Letupan Kambria

Letupan Kambria, Ledakan Kambria atau percambahan Kambria^[1] adalah suatu peristiwa yang berlaku kira-kira 541 juta tahun dahulu semasa tempoh Kambria, apabila kebanyakan filum binatang utama muncul dalam rekod fosil.^[2]^[3] Hal ini mengakibatkan perbezaan pada kebanyakan filum metazoa moden.^[4] Peristiwa itu disertai dengan kepelbagaian utama organisma yang lain.^{[nota 1]}

Sebelum letupan Kambria,^{[nota 2]} kebanyakan organisma adalah ringkas, terdiri daripada sel-sel individu yang sesekali diatur kepada koloni. Lebih dari 70 higga 80 juta tahun dahulu, kadar kepelbagaian dipercepat dan pelbagai hidupan mula kelihatan serupa seperti yang ada pada hari ini.^[6] Hampir kesemua filum binatang yang sekarang muncul pada tempoh ini.^[7]^[8]

Rujukan

Catatan

^ Ini termasuk sekurang-kurangnya haiwan, fitoplankton dan kalsimikrob.^[5]
^ Ketika 610 juta tahun dahulu, cakera Aspidella muncul, tetapi ia tidak jelas sama ada ia mewakili bentuk kehidupan yang kompleks.

Petikan

^ Zhuravlev, Andrey; Riding, Robert (2000). The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10613-9. The Cambrian radiation was the explosive evolution of marine life that started 550,000,000 years ago. It ranks as one of the most important episodes in Earth history. This key event in the history of life on our planet changed the marine biosphere and its sedimentary environment forever, requiring a complex interplay of wide-ranging biologic and nonbiologic processes.
^ Maloof, A. C.; Porter, S. M.; Moore, J. L.; Dudas, F. O.; Bowring, S. A.; Higgins, J. A.; Fike, D. A.; Eddy, M. P. (2010). "The earliest Cambrian record of animals and ocean geochemical change". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 122 (11–12): 1731–1774. Bibcode:2010GSAB..122.1731M. doi:10.1130/B30346.1.
^ "New Timeline for Appearances of Skeletal Animals in Fossil Record Developed by UCSB Researchers". The Regents of the University of California. 10 November 2010. Dicapai pada 1 September 2014.
^ Conway-Morris, S. (2003). "The Cambrian "explosion" of metazoans and molecular biology: would Darwin be satisfied?". The International journal of developmental biology. 47 (7–8): 505–15. PMID 14756326.
^ Butterfield, N.J. (2001). "Ecology and evolution of Cambrian plankton". The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation (PDF). New York: Columbia University Press. m/s. 200–216. ISBN 978-0-231-10613-9. Dicapai pada 19 Ogos 2007.
^ Bambach, R.K.; Bush, A.M.; Erwin, D.H. (2007). "Autecology and the filling of Ecospace: Key metazoan radiations!". Palæontology. 50 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00611.x.
^ Budd, G. E.; Jensen, S. (2000). "A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla". Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 75 (2): 253–95. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00046.x. PMID 10881389.
^ Budd, G.E. (2003). "The Cambrian Fossil Record and the Origin of the Phyla". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 43 (1): 157–165. doi:10.1093/icb/43.1.157. PMID 21680420.

Bacaan lanjut

Budd, G. E.; Jensen, J. (2000). "A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla". Biological Reviews. 75 (2): 253–295. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00046.x. PMID 10881389.
Collins, Allen G., Metazoa: Fossil record, dicapai pada 14 Disember 2005
Conway Morris, S. (June 2006). "Darwin's dilemma: the realities of the Cambrian 'explosion'". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 361 (1470): 1069–1083. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1846. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 1578734. PMID 16754615.
Gould, S.J. (1989). Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. W.W. Norton & Company.
Kennedy, M.; M. Droser; L. Mayer.; D. Pevear; D. Mrofka (2006). "Clay and Atmospheric Oxygen". Science. 311 (5766): 1341. doi:10.1126/science.311.5766.1341c. Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (bantuan)
Knoll, A.H.; Carroll, S.B. (1999-06-25). "Early Animal Evolution: Emerging Views from Comparative Biology and Geology". Science. 284 (5423): 2129–37. doi:10.1126/science.284.5423.2129. PMID 10381872.
Markov, Alexander V.; Korotayev, Andrey V. (2007). "Phanerozoic marine biodiversity follows a hyperbolic trend". Palaeoworld. 16 (4): 311–318. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2007.01.002.
Montenari, M.; Leppig, U. (2003). "The Acritarcha: their classification morphology, ultrastructure and palaeoecological/palaeogeographical distribution". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 77: 173–194. doi:10.1007/bf03004567.
Wang, D. Y.-C.; S. Kumar; S. B. Hedges (January 1999). "Divergence time estimates for the early history of animal phyla and the origin of plants, animals and fungi". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 266 (1415): 163–71. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0617. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1689654. PMID 10097391.
Xiao, S.; Y. Zhang; A. Knoll (Januari 1998). "Three-dimensional preservation of algae and animal embryos in a Neoproterozoic phosphorite". Nature. 391 (1): 553–58. Bibcode:1998Natur.391..553X. doi:10.1038/35318. ISSN 0090-9556. Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (bantuan)

