula 8) As shown in the formula, a heat source having a relatively low temperature (400 0 C) is used in this reaction. Incidentally, this reaction has been heretofore performed by using an iron catalyst, but in 25 recent years, ruthenium is also used in order to further lower the reaction temperature. In the case where the reaction temperature is low, the yield of ammonia becomes high as indicated by the equilibrium theory and therefore, studies are also being made in order to lower 30 the reaction temperature. The heat source having a relatively low temperature for this reaction and/or the motive power for this reaction can be provided by using the solar thermal energy acquired in the step (a). In this case, the 35 required solar thermal energy can be obtained by a light collector having small light-collecting power, for example by a parabolic trough-type collector.

- 25 Incidentally, in order to obtain nitrogen for the solar thermal energy storing method, the following methods (1) and (2) are applicable. (1) Cryogenic Separation 5 In this method, air is compressed under cooling to produce liquid air, and nitrogen is separated from the liquid air by using the difference in the boiling point between oxygen and nitrogen. In this method, high-purity nitrogen is obtained, but large-scale equipment and a 10 relatively large quantity of energy are required. For this cryogenic separation of air, electric power and/or motive power obtained by using the solar thermal energy acquired in the step (a), or electric power and/or motive power obtained by using the synthesized ammonia as 15 a fuel can be used. Also in this step, production of carbon dioxide due to use of fossil fuels can be reduced or preferably eliminated. (2) Removal of Oxygen by Combustion In conventional ammonia plants using a natural gas, 20 oxygen in air is consumed in the reforming step for obtaining hydrogen, and carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are removed by absorption from the remaining mixed gas, thereby a nitrogen gas is obtained. This method may be used also in the energy storing method, but 25 in this case, a purification treatment for reducing the concentrations of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide contained in the nitrogen gas to 10 ppm or less is sometimes required. If this treatment is not performed, the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide may adsorb to the 30 ammonia synthesis catalyst to accelerate deterioration of the catalyst. (3) On the other hand, in one embodiment of the energy storing method, a nitrogen gas may also be produced by burning the produced hydrogen (H 2 ) with air (4N 2 +0 2 ) as 35 shown in the following formula 7 and thereby consuming oxygen in the air: - 26 2H 2 + 4N 2 + 02 -+ 4N 2 + 2H 2 0 ... (Formula 7) In this case, since the combustion product is water only, and carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are not 5 produced as the combustion product, the requirement for removal of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide is reduced, or depending on the case, is eliminated. Incidentally, this reaction is an exothermic reaction and, if desired, the motive power or the like required for the energy 10 storing method can also be created by using the thermal energy generated here. One example of the solar thermal energy storing method can be performed by using the equipment shown in Fig. 7. 15 In the equipment shown in Fig. 7, solar thermal energy is acquired by a solar tower-type collector 150 having relatively large light-collecting power, and the solar thermal energy obtained here is transferred to a reaction apparatus 171 by a pipeline 178 for flowing a 20 molten salt as a heat medium. Also, solar thermal energy is acquired by a parabolic trough-type collector 160 having relatively small light-collecting power, and the solar thermal energy obtained here is transferred to the reaction apparatus 171 by a pipeline 179 for flowing 25 steam as a heat medium. In the reaction apparatus 171, a reaction to produce hydrogen from water is performed by using, as a high temperature heat source, the thermal energy supplied from the solar tower-type collector 150 having relatively 30 large light-collecting power, and using, as a low temperature heat source and/or a motive power source, the thermal energy supplied from the parabolic trough-type collector 160 having relatively small light-collecting power, thereby hydrogen is obtained. 35 Also, solar thermal energy is acquired by a parabolic trough-type collector 160 having relatively small light-collecting power and transferred to a - 27 reaction apparatus 173 by a pipeline 179 for flowing steam as a heat medium. In the reaction apparatus 173, a reaction to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen is performed by using the solar thermal energy as a heat 5 source and/or a motive power source, thereby ammonia is obtained. The nitrogen supplied to the reaction apparatus 173 is obtained by cryogenically separating air in a cryogenic separation apparatus 172, and hydrogen supplied to the reaction apparatus 173 is obtained in the 10 reaction apparatus 171. That is, in the method of this example, only sunlight energy 200, water (H 2 0) and air are supplied to the system of equipment 700 for performing the solar thermal energy storing method, and ammonia (NH 3 ) is 15 obtained therefrom. Accordingly, in this example, the solar thermal energy is stored in the form of chemical energy of ammonia, and generation of carbon dioxide is not involved. The ammonia obtained in the reaction apparatus 173 20 is optionally liquefied by a liquefaction apparatus 174 and then stored in a storage tank 175 until shipping. The solar thermal energy may be used also as a motive power source for the liquefaction apparatus. In the example shown in Fig. 7, another light 25 collector having relatively large light-collecting power, for example a parabolic dish-type collector, may be used in place of the solar tower-type collector 150. Also, only one kind of a light collector may be used in place of using two kinds of light collectors: solar tower-type 30 collector 150 and parabolic trough-type collector 160.

