Papers by Leonard Omadang
Parasitology, Nov 27, 2023
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Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2021
While both human and animal trypanosomiasis continue to present as major human and animal public ... more While both human and animal trypanosomiasis continue to present as major human and animal public health constraints globally, detailed analyses of trypanosome wildlife reservoir hosts remain sparse. African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects both livestock and wildlife carrying a significant risk of spillover and cross-transmission of species and strains between populations. Increased human activity together with pressure on land resources is increasing wildlife–livestock–human infections. Increasing proximity between human settlements and grazing lands to wildlife reserves and game parks only serves to exacerbate zoonotic risk. Communities living and maintaining livestock on the fringes of wildlife-rich ecosystems require to have in place methods of vector control for prevention of AAT transmission and for the treatment of their livestock. Major Trypanosoma spp. include Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and Trypanosoma cruzi, pathogenic for humans, and...
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Journal of parasitology research, 2018
A descriptive cross-sectional survey was done to determine knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of t... more A descriptive cross-sectional survey was done to determine knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of the communities and health workers about cystic echinococcosis (CE) in pastoral region of Northeastern (NE) and agropastoral regions of Eastern (E) and Central (C) Uganda. Overall a total of 1310 participants were interviewed. Community respondents from NE region were more aware of CE infection than those from Eastern (OR 4.85; CI: 3.60-6.60; < 0.001) and Central (OR 5.73; CI: 4.22-7.82; < 0.001) regions. 19.8% of the respondents from EA region had positive attitude towards visiting witch doctors for treatment compared with 62.0% and 60.4% from NE and Central regions, respectively ( < 0.001). Notably, the awareness of CE increased with level of education ( < 0.001). There was no statistical difference between male and female respondents as far as awareness of CE was concerned ( > 0.05). 51.7% of the community respondents from Central believed CE is caused by witchcraft, com...
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Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology, 2017
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International Journal of One Health, 2017
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Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2017
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Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2018
A cross-sectional study was done from March 2013
to May 2014 to assess knowledge, attitudes, and ... more A cross-sectional study was done from March 2013
to May 2014 to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices
towards cystic echinococcosis (CE) or hydatidosis among selected pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Uganda. A
structured questionnaire was administered to 381 respondents.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to find the
relationship between knowledge about CE and factors such as
age, sex, and level of education across all regions. The odds
ratio and confidence interval were used to determine the difference in responses across regions. It was shown that age
above 36 years was significantly (p < 0.001) associated with
awareness about CE in livestock. Likewise, uneducated
(p < 0.0001) and agro-pastoralists (p = 0.01) were significantly less knowledgeable than the educated and pastoralists
across all regions. The overall knowledge towards CE in livestock was low 17.8% (95% CI = 14.0–21.6). Dog ownership
was high and they never dewormed their freely roaming dogs.
Dogs shared water with livestock. In conclusion, knowledge
about CE in livestock was low across all regions. Therefore,
public health education and formulation of policies towards its
control by the relevant stakeholders should be done. Also, the
true prevalence of CE in livestock needs to be done so that the
magnitude and its public health significance are elucidated.
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https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/parasitology, 2023
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) remains a significant challenge in Uganda with precise status largely,... more Cystic echinococcosis (CE) remains a significant challenge in Uganda with precise status largely, undocumented in most communities. Postmortem examination to determine CE prevalence was done on 14,937 livestock (5,873 goats, 1,377 sheep, 3,726 zebu cattle and 3,054 Ankole cattle) slaughtered in abattoirs in the districts of Moroto in Karamoja region, Kumi in Teso region and Nakasongola and Luwero in Buganda region. Recovered cysts were further characterized to determine their viability status. The overall CE prevalence was 21.9% in sheep, 15.2% in Zebu cattle, 5.5% in goats and 2.1% in Ankole cattle. Moroto district had a higher prevalence of CE than other districts of 31.3% in Zebu cattle, sheep 28%, goats 29.1% and none (0%) in Ankole cattle. On organ locations, the lungs were the most affected in all livestock in all the study areas. Considering cyst fertility, 33.9%, 1.7% and 6.4% of Ankole cattle, Sheep and Zebu cattle respectively had fertile cysts in the liver while 4.5% of goats and 4% Ankole cattle had fertile cysts in the lungs. No fertile cysts were recovered from sheep, Zebu cattle lungs and liver of goats. In conclusion, CE is widespread and occurs among cattle, sheep and goats in pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in Uganda. Therefore there is an urgent need to create awareness among the communities on role of livestock in CE epidemiology and transmission.
