Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2014
Podpeč Limestone is characterized by its dark grey or nearly black colour, contrasting with white... more Podpeč Limestone is characterized by its dark grey or nearly black colour, contrasting with white fossil shells of the mollusc Lithiotis. This formation, which has been dated as Lower Jurassic, occurs in southern and southwestern Slovenia and is particularly conspicuous in areas SW of Ljubljana. The main quarry, which is not active, is located near the village of Podpeč near Ljubljana and has been recognized as a geological site of national importance; as such, it is officially protected as a natural monument. The utilization of Podpeč Limestone was first documented during the Roman period in Slovenia. At the end of the 5th century AD, with the decline of the Roman Empire, stone-cutting ceased at Podpeč for many centuries. Towards the end of the 19th century Podpeč Limestone became better-known. During the first half of the 20th century significant stonecutting workshops were established in Podpeč with most stone being supplied from the main quarry. The internationally renowned Slov...
The present study deals with the characterisation of pigments used in two overlaid gothic wall pa... more The present study deals with the characterisation of pigments used in two overlaid gothic wall paintings from the former 13 th century Minorite church of St. Francis of Assisi (Koper, Slovenia), in order to define differences in the technologies used. Paint layer samples were analysed via Raman microspectroscopy, supported by SEM/EDS and FT-IR analysis, when necessary. The results revealed that the 14 th century mural was painted mainly a fresco with final elements a secco, a technique typical of Italian mediaeval wall painting. In contrast, the 15 th century painting was executed mostly a secco , a technique often applied in Northern Europe and the Alpine region. The differences between the two paintings are especially obvious in the pigments applied. While the earlier painting is characterised by azurite, carbon black, red and yellow ochres, lime white and green earth, the palette used for the younger painting is much broader. In addition to red and yellow ochres, carbon black and lime white, lead pigments such as lead white, red lead and lead-tin yellow type I were also determined, as well as a number of expensive pigments including cinnabar, azurite and malachite. Also found in the younger painting was the rare orange yellow pigment vanadinite. In both layers, azurite was applied a secco for the background area. Gilding was confirmed in both layers, carried out as application of gold leaves on red bole (in the earlier mural) and on mordant (on a younger, superimposed (overlaid painting), which is quite exclusive and rare for Slovene mediaeval painting. In the younger layer also a use of tin foil for secondary elements was discovered.
Within the scope of this study, the durability properties of mortar prepared with pozzolanic ceme... more Within the scope of this study, the durability properties of mortar prepared with pozzolanic cement were examined. The physical-mechanical properties of the mortars were determined after their exposure to various aggressive media (a sodium sulphate water solution, a magnesium sulphate water solution, seawater, and a water solution of NO3, SO4, and NH4) and freeze/thaw cycling. Additionally, the depth of carbonation of the mortars was determined. The results showed that the mortar containing pozzolanic cement was sulphate resistant, but when it was exposed to a solution of NO3, SO4, and NH4 its strength was significantly reduced. On the other hand, the mortar was found to be sensitive to freezing/thawing, as its compressive strength decreased by 50 %, and its flexural strength by as much as 90 %. Due, especially, to its lack of resistance to freezing/thawing, the use of the investigated pozzolanic cement mortar is limited to indoor applications.
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2020
Heritage stones are stones that have special significance in human culture. The papers in this vo... more Heritage stones are stones that have special significance in human culture. The papers in this volume discuss a wide variety of such stones, including stones from Europe, Asia, North and South America, Africa and Australia. Igneous (basalt, porphyry and a variety of granites), sedimentary (sandstone, limestone) and metamorphic (marble, quartzite, gneiss, slate, soapstone) stones are featured. These stones have been used over long periods of time for a wide range of uses, including monuments, buildings of architectural note, columns, roofing, tiling and lithography. A number of papers in this book provide information that is essential for eventual approval of stones as a Global Heritage Stone Resource or a group of stones as a Global Heritage Stone Province.
