In developing nations, environmental policies have not given nearly enough consideration to the r... more In developing nations, environmental policies have not given nearly enough consideration to the role that environmentally friendly innovation plays. Green innovation and long-term financial performance are extremely dependent on one another. Despite the fact that numerous studies have investigated the impact that a variety of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities have had on environmental sustainability, relatively few have investigated the implications of green innovation strategies and sustainability. From the mid-2021 through to mid-2022, information was gathered from 184 businesses listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) across 12 different industries. Estimates of the results were obtained by the use of structural equation modeling using partial least squares (PLS-SEM). The outcomes of the study indicated that all parts of CSR were positively significant in the process of fostering environmentally sustainable growth, with the exception of one aspect of CSR that w...
Green innovation hasn't gotten much attention as a factor of environmental policies in develo... more Green innovation hasn't gotten much attention as a factor of environmental policies in developing countries like Pakistan. Green innovation and long-term financial performance are very much dependent yet; despite the fact that many studies have looked into the influence of various corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities on environmental sustainability, few have looked into the implications of green innovation strategies and sustainability. From January to December 2021, data were collected from the respondent of 184 listed companies of 12 sectors of Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). The results were estimated by using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). According to the findings of the study, all aspects of CSR were determined to be favorably significant in promoting environmentally sustainable growth except one aspect of CSR to consumers. Furthermore the mediation effect of green innovation is also aided by environmentally sustainable development.
The ambition of doing this research is to discover how the usage of social media marketing is hel... more The ambition of doing this research is to discover how the usage of social media marketing is helping young entrepreneurs in doing business activities with special reference to Pakistan. Many young entrepreneurs have taken advantage of their computer literacy and have started doing business through the web providing additional income to their families in such dire economic conditions. This research helped in identifying various opportunities that social media marketing has helped young entrepreneurs in expanding their business and to create awareness among deserving and potential entrepreneurs about social media options. This research study also focuses on the threats of using social media by the youth. The results showed that social media is the most popular tool among entrepreneurs as it is a safe and secure system for earning their livelihood
Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 2014
This study aims at finding the most appropriate model for investigating volatility of gold-future... more This study aims at finding the most appropriate model for investigating volatility of gold-futures’ returns using various GARCH family models for Pakistan. Estimating ARMA (1,1)-GARCH(1,1), GJR-GARCH and GARCH-M models, this study finds that GJR-GARCH and GARCH-M are not appropriate models to describe volatility of gold-futures’ returns. Whereas, ARMA (1, 1)-GARCH (1, 1) proves to be the most suitable model.
In this study we are in the quest for most appropri ate GARCH-family model for modeling the diffe... more In this study we are in the quest for most appropri ate GARCH-family model for modeling the differenced log Consumer Price Index (CPI) CPI i.e. percentage change in CPI for Pakistan. Using variou s specifications for mean equation, study estimated GARCH (1,1) and GJR-GARCH (1,1). The study also estimates EGARCH (1,1) for monthly data of CPI. The estimation results reveal that ARMA (1,1)- GARCH (1,1) comes out to be most appropriate specification for modeling inflation volatility. Th e study finds no evidence of asymmetry in the response of inflation volatility t o negative and positive shocks.
Purpose: The primary goal of this study is to look at the behavioral factors that influence an in... more Purpose: The primary goal of this study is to look at the behavioral factors that influence an individual's decision to invest in the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX).Design/methodology/approach: Existing behavioral finance theories serve as a foundation for hypotheses. Further hypotheses were investigated by disseminating questionnaire results from a number of individual Pakistani investors. Brokerage and asset management fund managers were also questioned in semi-structured interviews. The obtained data were analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences, and latent variables were identified using the structural equation model (SEM) and an asset management operating system (AMOS).Findings: Individual investor investment decisions in the PSX are influenced by five behavioral factors: herding, market, prospect, overconfidence and gambler fallacy and anchoring-ability bias. The majority of the variables have a modest impact; however, the market component has a significan...