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Frontiers in Veterinary Science
While both human and animal trypanosomiasis continue to present as major human and animal public ... more While both human and animal trypanosomiasis continue to present as major human and animal public health constraints globally, detailed analyses of trypanosome wildlife reservoir hosts remain sparse. African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects both livestock and wildlife carrying a significant risk of spillover and cross-transmission of species and strains between populations. Increased human activity together with pressure on land resources is increasing wildlife–livestock–human infections. Increasing proximity between human settlements and grazing lands to wildlife reserves and game parks only serves to exacerbate zoonotic risk. Communities living and maintaining livestock on the fringes of wildlife-rich ecosystems require to have in place methods of vector control for prevention of AAT transmission and for the treatment of their livestock. Major Trypanosoma spp. include Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and Trypanosoma cruzi, pathogenic for humans, and...
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Frontiers in Nutrition
In this study, we initiated an effort to generate information about beef safety in Uganda. Our en... more In this study, we initiated an effort to generate information about beef safety in Uganda. Our entry point was to assess by atomic absorption spectrophotometry the levels of essential elements copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), and non-essential elements lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) in 40 beef samples collected from within and around Soroti (Uganda). The information was used to evaluate the safety of consuming such beef against the World Health Organization (WHO) limits. The latter was accomplished by (i) estimating the daily intake (EDI) of each metal in the study area, (ii) modeling the non-cancer health risk using the target hazard quotient (THQ) and (iii) modeling the cancer risk using the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR). The study finds that the mean concentrations (±95% CI) and EDI were in the order of Fe > Zn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Co > Cu > Cd. Cancer risk was found to be due to Ni > Cr > Cd > Pb and ...
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Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 2016
A descriptive study was conducted to identify the different strains of Echinococcus granulosus oc... more A descriptive study was conducted to identify the different strains of Echinococcus granulosus occurring in livestock in Moroto district, Uganda. Echinococcus cysts from 104 domestic animals, including cattle, sheep, goats and camels, were taken and examined by microscopy, polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism and Sanger DNA sequencing. Echinococcus granulosus genotypes or strains were identified through use of Bioinformatics tools: BioEdit, BLAST and MEGA6. The major finding of this study was the existence of a limited number of E. granulosus genotypes from cattle, goats, sheep and camels. The most predominant genotype was G1 (96.05%), corresponding to the common sheep strain. To a limited extent (3.95%), the study revealed the existence of Echinococcus canadensis G6/7 in three (n = 3) of the E. granulosus-positive samples. No other strains of E. granulosus were identified. It was concluded that the common sheep strain of Echinococcus sensu stricto and G6/7 of E. canadensis were responsible for echinococcal disease in Moroto district, Uganda.
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Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2015
A cross sectional study was conducted in Moroto and Bukedea districts of Uganda from May to Septe... more A cross sectional study was conducted in Moroto and Bukedea districts of Uganda from May to September 2013 to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Echinococcus granulosus infection in dogs. Fresh dog faecal samples were collected, preserved in 70 % ethanol, and later screened for presence of taeniid eggs using zinc chloride floatation method. Positive samples were confirmed by a copro-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) for E. granulosus using NADH dehydrogenase sub-unit 1 gene (NADH1) as a target molecular marker. Structured questionnaires and focus group discussions were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data for risk factor identification. Study sub-counties were selected by simple random sampling. Overall apparent prevalence of taeniid infection in dogs of 14.9 % (39/261, confidence interval 10.6-19.2) in both districts was recorded using the faecal floatation test. The sensitivity of the faecal floatation test was found to be 78 % (25/32), while the specificity was 93 % (215/229). Copro-PCR results revealed a true prevalence of 14.4 % (9.91-19.0, 95 % CI) in dogs in Moroto district and 7.4 % (2.14-12.60, 95 % CI) in Bukedea district. The overall true prevalence of cystic echinococcosis (CE) was 12.2 % (8.70-15.76, 95 % CI) in both districts. The major risk factors identified using logistic regression were uncontrolled access of dogs to animal slaughter facilities, higher cattle herd sizes and lack of knowledge about the disease. It was recommended that restricting dog access to infected tissues and public health education about epidemiology of CE should be done.