Rujukan garis masa

Martin, M.W; Grazhdankin, D.V; Bowring, S.A; Evans, D.A.D; Fedonkin, M.A; Kirschvink, J.L (2000). "Age of Neoproterozoic Bilaterian Body and Trace Fossils, White Sea, Russia: Implications for Metazoan Evolution". Science. 288 (5467): 841–845. Bibcode:2000Sci...288..841M. doi:10.1126/science.288.5467.841. PMID 10797002.

Pautan luar

The Cambrian "explosion" of metazoans and molecular biology: would Darwin be satisfied? Diarkibkan 2012-02-13 di Wayback Machine
On embryos and ancestors oleh Stephen Jay Gould
Conway Morris, S. (April 2000). "The Cambrian "explosion": Slow-fuse or megatonnage?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97: 4426–4429. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4426. PMC 34314. PMID 10781036.
The Cambrian Explosion – In Our Time, siaran BBC Radio 4, 17 Februari 2005
"Burgess Shale". Muzium Maya Kanada. 2011., exhaustive details about the Burgess Shale, its fossils, and its significance for the Cambrian explosion
Muzium Negara Smithsonian

[6] Ini termasuk sekurang-kurangnya haiwan, fitoplankton dan kalsimikrob.^[5]

[7] Ketika 610 juta tahun dahulu, cakera Aspidella muncul, tetapi ia tidak jelas sama ada ia mewakili bentuk kehidupan yang kompleks.

[1] Zhuravlev, Andrey; Riding, Robert (2000). The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10613-9. The Cambrian radiation was the explosive evolution of marine life that started 550,000,000 years ago. It ranks as one of the most important episodes in Earth history. This key event in the history of life on our planet changed the marine biosphere and its sedimentary environment forever, requiring a complex interplay of wide-ranging biologic and nonbiologic processes.

[2] Maloof, A. C.; Porter, S. M.; Moore, J. L.; Dudas, F. O.; Bowring, S. A.; Higgins, J. A.; Fike, D. A.; Eddy, M. P. (2010). "The earliest Cambrian record of animals and ocean geochemical change". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 122 (11–12): 1731–1774. Bibcode:2010GSAB..122.1731M. doi:10.1130/B30346.1.

[3] "New Timeline for Appearances of Skeletal Animals in Fossil Record Developed by UCSB Researchers". The Regents of the University of California. 10 November 2010. Dicapai pada 1 September 2014.

[4] Conway-Morris, S. (2003). "The Cambrian "explosion" of metazoans and molecular biology: would Darwin be satisfied?". The International journal of developmental biology. 47 (7–8): 505–15. PMID 14756326.

[Butterfield2001ECR-5] Butterfield, N.J. (2001). "Ecology and evolution of Cambrian plankton". The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation (PDF). New York: Columbia University Press. m/s. 200–216. ISBN 978-0-231-10613-9. Dicapai pada 19 Ogos 2007.

[Bambach2007-8] Bambach, R.K.; Bush, A.M.; Erwin, D.H. (2007). "Autecology and the filling of Ecospace: Key metazoan radiations!". Palæontology. 50 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00611.x.

[Budd2000-9] Budd, G. E.; Jensen, S. (2000). "A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla". Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 75 (2): 253–95. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00046.x. PMID 10881389.

[Budd2003-10] Budd, G.E. (2003). "The Cambrian Fossil Record and the Origin of the Phyla". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 43 (1): 157–165. doi:10.1093/icb/43.1.157. PMID 21680420.

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