Papers by Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences
Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2020
Stroke is known as cerebro vascular accident (CVA). It's focused neurological deficit which usual... more Stroke is known as cerebro vascular accident (CVA). It's focused neurological deficit which usually happens due to lack of blood supply towards the brain. Physical therapy is a successful way to rehabilitate the patients and brings him back to the normal life. A cross sectional survey was conducted in different hospitals of Karachi, data was collected from January to May 2014. A self-constructed proforma was filled by 100 physiotherapists, and Spss version 23 was used. The majority (n=64, 64%) were male and (n=69, 69%) belongs to age group of 34-44. In marital status (n=79, 79%) were married, in education (n=78, 78%) were postgraduate. After checking their awareness we found that majority (n=84, 84%) were aware. The study finalized that majority of physiotherapist were aware about the effects and utilization of different physical therapy strategies used among stroke survivals.
Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2020
Emerging infectious diseases, such as (SARS) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus and (M... more Emerging infectious diseases, such as (SARS) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus and (MERS) Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus, it is the third extremely pathogenic coronavirus which is emerged in the last two decades. Epidemiological investigation recommended that coronavirus outbreak was associated
with seafood marked in Wuhan, China. The patient suffering from coronavirus experience various respiratory syndrome symptoms including temperature, faintness and cough. Since, the cause of coronavirus was unknown. The analysis of pneumonia was unidentified, and pneumonia was identifying depending on clinical characteristics, ruling out of common bacterial, viral pathogens and chest imaging that causes pneumonia. Some more cases were confirmed in China, Japan, USA and India. In todays, Wuhan, China there is possibility of SARS-CoV outbreak without any earlier notice. To prevent this epidemic various case from different countries should implement better triage schemes for imported cases of SARS -CoV. Some precautions like N95 masks were used for aerosol generating diseases. One of the experimental antiviral agent Remdesivir drug shows significant activity against coronavirus in vitro. There is no exact treatment for this virus infection, however, can relieve symptoms by taking over counter medicine for pain, fever and cough, using a room humidifier. As there is no exact treatments are available for this virus, initial control and prevention of more spread will be critical to halt the outbreak and to control the spread of this coronavirus infections.
Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2020
Mentha arvensis L. (Lamiaceae), usually known as Pudina, and traditionally used for various thera... more Mentha arvensis L. (Lamiaceae), usually known as Pudina, and traditionally used for various therapeutic purposes like food seasoner, household remedy, and industrial purposes etc. The present study appraised the hepatoprotective activity of the methanol extract of Mentha arvensis L. (MEMA) against by isoniazid and rifampicin (50 mg INH-100 mg RMP) induced liver impairment in rats. The dose of MEMA was 500 and 1000 mg/kg daily for 28days given by orally and Silymarin as a standard drug (100 mg/kg) was used. On basis of the biochemical estimation of liver function tests (SGPT, SGOT, ALP, total protein and total billirubin), antioxidant assays of liver homogenate (lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione content, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity) and histological study of liver tissue, the hepatoprotective activity were evaluated. The treated animals, the toxicity of INH were controlled prominently by restoration of the biochemical parameters as well as by the improvement of the antioxidant status as normal values. The results demonstrate that the methanol extract of Mentha arvensis has hepatoprotective activity against INH induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2020
Background: Use of generic medicines significantly reduces the cost of medicines to both governme... more Background: Use of generic medicines significantly reduces the cost of medicines to both governments and patients. The adoption of generic drugs in medical practices is a complex phenomenon and many determinants can affect it. Physicians and general practitioners play a key role in controlling this phenomenon and their decision in prescribing generic drugs is likely to be affected by many factors. Understanding general practitioners' perception of the quality and efficacy of generic medicines may help identify potential barriers to greater generic medication use. Objective: To assess the perception, attitude and practice of general practitioners towards prescribing generic medicines in the emergency room of public hospitals in Khartoum, Sudan. Methods: A hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was implemented. All of the Emergency rooms in public hospitals of Khartoum Sudan were assessed. The data was collected through a standardized questionnaire (Annex). The data were analysed through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used. Results: The predominant gender was females who account for 53% per cent of the sample, while males were 47%. According to the distribution of general practitioners understanding, 72% had a good understanding of generic medicines while 28% had a poor understanding of generic medicine. According to the distribution of general practitioners perception, 64% of had, good perceptions towards generic medicines while 36% had poor perceptions towards generic medicine. According to the distribution of general practitioners attitude, 68% had a good attitude towards prescribing generic medicines while 32% had poor perceptions of generic medicine. Conclusion: Good understanding, perceptions and attitudes among general practitioners towards prescribing generic medicines in the emergency room of public hospitals was observed in Khartoum, Sudan. Majority of the GPs think that generic medicines locally manufactured in Sudan are not following Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) guidelines as multinationals.