C :\RPonblDCC\TRN\ I15223_ IDOC-B2/09/211 -27A Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", and variations such as "comprises" and "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step 5 or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps. The reference in this specification to any prior publication (or information derived from it), or to any matter which is known, is not, and should not be taken as an 10 acknowledgment or admission or any form of suggestion that that prior publication (or information derived from it) or known matter forms part of the common general knowledge in the field of endeavour to which this specification relates.

Claims

1. A method for storing solar thermal energy, comprising: 5 (a) acquiring solar thermal energy; (b) performing a reaction to produce hydrogen from water by using a part of the acquired solar thermal energy; and, (c) performing a reaction to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and the hydrogen obtained in the step (b), by using 10 another part of the acquired solar thermal energy.

2. The method according to Claim 1, wherein at least a part of electric power and/or motive power necessary for performing the method is obtained by using the solar thermal energy acquired in the step (a). 15

3. The method according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein at least a part of the electric power, motive power and/or heat necessary for performing the method is obtained by using the synthesized ammonia as a fuel.

4. The method according to any one of Claims 1 to 3, 20 wherein only the solar thermal energy acquired in the step (a) is used as an energy source.

5. The method according to any one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein in the step (b), the reaction to produce hydrogen from water is performed by using the solar thermal energy acquired 25 in the step (a) directly as a heat source.

6. The method according to Claim 5, wherein at least a part of the solar thermal energy used as a heat source in the step (b) is obtained by a parabolic dish-type collector and/or a solar tower-type collector. 30

7. The method according to Claim 2 or 3, wherein in the step (b), the reaction to produce hydrogen from water is performed by using the electric power as a heat source.

8. The method according to Claim 2 or 3, wherein in the step (b), the reaction to produce hydrogen from water is 35 performed by electrolyzing water with use of the electric C:\NRPonbr\DCC\TRNUR15223_1 DOC-20/'9/2011 -29 power.

9. The method according to Claim 7 or 8, wherein in the step (a), the solar thermal energy is acquired by a parabolic trough-type collector. 5 10. The method according to any one of Claims 1 to 9, wherein in the step (c), ammonia is synthesized from nitrogen and hydrogen by using the solar thermal energy acquired in the step (a) directly as a heat source and/or as a motive power source.

10

11. The method according to Claim 10, wherein the solar thermal energy used as a heat source in the step (c) is obtained by a parabolic trough-type collector.

12. The method according to any one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein in the step (b), the reaction to produce hydrogen from 15 water is performed by using the solar thermal energy acquired in the step (a) directly as a heat source; at least a part of the solar thermal energy used as a heat source in the step (b) is obtained by a parabolic dish-type collector and/or a solar tower-type collector; in the step (c), the reaction to 20 synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen is performed by using the solar thermal energy acquired in the step (a) directly as a heat source and/or as a motive power source; and the solar thermal energy used as a heat source in the step (c) is obtained by a parabolic trough-type collector. 25

13. The method according to Claim 2 or 3, wherein the nitrogen is obtained by subjecting the air to cryogenic separation using the electric power and/or motive power.

14. The method according to any one of Claims 1 to 12, wherein the nitrogen is obtained by burning the hydrogen 30 obtained in the step (b) to consume oxygen in the air.

15. A system configured to perform the method of any one of Claims 1-14.

16. A method for storing solar thermal energy substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the 35 accompanying drawings. C:WRPonblDCC\TRM315223_I.DOC-20/0912011 -30

17. A system configured for storing solar thermal energy substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.