The transdermal patch formulation has many advantages, including noninvasiveness, an ability to b... more The transdermal patch formulation has many advantages, including noninvasiveness, an ability to bypass the first-pass metabolism, low dosage requirements, and prolonged drug delivery. However, the instability of solid-state drugs is one of the most critical problems observed in transdermal patch products. Therefore, a well-characterized approach for counteracting stability problems in solid-state drugs is crucial for improving the performance of transdermal patch products. This review provides insight into the solid-state stability of drugs associated with transdermal patch products and offers a comprehensive update on the various approaches being used for improving the stability of the active pharmaceutical ingredients currently being used.
Purpose of ReviewIn this review, a compilation on the current antifungal pharmacotherapy is discu... more Purpose of ReviewIn this review, a compilation on the current antifungal pharmacotherapy is discussed, with emphases on the updates in the formulation and clinical approaches of the routinely used antifungal drugs in ocular therapy.Recent FindingsNatamycin (Natacyn® eye drops) remains the only approved medication in the management of ocular fungal infections. This monotherapy shows therapeutic outcomes in superficial ocular fungal infections, but in case of deep-seated mycoses or endophthalmitis, successful therapeutic outcomes are infrequent, as a result of which alternative therapies are sought. In such cases, amphotericin B, azoles, and echinocandins are used off-label, either in combination with natamycin or with each other (frequently) or as standalone monotherapies, and have provided effective therapeutic outcomes.SummaryIn recent times, amphotericin B, azoles, and echinocandins have come to occupy an important niche in ocular antifungal pharmacotherapy, along with natamycin (still the preferred choice in most clinical cases), in the management of ocular fungal infections.
Pharmaceutical research, whether industrial or academic, has attempted to adopt approaches most e... more Pharmaceutical research, whether industrial or academic, has attempted to adopt approaches most efficient for the development of innovations. With the abundance of literature and growth of modern techniques available to minimize the number of trials, research is becoming more systematic by the day. Screening and selection of polymers for a pharmaceutical formulation can be challenging, considering the variety of polymers available and under development. Multiple considerations and experimentations are required to select a polymer to attain the target product profile. In this review, a stepwise discussion of techniques useful to screen and select polymers suitable for hot melt extrusion processing are explored and reported. First of all, selecting a range of polymers available for certain formulation types, for example, immediate release or modified release. Secondly, the screening of these selected polymers based on their physical and chemical properties as these properties should be in line with the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and the processing limitations of the equipment. Finally, selecting polymers using theoretical models such as solubility parameters and Flory Huggins modeling. Utilization of these three steps before proceeding to experimental methods will minimize the use of resources and provide a higher degree of accuracy towards the development of efficient, stable, and consistent products.
Purpose of Review In this review, a compilation on the current antifungal pharmacotherapy is disc... more Purpose of Review In this review, a compilation on the current antifungal pharmacotherapy is discussed, with emphases on the updates in the formulation and clinical approaches of the routinely used antifungal drugs in ocular therapy. Recent Findings Natamycin (Natacyn® eye drops) remains the only approved medication in the management of ocular fungal infections. This monotherapy shows therapeutic outcomes in superficial ocular fungal infections, but in case of deep-seated mycoses or endophthalmitis, successful therapeutic outcomes are infrequent, as a result of which alternative therapies are sought. In such cases, amphotericin B, azoles, and echinocandins are used off-label, either in combination with natamycin or with each other (frequently) or as standalone monotherapies, and have provided effective therapeutic outcomes. Summary In recent times, amphotericin B, azoles, and echinocandins have come to occupy an important niche in ocular antifungal pharmacotherapy, along with natamycin (still the preferred choice in most clinical cases), in the management of ocular fungal infections.
Stability of Pharmaceutical Excipients Solid-State Stability Issues of Drugs in Transdermal Patch Formulations, 2018
The transdermal patch formulation has many advantages, including noninvasiveness, an ability to b... more The transdermal patch formulation has many advantages, including noninvasiveness, an ability to bypass the first-pass metabolism, low dosage requirements, and prolonged drug delivery. However, the instability of solid-state drugs is one of the most critical problems observed in transdermal patch products. Therefore, a well-characterized approach for counteracting stability problems in solid-state drugs is crucial for improving the performance of transdermal patch products. This review provides insight into the solid-state stability of drugs associated with transdermal patch products and offers a comprehensive update on the various approaches being used for improving the stability of the active pharmaceutical ingredients currently being used.