Objective: While treating anaemia in end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, recombinant human e... more Objective: While treating anaemia in end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, recombinant human erythropoietin (EpO) is the therapy of choice. However, it is rarely used in developing countries because of the financial constrains to the healthcare as well as the patient. Keeping the point of view in mind, the objective of this research was to identify the use of Epo, its frequency, and dosage in the patients of ESRD receiving continuous haemodialysis in Quetta city, Pakistan. Methods: This was a retrospective, single cantered study. The selected population was subject with ESRD and on dialysis with prolonged anaemia. All recipients of dialysis in the past one year were targeted for the study. Data of the patients regarding anaemia and the use of erythropoietin was collected through a data collection sheet. Evaluation of the biochemical parameters of ESRD patients on haemodialysis was also be taken into consideration. Demographics of the selected patients were recorded carefully for the evaluation and analysis. SPSS 20.0 was used for data analysis and based on the objectives; both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data elaboration. Results: A total of 97 ESRD patients that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Out of the 97, (52.6%) had age of more than 47 years and the cohort was dominated by males (63, 64.9%). Seventy two patients were on EPo use with majority on dose of 10000 IU with once a week frequency. The Man Whitney U test was used to compare erythropoietin use / non use and biochemical parameters. Haemoglobin percentage was significantly associated with erythropoietin use (p<0.05). The mean rank interpretation revealed erythropoietin users significantly associated with improved haemoglobin percentage. The Kruskal Wallis test was used to compare erythropoietin usage frequency and biochemical parameters. Haemoglobin percentage was again significantly associated with erythropoietin use frequency. The Bonferroni correction revealed erythropoietin frequency of twice a week was significantly associated with improved haemoglobin percentage. Conclusion: Although the use of EPO among ESRD was reasonable, few patients were not prescribed EPo for anaemia associated with ESRD. We do understand that availability and affordability can be a major reason here; policy makers should make sure about the use of EPo because of its evidence-based advantages over other procedures.
Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2020
COVID-19, an enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded
RNA virus, is spreading quickly and growin... more COVID-19, an enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded
RNA virus, is spreading quickly and growing exponentially
world-wide [1]. As of March 27, 2020, in the US, there are
103,321 individuals who have contracted it and 1,246 have
died [2]. Despite the US’s knowledge of the virus since the end
of 2019, lack of sufficient preparation is beginning to prove
devastating for the American people. One reason for COVID19’s vigor may be that RNA viruses with spikes on their
envelopes have been presumed to have likely outbreak
potential due to their high mutation and recombination rate [1].
Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2020
Background: Secondhand smoking (SHS) has been strongly associated with poor health outcomes, high... more Background: Secondhand smoking (SHS) has been strongly associated with poor health outcomes, higher risk of lung cancer in adults, increased frequency of respiratory disease in children. This study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of exposure, investigate the possible associated risk factors and to assess the knowledge and awareness towards SHS. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted and data's pertaining to socio-demographic characteristics, sources of exposure, respiratory symptoms and awareness were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and evaluated. Results: Nearly 72.98% participants reported that maximum exposure to secondhand smoke were in Estirah (social club) followed by Internet cafe (35.48%), Park (22.98%), Shopping malls (22.18%), Playground (19.76%), College (8.87%) and Restaurants (7.26%). Parental smoking had a major risk of exposure inside the home (30.24%) and friends outside (28.63%) the home. The risk of SHS was less common with people who had adequate knowledge and also with educated parents. A significant association was found between SHS exposure and chronic phlegm (42.74%), dyspnoea (41.13%) chronic cough (27.96%), wheezing (23.79%). The knowledge and awareness among people on SHS were adequate though the practices were poor. 76.21% of the parents reported that SHS exposure made their child's health worse and 72.58% opted for smoke-free public places while 26.21% participants allowed visitors to smoke in their house. Conclusion: Hence, it is very important to develop and propagate effective measures to promote smoke-free homes and public places. Health education programs should also address the more complex problem of motivating people to change their attitudes.
Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2020
Objective: The aim of this clinical review was to have an in-depth knowledge of the antibiotics b... more Objective: The aim of this clinical review was to have an in-depth knowledge of the antibiotics being used to treat lower respiratory tract infections which are most likely to occur in the pediatric population of different age groups. Methods: This study analyzed 43 articles which were studied and identified according to the research criteria. The required data has been searched using research gate, ncbi, Medscape, Mayo Clinic, WebMD. Results: The findings included different levels of effectiveness in the 5 generations of cephalosporin's as some killed certain bacteria's better than others and are relatively short acting with half-life of about 30-120 minutes when compared to penicillin. For example, first generation cephalosporin's were quite active against gram positive bacteria when compared to gram negative bacteria however, the efficacy was reduced due to resistance. It was discussed regarding second generations that they are effective against both gram negative and gram-positive bacteria and are resistant to B-lactamase more than the first generations, therefore have a high anti-bacterial activity. As far as the third and fourth generations were concerned, they were able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and were frequently designed for bacterial meningitis which were caused by susceptible pathogens. Fifth generations have a similar mechanism of action as that of the 3 rd generations and can treat resistant staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus species which are resistant to penicillin antibiotics. On the other hand, Carbapenems (penetrates bacterial cell wall of microorganisms and inhibits cell wall synthesis) and aminoglycosides (inhibits protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes and inducing misreading of the of the genetic code) are one of the most highly efficacious as they prevent severe and high risk bacterial infections although, rare incidents of toxicity and life threatening side effects have been reported when taken aminoglycosides. Conclusion: Penicillin is the safest to treat and prevent the lower respiratory tract infections in the pediatric population as they have minor side effects such as headache, nausea compared to other antibiotics.
Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2020
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Erythrina variegata (Fabaceae) is widely used as a tranquilizer a... more Ethnopharmacological relevance: Erythrina variegata (Fabaceae) is widely used as a tranquilizer and/or sedative in Traditional system of medicine. Aim of study: The present study was aimed to investigate anxiolytic effects of methanolic extract of leaves of Erythrina variegata. Materials and methods: The anxiolytic activity of methanolic extract of Erythrina variegata leaves at doses (100 and 200 mg/kg; p.o) was studied by elevated plus maze model and Rota rod test in rats. Results: In elevated plus maze test, methanolic extract of Erythrina variegata produced significant reduction in onset of anxiety and the effect was comparable to that produced by diazepam. In the Rota rod test in rats, Erythrina variegata (200 mg/kg) showed significant muscle relaxant property. The effect of the extract was comparable to that of the standard drug diazepam (1 mg/kg). The results of the present study specified that the methanolic extract of Erythrina variegata leaves keeps significant anxiolytic like activity. Conclusion: The results recommended that chronic administration of the methanolic extract of the leaves of Erythrina variegata exerts an anxiolytic-like effect on rats, and it may serve as a new approach for the treatment of anxiety.
Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2020
The purpose of this study was to investigate perception of pharmacist and prescriber regarding tr... more The purpose of this study was to investigate perception of pharmacist and prescriber regarding traditional role of community pharmacist. Questionnaire based, cross sectional study was conducted which comprised of 428 participants from Quetta, Pakistan. Majority (n=242, 56.5%) of respondents were prescribers while (n=186, 43.5%) were pharmacists with experience of 1-4 years (n=174, 40.7%). Overall the majority (n= 386, 90.2%) of the participants had positive perception regarding traditional dispensing and traditional counselling (n=314, 73.4%) role of community pharmacist. Concerning the prescribers, majority (n=200, 82.6%) had positive perception regarding traditional dispensing role and traditional counselling role (n=132, 524.5%) while concerning pharmacists, majority (n=186, 100%) had positive perception regarding the traditional dispensing role and traditional counselling (n=182, 97.8%) role of community pharmacist. This study concluded that both prescribers and pharmacists had positive perception regarding traditional role of community pharmacist, and it is recommended that further studies should be conducted regarding extended and clinical role of community pharmacist.
Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2020
Overuse disorders of tendons, or tendinopathies, present a challenge to sports physicians, surgeo... more Overuse disorders of tendons, or tendinopathies, present a challenge to sports physicians, surgeons, and other health care professionals dealing with athletes. The Achilles, patellar, and supraspinatus tendons are particularly vulnerable to injury and often difficult to manage successfully. Inflammation was believed central to the pathologic process, but histopathologic evidence has confirmed the failed healing response nature of these conditions. Excessive or inappropriate loading of the musculotendinous unit is believed to be central to the disease process, although the exact mechanism by which this occurs remains uncertain. Additionally, the location of the lesion (for example, the midtendon or osteotendinous junction) has become increasingly recognized as influencing both the pathologic process and subsequent management. The mechanical, vascular, neural, and other theories that seek to explain the pathologic process are explored in this article. Recent developments in the no operative management of chronic tendon disorders are reviewed, as is the rationale for surgical intervention. Recent surgical advances, including minimally invasive tendon surgery, are reviewed. Potential future management strategies, such as stem cell therapy, growth factor treatment, and gene transfer, are also discussed.
Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2019
Health of women is one of society's most critical issues because women must be physically, mental... more Health of women is one of society's most critical issues because women must be physically, mentally and emotionally well before they can devote themselves to serve their families and to consider other important social issues. There are many Gynaecological disorders found in women that needs to be timely diagnosed and cured to avoid major health problems. Common gynaecological disorders most of the females suffer are Usr-e-tams wa Ehtabas-e-tams (Dysmenorrhoea and Ammenorrhea), Kasrat-e-Haiz (Menorrhagia), Sailan-e-reham (Leucorrhoea),Hikkat-ul-Farj (Pruritis vulvae),Warm-e-Farj wa Mehbal (Vulvitis and Vaginitis),Warm-e-Reham (Metritis), PCOD (Polycystic ovarian disease) and Uqr-Banjhpan (Sterility). The Unani System of Medicine which is holistic in nature deals with these issues in a systematic manner as evident from classification of diseases available in ancient Unani literature and the number of plant drugs and its combinations thereby available for the treatment. These herbal medicines have greater significance in the treatment and management of various Gynaecological disorders.
Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2019
WHO defines an ADR as, "Any response to a drug which is noxious and unintended, and which occurs ... more WHO defines an ADR as, "Any response to a drug which is noxious and unintended, and which occurs at doses normally used in man for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of disease, or for the modification of physiological function". Psychosis is a mental disorder characterized by a disconnection from reality. Antipsychotics are the most effective drugs which are used in the psychiatry in the maintenance therapy of mania, psychoses and schizophrenia. The antipsychotics drugs are chemically disparate but have the common property of alleviating the symptoms of organic as well as functional psychosis. But they also have a capacity to cause a wide range of potential adverse drug reactions that can lead to non-compliance that can impair quality of life, may cause the extra pyramidal symptoms which can lead to discontinuation of therapy and in extreme cases it may be fatal. Knowledge of assessment of ADR due to different antipsychotics is necessary. It helps to choose to safe treatment and reduce the risk of occurrence of ADRs by the clinicians. Antipsychotics exhibit their own spectrum of adverse effects including hypotension, seizures, weight gain, increased risk of diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia. Occurrence of ADR had largely affected hospital stay of patients indirectly influencing economic burden on patients. ADR are often poorly identified and reported in day to day medical practice. As we collect more and more information about ADRs, we need an active surveillance system regarding identification and reporting of ADRs with antipsychotic drugs.
Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2019
Selective estrogen receptor modulators drugs, which exert estrogenic as well as anti-estrogenic a... more Selective estrogen receptor modulators drugs, which exert estrogenic as well as anti-estrogenic actions in a tissue selective manner, are used for the treatment of osteoporosis, breast cancer and with effects on the uterus and vagina that depend on the interaction with the estrogen receptors in target tissues. Due to decline of estrogen levels after menopause, hot flashes and sweating occurred as the part of the menopausal vasomotor symptoms with the estrogen related urogenital atrophy and loss of bone density. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) has three compounds Tamoxifen Citrate, Raloxifene, Bazedofene. Tamoxifen acts as selective estrogen receptor modulator or as a partial agonist of the estrogen receptors. It has mixed estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activity with its profile of effects deficiency by tissue. Raloxifene is used for the treatment of oestoporosis in postmenopausal women and also reduces breast density. Bazedofene has been also developed for the treatment of osteoporosis. The estrogen receptor has two subunits alpha and beta and SERMs interact either of these subunits and form this interaction, there is a certain level of target site specificity and tissue specificity of SERMs action. Tamoxifen represented agonist effects in inhibiting neutralised migration and preventing arthritis progression in ovariectomized mice. Clomiphene citrate and tamoxifen commonly used SERMs for the induction of ovulation. that Bazedoxifen enhances OPCs into functional oligodendrocytes which enhanced OPC differentiation and remyelination. Estrogen receptor alpha play a vital role in the etiology, treatment and prevention of the majority breast cancer. The SERMs raloxifene and bazedoxifen also both reportedly inhibit bone resorptive activity in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients and have been used to prevent bone fragility fractures.
Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2019
Plants are one of the most important of medicines. Basil (Ocimum americanum) is one such plant wh... more Plants are one of the most important of medicines. Basil (Ocimum americanum) is one such plant which symbolize all that is extraordinary in nature because the entire whole plant has been used traditional medicine for household remedy against various human from antiquity. The genus O.americanum is known to include species accumulating essential oils. In this study the secondary metabolites of both flowers and leaves of O.americanum which occur in the central Sudan. The proximate analysis to samples showed the percentage of moisture content, total ash, crude fiber and fiber protein of the leave and flowers. The elemental analysis used Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) and flame emission for Ca, Fe, Na, K, Mg, Pb and Mn plant under study. Preliminary phytochemical screening for carbohydrate, reducing sugars, monosaccharide, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, protein, amino acids and anthraquinones were performed. Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) analysis of n-hexane extracts, 22 nature compounds were recorder, most of the identified compounds in the extracts were terponoids in O.americanum monoterpenes were found to be7.29% and sesquiterpenes (4.80%)whereas alcohols and fatty acids were found to be the major constituents (1-Octanol 39.09% and Octyl acetate 38.87%) respectively. The results obtained showed that O.americanum is a good source of food and therapeutic agents which could be of use food and pharmaceutical industries information about the chemical composition of the oil could then be useful in the classification of this plant.
Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2019
In the present work we synthesized some novel α, β-unsaturated ketones with an aim to obtain some... more In the present work we synthesized some novel α, β-unsaturated ketones with an aim to obtain some new potent antibacterial and antioxidant agents. The α, β-unsaturated ketones were synthesized by base catalysed Claisen-Schmidt condensation of ketones having α, α' hydrogens with various aldehydes. Three new series of α, β-unsaturated ketones were synthesized by reacting γ-t-butylcyclohexanone, γ-phenylcyclohexanone and γ-ethylcyclohexanone with different substituted benzaldehydes. The classes of the synthesized compounds are: α,α'-Bis(substitutedarylidene)-γ-t-butylcyclohexanones[1a-j],α,α' Bis(substitutedarylidene)-γ-phenylcyclohexanones [2a-h], The formation of the compounds [1a-j] and [2a-h] are indicated by their UV spectra. The functional groups in the compounds [1a-j] and [2a-h] are characterized by their IR spectra. The number and positions of protons in the compounds [1a-j] and [2a-h] are confirmed by their 1 H-NMR spectra. The structures of compounds [1a-j] and [2a-h] are confirmed by their Mass spectra. The structures of the compounds [1a-j] and [2a-h] are further confirmed by their elemental analysis. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial properties against human pathogenic Gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Ampicillin was used as the standard. The observations reveal that α,α'-Bis(2,4-dichlorobenzylidene)-γ-phenylcyclohexanone [2b] shows highest activity against Bacillus subtilis. α,α'-Bis(2,3-dichlorobenzylidene)-γ-t-butylcyclohexanone [1a] is most active against Klebsiella pneumonia. All the synthesized compounds were also screened for their antioxidant activity using ascorbic acid as the standard by DPPH method. The observations show that α,α'-Bis(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)-γ-phenylcyclohexanone [2d] exhibits highest antioxidant activity at an EC 50 of 505 µg/mL.