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Risk factors associated with cystic echinococcosis in humans in selected pastoral and agro-pastor... more Risk factors associated with cystic echinococcosis in humans in selected pastoral and agro-pastoral areas of Uganda. Int J One Health 2017;3:1-6. Abstract Aim: It was to determine the risk factors responsible of occurrence of cystic echinococcosis (CE) of humans in the pastoral and agro-pastoral (PAP) in Uganda. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in districts: Moroto, Napak, Nakapiripirit and Amudat in Karamoja region; in agro-pastoral communities of Teso region, in the districts of Kumi and Bukedea; Nakasongola district in Central region and in Kasese district in the Western region. People were subjected to voluntary ultrasound screening for CE. Those found positive to CE on ultrasound screening were interviewed using a special designed form to find out the probable predisposing factors for acquisition of CE infection. Predisposing factors considered were location, age, sex, dog ownership, occupation, water source, and religion. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify key risk factors. Results: In Karamoja region, being female, age beyond 40 years and open spring water sources were the risk factors. While for Nakasongola age beyond 40 years was a risk factor. In Kasese dog ownership, age >60 years and being a Muslim were risk factors. In Teso region dog ownership and age >60 years were the risk factors. Conclusion: Being a pastoralist, a female, increasing age beyond 40 years, open spring water sources, dog ownership and being a Muslim were the risk factors for CE in PAP areas in Uganda.
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Papers by Leonard Omadang
to May 2014 to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices
towards cystic echinococcosis (CE) or hydatidosis among selected pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Uganda. A
structured questionnaire was administered to 381 respondents.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to find the
relationship between knowledge about CE and factors such as
age, sex, and level of education across all regions. The odds
ratio and confidence interval were used to determine the difference in responses across regions. It was shown that age
above 36 years was significantly (p < 0.001) associated with
awareness about CE in livestock. Likewise, uneducated
(p < 0.0001) and agro-pastoralists (p = 0.01) were significantly less knowledgeable than the educated and pastoralists
across all regions. The overall knowledge towards CE in livestock was low 17.8% (95% CI = 14.0–21.6). Dog ownership
was high and they never dewormed their freely roaming dogs.
Dogs shared water with livestock. In conclusion, knowledge
about CE in livestock was low across all regions. Therefore,
public health education and formulation of policies towards its
control by the relevant stakeholders should be done. Also, the
true prevalence of CE in livestock needs to be done so that the
magnitude and its public health significance are elucidated.
to May 2014 to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices
towards cystic echinococcosis (CE) or hydatidosis among selected pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Uganda. A
structured questionnaire was administered to 381 respondents.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to find the
relationship between knowledge about CE and factors such as
age, sex, and level of education across all regions. The odds
ratio and confidence interval were used to determine the difference in responses across regions. It was shown that age
above 36 years was significantly (p < 0.001) associated with
awareness about CE in livestock. Likewise, uneducated
(p < 0.0001) and agro-pastoralists (p = 0.01) were significantly less knowledgeable than the educated and pastoralists
across all regions. The overall knowledge towards CE in livestock was low 17.8% (95% CI = 14.0–21.6). Dog ownership
was high and they never dewormed their freely roaming dogs.
Dogs shared water with livestock. In conclusion, knowledge
about CE in livestock was low across all regions. Therefore,
public health education and formulation of policies towards its
control by the relevant stakeholders should be done. Also, the
true prevalence of CE in livestock needs to be done so that the
magnitude and its public health significance are elucidated.