The Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45) is one of the most extensively used standardized self-report in... more The Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45) is one of the most extensively used standardized self-report instruments to monitor psychotherapy outcomes. The questionnaire is designed specifically for the assessment of change during psychotherapy treatments. Therefore, it is crucial to provide norms and clinical cut-off values for clinicians and researchers. The current study aims at providing study provides norms, reliability indices, and clinical cut-off values for the Portuguese version of the scale. Data from two large non-clinical samples (high school/university, N = 1,669; community, N = 879) and one clinical sample (n = 201) were used to investigate psychometric properties and derive normative data for all OQ-45 subscales and the total score. Significant and substantial differences were found for all subscales between the clinical and non-clinical sample. The Portuguese version also showed adequate reliabilities (internal consistency, test-retest), which were comparable to the original version. To assess individual clinical change, clinical cut-off values and reliable change indices were calculated allowing clinicians and researchers to monitor and evaluate clients' individual change. The Portuguese version of the OQ-45 is a reliable instrument with comparable Portuguese norms and cut-off scores to those from the original version. This allows clinicians and researchers to use this instrument for evaluating change and outcome in psychotherapy. This study provides norms for non-clinical and clinical Portuguese samples and investigates the reliability (internal consistency and test-retest) of the OQ-45. Cut-off values and reliable change index are provided allowing clinicians to evaluate clinical change and clients' response to treatment, monitoring the quality of mental health care services. These can be used, in routine clinical practice, as benchmarks for treatment progress and to empirically base clinical decisions such as continuation of treatment or considering termination.
ABSTRACT Background Bulimia nervosa (BN) is often related to self-control difficulties and to dys... more ABSTRACT Background Bulimia nervosa (BN) is often related to self-control difficulties and to dysregulated behaviours. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of self-injurious behaviour, suicide attempts, and other dysregulated behaviours in BN, using two control groups (a healthy group and a general psychiatric group), and also to examine the association between these behaviours and alleged sexual abuse in BN. Method Women (N = 233) aged between 13 and 38 years old were evaluated using a semi-structured interview. Results Participants with BN reported more self-injurious behaviours, suicide attempts by drug intake, and poor control in smoking and illicit drugs use compared with participants in both control groups. Participants with BN also reported more spending behaviours when compared with the general psychiatric control group. The use of illegal drugs and medication was significantly related to alleged sexual abuse in BN participants. Conclusions This study concluded that BN is often related to dysregulated behaviours, and clinicians must take into account the multi-impulsive spectrum behaviours of BN in their evaluation and treatment of BN.
Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS) constitute the most common eating disorder among ... more Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS) constitute the most common eating disorder among those seeking treatment at eating disorder facilities; they are even more common among persons with eating disorders the community. This study compares the impact of applying the revised diagnostic criteria proposed by the DSM-5 workgroup, and the broad categories for the diagnosis of eating disorders (BCD-ED) proposed by Walsh and Sysko on the prevalence of EDNOS. In two nationwide epidemiological studies the prevalence of eating disorders among female high school (n = 2,028) and university students (n = 1,020) was examined using DSM-IV criteria. We used a two-stage design, administering a questionnaire in the first stage and an interview in the second stage. In the combined samples 118 cases of eating disorders (DSM-IV) were detected, of which 86 were diagnosed as EDNOS (72.9%). Application of the DSM-5 criteria reduced the number of EDNOS cases to 60 (50.8%) or to 52 (44%), when using a BMI <18.5 as cutoff for "significantly low weight" criterion in AN; with the use of BCD-ED criteria, only 5 (4.2%) cases of EDNOS remained. Proposed criteria set for DSM-5 substantially reduce the number of EDNOS cases. However, the BCD-ED scheme further reduces its proportion, almost eliminating it.
ABSTRACT Data consisting of 263.390 test day records (PDC) of 32.448 first lactation Holstein cow... more ABSTRACT Data consisting of 263.390 test day records (PDC) of 32.448 first lactation Holstein cows were used to compare three random regression test-day models (RR), a repeatability test-day model (RM) and a 305-d lactation model (P305) for breeding value (EBV) prediction of milk yield. One RR model used the logarithmic function of Ali & Schaeffer (AS) and the other two models used the exponential Wilmink function in its standard form (W) and a modified form (W*). The required covariance parameters were previously estimated from the same covariance functions and models. Standard deviations (SD) of EBVs for bulls were similar for AS, W* and RM. SD of EBVs for cows were larger for test-day models than for P305 and for bulls they differed by -33.64 to +321.95 from the P305 depending on progeny number. SD of EBVs for bulls and cows for the W were the largest ones. Correlation between EBVs of P305 and EBVs of the other models for bulls increased as progeny number increased and ranged from 0.66 (P305-W) to 0.92 (P305-AS, P305-W*). Genetic trends were largest for RR and smaller for RM than for P305. RR models provide more information than the RM and describe the shape of the lactation curve from which EBVs for persistency can be derived. The AS was the best function to fit RR test-day models and may be an alternative to replace the lactation model for genetic evaluation of milk yield in Holstein cattle in Brazil.
The Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45) is one of the most extensively used standardized self-report in... more The Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45) is one of the most extensively used standardized self-report instruments to monitor psychotherapy outcomes. The questionnaire is designed specifically for the assessment of change during psychotherapy treatments. Therefore, it is crucial to provide norms and clinical cut-off values for clinicians and researchers. The current study aims at providing study provides norms, reliability indices, and clinical cut-off values for the Portuguese version of the scale. Data from two large non-clinical samples (high school/university, N = 1,669; community, N = 879) and one clinical sample (n = 201) were used to investigate psychometric properties and derive normative data for all OQ-45 subscales and the total score. Significant and substantial differences were found for all subscales between the clinical and non-clinical sample. The Portuguese version also showed adequate reliabilities (internal consistency, test-retest), which were comparable to the original version. To assess individual clinical change, clinical cut-off values and reliable change indices were calculated allowing clinicians and researchers to monitor and evaluate clients' individual change. The Portuguese version of the OQ-45 is a reliable instrument with comparable Portuguese norms and cut-off scores to those from the original version. This allows clinicians and researchers to use this instrument for evaluating change and outcome in psychotherapy. This study provides norms for non-clinical and clinical Portuguese samples and investigates the reliability (internal consistency and test-retest) of the OQ-45. Cut-off values and reliable change index are provided allowing clinicians to evaluate clinical change and clients' response to treatment, monitoring the quality of mental health care services. These can be used, in routine clinical practice, as benchmarks for treatment progress and to empirically base clinical decisions such as continuation of treatment or considering termination.
ABSTRACT Background Bulimia nervosa (BN) is often related to self-control difficulties and to dys... more ABSTRACT Background Bulimia nervosa (BN) is often related to self-control difficulties and to dysregulated behaviours. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of self-injurious behaviour, suicide attempts, and other dysregulated behaviours in BN, using two control groups (a healthy group and a general psychiatric group), and also to examine the association between these behaviours and alleged sexual abuse in BN. Method Women (N = 233) aged between 13 and 38 years old were evaluated using a semi-structured interview. Results Participants with BN reported more self-injurious behaviours, suicide attempts by drug intake, and poor control in smoking and illicit drugs use compared with participants in both control groups. Participants with BN also reported more spending behaviours when compared with the general psychiatric control group. The use of illegal drugs and medication was significantly related to alleged sexual abuse in BN participants. Conclusions This study concluded that BN is often related to dysregulated behaviours, and clinicians must take into account the multi-impulsive spectrum behaviours of BN in their evaluation and treatment of BN.
Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS) constitute the most common eating disorder among ... more Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS) constitute the most common eating disorder among those seeking treatment at eating disorder facilities; they are even more common among persons with eating disorders the community. This study compares the impact of applying the revised diagnostic criteria proposed by the DSM-5 workgroup, and the broad categories for the diagnosis of eating disorders (BCD-ED) proposed by Walsh and Sysko on the prevalence of EDNOS. In two nationwide epidemiological studies the prevalence of eating disorders among female high school (n = 2,028) and university students (n = 1,020) was examined using DSM-IV criteria. We used a two-stage design, administering a questionnaire in the first stage and an interview in the second stage. In the combined samples 118 cases of eating disorders (DSM-IV) were detected, of which 86 were diagnosed as EDNOS (72.9%). Application of the DSM-5 criteria reduced the number of EDNOS cases to 60 (50.8%) or to 52 (44%), when using a BMI <18.5 as cutoff for "significantly low weight" criterion in AN; with the use of BCD-ED criteria, only 5 (4.2%) cases of EDNOS remained. Proposed criteria set for DSM-5 substantially reduce the number of EDNOS cases. However, the BCD-ED scheme further reduces its proportion, almost eliminating it.
ABSTRACT Data consisting of 263.390 test day records (PDC) of 32.448 first lactation Holstein cow... more ABSTRACT Data consisting of 263.390 test day records (PDC) of 32.448 first lactation Holstein cows were used to compare three random regression test-day models (RR), a repeatability test-day model (RM) and a 305-d lactation model (P305) for breeding value (EBV) prediction of milk yield. One RR model used the logarithmic function of Ali & Schaeffer (AS) and the other two models used the exponential Wilmink function in its standard form (W) and a modified form (W*). The required covariance parameters were previously estimated from the same covariance functions and models. Standard deviations (SD) of EBVs for bulls were similar for AS, W* and RM. SD of EBVs for cows were larger for test-day models than for P305 and for bulls they differed by -33.64 to +321.95 from the P305 depending on progeny number. SD of EBVs for bulls and cows for the W were the largest ones. Correlation between EBVs of P305 and EBVs of the other models for bulls increased as progeny number increased and ranged from 0.66 (P305-W) to 0.92 (P305-AS, P305-W*). Genetic trends were largest for RR and smaller for RM than for P305. RR models provide more information than the RM and describe the shape of the lactation curve from which EBVs for persistency can be derived. The AS was the best function to fit RR test-day models and may be an alternative to replace the lactation model for genetic evaluation of milk yield in Holstein cattle in Brazil.
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