OZZIE Publishers, 2019
We aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practice of AAS use amongst male gym users ... more We aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practice of AAS use amongst male gym users in Quetta city, Pakistan. This was a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey. By using a double design method, 866 gym users were approached for data collection. In addition to frequency distribution, mean and standard deviation were used to descriptively explain the study population. Out of 866 respondents, 841 responded to the study with a response rate of 97.1%. Majority of the respondents (501, 59.6%) belonged to the age group of 28-37 years and 556 (66.1%) had a bachelor level of education. More than 60% of the study respondents were aware of the term "anabolic steroids" and had the information that anabolic steroids are used in bodybuilding. Friends/gym partners (289, 49.7%) were the major source of information towards anabolic steroids followed by the media (176, 30.2%). Five hundred and two (60.8%) respondents reported having used anabolic steroids whereas friends (244, 47.6%) and online stores (1162, 31.6%) were the major sources of obtaining anabolic steroids. Five hundred and fifty-nine (66.4%) reported anabolic steroids as "safe" to be used in bodybuilding. Almost 60% of the respondents agreed that the use of anabolic steroids increases the size of the muscles, make the muscles stronger, and increases the stamina hence making a person a stronger athlete. In totality, around 60% of the respondents agreed that anabolic steroids can be purchased and used without the advice of a professional trainer or healthcare professional. Result of the current study provided clear and convincing evidence of the high frequency of AAS use among the gym users. Educating the masses, limiting the access to AAS and strict implications of policies are needed to decrease the prospect negative repercussions of AAS use.
OZZIE Publishers, 2019
Treatment with 5%, 10% & 15% concentrations of sewage waste for 24 hours show decrease in mitotic... more Treatment with 5%, 10% & 15% concentrations of sewage waste for 24 hours show decrease in mitotic index in onion. A significant decrease in MI was noted at 5% and 15% concentrations. The chromosomal aberrations (numerical & structural type) were observed. Decrease in MI was caused by the cell killing of the non resistant cells. The cell killing might be due to either damages of internal milieu of cells leading to mitotic poisoning or/and by the formation of reactive oxygen species and ions that increase the mutant bearing cells resulting to decrease in mitotic index with the retardation of the length of the roots. This might be effect the quantity of the yield.
OZZIE Publications, 2019
Background: Nurses are facing different types of job-related stress like unpredicted work shifts,... more Background: Nurses are facing different types of job-related stress like unpredicted work shifts, patients load, and critically ill patient care. Poor mental health affects the personal life of nurses but also influences their professional life. In their personal life, it may lead to drug abuse, eating disorders, cardiovascular disease, and broken relationships. Moreover, in the professional life, anxiety and depression block communications with colleagues and patients. It affects their job performance and appropriate health service to patients. Objective: To understand the state of depression among nurses at Mayo Hospital, Lahore. Methodology: It is a cross-sectional study conducted at Mayo Hospital, Lahore. Data was collected by questionnaire based on demographic profile and Beck's depression Inventory scale among 105 participants. The data was analyzed by "Statistical Package for Social Sciences" SPSS (version 20.0). Results: Our results showed that2.8%, of nursing staff experienced extreme depression, 1.9 % experienced severe depression, 6.6% experienced moderate depression, 2.8% experienced borderline clinical depression, 22.8% experienced mild mood disturbance and 62.8% had normal mood. A significant relationship is found between education degree, marital status, sleeping status, physical exercise, weekly working hours and levels of depression. Conclusion: The frequency of depression is reasonably high among nurses. Prolonged exposure of mental conditions may emerge as a potential risk factor for the disease. This study provides information to health professionals for better understanding the distress of the nurses. Bearing in mind the results found it is obvious that just like physical health, it is important to focus the mental health of the health professionals including nurses.