Purpose – The objective of this study is to determine the factors that contribute to online shopp... more Purpose – The objective of this study is to determine the factors that contribute to online shopping loyalty in Malaysian’s e-retailing environment. Design/methodology/approach–The research aim of this study focuses on Malaysian consumers. The study undertakes an empirical approach and therefore, data were collected through a self-administered online questionnaire and 291 responses were found to be usable. The structural equation modelling technique was used for the analysis of the data with the help of AMOS 22. Findings–The empirical results show that website perceived usefulness, ease of use, privacy/security and e-scape are significant predictors of web site e-satisfaction and e-trust. Furthermore, to establish an online loyalty, companies need to focus their attention on e-satisfaction and e-trust. Practical Implications – Although previous studies have investigated the pertinent issues about online retailing. However, very few studies have been conducted in developing counties ...
The ambition of doing this research is to discover how the usage of social media marketing is hel... more The ambition of doing this research is to discover how the usage of social media marketing is helping young entrepreneurs in doing business activities with special reference to Pakistan. Many young entrepreneurs have taken advantage of their computer literacy and have started doing business through the web providing additional income to their families in such dire economic conditions. This research helped in identifying various opportunities that social media marketing has helped young entrepreneurs in expanding their business and to create awareness among deserving and potential entrepreneurs about social media options. This research study also focuses on the threats of using social media by the youth. The results showed that social media is the most popular tool among entrepreneurs as it is a safe and secure system for earning their livelihood.
Humanoid psychological sentiments and enigma of investment, 2022
Purpose-The primary goal of this study is to look at the behavioral factors that influence an ind... more Purpose-The primary goal of this study is to look at the behavioral factors that influence an individual's decision to invest in the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). Design/methodology/approach-Existing behavioral finance theories serve as a foundation for hypotheses. Further hypotheses were investigated by disseminating questionnaire results from a number of individual Pakistani investors. Brokerage and asset management fund managers were also questioned in semi-structured interviews. The obtained data were analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences, and latent variables were identified using the structural equation model (SEM) and an asset management operating system (AMOS). Findings-Individual investor investment decisions in the PSX are influenced by five behavioral factors: herding, market, prospect, overconfidence and gambler fallacy and anchoring-ability bias. The majority of the variables have a modest impact; however, the market component has a significant impact. Only three behavioral elements, herding, prospect and heuristic, are found to influence investment performance among the behavioral factors stated above. Heuristic habits have been discovered to have the greatest positive impact on investment performance. Practical implications-This study is one of the few in Pakistan that looked at the factors that influence stock investment decisions using behavioral finance. Prior research has only considered the effects of a restricted number of behavioral characteristics on Pakistani individual investors; however, this study seeks to use a whole collection of behavioral factors to examine their impacts on Pakistani individual investors. Research limitations-The focus of the study remains on the individual investor, whereas the impact of institutional investors on investment behavior could bring different outcomes. Originality/value-This is among the few studies that investigated the impact of cognitive factors on investment decisions in the context of Pakistan and will help policy makers, opinion makers and individuals.
This research paper examines the relationship between various factors that affect the consumer be... more This research paper examines the relationship between various factors that affect the consumer behavior towards online shopping. Online shopping refers to the recent trends of being able to buy everything from home. The focus of this research is to explain the influence of five major variables that were derived from literature. These variables are trust, time, product variety, convenience and privacy, which determine how consumer-buying behavior is reflecting online shopping trends. Data was collected through the use of a specified measuring instrument. This instrument was a completely self-developed and standardized questionnaire that comprised of two sections. The statistical analysis of the data reflects that trust and convenience will have great impact on the decision to buy online or not. Trust is been considered as the most relevant factor affecting the customer's buying behavior towards online shopping when it comes to younger generation.
The study of Food Insecurity of rice in Pakistan was to evaluate the impact of insecurity of rice... more The study of Food Insecurity of rice in Pakistan was to evaluate the impact of insecurity of rice on people of Pakistan.In Pakistan the rice stands for a situation where at one side there is rice available but on the other side the people don’t have enough accessibility of rice.The study will focus on qualitative research as this research phenomenon is comparatively new in Pakistan. Such study is rare so it is difficult to collect the data regarding the progress of Food Insecurity in Pakistan on rice. The research is based on the potential of rice and products in Pakistan related to the agriculture institutions, private representatives and government’s representatives. One of the biggest findings of this research was the gaps between realities and polices.The implementation from research will help government authorities, policy makers, market committees, traders, brokers, and exporters to understand the overall dynamics and mechanism of rice sector in Pakistan.
Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal, 2013
In today’s world where technology, advancement, trade, business and modernization has been increa... more In today’s world where technology, advancement, trade, business and modernization has been increasing day by day countries are emphasizing on business sector and individuals are focusing on earning more and more money but some peoples are still depressed and deprived due to rampant inflation and poor economic conditions the only solution for their problems are non-profit organizations. In developing countries like Pakistan where government is not providing basic necessities to their citizen where the concept of welfare state does not exist these non-profit organizations’ contribution is worth mentioning. The management practices, the satisfaction and motivation level of the personnel working in these nonprofit organizations should be given importance because they are serving the humanity. A number of researches have been conducted on human resource practices and their impact on job satisfaction and employee motivation but most of the studies have been done in developed countries a f...
Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 2013
This research shows that a large number of bankers are facing high stress because of their job an... more This research shows that a large number of bankers are facing high stress because of their job and the reasons behind this stress include long working hours, improper reward system, lack of job autonomy, organizational culture, role conflict etc. and the main reason is lack of management support to employees. The employees can notice a number of symptoms indicating high level stress among them. However if these symptoms are not noticed in early stage, they can cause serious health problems among employees such as depression, heart problems, diabetes etc. Not only health but personal life of bankers are also being affected because of high job stress, most employees are unable to spend time at home or with family. However, with the help of proper management techniques by management, the bankers stress level can be reduced to great extent. The type of research conducted is 'Causal' as this research explores the effect of one variable over other. It aims to determine the cause-e...
Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are globally considered as distinctly effective way to make livi... more Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are globally considered as distinctly effective way to make living standard of the people better. The purpose of conducting this research study is to investigate the growth prospects of microfinance programs in Pakistan to eradicate poverty. The microfinance program has been operative in Pakistan since October 1972 in one form or the other. It was first launched by the then government to attack poverty. But the current development took place in 1990s in Pakistan when most of the MFPs were established in the form of Microfinance Banks (MFBs), Rural Support Programs (RSPs), Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) or others. The responses of MFPs were quite encouraging. Most of them have demonstrated the expansion in terms of number of branches as well as the borrowers. The outreach is also expanding during the time period studied (2006-08). Though the rate of growth is very slow and currently MFPs could serve only 11 percent of Prospective clients. Large numb...
Purpose - With the changing trends business studies have become very popular amongst the students... more Purpose - With the changing trends business studies have become very popular amongst the students as a means of future career. Accordingly, an issue has always been at hand the students and parents both that which higher education institution be selected for the business management education. This research paper examines different factors that influence business student’s behavior in selecting a business school. Methodology/Sample - The research has been carried out in the vicinity of Karachi city. The researchers used both primary and secondary methods of data collection. Primary data was collected through questionnaire. The sample of 100 students was selected. Probability sampling technique was used whereby 10 students were selected form each well known business schools of Karachi. Findings - The researcher classified different influencing factors into two main categories -- internal and internal ones and found that both internal and external factors influence business students in...
Purpose:- The trend of merger and acquisition is increasing in the Pakistani banking sector. The ... more Purpose:- The trend of merger and acquisition is increasing in the Pakistani banking sector. The purpose of this study is to find out the basic factors which beguile banks for the merger and acquisition. Methodology/Sample:- In this study researcher took the sample size 2 as two merger cases one is happened in year 2010 (Faysal Bank & RBS) and one in 2007 (SAMBA & CCB). Researcher critically analyzed the pre and post-merger performance of FAYSAL BANK & RBS and SAMBA &CCB with the help of five financial ratios, Net interest margin ratio, Gross margin ratio, ROE, Debt ratio, Debt to equity ratio. Researcher utilized the t-test for testing the hypothesis. This study has adopted exploratory research as its first research technique which helped us in clarifying the research problem. Many constraints have been faced during this study for example bankers were hesitating to fulfill the questionnaires. Findings:- The result of this study suggests that after merger and acquisition firms can i...
