Clinical Nursing

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the key discrepancies in the qualitative research approach and its effect
on research outcomes using Delphi web technique. Methods: An electronic questionnaire was used to collect experts’
opinions over two rounds. A panel of 24 experts filled questionnaire in the first round and 17 of them continued in the
second round. Answers to open-ended questions were tabulated, summarized and analyzed thematically generating 44 items.
Participants then were asked to rate their level of agreement with these item statements in the second round. Results:
Scholars used and viewed the same qualitative approaches differently with a percentage of 76.5%. The paradigm for
qualitative research is not well defined with a percentage of 70.6%. Every book and every published research article seems
to describe qualitative methods differently. Furthermore, schools of qualitative research defined assumptions and their
purposes differently. Conclusion: Recently there is an increase in using qualitative research methods in nursing. For novice
researchers, a qualitative approach is not always clear. The experts were from different countries with diverse experiences
and reached the consensus on some topics. This survey implies that the qualitative textbooks need to be more consistent
with more simplification of the ambiguous terms.

Background: Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting men globally, constituting the
sixth leading cause of cancer related death in males, and the eleventh leading cause of death from cancer in all
age groups. In Jordan, prostate cancer is the third most common cancer in the male population, accounting for
one third (6.2%) of cancer related deaths and in 2010 alone, 218 (9.4%) new cases were identified. Objective: To
assess the effectiveness of different health education interventions aimed at enhancing knowledge, beliefs and
intention to screen for prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: A literature search from January 2000 to April 2015
was conducted using the key words “prostate disease,” “educational program,” “knowledge,” “prostate cancer,”
“demographic factors and prostate cancer,” “knowledge and prostate cancer,” “education for patients with
prostate cancer,” “factors that affect intention to screen,” “knowledge, beliefs, and intention to screen for prostate
cancer,” “impact of prostate educational program on beliefs,” and “impact of educational program on intention to
screen.” Results: Majority of studies reviewed indicated that men had low levels of knowledge regarding prostate
cancer, and mild to moderate beliefs with good intention to screen for prostate cancer. Conclusions: Most studies
indicated that men’s knowledge levels about prostate cancer were poor and they had mild to moderate beliefs
and intentions to screen for prostate cancer. Therefore, development of an assessment strategy based on the
Health Belief Model seems essential. An effectively designed and implemented educational program can help
identify the needs and priorities of the target population.

Purpose: The purpose of this review was to understand etiology, epidemiology, risks and predisposing factors of prostate cancer, recognize tests for early detection and prevention of prostate cancer to use it in a clinical setting and primary health care centers. Materials and Methods: Review of literature on prostate cancer screening for early detection from various dimensions, including etiology, epidemiology; risks and predisposing factors, screening strategies and lifestyle were examined to identify target populations. The discussion addresses PSA screening and offers guidelines to improve men's health. Results: Although prostate cancer mortality rates in developed countries have declined, in the developing world, men are diagnosed with prostate cancer at an advanced stage. Conclusion: The review article declared that there is a need to use consistent, continual and powerful educational activities for men, giving top priority to screenings.

Reaction paper or response paper is a type of academic writing that requires proper writing skills and the ability to think deeply. A reaction paper necessitates the writer to analyze a text, then develop commentary related to it. It is a common academic assignment because it requires thoughtful reading, and writing. In the current paper, authors write a reaction paper about research article "Holistic symptom management: modeling the interaction phase" which details an interaction model that link the way a nurse participates in a client's effort to describe the symptom experience and the eventual symptom management outcome. [Saleh AM, & Nabulsi MM. " Holistic Symptom Management: Modeling the Interaction Phase " : Reaction Paper. J Am Sci 2016;12(10):1-2]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online).

Dyspnea is a distressing symptom of terminal cancer patients. Lack of an appropriate assessment tool for dyspnea disturbs the establishment of proper management. The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable and valid measure which assesses the multidimensional nature of dyspnea among patient with advanced stage of cancer. The tool was administered by the principal investigator to the participants. The developed dyspnea scale contains 12 items under three domains; these domains are 'Physical triggers', 'psychological triggers', and 'environmental triggers.' It is recommended to apply the tool in with different types of advanced cancer disease for more psychometric confirmation.

Background Home death is considered to be a marker of good death. Little is known about the place of death and its determinants in patients with cancer in Jordan. Methods A retrospective analysis of regularly collected data of cancer patients who had a palliative care consultation at King Hussein Cancer Center and died between 2011 and 2012. Variables analyzed were related to the patient, disease, and palliative care services. Patient-related factors included age at death, gender, place of residence, and code status; disease-related variables were cancer type (solid vs hematological), major primary site, and time from cancer diagnosis to death; palliative care service-related variables included time of consultation for palliative care services to death, location of first palliative encounter (outpatient clinic vs hospital floor), multidisciplinary palliative home care teams involvement, and the number of home care visits before death. We examined the association between each variable and place of death using Pearson's chi-square and the Mann-Whitney tests. Factors with statistical significance of P value < 0.1 were entered into multivariate logistic regression model. Results Among 630 patients, 80 (12.7%) died at home. Univariate analysis showed the following to be significantly associated with dying at home: male gender, age more than 65 years old, earlier palliative care involvement, and involvement of home care services (P value < 0.05). Independent predictors for dying at home were male gender, age more than 65 years old, and involvement of home care services. Conclusions Hospital death is more prevalent than home death in cancer patients in Jordan. Involvement of home care services can help achieve the goal of dying at home.