International Relations

Öz İran'da 1990'lı yıllardan itibaren, Humeyni döneminde baskı altına alınan siyasetin rekabetçi özellikleri yeniden ortaya çıkmıştır. SSCB'nin dağılması, ABD'nin siyasi ve ekonomik yapısının talep edilebilir tek sistem algısını güçlendirirken, bu durum İran siyasetinde özellikle ekonomik konularda görüş ayrılıklarının ortaya çıkmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Aynı tarihlerde kurumsallaşma sürecini büyük ölçüde tamamlayan Rejim, kendi içinde çatışma alanları yaratarak dönüşümünü sürdürmüştür. Böyle bir ortamda, İran siyasetinin öne çıkan iki aktörü, dini lider ve cumhurbaşkanı siyasi rekabet sahalarında dinamik bir ilişki biçimi oluşturmuşlardır. Bu ilişkide, güç mücadelesi ve işbirliği çeşitli derecelerde gözlemlenmekle birlikte, Reformcular ve Muhafazakârlar arasındaki rekabetin temel karakteri de ortaya çıkmıştır. Abstract Since the 1990s in Iran, the competitive features of politics, which were under pressure during the Khomeini period, have re-emerged. While the collapse of the USSR, strengthens the perception that the political and economic structure of the United States is the only demandable system, this has led to disagreements in Iranian politics, especially in economic matters. The Regime, which completed the institutionalization process to a large extent on the same dates, has continued to transform itself by creating conflict zones. In such a condition, the two prominent actors of Iranian politics, the religious leader and the president, have formed a dynamic relationship in the fields of political competition. In this relationship, power struggle and cooperation have been observed at various levels, while the main character of competition between Reformers and Conservatives has emerged

Kazakhstan is major energy producer in Central Asia, and has been pursuing a multi-vector foreign policy since it gained independence from Soviet Union. It has played host to many multinational energy from Russia, China, the USA and Europe. Nazarbayev's multilateral and multi-vector foreign and privatization policies have had a significant impact on the country's energy [security] policy over the last three decades. Emphasizing good relations between itself with both global and regional powers, Kazakhstan has maintained a balance among Russian, Western and Chinese companies via defensive realist approach. This balance is especially visible in both the role that those companies play in exploration projects, as well as in the building of oil and gas pipelines.