In developing nations, environmental policies have not given nearly enough consideration to the r... more In developing nations, environmental policies have not given nearly enough consideration to the role that environmentally friendly innovation plays. Green innovation and long-term financial performance are extremely dependent on one another. Despite the fact that numerous studies have investigated the impact that a variety of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities have had on environmental sustainability, relatively few have investigated the implications of green innovation strategies and sustainability. From the mid-2021 through to mid-2022, information was gathered from 184 businesses listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) across 12 different industries. Estimates of the results were obtained by the use of structural equation modeling using partial least squares (PLS-SEM). The outcomes of the study indicated that all parts of CSR were positively significant in the process of fostering environmentally sustainable growth, with the exception of one aspect of CSR that w...
Green innovation hasn't gotten much attention as a factor of environmental policies in develo... more Green innovation hasn't gotten much attention as a factor of environmental policies in developing countries like Pakistan. Green innovation and long-term financial performance are very much dependent yet; despite the fact that many studies have looked into the influence of various corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities on environmental sustainability, few have looked into the implications of green innovation strategies and sustainability. From January to December 2021, data were collected from the respondent of 184 listed companies of 12 sectors of Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). The results were estimated by using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). According to the findings of the study, all aspects of CSR were determined to be favorably significant in promoting environmentally sustainable growth except one aspect of CSR to consumers. Furthermore the mediation effect of green innovation is also aided by environmentally sustainable development.
The ambition of doing this research is to discover how the usage of social media marketing is hel... more The ambition of doing this research is to discover how the usage of social media marketing is helping young entrepreneurs in doing business activities with special reference to Pakistan. Many young entrepreneurs have taken advantage of their computer literacy and have started doing business through the web providing additional income to their families in such dire economic conditions. This research helped in identifying various opportunities that social media marketing has helped young entrepreneurs in expanding their business and to create awareness among deserving and potential entrepreneurs about social media options. This research study also focuses on the threats of using social media by the youth. The results showed that social media is the most popular tool among entrepreneurs as it is a safe and secure system for earning their livelihood
Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 2014
This study aims at finding the most appropriate model for investigating volatility of gold-future... more This study aims at finding the most appropriate model for investigating volatility of gold-futures’ returns using various GARCH family models for Pakistan. Estimating ARMA (1,1)-GARCH(1,1), GJR-GARCH and GARCH-M models, this study finds that GJR-GARCH and GARCH-M are not appropriate models to describe volatility of gold-futures’ returns. Whereas, ARMA (1, 1)-GARCH (1, 1) proves to be the most suitable model.
In this study we are in the quest for most appropri ate GARCH-family model for modeling the diffe... more In this study we are in the quest for most appropri ate GARCH-family model for modeling the differenced log Consumer Price Index (CPI) CPI i.e. percentage change in CPI for Pakistan. Using variou s specifications for mean equation, study estimated GARCH (1,1) and GJR-GARCH (1,1). The study also estimates EGARCH (1,1) for monthly data of CPI. The estimation results reveal that ARMA (1,1)- GARCH (1,1) comes out to be most appropriate specification for modeling inflation volatility. Th e study finds no evidence of asymmetry in the response of inflation volatility t o negative and positive shocks.
Purpose: The primary goal of this study is to look at the behavioral factors that influence an in... more Purpose: The primary goal of this study is to look at the behavioral factors that influence an individual's decision to invest in the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX).Design/methodology/approach: Existing behavioral finance theories serve as a foundation for hypotheses. Further hypotheses were investigated by disseminating questionnaire results from a number of individual Pakistani investors. Brokerage and asset management fund managers were also questioned in semi-structured interviews. The obtained data were analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences, and latent variables were identified using the structural equation model (SEM) and an asset management operating system (AMOS).Findings: Individual investor investment decisions in the PSX are influenced by five behavioral factors: herding, market, prospect, overconfidence and gambler fallacy and anchoring-ability bias. The majority of the variables have a modest impact; however, the market component has a significan...