Heavy metal abundance and potential environmental risks are reported for surface sediments (n = 2... more Heavy metal abundance and potential environmental risks are reported for surface sediments (n = 21) from the Port of Koper area, Republic of Slovenia. The enrichment factor (EF) indicates minor enrichment in arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), and zinc (Zn), moderately to severely enriched with nickel (Ni). The trace metal chemistries, in the context of sediment quality guidelines (SQG), imply adverse threshold effect concentrations (TEC) and probable effect concentrations (PEC), for Ni only. Sediment sequential leaching experiments demonstrated that the majority of heavy metals were of natural lithogenic origin and low bioavailability. The heavy metals’ potential for “Risk Assessment Code” values exhibited no or low anthropogenic environmental burden, with the exception of Mo.
... Korespondenčni avtor. E-mail: sabina.kramar@rescen.si ... Obstajajo tudi tevilne tudije dat... more ... Korespondenčni avtor. E-mail: sabina.kramar@rescen.si ... Obstajajo tudi tevilne tudije datiranja ometov z uporabo 14C (HEINEMEIER et al., 1997, NAWROCKA et al., 2005, ZA-URIDAKIS et al, 2007) ali luminiscence (ZACHARIAS et al., 2002, FEATHERS et al., 2008). ...
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2020
Heritage stones are building and ornamental stones that have special significance in human cultur... more Heritage stones are building and ornamental stones that have special significance in human culture. The papers in this volume discuss a wide variety of such materials, including stones from Europe, Asia, North and South America, Africa and Australia. Igneous (basalt, porphyry, granite), sedimentary (sandstone, limestone) and metamorphic (marble, quartzite, gneiss, soapstone, slate) stones are featured. These have been utilized over long periods of time for a wide range of uses contributing to the historical fabric of the built environment. Many of these stones are of international significance and potential Global Heritage Stone Resources – stones that have the requisite qualities for international recognition by the Heritage Stones Subcommission of the International Union of Geological Sciences. The contributions in this volume bring together diverse information on these stones, ranging from their geological setting and quarry locations to mechanical properties, current availabilit...
An overview of alternative repair mortars based on metakaolin, fly ash and slag, produced by alka... more An overview of alternative repair mortars based on metakaolin, fly ash and slag, produced by alkali activation technology, and future trends. EN 1504-3 requirements for the performance (including durability) and safety of products and systems to be used for the structural and nonstructural repair of concrete structures. A discussion on some laboratory results of repair mortars based on metakaolin, fly ash and slag and mixtures thereof in regard to their mechanical properties, porosity, carbonation, and sulfate resistance.
This volume provides a synopsis of current research on volcanic processes, as gained through the ... more This volume provides a synopsis of current research on volcanic processes, as gained through the use of palaeomagnetic and rock magnetic techniques. Thermoremanent magnetization information provides a powerful means of deciphering thermal processes in volcanic deposits, including estimating the emplacement temperature of pyroclastic deposits, which allows us to understand better the rates of cooling during eruption and transport. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and anisotropy of remanence are used primarily to investigate rock fabrics and to quantify flow dynamics in dykes, lava flows, and pyroclastic deposits, as well as identify vent locations. Rock-magnetic characteristics allow correlation of volcanic deposits, but also provide means to date volcanic deposits and to understand better their cooling history. Because lava flows are typically good recorders of past magnetic fields, data from them allow understanding of changes in geomagnetic field directions and intensity, pro...
The present study deals with the characterisation of pigments used in two overlaid gothic wall pa... more The present study deals with the characterisation of pigments used in two overlaid gothic wall paintings from the former 13 th century Minorite church of St. Francis of Assisi (Koper, Slovenia), in order to define differences in the technologies used. Paint layer samples were analysed via Raman microspectroscopy, supported by SEM/EDS and FT-IR analysis, when necessary. The results revealed that the 14 th century mural was painted mainly a fresco with final elements a secco, a technique typical of Italian mediaeval wall painting. In contrast, the 15 th century painting was executed mostly a secco , a technique often applied in Northern Europe and the Alpine region. The differences between the two paintings are especially obvious in the pigments applied. While the earlier painting is characterised by azurite, carbon black, red and yellow ochres, lime white and green earth, the palette used for the younger painting is much broader. In addition to red and yellow ochres, carbon black and...
