Isotopen van hafnium
Het chemisch element hafnium (Hf), met een atoommassa van 178,49(2) u, bezit 5 stabiele isotopen: 176Hf, 177Hf, 178Hf, 179Hf, en 180Hf, waarvan de laatste het meest abundant is (ongeveer 35%). Daarnaast komt in de natuur ook de radio-isotoop 174Hf voor, die een halfwaardetijd van 2 biljard jaar bezit. De overige 29 radio-isotopen zijn onstabiel en hebben een relatief korte halfwaardetijd (de meeste minder dan een seconde). Alle stabiele isotopen worden ervan verdacht via α-verval over te gaan tot isotopen van ytterbium, maar dit verval is nog nooit waargenomen.
De kortstlevende isotoop van hafnium is 153Hf, met een halfwaardetijd van ongeveer 400 milliseconden. De langstlevende is 174Hf, met een halfwaardetijd van 2 biljard jaar.
Overzicht
[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]| Nuclide | Z (p) | N (n) | Isotopische massa (u) | Halveringstijd | Radioactief verval | VP | Kernspin | Isotopische verhouding (molfractie) |
Natuurlijk voorkomen (molfractie) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excitatie-energie | |||||||||
| 153Hf | 72 | 81 | 152,97069(54) | 400 ms | 1/2+ | ||||
| 153mHf | 750(100) keV | 500 ms | 11/2− | ||||||
| 154Hf | 72 | 82 | 153,96486(54) | 2(1) s | β+ | 154Lu | 0+ | ||
| α (zelden) | 150Yb | ||||||||
| 155Hf | 72 | 83 | 154,96339(43) | 890(120) ms | β+ | 155Lu | 7/2− | ||
| α (rare) | 151Yb | ||||||||
| 156Hf | 72 | 84 | 155,95936(22) | 23(1) ms | α (97%) | 152Yb | 0+ | ||
| β+ (3%) | 156Lu | ||||||||
| 156mHf | 1959,0(10) keV | 480(40) µs | 8+ | ||||||
| 157Hf | 72 | 85 | 156,95840(21) | 115(1) ms | α (86%) | 153Yb | 7/2− | ||
| β+ (14%) | 157Lu | ||||||||
| 158Hf | 72 | 86 | 157,954799(19) | 2,84(7) s | β+ (55%) | 158Lu | 0+ | ||
| α (45%) | 154Yb | ||||||||
| 159Hf | 72 | 87 | 158,953995(18) | 5,20(10) s | β+ (59%) | 159Lu | 7/2− | ||
| α (41%) | 155Yb | ||||||||
| 160Hf | 72 | 88 | 159,950684(12) | 13,6(2) s | β+ (99,3%) | 160Lu | 0+ | ||
| α (0,7%) | 156Yb | ||||||||
| 161Hf | 72 | 89 | 160,950275(24) | 18,2(5) s | β+ (99,7%) | 161Lu | 3/2− | ||
| α (0,3%) | 157Yb | ||||||||
| 162Hf | 72 | 90 | 161,94721(1) | 39,4(9) s | β+ (99,99%) | 162Lu | 0+ | ||
| α (0,008%) | 158Yb | ||||||||
| 163Hf | 72 | 91 | 162,94709(3) | 40,0(6) s | β+ | 163Lu | 3/2− | ||
| α (10−4%) | 159Yb | ||||||||
| 164Hf | 72 | 92 | 163,944367(22) | 111(8) s | β+ | 164Lu | 0+ | ||
| 165Hf | 72 | 93 | 164,94457(3) | 76(4) s | β+ | 165Lu | (5/2−) | ||
| 166Hf | 72 | 94 | 165,94218(3) | 6,77(30) min | β+ | 166Lu | 0+ | ||
| 167Hf | 72 | 95 | 166,94260(3) | 2,05(5) min | β+ | 167Lu | 5/2− | ||
| 168Hf | 72 | 96 | 167,94057(3) | 25,95(20) min | β+ | 168Lu | 0+ | ||
| 169Hf | 72 | 97 | 168,94126(3) | 3,24(4) min | β+ | 169Lu | 5/2− | ||
| 170Hf | 72 | 98 | 169,93961(3) | 16,01(13) uur | EV | 170Lu | 0+ | ||
| 171Hf | 72 | 99 | 170,94049(3) | 12,1(4) uur | β+ | 171Lu | 7/2+ | ||
| 171mHf | 21,93(9) keV | 29,5(9) s | IT | 171Hf | 1/2− | ||||
| 172Hf | 72 | 100 | 171,939448(26) | 1,87(3) jaar | EV | 172Lu | 0+ | ||
| 172mHf | 2005,58(11) keV | 163(3) ns | (8−) | ||||||
| 173Hf | 72 | 101 | 172,94051(3) | 23,6(1) uur | β+ | 173Lu | 1/2− | ||
| 174Hf | 72 | 102 | 173,940046(3) | 2,0(4) × 1015 jaar | α | 170Yb | 0+ | 0,0016(1) | 0,001619 - 0,001621 |
| 174m1Hf | 1549,3 keV | 138(4) ns | (6+) | ||||||
| 174m2Hf | 1797,5(20) keV | 2,39(4) µs | (8−) | ||||||
| 174m3Hf | 1797,5 keV | 2,39(4) µs | (8−) | ||||||
| 174m4Hf | 3311,7 keV | 3,7(2) µs | (14+) | ||||||
| 175Hf | 72 | 103 | 174,941509(3) | 70(2) dagen | β+ | 175Lu | 5/2− | ||
| 176Hf | 72 | 104 | 175,9414086(24) | stabiel | 0+ | 0,0526(7) | 0,05206 - 0,05271 | ||
| 177Hf | 72 | 105 | 176,9432207(23) | stabiel | 7/2− | 0,1860(9) | 0,18593 - 0,18606 | ||