Purpose – The objective of this study is to determine the factors that contribute to online shopp... more Purpose – The objective of this study is to determine the factors that contribute to online shopping loyalty in Malaysian’s e-retailing environment. Design/methodology/approach–The research aim of this study focuses on Malaysian consumers. The study undertakes an empirical approach and therefore, data were collected through a self-administered online questionnaire and 291 responses were found to be usable. The structural equation modelling technique was used for the analysis of the data with the help of AMOS 22. Findings–The empirical results show that website perceived usefulness, ease of use, privacy/security and e-scape are significant predictors of web site e-satisfaction and e-trust. Furthermore, to establish an online loyalty, companies need to focus their attention on e-satisfaction and e-trust. Practical Implications – Although previous studies have investigated the pertinent issues about online retailing. However, very few studies have been conducted in developing counties ...
The ambition of doing this research is to discover how the usage of social media marketing is hel... more The ambition of doing this research is to discover how the usage of social media marketing is helping young entrepreneurs in doing business activities with special reference to Pakistan. Many young entrepreneurs have taken advantage of their computer literacy and have started doing business through the web providing additional income to their families in such dire economic conditions. This research helped in identifying various opportunities that social media marketing has helped young entrepreneurs in expanding their business and to create awareness among deserving and potential entrepreneurs about social media options. This research study also focuses on the threats of using social media by the youth. The results showed that social media is the most popular tool among entrepreneurs as it is a safe and secure system for earning their livelihood.
Humanoid psychological sentiments and enigma of investment, 2022
Purpose-The primary goal of this study is to look at the behavioral factors that influence an ind... more Purpose-The primary goal of this study is to look at the behavioral factors that influence an individual's decision to invest in the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). Design/methodology/approach-Existing behavioral finance theories serve as a foundation for hypotheses. Further hypotheses were investigated by disseminating questionnaire results from a number of individual Pakistani investors. Brokerage and asset management fund managers were also questioned in semi-structured interviews. The obtained data were analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences, and latent variables were identified using the structural equation model (SEM) and an asset management operating system (AMOS). Findings-Individual investor investment decisions in the PSX are influenced by five behavioral factors: herding, market, prospect, overconfidence and gambler fallacy and anchoring-ability bias. The majority of the variables have a modest impact; however, the market component has a significant impact. Only three behavioral elements, herding, prospect and heuristic, are found to influence investment performance among the behavioral factors stated above. Heuristic habits have been discovered to have the greatest positive impact on investment performance. Practical implications-This study is one of the few in Pakistan that looked at the factors that influence stock investment decisions using behavioral finance. Prior research has only considered the effects of a restricted number of behavioral characteristics on Pakistani individual investors; however, this study seeks to use a whole collection of behavioral factors to examine their impacts on Pakistani individual investors. Research limitations-The focus of the study remains on the individual investor, whereas the impact of institutional investors on investment behavior could bring different outcomes. Originality/value-This is among the few studies that investigated the impact of cognitive factors on investment decisions in the context of Pakistan and will help policy makers, opinion makers and individuals.
This research paper examines the relationship between various factors that affect the consumer be... more This research paper examines the relationship between various factors that affect the consumer behavior towards online shopping. Online shopping refers to the recent trends of being able to buy everything from home. The focus of this research is to explain the influence of five major variables that were derived from literature. These variables are trust, time, product variety, convenience and privacy, which determine how consumer-buying behavior is reflecting online shopping trends. Data was collected through the use of a specified measuring instrument. This instrument was a completely self-developed and standardized questionnaire that comprised of two sections. The statistical analysis of the data reflects that trust and convenience will have great impact on the decision to buy online or not. Trust is been considered as the most relevant factor affecting the customer's buying behavior towards online shopping when it comes to younger generation.
The study of Food Insecurity of rice in Pakistan was to evaluate the impact of insecurity of rice... more The study of Food Insecurity of rice in Pakistan was to evaluate the impact of insecurity of rice on people of Pakistan.In Pakistan the rice stands for a situation where at one side there is rice available but on the other side the people don’t have enough accessibility of rice.The study will focus on qualitative research as this research phenomenon is comparatively new in Pakistan. Such study is rare so it is difficult to collect the data regarding the progress of Food Insecurity in Pakistan on rice. The research is based on the potential of rice and products in Pakistan related to the agriculture institutions, private representatives and government’s representatives. One of the biggest findings of this research was the gaps between realities and polices.The implementation from research will help government authorities, policy makers, market committees, traders, brokers, and exporters to understand the overall dynamics and mechanism of rice sector in Pakistan.
Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal, 2013
In today’s world where technology, advancement, trade, business and modernization has been increa... more In today’s world where technology, advancement, trade, business and modernization has been increasing day by day countries are emphasizing on business sector and individuals are focusing on earning more and more money but some peoples are still depressed and deprived due to rampant inflation and poor economic conditions the only solution for their problems are non-profit organizations. In developing countries like Pakistan where government is not providing basic necessities to their citizen where the concept of welfare state does not exist these non-profit organizations’ contribution is worth mentioning. The management practices, the satisfaction and motivation level of the personnel working in these nonprofit organizations should be given importance because they are serving the humanity. A number of researches have been conducted on human resource practices and their impact on job satisfaction and employee motivation but most of the studies have been done in developed countries a f...
Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 2013
This research shows that a large number of bankers are facing high stress because of their job an... more This research shows that a large number of bankers are facing high stress because of their job and the reasons behind this stress include long working hours, improper reward system, lack of job autonomy, organizational culture, role conflict etc. and the main reason is lack of management support to employees. The employees can notice a number of symptoms indicating high level stress among them. However if these symptoms are not noticed in early stage, they can cause serious health problems among employees such as depression, heart problems, diabetes etc. Not only health but personal life of bankers are also being affected because of high job stress, most employees are unable to spend time at home or with family. However, with the help of proper management techniques by management, the bankers stress level can be reduced to great extent. The type of research conducted is 'Causal' as this research explores the effect of one variable over other. It aims to determine the cause-e...
Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are globally considered as distinctly effective way to make livi... more Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are globally considered as distinctly effective way to make living standard of the people better. The purpose of conducting this research study is to investigate the growth prospects of microfinance programs in Pakistan to eradicate poverty. The microfinance program has been operative in Pakistan since October 1972 in one form or the other. It was first launched by the then government to attack poverty. But the current development took place in 1990s in Pakistan when most of the MFPs were established in the form of Microfinance Banks (MFBs), Rural Support Programs (RSPs), Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) or others. The responses of MFPs were quite encouraging. Most of them have demonstrated the expansion in terms of number of branches as well as the borrowers. The outreach is also expanding during the time period studied (2006-08). Though the rate of growth is very slow and currently MFPs could serve only 11 percent of Prospective clients. Large numb...
Purpose - With the changing trends business studies have become very popular amongst the students... more Purpose - With the changing trends business studies have become very popular amongst the students as a means of future career. Accordingly, an issue has always been at hand the students and parents both that which higher education institution be selected for the business management education. This research paper examines different factors that influence business student’s behavior in selecting a business school. Methodology/Sample - The research has been carried out in the vicinity of Karachi city. The researchers used both primary and secondary methods of data collection. Primary data was collected through questionnaire. The sample of 100 students was selected. Probability sampling technique was used whereby 10 students were selected form each well known business schools of Karachi. Findings - The researcher classified different influencing factors into two main categories -- internal and internal ones and found that both internal and external factors influence business students in...
Purpose:- The trend of merger and acquisition is increasing in the Pakistani banking sector. The ... more Purpose:- The trend of merger and acquisition is increasing in the Pakistani banking sector. The purpose of this study is to find out the basic factors which beguile banks for the merger and acquisition. Methodology/Sample:- In this study researcher took the sample size 2 as two merger cases one is happened in year 2010 (Faysal Bank & RBS) and one in 2007 (SAMBA & CCB). Researcher critically analyzed the pre and post-merger performance of FAYSAL BANK & RBS and SAMBA &CCB with the help of five financial ratios, Net interest margin ratio, Gross margin ratio, ROE, Debt ratio, Debt to equity ratio. Researcher utilized the t-test for testing the hypothesis. This study has adopted exploratory research as its first research technique which helped us in clarifying the research problem. Many constraints have been faced during this study for example bankers were hesitating to fulfill the questionnaires. Findings:- The result of this study suggests that after merger and acquisition firms can i...
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Papers by Rizwana Bashir