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2014
Podpeč Limestone is characterized by its dark grey or nearly black colour, contrasting with white... more Podpeč Limestone is characterized by its dark grey or nearly black colour, contrasting with white fossil shells of the mollusc Lithiotis. This formation, which has been dated as Lower Jurassic, occurs in southern and southwestern Slovenia and is particularly conspicuous in areas SW of Ljubljana. The main quarry, which is not active, is located near the village of Podpeč near Ljubljana and has been recognized as a geological site of national importance; as such, it is officially protected as a natural monument. The utilization of Podpeč Limestone was first documented during the Roman period in Slovenia. At the end of the 5th century AD, with the decline of the Roman Empire, stone-cutting ceased at Podpeč for many centuries. Towards the end of the 19th century Podpeč Limestone became better-known. During the first half of the 20th century significant stonecutting workshops were established in Podpeč with most stone being supplied from the main quarry. The internationally renowned Slov...
The present study deals with the characterisation of pigments used in two overlaid gothic wall pa... more The present study deals with the characterisation of pigments used in two overlaid gothic wall paintings from the former 13 th century Minorite church of St. Francis of Assisi (Koper, Slovenia), in order to define differences in the technologies used. Paint layer samples were analysed via Raman microspectroscopy, supported by SEM/EDS and FT-IR analysis, when necessary. The results revealed that the 14 th century mural was painted mainly a fresco with final elements a secco, a technique typical of Italian mediaeval wall painting. In contrast, the 15 th century painting was executed mostly a secco , a technique often applied in Northern Europe and the Alpine region. The differences between the two paintings are especially obvious in the pigments applied. While the earlier painting is characterised by azurite, carbon black, red and yellow ochres, lime white and green earth, the palette used for the younger painting is much broader. In addition to red and yellow ochres, carbon black and lime white, lead pigments such as lead white, red lead and lead-tin yellow type I were also determined, as well as a number of expensive pigments including cinnabar, azurite and malachite. Also found in the younger painting was the rare orange yellow pigment vanadinite. In both layers, azurite was applied a secco for the background area. Gilding was confirmed in both layers, carried out as application of gold leaves on red bole (in the earlier mural) and on mordant (on a younger, superimposed (overlaid painting), which is quite exclusive and rare for Slovene mediaeval painting. In the younger layer also a use of tin foil for secondary elements was discovered.
Within the scope of this study, the durability properties of mortar prepared with pozzolanic ceme... more Within the scope of this study, the durability properties of mortar prepared with pozzolanic cement were examined. The physical-mechanical properties of the mortars were determined after their exposure to various aggressive media (a sodium sulphate water solution, a magnesium sulphate water solution, seawater, and a water solution of NO3, SO4, and NH4) and freeze/thaw cycling. Additionally, the depth of carbonation of the mortars was determined. The results showed that the mortar containing pozzolanic cement was sulphate resistant, but when it was exposed to a solution of NO3, SO4, and NH4 its strength was significantly reduced. On the other hand, the mortar was found to be sensitive to freezing/thawing, as its compressive strength decreased by 50 %, and its flexural strength by as much as 90 %. Due, especially, to its lack of resistance to freezing/thawing, the use of the investigated pozzolanic cement mortar is limited to indoor applications.
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2020
Heritage stones are stones that have special significance in human culture. The papers in this vo... more Heritage stones are stones that have special significance in human culture. The papers in this volume discuss a wide variety of such stones, including stones from Europe, Asia, North and South America, Africa and Australia. Igneous (basalt, porphyry and a variety of granites), sedimentary (sandstone, limestone) and metamorphic (marble, quartzite, gneiss, slate, soapstone) stones are featured. These stones have been used over long periods of time for a wide range of uses, including monuments, buildings of architectural note, columns, roofing, tiling and lithography. A number of papers in this book provide information that is essential for eventual approval of stones as a Global Heritage Stone Resource or a group of stones as a Global Heritage Stone Province.