| 177m1Hf | 1315,4504(8) keV | 1,09(5) s | 23/2+ | ||||||
| 177m2Hf | 1342,38(20) keV | 55,9(12) µs | (19/2−) | ||||||
| 177m3Hf | 2740,02(15) keV | 51,4(5) min | 37/2− | ||||||
| 178Hf | 72 | 106 | 177,9436988(23) | stabiel | 0+ | 0,2728(7) | 0,27278 - 0,27297 | ||
| 178m1Hf | 1147,423(5) keV | 4,0(2) s | 8− | ||||||
| 178m2Hf | 2573,5(5) keV | 68(2) µs | (14−) | ||||||
| 178m3Hf | 2445,69(11) keV | 31(1) jaar | 16+ | ||||||
| 179Hf | 72 | 107 | 178,9458161(23) | stabiel | 9/2+ | 0,1362(2) | 0,13619 - 0,1363 | ||
| 179m1Hf | 375,0367(25) keV | 18,67(4) s | 1/2− | ||||||
| 179m2Hf | 1105,84(19) keV | 25,05(25) dagen | 25/2− | ||||||
| 180Hf | 72 | 108 | 179,9465500(23) | stabiel | 0+ | 0,3508(16) | 0,35076 - 0,351 | ||
| 180m1Hf | 1141,48(4) keV | 5,47(4) uur | 8− | ||||||
| 180m2Hf | 1374,15(4) keV | 0,57(2) µs | (4−) | ||||||
| 180m3Hf | 2425,8(10) keV | 15(5) µs | (10+) | ||||||
| 180m4Hf | 2486,3(9) keV | 10(1) µs | 12+ | ||||||
| 180m5Hf | 2538,3(12) keV | > 10 µs | (14+) | ||||||
| 180m6Hf | 3599,3(18) keV | 90(10) µs | (18−) | ||||||
| 181Hf | 72 | 109 | 180,9491012(23) | 42,39(6) dagen | β− | 181Ta | 1/2− | ||
| 181m1Hf | 595(3) keV | 80(5) µs | (9/2+) | ||||||
| 181m2Hf | 1040(10) keV | ± 100 µs | (17/2+) | ||||||
| 181m3Hf | 1738(10) keV | 1,5(5) ms | (27/2−) | ||||||
| 182Hf | 72 | 110 | 181,950554(7) | 8,90(9) × 106 jaar | β− | 182Ta | 0+ | ||
| 182mHf | 1172,88(18) keV | 61,5(15) min | β− (58%) | 182Ta | 8− | ||||
| IT (42%) | 182Hf | ||||||||
| 183Hf | 72 | 111 | 182,95353(3) | 1,067(17) uur | β− | 183Ta | (3/2−) | ||
| 184Hf | 72 | 112 | 183,95545(4) | 4,12(5) uur | β− | 184Ta | 0+ | ||
| 184mHf | 1272,4(4) keV | 48(10) s | β− | 184Ta | 8− | ||||
| 185Hf | 72 | 113 | 184,95882(21) | 3,5(6) min | β− | 185Ta | 3/2− | ||
| 186Hf | 72 | 114 | 185,96089(32) | 2,6(12) min | β− | 186Ta | 0+ | ||
| 187Hf | 72 | 115 | 186,96459(43) | 30 s | |||||
| 188Hf | 72 | 116 | 187,96685(54) | 20 s | 0+ | ||||
Overzicht van isotopen per element
[bewerken | brontekst bewerken]| 1 | 18 | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | H | 2 | Periodiek systeem | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | He | |||||||||
| 2 | Li | Be | De links verwijzen naar isotopen per element | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | |||||||||
| 3 | Na | Mg | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar |
| 4 | K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr |
| 5 | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe |
| 6 | Cs | Ba | ↓ | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn |
| 7 | Fr | Ra | ↓↓ | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og |
| Lanthaniden | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | |||
| Actiniden | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | |||
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
- (en) R.B. Firestone, S.Y. Frank Chu & C.M. Baglin (1999) - Table of Isotopes (online versie van de cd-rom)
- (en) G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot & O. Bersillon (2003) - The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties, Nuclear Physics A, 729, pp. 3-128
- (en) J.R. de Laeter, J.K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H.S. Peiser, K.J.R. Rosman & P.D.P. Taylor (2003) - Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 75 (6), pp. 683–800
- (en) M.E. Wieser (2006) - Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 78 (11), pp. 2051–2066
- (en) David R. Lide (2004) - CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.), hoofdstuk 11, CRC Press - ISBN 978-0849304859
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