The transdermal patch formulation has many advantages, including noninvasiveness, an ability to b... more The transdermal patch formulation has many advantages, including noninvasiveness, an ability to bypass the first-pass metabolism, low dosage requirements, and prolonged drug delivery. However, the instability of solid-state drugs is one of the most critical problems observed in transdermal patch products. Therefore, a well-characterized approach for counteracting stability problems in solid-state drugs is crucial for improving the performance of transdermal patch products. This review provides insight into the solid-state stability of drugs associated with transdermal patch products and offers a comprehensive update on the various approaches being used for improving the stability of the active pharmaceutical ingredients currently being used.
Purpose of ReviewIn this review, a compilation on the current antifungal pharmacotherapy is discu... more Purpose of ReviewIn this review, a compilation on the current antifungal pharmacotherapy is discussed, with emphases on the updates in the formulation and clinical approaches of the routinely used antifungal drugs in ocular therapy.Recent FindingsNatamycin (Natacyn® eye drops) remains the only approved medication in the management of ocular fungal infections. This monotherapy shows therapeutic outcomes in superficial ocular fungal infections, but in case of deep-seated mycoses or endophthalmitis, successful therapeutic outcomes are infrequent, as a result of which alternative therapies are sought. In such cases, amphotericin B, azoles, and echinocandins are used off-label, either in combination with natamycin or with each other (frequently) or as standalone monotherapies, and have provided effective therapeutic outcomes.SummaryIn recent times, amphotericin B, azoles, and echinocandins have come to occupy an important niche in ocular antifungal pharmacotherapy, along with natamycin (still the preferred choice in most clinical cases), in the management of ocular fungal infections.
Pharmaceutical research, whether industrial or academic, has attempted to adopt approaches most e... more Pharmaceutical research, whether industrial or academic, has attempted to adopt approaches most efficient for the development of innovations. With the abundance of literature and growth of modern techniques available to minimize the number of trials, research is becoming more systematic by the day. Screening and selection of polymers for a pharmaceutical formulation can be challenging, considering the variety of polymers available and under development. Multiple considerations and experimentations are required to select a polymer to attain the target product profile. In this review, a stepwise discussion of techniques useful to screen and select polymers suitable for hot melt extrusion processing are explored and reported. First of all, selecting a range of polymers available for certain formulation types, for example, immediate release or modified release. Secondly, the screening of these selected polymers based on their physical and chemical properties as these properties should be in line with the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and the processing limitations of the equipment. Finally, selecting polymers using theoretical models such as solubility parameters and Flory Huggins modeling. Utilization of these three steps before proceeding to experimental methods will minimize the use of resources and provide a higher degree of accuracy towards the development of efficient, stable, and consistent products.
Purpose of Review In this review, a compilation on the current antifungal pharmacotherapy is disc... more Purpose of Review In this review, a compilation on the current antifungal pharmacotherapy is discussed, with emphases on the updates in the formulation and clinical approaches of the routinely used antifungal drugs in ocular therapy. Recent Findings Natamycin (Natacyn® eye drops) remains the only approved medication in the management of ocular fungal infections. This monotherapy shows therapeutic outcomes in superficial ocular fungal infections, but in case of deep-seated mycoses or endophthalmitis, successful therapeutic outcomes are infrequent, as a result of which alternative therapies are sought. In such cases, amphotericin B, azoles, and echinocandins are used off-label, either in combination with natamycin or with each other (frequently) or as standalone monotherapies, and have provided effective therapeutic outcomes. Summary In recent times, amphotericin B, azoles, and echinocandins have come to occupy an important niche in ocular antifungal pharmacotherapy, along with natamycin (still the preferred choice in most clinical cases), in the management of ocular fungal infections.
Stability of Pharmaceutical Excipients Solid-State Stability Issues of Drugs in Transdermal Patch Formulations, 2018
The transdermal patch formulation has many advantages, including noninvasiveness, an ability to b... more The transdermal patch formulation has many advantages, including noninvasiveness, an ability to bypass the first-pass metabolism, low dosage requirements, and prolonged drug delivery. However, the instability of solid-state drugs is one of the most critical problems observed in transdermal patch products. Therefore, a well-characterized approach for counteracting stability problems in solid-state drugs is crucial for improving the performance of transdermal patch products. This review provides insight into the solid-state stability of drugs associated with transdermal patch products and offers a comprehensive update on the various approaches being used for improving the stability of the active pharmaceutical ingredients currently being used.
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