Heavy metal abundance and potential environmental risks are reported for surface sediments (n = 2... more Heavy metal abundance and potential environmental risks are reported for surface sediments (n = 21) from the Port of Koper area, Republic of Slovenia. The enrichment factor (EF) indicates minor enrichment in arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), and zinc (Zn), moderately to severely enriched with nickel (Ni). The trace metal chemistries, in the context of sediment quality guidelines (SQG), imply adverse threshold effect concentrations (TEC) and probable effect concentrations (PEC), for Ni only. Sediment sequential leaching experiments demonstrated that the majority of heavy metals were of natural lithogenic origin and low bioavailability. The heavy metals’ potential for “Risk Assessment Code” values exhibited no or low anthropogenic environmental burden, with the exception of Mo.
... Korespondenčni avtor. E-mail: sabina.kramar@rescen.si ... Obstajajo tudi tevilne tudije dat... more ... Korespondenčni avtor. E-mail: sabina.kramar@rescen.si ... Obstajajo tudi tevilne tudije datiranja ometov z uporabo 14C (HEINEMEIER et al., 1997, NAWROCKA et al., 2005, ZA-URIDAKIS et al, 2007) ali luminiscence (ZACHARIAS et al., 2002, FEATHERS et al., 2008). ...
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2020
Heritage stones are building and ornamental stones that have special significance in human cultur... more Heritage stones are building and ornamental stones that have special significance in human culture. The papers in this volume discuss a wide variety of such materials, including stones from Europe, Asia, North and South America, Africa and Australia. Igneous (basalt, porphyry, granite), sedimentary (sandstone, limestone) and metamorphic (marble, quartzite, gneiss, soapstone, slate) stones are featured. These have been utilized over long periods of time for a wide range of uses contributing to the historical fabric of the built environment. Many of these stones are of international significance and potential Global Heritage Stone Resources – stones that have the requisite qualities for international recognition by the Heritage Stones Subcommission of the International Union of Geological Sciences. The contributions in this volume bring together diverse information on these stones, ranging from their geological setting and quarry locations to mechanical properties, current availabilit...
An overview of alternative repair mortars based on metakaolin, fly ash and slag, produced by alka... more An overview of alternative repair mortars based on metakaolin, fly ash and slag, produced by alkali activation technology, and future trends. EN 1504-3 requirements for the performance (including durability) and safety of products and systems to be used for the structural and nonstructural repair of concrete structures. A discussion on some laboratory results of repair mortars based on metakaolin, fly ash and slag and mixtures thereof in regard to their mechanical properties, porosity, carbonation, and sulfate resistance.
This volume provides a synopsis of current research on volcanic processes, as gained through the ... more This volume provides a synopsis of current research on volcanic processes, as gained through the use of palaeomagnetic and rock magnetic techniques. Thermoremanent magnetization information provides a powerful means of deciphering thermal processes in volcanic deposits, including estimating the emplacement temperature of pyroclastic deposits, which allows us to understand better the rates of cooling during eruption and transport. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and anisotropy of remanence are used primarily to investigate rock fabrics and to quantify flow dynamics in dykes, lava flows, and pyroclastic deposits, as well as identify vent locations. Rock-magnetic characteristics allow correlation of volcanic deposits, but also provide means to date volcanic deposits and to understand better their cooling history. Because lava flows are typically good recorders of past magnetic fields, data from them allow understanding of changes in geomagnetic field directions and intensity, pro...
The present study deals with the characterisation of pigments used in two overlaid gothic wall pa... more The present study deals with the characterisation of pigments used in two overlaid gothic wall paintings from the former 13 th century Minorite church of St. Francis of Assisi (Koper, Slovenia), in order to define differences in the technologies used. Paint layer samples were analysed via Raman microspectroscopy, supported by SEM/EDS and FT-IR analysis, when necessary. The results revealed that the 14 th century mural was painted mainly a fresco with final elements a secco, a technique typical of Italian mediaeval wall painting. In contrast, the 15 th century painting was executed mostly a secco , a technique often applied in Northern Europe and the Alpine region. The differences between the two paintings are especially obvious in the pigments applied. While the earlier painting is characterised by azurite, carbon black, red and yellow ochres, lime white and green earth, the palette used for the younger painting is much broader. In addition to red and yellow ochres, carbon black and...
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