OZZIE Publishers, 2019
Heart failure (HF) is a worldwide health problem that affects approximately 26 million individual... more Heart failure (HF) is a worldwide health problem that affects approximately 26 million individuals. It is known that heart disease progresses to HF, and there is a link between cardiac remodelling and the development of HF. The term "remodelling" was used for the first time in 1982 by Hockman and Buckey, in a myocardial infarction (MI) model. Cardiac remodelling refers to changes in the size, shape, structure, and function of the heart. This can happen as a result of exercise (physiological remodeling) or after injury to the heart muscle (pathological remodeling).{3} The injury is typically due to myocardial infarction. Chronic hypertension, congenital heart disease with intracardiac shunting, and valvular heart disease may also lead to remodelling. Between the physiological and pathological remodelling, the physiological remodelling is reversible and the pathological remodeling is irreversible. Cardiac remodelling is considered to be not only an adaptive event but also a maladaptive phenomenon. In the acute phase of a myocardial stress, cardiac remodelling acts as an adaptive response that enables the heart to maintain cardiac output; however, after the prolonged stressful stimulus, this continuous process leads to progressive decompensation. The cardiac myocyte is the major cell involved in remodeling. Fibroblasts, collagen, the interstitium, and the coronary vessels to a lesser extent, also play a role. The most used methods to detect these changes are echocardiography, ventriculography, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Several markers may indicate a remodelling process, including changes in the expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms, with an increase in alpha-and a decrease in beta-myosin heavy chain, increased expression of GLUT-1, alpha-actin, natriuretic peptide, galectin, caveolin, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, angiotensin-converting enzyme, a decrease in GLUT-4, SERCA2a, and a shift from glucose to fatty acid oxidation.Medications may attenuate remodelling , Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, Beta blockers (Carvedilol), may actually reverse the remodelling process by reducing left ventricular volumes and improving systolic function.
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Papers by Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences
with seafood marked in Wuhan, China. The patient suffering from coronavirus experience various respiratory syndrome symptoms including temperature, faintness and cough. Since, the cause of coronavirus was unknown. The analysis of pneumonia was unidentified, and pneumonia was identifying depending on clinical characteristics, ruling out of common bacterial, viral pathogens and chest imaging that causes pneumonia. Some more cases were confirmed in China, Japan, USA and India. In todays, Wuhan, China there is possibility of SARS-CoV outbreak without any earlier notice. To prevent this epidemic various case from different countries should implement better triage schemes for imported cases of SARS -CoV. Some precautions like N95 masks were used for aerosol generating diseases. One of the experimental antiviral agent Remdesivir drug shows significant activity against coronavirus in vitro. There is no exact treatment for this virus infection, however, can relieve symptoms by taking over counter medicine for pain, fever and cough, using a room humidifier. As there is no exact treatments are available for this virus, initial control and prevention of more spread will be critical to halt the outbreak and to control the spread of this coronavirus infections.
RNA virus, is spreading quickly and growing exponentially
world-wide [1]. As of March 27, 2020, in the US, there are
103,321 individuals who have contracted it and 1,246 have
died [2]. Despite the US’s knowledge of the virus since the end
of 2019, lack of sufficient preparation is beginning to prove
devastating for the American people. One reason for COVID19’s vigor may be that RNA viruses with spikes on their
envelopes have been presumed to have likely outbreak
potential due to their high mutation and recombination rate [1].
with seafood marked in Wuhan, China. The patient suffering from coronavirus experience various respiratory syndrome symptoms including temperature, faintness and cough. Since, the cause of coronavirus was unknown. The analysis of pneumonia was unidentified, and pneumonia was identifying depending on clinical characteristics, ruling out of common bacterial, viral pathogens and chest imaging that causes pneumonia. Some more cases were confirmed in China, Japan, USA and India. In todays, Wuhan, China there is possibility of SARS-CoV outbreak without any earlier notice. To prevent this epidemic various case from different countries should implement better triage schemes for imported cases of SARS -CoV. Some precautions like N95 masks were used for aerosol generating diseases. One of the experimental antiviral agent Remdesivir drug shows significant activity against coronavirus in vitro. There is no exact treatment for this virus infection, however, can relieve symptoms by taking over counter medicine for pain, fever and cough, using a room humidifier. As there is no exact treatments are available for this virus, initial control and prevention of more spread will be critical to halt the outbreak and to control the spread of this coronavirus infections.
RNA virus, is spreading quickly and growing exponentially
world-wide [1]. As of March 27, 2020, in the US, there are
103,321 individuals who have contracted it and 1,246 have
died [2]. Despite the US’s knowledge of the virus since the end
of 2019, lack of sufficient preparation is beginning to prove
devastating for the American people. One reason for COVID19’s vigor may be that RNA viruses with spikes on their
envelopes have been presumed to have likely outbreak
potential due to their high mutation and recombination rate [1].