Malum (ethica)

Si quidem deus est, unde mala? Bona vero unde, si non est?

– Boethius, De consolatione philosophiae ^[1]

Malum in philosophia sensu lato est quod falsum aut/et non desideratum est; cuius contrarium est bonum.

Malum etiam sensum simpliciter physicum aut religiosum habet, ac secundum religionem Christianam in diabolo malum ipsum loquente inducitur.

• Baumeister, Roy F. 1999. Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty. Novi Eboraci: A. W. H. Freeman / Owl Book.
• Bennett, Gaymon, Martinez J. Hewlett, Ted Peters, et Robert John Russell. 2008. The Evolution of Evil. Gottingae: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-525-56979-5.
• Blocher, Henri. 1994. Evil and the Cross. Downers Grove Illinoesiae: InterVarsity Press.
• Griffin, David Ray. (1976) 2004. God, Power, and Evil: A Process Theodicy. Westminster.
• Katz, Fred Emil. 1993. Ordinary People and Extraordinary Evil. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-1442-6.
• Katz, Fred Emil. 2004. Confronting Evil. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-6030-4.
• Kemboly, Mpay. 2010. The Question of Evil in Ancient Egypt. Londinii: Golden House Publications.
• Koslowski, P. 2013. The Origin and the Overcoming of Evil and Suffering in the World Religions.. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-9-401-59789-0.
• LaVey, Anton. 1969. The Satanic Bible. Avon. ISBN 0-380-01539-0.
• Mintz, Steven, et John Stauffer, eds. 2007. The Problem of Evil: Slavery, Freedom, and the Ambiguities of American Reform. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-570-8.
• Neiman, Susan. 2002. Evil in Modern Thought: An Alternative History of Philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Oppenheimer, Paul. 1996. Evil and the Demonic: A New Theory of Monstrous Behavior. Novi Eboraci: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-6193-9.
• Schwarz, Hans. 2001. Evil: A Historical and Theological Perspective. Limae Ohii: Academic Renewal Press.
• Shermer, Michael. 2004. The Science of Good & Evil. Novi Eboraci: Time Books. ISBN 0-8050-7520-8.
• Stapley, A. B., et Delbert L. Elder. 1975. Using Our Free Agency. Ensign Maio: 21.
• Stark, Ryan. 2009. Rhetoric, Science, and Magic in Seventeenth-Century England. Vasingtoniae: The Catholic University of America Press.
• Staub, Ervin. Overcoming evil: genocide, violent conflict, and terrorism. Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press.
• Vetlesen, Arne Johan. 2005. Evil and Human Agency: Understanding Collective Evildoing. Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85694-2.
• Wilson, William McF., et Julian N. Hartt. 2004. Farrer's Theodicy. In Captured by the Crucified: The Practical Theology of Austin Farrer, ed. David Hein et Edward Hugh Henderson. Novi Eboraci et Londinii: T. & T. Clark / Continuum. ISBN 0-567-02510-1.

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad malum spectant.

Vide malum in Victionario.

• Litterae theologicae de malo
• De malo apud plato.stanford.edu